TRANSPORTATION A GLOBAL SUPPLY CHAIN PERSPECTIVE

SUBJECT INDEX 479

discounts, 119 delivery delay risks, 336
discrimination, 94 Dell, 25
dissimilar, 92, 93 Delta Airlines, 239
economic, 127–128
elasticity, 93, 114, 117 demand
derived, 40–41
estimating, 118–119 elasticity, 39–40, 92, 93, 117
of fuel (See fuel prices)
fully allocated, 92 estimating, 117
for freight transportation, 40–42
incremental, 131 inelasticity, 39–40
joint, 128–129
and landed cost of products, 11 for motor carrier transportation, 38, 39
levels of, 119–121 and quantity utility, 47
LTL/TL costing models, 136–145 service, 42–43
management of, 114–121 service components of freight, 42–43
marginal, 89–93, 97–98, 116, 131 supply and, 35–36
and market considerations, 86–89 and time utility, 46–47
market share, 116–117 and transport measurement units, 37–39
menu, 112 for transportation, 39–40
mistakes in, 121 density of cargo, 373
nonjoint common, 129 density, product, 101–102, 165
objectives, 116–117 density rates, 108
out-of-pocket, 131 Department of Defense, 232
and rate making, 99–106 Department of Homeland Security (DHS), 247
separable, 128, 131 departure time, 238
and service demands, 42–43 dependability, 238
skimming, 116 depreciation expense, 138
social, 128 deregulation. See also regulations, government
social responsibility, 117 in air carrier industry, 38, 85
special rates, 106–113 and costing and pricing, 85, 114
sunk, 127 economic, 85
and supply chain management, 22–23 and market considerations, 87–89
survival-based, 116 in motor carrier industry, 85
unit volume, 116 of railroad industry, 85
value-of-service, 93–98 rate systems under, 105–106
yield management, 121 and supply chain, 20–21
zone, 119 derived demand, 40–41
costs DHL Express, 20
intermodal transportation, 374 differential pricing, 95
pipeline transportation, 276–277 differential rates, 109
rail transport, 214–217 dimensional weight, 155, 373
water transportation, 266–267 discounts, 245
Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals, 289 pricing, 119, 245
covered hopper, 210 in rates, 111
crude carriers, 370 disruption
CSX Transportation, 204, 213, 218 definition, 333
customer service labor, 337
transportation, 333
Class I railroads, 223 dissimilar pricing, 92, 93
rail transport, 223
customs brokerage, 292 distribution based 3PLs, 293
domestic brokerage, 84
Cyberattacks, 332–333 DOT (U.S. Department of Transportation), 207

D and driver’s license requirements, 178–179
and driving limits, 168, 170
data standardization, 68–69 and the highway system, 182
DDP (Delivered Duty Paid), 343 and noise pollution, 50
decreasing cost industries, 92 private transportation, 184
dedicated contract carriage, 292, 296 STB housed in the, 409
deep-draft ports, 439 travel’s relationship to the economy, 38
deferred delivery, 110–111 drayage, 223–224, 296
Delivered Duty Paid (DDP), 343 dredging process, 268
Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

480  SUBJECT INDEX

driver turnover rates, 177, 188–189 equipment
driverless trucks, 190 international air transportation, 372
drivers, 305 line-haul, 144, 158, 160, 164–165
driving time regulations, 168, 178–179, 187 in the motor carrier industry, 163
drug abuse ocean shipping, 369–371
substitution, 246
rail transport, 219–220
water transportation, 267–268 equipment technology
dry-bulk carriers, 370 cargo security innovations, 72–73
safety efforts, 72
E sustainability initiatives, 70–71

EAPs (employee assistance programs), 220 equipped box car, 210
East Coast ports, 439 Erie Canal, 34
economic costs, 127–128 Europe trade, 19–20
economic growth, country’s population, 12, 14 event management, 308
economic recovery, 19 Ex Works (EXW), 343
economies of density, 118, 244 exception rates, 99, 105
economies of scale excess capacity, 234
existence charge, 428
air carriers, 243–245 export packers, 382
cost behavior, 118 export trade flows, 6
and deregulation, 85 extended enterprise, 23
and marketing, 45–48 EXW (Ex Works), 343
in the motor carrier industry, 181–183 Exxon Oil Company, 49–50
motor carriers’ role in, 156 eyefortransport (EFT), 289
of transportation, 35–37
travel’s relationship to, 38 F
welfare, 90
economies of scope, 118–119 FAA (Federal Aviation Administration), 231
economy. See also costing and pricing for transportation and noise pollution, 50
economy, global and public promotion, 423
increasing importance of transportation, 35–36
and investment in the transportation infrastructure, 33 facilitators, 305
economy, growth Factor Endowment Theory, 11
and the supply chain, 18, 24 FAK (freight all-kinds) rates, 111
EDF (Environmental Defense Fund), 448 Fast Flowing Fast-Fashion, 358
EFT (eyefortransport), 289 FEC (Florida East Coast Railway), 205
elasticity, demand, 39–40, 92, 93, 117 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 231, 248
elasticity, price, 93, 114, 117 Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), 409
elasticity, service, 39 Federal Express (FedEx), 59, 235, 239, 289, 299, 348
ELDs (electronic logging devices), 72, 317
electric trucks, 71 and the motor carrier industry, 161
electronic logging devices (ELDs), 72, 317 and service elasticity, 17
electronic on-board recorders (EOBRs), 188 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), 182, 424
emergency shipments, 235 Federal Highway Trust Fund, 182
employee assistance programs (EAPs), 220 Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA)
empty-haul rates, 112 and the motor carrier industry, 159, 165, 186, 188
end-of-the-line (EOL) terminals, 166 Federal Railroad Administration (FRA), 220, 221,
end-to-end merger, 204
environment 222, 416
and carbon footprints, 49 FedEx (Federal Express), 59. See Federal Express (FedEx)
green supply chains, 49 FedEx Ground
marine, 49–50
significance of transportation systems, 49–50 and the motor carrier industry, 161
Environmental Defense Fund (EDF), 448 FHWA (Federal Highway Administration), 182, 424
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 171, 189, 447 fiber optics, 209
EOBRs (electronic on-board recorders), 188 financial based 3PLs, 293
EOL (end-of-the-line) terminals, 166 fixed costs
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), 171, 189, 447
air carriers, 240–241
Class I railroads, 215
and cost structures, 128–131, 133
in motor carrier industry, 133, 178–183

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

SUBJECT INDEX 481

per unit, 130 fuel management
pipeline transportation, 134, 276–277 bulk purchasing, 175
rail transport, 133, 214–215 engine idling time reduction, 173
water transportation, 266–267 equipment adjustments, 175–176
flatcar, 210 fuel optimizer products, 176–178
flexibility, 200 fuel surcharge, 172
Florida East Coast Railway (FEC), 205 fuel theft and leakage, 176
F.O.B. pricing, 119, 120 large fuel tank, 176
for-hire carriers, 231–232 network truck stops, 175
for-hire transportation, 158, 161, 186 off-peak delivery, 173
for-hire water carriers, 258 out-of-route miles, 174
forwarder based 3PLs, 293 preventing out-of-fuel truck, 176
FRA (Federal Railroad Administration), 220, 221, 222, 416 road speed, 173–174
“free” cash flow, 25
freight all-kinds (FAK) rates, 111 fuel-optimizer products, 176–178
freight bill auditing, 64, 293 fuel prices. See also taxation, fuel
freight brokerage, 84–85, 296
freight car, 210 consumption and, 448–449
freight contamination, 336 LTL/TL costing models, 132
freight demand and move from private transportation to public, 49
service characteristics of, 42–43 passenger demand, 36–37
service components of, 42–43 problem for TL carriers, 180
freight forwarders, 293 and public promotion, 421–427
freight management, 292, 296 as variable cost, 92–93, 129–132, 178, 180
freight movement, 296 volatility, 448
freight, parcel, 155 fuel surcharges, 451
freight payment vs. freight settlement, 113 fully allocated cost, 92
freight rating, 293 Future Truck 2025, 190
freight transportation
bill auditing, 293 G
blockchain, 75–76
brokerage, 296 GAO (Government Accountability Office), 221–222
bulk, 375 gas carriers, 370
charter freight, 369 GDP (good distribution practice), 56
containerized, 375–376 GDP (Gross Domestic Product), 48–49
customs clearance, 389 general average rule, 335
demand for, 40–42 Genesee & Wyoming, Inc., 202
density of, 165 geofencing technology, 73
dependent on highway system, 156 geographic specialization, 47
freight forwarders, 293 German business, 20
indirect freight service, 378 GHG (greenhouse gas emission), 447–448
intermodal transportation, 375–376 global economy, 19
management, 292
modal split of ton-miles, 38–39 role of transportation in, 4
movement, 296 and technology, 17–18
need for terminals, 165–169, 170 global markets
ratings, 293 and information technology, 17–18
relation to GDP, 38 and supply chains, 5–10
safety, 50 global passenger markets, 244
seaports, 380–381 global positioning satellite (GPS) tracking systems, 72–73
shipments and expenditures, 37 Global Positioning System (GPS), 174, 187
and transport measurement units, 37–39 global supply chain, 4–25
Uber, 294–295 global trade
Frontier Airlines, 232 absolute and comparative advantage in, 11–12
fuel costs contributing factors for, 12–16
air carriers, 241–242 economic basis and logic of, 10–12
rail transport, 216 global trade management (GTM) software, 66
fuel-efficient planes, 242 global transportation
ancillary services, 381–382
customs clearance, 389
intermodal transportation, 373
providers, 368–379

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

482  SUBJECT INDEX

globalization, 18–19 ICCTA (ICC Termination Act) of 1995, 219
and importance of transportation, 19 and deregulation of the railroad industry, 85
and supply chains, 19 and the motor carrier industry, 159

GMexico Transportes S.A. de C.V. (GMXT), 205 IMCs (intermodal marketing companies), 289, 296
GMXT (GMexico Transportes S.A. de C.V.), 205 import trade flows, 6–7
gondola, 210 incentive rates, 107
good distribution practice (GDP), 56 increased global interdependence, 18
Government Accountability Office (GAO), 221–222 increasing importance of transportation, 178
government policy and regulation. See regulations, government incremental cost, 131
GPS (Global Positioning System), 174, 187 Independent Regulatory Commissions, role of,
GPS (global positioning satellite) tracking systems, 72–73
granger laws, 407 408–409
green supply chains, 49, 444–447 indirect freight service, 378
greenhouse gas emission (GHG), 447–448 information based 3PLs, 294
greenhouse gas emissions, 70, 189 information flow, 23
Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 48–49
group rates, 109–110 supply chain, 23
growth rate, 24 information, in transportation
GTM (global trade management) software, 66
accessibility, 58
H accuracy, 58
decision-making, 61
handling, product, 102 multidirectional flow, 59–60
hazardous materials, 66, 380 quality standards, 58–59
headhaul, 96–97, 136 relevancy, 58
heavy-duty electric trucks, 71 reliability, 58
hedging strategy, 343 requirements, 58–61
Hewlett Packard, 25 sources of additional, 77
high-density routes, 236 timeliness, 58
highway system in the U.S. transferability, 58
usability, 58
development of, 156 value adding, 58
freight transportation dependent on, 156 information technology, 17–18
government’s role in, 182 infrastructure, transportation
investment in, 178 air carriers, 450
and national defense, 34 carriers’ responses, 451–452
pervasiveness of, 162 description, 436–437
highway traffic transportation, 437 fuel cost and consumption, 448–449
Highway Trust Fund (HTF), 437 highway traffic and, 437
hijacking, 335 motor carriers, 449–450
historical significance of transportation systems, 34–35 pipeline carriers, 451
hopper car, 210 rail carriers, 450–451
HOS (Hours of Service), 72, 173, 178, 187 railroad traffic and, 438–439
hosted software, 68 sustainability, 444–447
Hours of Service (HOS), 72, 173, 178, 187 total value of shipments, 436
Hours-of-Service (HOS) regulations, 317 water carriers, 450
HTF (Highway Trust Fund), 437 water transportation, 267
hub-and-spoke system, 160, 166, 167 waterway traffic and, 439–441
hubs, 239 Infrastructure Week, 434
inland ports, 380
I insurance
risk transfer, 346
IATA (International Air Transport Association), 230, 235 integrated carriers, 372
IBM, 76 integrated logistics management, 20
ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission). See ICC (Interstate integrated service providers, 292
integration, of transportation software, 69
Commerce Commission) integration, supply chain, 22
authority transferred to STB under the, 408 interest expense, 138
and the motor carrier industry, 159 intermediaries, 289, 296
private transportation, 184 intermodal carloadings, 212
and product classification, 85 intermodal competition
and rate making, 101

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

SUBJECT INDEX 483

air carriers, 233–234 as variable cost, 178–179
pipeline transportation, 274 water transportation, 267
rail transport, 204 labor disruptions, 337
intermodal freight types land
bulk freight, 375 economic growth and development, 16–17
containerized freight, 375–376 values, 47–48
intermodal marketing companies (IMCs), 289, 296 land bridge transportation, 379
intermodal service, 223–224 landed cost of products, 11, 39, 41, 46
Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA), 182 Lardner’s Law, 46
intermodal transportation, 57 large-scale production, 47. See also economies of scale
accessibility, 374 last mile delivery, 297–299
benefits of, 373–374 Law of Squares, 46
common combinations, 374 lax security processes, 338
container dimensions, 376 LCP (learn, collaborate, and pilot), 56–57
cost efficiency, 374 learn, collaborate, and pilot (LCP), 56–57
freight types, 375–376 lease
global trade, 373 finance lease, 314
and market considerations, 88 full-service, 314
options, 374–375 less-than-truckload (LTL), 84, 208
routing, 378–379 levels, price, 119–121
internal water carriers, 258 liability
International Air Transport Association (IATA), 230, 235 product, 103
international air transportation rail transport, 208
equipment types, 372 license software, 68
rate structures, 372–373 limited competition, 233
service options, 371–372 line-haul, 144, 158, 160, 164–165
international exchange, goods and services, 5 linear foot rule, 108
Internet, 84, 167 liner service, 368
Internet of Things (IoT) sensors, 57, 73 liquified natural gas (LNG), 71
Interstate Commerce Act, 85, 159, 161 Little Inch, 270
Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), 217 LNG (liquified natural gas), 71
Interstate Highway System, 156, 205 load factor, 245
intramodal competition load planning, 64
air carriers, 234 load tendering, 64
pipeline transportation, 273–274 loading allowances, 111
rail transport, 203–204 local drayage, 223
inventory, 9, 18, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 47 local rates, 109
investment, transportation infrastructure, 33, 161–162, 178, 437 location rates, 109–110
IoT (Internet of Things) sensors, 57, 73 logistics service providers, 291
ISTEA (Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act), 182 loss minimization, 97
loss, product, 97
J LTL (less-than-truckload), 84, 208
LTL (less-than-truckload) shipments
jetBlue, 232 and cost structures, 129, 133
Johnson & Johnson, 447 costing models, 136–145
joint costs, 128–129 and the motor carrier industry, 158, 161–162, 163,
joint rates, 109
just-in-time delivery, 336 166–170, 181
pricing, 115–117
K rates, 106, 107, 111

Kansas City Southern Railway, 204 M
Knowledgeable transportation, 67
Maersk, 76
L management, transportation. See also risk management,

labor costs transportation
air carriers, 242 freight, 292
pipeline transportation, 277 fuel, 170–178
rail transport, 215–216 integrated logistics, 20

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

484  SUBJECT INDEX

management, transportation (continued) Mother Nature, 340
operating cost, 311–317 Motor Carrier Act of 1980, 85
physical distribution, 19–20 motor carriers. See also automobiles
pricing in, 114–121
rail, 214 accessibility of, 43, 162
of supply chain integration, 22 competition in, 161–162
terminal decisions, 169–170 contract rates, 110
cost structure of, 133, 178–183
marginal cost, 89–93, 97–98, 116, 131 current industry issues, 186–191
marine carriers, 450 and demand elasticity, 40
marine environment, 49–50 deregulation of, 85
Maritime Transportation Security Act (MTSA) of 2002, 417 driver turnover rates, 188–189
market share pricing, 116–117 equipment, 163
marketing financial stability, 191
fixed costs in, 133, 178–183
of the air carrier industry, 87 for-hire, 158, 161
considerations, 86–89 fuel loss and leakage, 176
costing and pricing, 86–89 fuel management, 170–178
and deregulation, 87–89 fuel-optimizer, 176–178
economic effects on transportation system, 45–48 fuel surcharge, 172
and landed cost of products, 11 green supply chain, 189, 191
mix, 121 industry overview, 156–162
modal split of ton-miles, 38–39 linear foot rule, 108
modal split, relation to GDP, 38 and LTL shipments, 158, 161–162, 163, 166–170, 181
and monopolies, 161 market structure of, 161
of the motor carrier industry, 161 noise pollution of, 50
of the railroad industry, 88 passenger demand of, 38, 39
and service components of freight demand, 43 and pollution, 49–50
structures, 88, 161 private, 156–158, 161
and the supply chain, 22 rail transport as precursor to, 156
theory of contestable, 87 regulation of, 159
of transportation, 86–89 relation to GDP, 39
of the water transport industry, 88 role in U.S. economy, 156
mass production, 36, 40 safety, 50, 186–187
match-pay, 113 service characteristics, 162–170
mathematical programming (optimization) model, 177 and the supply chain, 20
McDonald’s, 240 sustainable operations, 189, 191
McLeod LoadMaster, 66 technology, 187–188
megacity, 16 terminals, 165–181
menu pricing, 112 and TL shipments, 158–162, 181
Mercedes, 74 types of vehicles, 164–165
MercuryGate Fleet, 66 and use of discounts, 111
merge-in-transit system, 297 variable costs in, 178–183
merger competition, 204 multiple-car rates, 107, 116
metropolis, urbanization in, 16
microprocessors, 209 N
Midwest Express, 232
mileage rates, 106 NATERA (North American Transportation
Milwaukee Road, 205 Employee Relations), 108
mistakes in pricing, 121
mitigation strategy, 342 National Average Diesel Fuel Price, 172
mobile computing, 57 National Cargo Theft Task Force, 73
monopolistic competition, 87, 88 National Council of Physical Distribution Management
monopoly
abuse, 114 (NCPDM), 20
and cost-of-service pricing, 89 national defense, transportation’s role in, 34–35, 51
of the TL market, 161 National Highway System (NHS), 182, 437
and value-of-service pricing, 94 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), 416
vs. pure competition, 86 National Motor Freight Classification, 101–102
Monsanto Company, 188 National Railroad Passenger Corporation, 218
National Rate Basis Tariff, 100
National Retail Federation (NRF), 24

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

SUBJECT INDEX 485

National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, 156 outlook, 24
National System of Interstate and Defense Highways Bill, 34 outsourcing
nationalization as public promotion, 428
natural gas, 272 definition, 288
natural gas carriers, 271–272 logistics services, 302
NCPDM (National Council of Physical Distribution primary activities, 302–303
reasons for, 300–302
Management), 20 results, 303
never-ending truck driver shortage, 179–180 role of logistics providers, 290
NHS (National Highway System), 182 ownership
Nile River, 34 pipeline, 270–271
no-frills service, 234
Noise Control Act of 1972, 50 P
noise pollution, 50
non-asset based 3PLs, 290, 292 Panama Canal, 255
non vessel-owning common carrier (NVOCC), 382 Panama Canal authority, 441
nonintegrated carriers, 372 parcel freight, 155
nonjoint common costs, 129 passenger airplanes, 372
Norfolk Southern (NS), 204, 218 passenger demand, 36–37
North American Transportation Employee passenger-miles, 37–38
passenger revenues, 231
Relations (NATERA), 108 passenger transportation, 49
Northwest Ohio Intermodal Terminal, 213
NRF (National Retail Federation), 24 government aid for, 50
NS (Norfolk Southern), 204, 218 relation to GDP, 49
NVOCC (non vessel-owning common carrier), 382 payoffs, 3PLs, 309
peak season, 108
O peddle runs, 166–167
peddle time, 167
objectives, pricing, 116–117 pedigree logistics, 56
ocean shipping penetration price, 116
Penn Central, 205
equipment types, 369–371 Pennsylvania Railroad, 268
rate structures, 370–371 People’s Express, 116
service options, 367–368 per-car rates, 107
ocean shipping industry, 71 per-mile rates, 109
Ocean Shipping Reform Act (OSRA), 370 per-truckload rates, 107
ocean transportation service providers, 368 performance monitoring, 64
off-peak delivery, 173 Pharmaceutical Cargo Security Coalition, 73
Office of Homeland Security, 246 PHMSA (Pipeline and Hazardous Material
OIF (Operation Iraqi Freedom), 232
oil and oil products, 272 Safety Administration), 416
oil carriers physical distribution management, 20
pipelines, 271 pickup and delivery (PUD) shipping, 141–144, 160, 163, 166–167
oil trunk lines, 274 piggyback traffic, 210
oligopolistic nature, 271 Pipeline and Hazardous Material Safety Administration
oligopoly, 87, 115, 161
omni-channel agility, 310 (PHMSA), 416
Operating cost, private carriage pipeline transportation
city (pickup and delivery) driver, 311
equipment, 312–314 advantages, 272–273
fleet operators, 311–312 brief history of, 268
lease arrangements, 314 capsule, 273
over-the-road drivers, 311 carrier types, 270
and performance control criteria, 315–316 chemical lines, 272
private fleet establishment, 314–315 coal, 272
regulations, 316–317 commodities hauled, 272
operating efficiency, 245–246 commodity movement, 275–276
operating ratio, 181–182, 245 cost-of-service pricing, 91
Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), 232 cost structure of, 134
OSRA (Ocean Shipping Reform Act), 370 disadvantages, 273
out-of-pocket costs, 131 equipment, 274–275
fixed costs, 130, 276–277
infrastructure, 451

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

486  SUBJECT INDEX

pipeline transportation (continued) product contamination, 336
intermodal competition, 274 product damage, 335–336
intramodal competition, 273–274 product flow in the supply chain, 23, 50
natural gas, 272 product loss, 97, 335
natural gas carriers, 271–272 product pilferage, 335
number of carriers, 271–272 product tampering, 336
oil and oil products, 272 profit maximization, 116
oil carriers, 271 Project Gigaton, 447–448
OPEC’s production, 277–278 proportional rates, 109
operating characteristics, 272 proximity, 341
ownership, 270–271 PTC (Positive Train Control), 221, 222
pneumatic, 273 public promotion, 421–427
rates, 277–278 PUD (pickup and delivery) shipping, 141–144, 160, 163, 166–167
service characteristics, 272 pure competition, 86–90
significance of, 269–270
variable costs, 276–277 Q

piracy, 335 qualitative risk analysis, 341–342
Pizza Hut, 240 quantitative risk analysis, 342
place utility, 46 quantity utility, 47
place value, 46
plain box car, 210 R
pneumatic pipelines, 273
point of sale (POS) data, 24 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), 221
political significance of transportation systems, 51 Rail Passenger Act of 1970, 218
pollution, 49–50 Rail to Trails Conservancy, 206
pool distribution, 296–297 rail transportation
population
abandonment, 205–206
growth, 12–16 alcohol abuse, 219–220
size and age distribution of, 12–14 for automobiles, 40
pork barrel projects, 267 brief history of, 201–202
port authority, 380 channel members of, 114–115
Port Authority of New York/New Jersey, 248 chemical products, 207
Port Everglades, 205 Class I, 191
Port Miami, 205 coal, 206
Port of Palm Beach, 205 commodities hauled, 206
Port of Toledo, 260 computer technology, 221
POS (point of sale) data, 24 constraints, 208
Positive Train Control (PTC), 221, 222 contract rates, 110
postponement strategy, 343 cost breakdown to grow & modernize, 438
predictable, 200 cost-of-service pricing, 92
price–value relationship, 22, 23 cost structure of, 133
pricing. See costing and pricing for transportation; economy costless resources of, 127
air carriers, 245 current issues, 219–224
airline, 245 customer service, 223
cargo, 245 deregulation of, 85
discount, 245 drayage, 223–224
private air carriers, 231 drug abuse, 219–220
private service, 368 economies of scale, 216–217
private transportation employee assistance programs, 220
advantages, 185, 186 energy, 220–221
cost, 184–186 equipment, 209–210
disadvantages, 185, 186 farm products, 207
motor carriers, 156–158, 161 financial plight of, 217–219
service, 185–186 fixed costs, 133, 214–215
private water carriers, 257–258 fuel costs, 216
probability, risk management, 341 future role of, 222–223
Procter and Gamble (P&G), 447 in history, 34
product classification factors, 101–103 improved service to customers, 219
industry characteristics, 219

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203

Copyright 2019 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

SUBJECT INDEX 487

infrastructure, 450–451 making, 99–106, 109
intermodal competition, 204 mileage, 106
intermodal service, 223–224 multiple-car, 107, 116
intramodal competition, 203–204 ocean shipping, 370–371
inventory in-transit on, 200 per-car, 107
labor costs, 215–216 per-mile, 109
legislation reform, 218–219 per-truckload, 107
and market considerations, 88 pipeline transportation, 277–278
merger competition, 204 pipelines, 277–278
multiple-car rates, 107 proportional, 109
operating characteristics, 206–214 released value, 112
overview of industry, 202–206 route, 109–110
passenger-miles per year via, 38 special, 106–113
as precursor to motor carriers, 156 spot-market, 112
relation to GDP, 38–39 systems under deregulation, 105–106
return on investment, 202 tariff, 85
semivariable costs, 215 terminal-to-terminal, 109
service characteristics, 206–214 three-way, 112
service innovations, 210–214 truckload, 108
strengths, 208–209 two-way, 112
and the supply chain, 20 unit-train, 107
traffic, 438–439 recessions, 19, 191
traffic shifts, 207–208 reduction, risk, 343–346
transportation equipment, 207 refrigerator car, 210
value-of-service pricing, 93–98 regional carriers, 232
variable costs, 215–216 Regional Rail Reorganization (3R) Act of 1973, 218, 425
rail yard control, 221 regulated water carriers, 258
railroad industry, 71 regulations, government. See also deregulation
Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform (4R) driving time, 168, 178–179, 187
of motor carriers, 159
Act of 1976, 85, 218, 425 and public promotion, 421–427
Railroad Safety Improvement ACT (RSIA), 221, 222 of rail transport, 410–411
rates reasons for, 50
of water carriers, 401, 409, 411
aggregate tender, 111 relationship development process, 3PLs, 303
air cargo, 230 relative use charge, 428
air carriers, 245–246 relay terminals, 168–169
any-quantity, 108 released value rates, 112
area, 109–110 reliability
blanket, 109–110 and service components of freight demand, 43
character-of-shipment, 107–109 and the supply chain, 24
class, 99–101, 103–105, 106 and transportation information, 58
commodity, 88, 99, 105, 106, 111 reliable service, air carriers, 238
contract rates, 110 resiliency, 338
corporate volume, 111 “retail minus” method, 175
defined, 86 Retail sales, 24
density, 108 retention, risk, 348–349
differential, 109 return on investment (ROI), 65, 66, 67, 202
discounts, 111 revenue management pricing, 121
driver turnover, 188–189 reverse logistics systems, 23
empty-haul, 112 Revolutionary War, 34
exception, 99, 105 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification), 221
freight all-kinds (FAK), 111 rights-of-way, 214
group, 109–110 RIoT Athletic, 355
incentive, 107 risk assessment matrix, 341
international air transportation, 372–373 risk management, transportation. See also management,
joint, 109
local, 109 transportation
location, 109–110 assessment, 341–342
LTL/TL, 107

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488  SUBJECT INDEX

risk management, transportation (continued) components of freight demand, 42–45
avoidance, 343 elasticity, 39
business continuity planning, 334 exchange of funds, 113
concepts in, 333–334 LTL/TL costing models, 136
identification, 339–340 in the motor carrier industry, 162
impact, 341 private transportation, 185–186
objectives of, 338 rate structures, time, 110–111
probability, 341 value of, 22, 41–42
process, 338–350 service competition
proximity, 341 air carriers, 234
qualitative analysis, 341–342 frequency and timing of flights, 234
quantitative analysis, 342 service innovations, 210–214
reduction, 343–346 settlement, freight transaction, 113
retention, 348–349 Sherman Anti-Trust Act, 412
review and monitoring, 349 shipment control failures, 338
strategies, 342–349 shipment jettison, 335
transfer, 346–348 shipment visibility, 338
Shippers Associations, 296
risk mitigation, 342 Shipping Act of 1984, 426
risk proximity, 341 side-by-side merger, 204
Roadway Corporation, 160 skimming price, 116
Rock Island, 205 SkyWest Airlines, 232
ROI (return on investment), 65, 66, 67 sleeper cabs, 169
roll-on/roll-off (RORO) ships, 370 slip seat, 168
roller deck, 372 “smart” locomotives, 221
Rolls-Royce, 75 Smart-Way Transport Partnership, 447
Roman Empire, 34 social capital, 33
route rates, 109–110 social costs, 128, 436
routing social responsibility pricing, 117
social significance of transportation systems, 50–51
intermodal, 378–379 software
and scheduling, 63 development alternatives, 67
shipment, 292 global trade management, 66
RSIA (Railroad Safety Improvement ACT), 221, 222 hazmat shipping, 66
implementation issues, 68–69
S mode-specific, 66
needs assessment, 66–67
SaaS (software as a service) distribution model, 68 purchase options, 68
safety selection, 67–68
solutions packages, 67–68
airline industry, 246–247 transportation management systems, 62–65
of freight, 50 software as a service (SaaS) distribution model, 68
in the motor carrier industry, 50, 186–187 solutions packages, 67–68
regulations, 414 Southwest Airlines, 234
satellite communication, 188 spot-market rates, 112
satellite terminals, 166 SPR (strategic petroleum reserves), 277
scheduling shipment, 292 St. Lawrence Seaway Management Corporation, 254
Schneider National, 161, 162, 166, 212 Staggers Act, 204
and CSX, 213 Staggers Rail Act of 1980, 218
SCM (supply chain management), 22–23, 24 and contract rates, 110
seaports as deregulation, 85
definition, 380 Standard Oil Company, 268, 270
infrastructure, 380–381 state regulations, 407
seating capacity, 236 statutory law, 407
security STB (Surface Transportation Board), 202, 258
airline industry, 247–248 ICC replaced with, 85
breach in, 337–338 and pricing decisions, 121
and service components of freight demand, 43 rail transport, 202
self-driving truck, 190
semivariable costs, 215
separable costs, 128, 131
service

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SUBJECT INDEX 489

and rate making, 100–101, 112 Target, 447
and transportation management, 114 tariffs, 370
and value-of-service pricing, 95
water transport, 258 rates, 85, 99–100, 103–106, 114
stem time, 167, 169 taxation. See also fuel prices
stowability, product, 102
strategic assessment, 304 and motor carrier industry, 156, 181, 182–183
strategic innovation, 307–308 taxation, fuel. See also fuel prices
strategic petroleum reserves (SPR), 277
structure operating model, 306 and cost structures, 133
subsidies, 245 custom clearance, 389
sunk costs, 127 TEA21 (Transportation Equity Act for the
supply chain
cash flow in, 25 Twenty-first Century), 182
change in drive of, 5 technological strength, 308
concept of, 19–25 technology. See also equipment technology; information,
consolidation, 43
and deregulation, 20–21 in transportation; software
and developed economies, 5–7 air carriers, 248
and economy growth, 18, 24 automated, 190
financial flow in, 25 costing and pricing for transportation, 84–85
and globalization, 19 emerging, 73–77
green, 49 geofencing, 73
and information flow, 23 and global economy, 17–18
and information technology, 17–18 increasing importance of transportation, 35–36
integration, 22 in motor carrier industry, 187–188
interruption, 337 payoffs, 3PL investments, 309
management, 56, 258 rail transport, 221
marketing, 22 and the supply chain, 20
and motor carrier industry, 20 temperature assurance packaging (TAP), 56
pharma, 56 Tennessee Tombigbee (Tenn-Tom) project, 267
Port Tracker for annual growth on, 24 terminal-to-terminal rates, 109
product flow, 23, 50 terminals
and rail transport industry, 20 air carriers, 239–240
and reliability, 23, 24 break-bulk, 167–168, 170
technology’s impact on, 17–18 importance of for freight transportation,
transit time’s impact on the, 10, 24
and underdeveloped economies, 8–9 165–169, 170
supply chain management (SCM), 22–23, 24 management decisions, 169–170
development of, 19–25 motor carrier, 165–181
supply chains relay, 168–169
green, 444–447 satellite, 166
talent management, 441–444 water carriers, 264–265, 266, 267
surcharges, 451 TEUs (twenty-foot equivalent units), 24, 376
surface freight forwarding, 295 TGI Friday’s, 240
Surface Transportation Board (STB), 202, 258 The Air Cargo Tariff (TACT), 373
survival-based pricing, 116 “The Big Muddy,” 33
sustainability, 49 Theory of Absolute Advantage, 11
going green with transportation, 444–447 Theory of Comparative Advantage, 11
Swissair, 246 theory of contestable markets, 87
systems concept, 22 third-degree price discrimination, 94
third party logistics (3PLs). See 3PLs (third party logistics)
T three-way rates, 112
time/service rate structures, 110–111
TACT (The Air Cargo Tariff), 373 time utility, 46–47
Talent management, 441–444 time value of funds, 422
tank car, 210 TL (truckload) shipments
TAP (temperature assurance packaging), 56 and cost structures, 133
costing models, 136–140
financial stability, 191
and the motor carrier industry, 158–162, 177–178, 181
pricing, 119
rates, 108
special rates of, 107–108

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490  SUBJECT INDEX

TMS. See transportation management system (TMS) Transportation Management Systems (TMS), 294
TMS (transportation management system), 84 transportation risk, 333
TMS (Transportation Management Systems), 294 Transportation Security Administration (TSA), 247
TOFC (trailer-on-flatcar), 209, 438 Trucking Industry Regulatory Reform Act of 1992, 85
ton-miles trunk line, 274
TSA (Transportation Security Administration), 247
intercity, 40 Transportation Equity Act for the Twenty-first
modal split of, 38–39
from pipelines, 269 Century (TEA21), 182
and rate making, 99 Twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU), 24, 376
use of in transport measurements, 37–39 two-way rates, 112
total fixed costs, 129–130
tracking and tracing, 293 U
traffic, transportation
highway, 437 Uber, 44–45, 74, 84
railroad, 438–439 Uber freight, 294–295
waterway, 439–441 ULDs (unit load devices), 372
trailer-on-flatcar (TOFC), 209, 438 Union Pacific Railroad, 204, 438
Trans-Alaska Pipeline System, 277 unit charge, 428
transfer, risk, 346–348 unit load devices (ULDs), 372
transit time, 10, 24, 42 unit train, 214
transport measurement units, 37–49 unit-train rates, 107
Transportation Asset Protection Association, 73 unit volume pricing, 116
transportation based 3PLs, 292–293 United Parcel Service (UPS), 211
transportation disruption, 333 United States Railroad Association (USRA), 218
transportation infrastructure units of transport measurement, 37–49
air carriers, 450 UPS (United Parcel Service), 211
carriers’ responses, 451–452
description, 436–437 and the motor carrier industry, 161
fuel cost and consumption, 448–449 UPS Airlines, 235
highway traffic and, 437 urbanization, 16
investment in, 33, 161–162, 178, 437 U.S. affiliates of German, 20
motor carriers, 449–450 U.S. air carriers, 231
pipeline carriers, 451 U.S. Airways, 246
rail carriers, 450–451 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 204, 267
railroad traffic and, 438–439 U.S. Civil War, 201
sustainability, 444–447 U.S. Coast Guard, 268
total value of shipments, 436 U.S. Department of State, 20
water carriers, 450 U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), 207, 231, 274, 317
waterway traffic and, 439–441 U.S. gross domestic product (GDP), 256
transportation management system (TMS), 57, 61, 84 U.S. infrastructure modernization, 434
appointment scheduling, 64 U.S. iron ore exports, 254
benefits, 65 U.S. major carriers, 231
capabilities, 63 U.S. national carriers, 231–232
decision support capabilities, 62–63 U.S. Passenger Fatalities, 247
document creation, 64 U.S. Post Office, 230
evaluation tools, 63 U.S. Postal Service (USPS)
freight bill auditing, 64
functionality, 63–64 and the motor carrier industry, 162
global logistics functions and features, 64 U.S. trading partners, 24
load planning, 64 U.S. trucking industry, 188
load tendering, 64 USRA (United States Railroad Association), 218
mode and carrier selection, 63–64
next generation, 76–77 V
performance monitoring, 64
routing and scheduling, 63 Valdez, 267
stand-alone applications, 66 Valdez, 49
track and trace, 64 value of goods, 45–48
value of service, 22, 41–42, 372
value-of-service pricing, 92–98, 114, 117
value, product, 45–48
ValuJet, 246

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variable costs, 92–93, 129–132, 178–183 SUBJECT INDEX 491
air carriers, 240–241
pipeline transportation, 276–277 labor, 267
rail transport, 215–216 number and categories of carriers, 259
water transportation, 266–267 operating characteristics, 260–261
overview of industry, 255–268
visibility port development, 268
in carriers, 452 service characteristics, 260–261
freight, 338 significance of, 255–257
terminals, 264–265, 266, 267
visible, 200 variable cost, 266–267
VISTA countries, 5–6 waterway traffic transportation, 439–441
volatility, fuel price, 448 welfare economics, 90
West Coast ports, 439
W WHO (World Health Organization), 56
Wikipedia, 289
WalMart, 17, 446, 447, 448 wilderness, 255
warehouse management system (WMS), 62 WMS (warehouse management system), 62
water carriers World Economic Forum, 332
World Health Organization (WHO), 56
cost structure of, 134 world oil production, 277
history of, 34–35 World War I, 156
and market considerations, 88 World War II
transportation infrastructure, 450 decline in rail transport since, 38–39
water pollution, 49 and the motor carrier industry, 156, 187
water quality, 49–50 pipeline industry, 268, 271
water transportation World Wildlife Fund, 448
alcohol abuse, 267–268
brief history of, 254–255 Y
carrier types, 257–259
commodities hauled and related characteristics, YAP (Young Again Pharmaceuticals), 353
Yellow Corporation, 160
260–261 yield management pricing, 121
competition, 259–260 Young Again Pharmaceuticals (YAP), 353
cost structure, 266–267
current issues, 267–268 Z
drug abuse, 267–268
equipment, 262–266 zone pricing, 119
fixed cost, 266–267 Zurich Insurance Ltd, 333
infrastructure, 267
iron ore, 254

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Appendix A

Selected Transportation Publications

PUBLICATION WEBSITE

Air Cargo World www.aircargoworld.com
Air Transport World www.atwonline.com
American Journal of Transportation www.ajot.com
American Shipper www.americanshipper.com
Army Logistician www.almc.army.mil/alog
Australasian Transport News www.fullyloaded.com.au
Business Week www.businessweek.com
Canadian Transport & Logistics www.canadianshipper.com
Cargo Business News www.cargobusinessnews.com
Commercial Carrier Journal www.ccjmagazine.com
CSCMP’s Supply Chain Quarterly www.supplychainquarterly.com
DC Velocity www.dcvelocity.com
Defense Transportation Journal www.issuu.com/defensetransportationjournal
European Road Transport www.mbmcargotech.nl
Fairplay: The International Shipping Weekly www.fairplay.co.uk
Fleet Owner www.fleetowner.com
Food Logistics www.foodlogistics.com
Global Logistics & Supply Chain Strategies www.supplychainbrain.com
Global Trade www.globaltrademag.com
Heavy Duty Trucking www.truckinginfo.com
Inbound Logistics www.inboundlogistics.com
Industrial Distribution www.inddist.com
International Journal of Logistics Management www.emeraldinsight.com/journal/ijlm
International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management www.emeraldinsight.com/journal/ijpdlm
Journal of Business Logistics www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-JBL3.html
Journal of Commerce www.joc.com
Journal of Supply Chain Management www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-JSCM.html
Journal of Transportation Management www.deltanualpha.org/journal
Logistics Business Magazine www.logisticsbusiness.com
Logistics Management www.logisticsmgmt.com
Logistics Manager www.logisticsmanager.com
Logistics Quarterly www.logisticsquarterly.com
Manufacturing & Logistics IT Magazine www.logisticsit.com
Material Handling & Logistics News www.mhlnews.com
Parcel www.parcelindustry.com
Pipeline News www.pipeline-news.com
Progressive Railroading www.progressiverailroading.com
Purchasing and Supply Magazine www.purchasingandsupply.ie
Railway Age www.railwayage.com
Refrigerated Transporter www.refrigeratedtrans.com

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A-2  APPENDIX  A   WEBSITE

PUBLICATION www.rlmagazine.com
Reverse Logistics Magazine www.sdcexec.com
Supply & Demand Chain Executive www.scdigest.com
Supply Chain Digest www.scmr.com
Supply Chain Management Review www.transportdistributioneurope.com
Transport Distribution Europe www.ttnews.com
Transport Topics www.jstor.org/journal/transportationj
Transportation Journal www.worldcargonews.com
World Cargo News www.worldhighways.com
World Highways

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Appendix B

Transportation-Related Associations

Airlines for America Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals
1275 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, Suite 1300 333 E. Butterfield Rd., Suite 140
Washington, DC 20004 Lombard, IL 60148
(202) 626-4000 (630) 574-0985
www.airlines.org www.cscmp.org

American Association of Port Authorities Delta Nu Alpha
1010 Duke Street 265 North Chicago Ave. #2
Alexandria, VA 22314 South Milwaukee, WI 53172
(703) 684-5700 (414) 764-3063
www.aapa-ports.org www.deltanualpha.org

American Trucking Associations, Inc. (ATA) Distribution Business Management Association
950 North Glebe Rd, Suite 210 2938 Columbia Ave., Suite 1102
Arlington, VA 22203-4181 Lancaster, PA 17603
(703) 838-1700 (717) 295-0033
www.trucking.org www.dcenter.com

APICS—Association for Operations Management Eno Transportation Foundation
8430 West Bryn Mawr Ave., Suite 1000 1710 Rhode Island Ave. NW, Suite 500
Chicago, IL 60631 Washington, DC 20005
Phone: (800) 444-2742 (202) 879-4700
www.apics.org www.enotrans.com

Association of American Railroads Express Carriers Association
425 Third Street, SW, Suite 1000 9532 Liberia Ave, Suite 752
Washington, DC 20024 Manassas, VA 20110
(202) 639-2100 (703) 361-1058
www.aar.org www.expresscarriers.com

Canadian Institute of Traffic & Transportation Freight Management Association of Canada
10 King Street East, Suite 400 580 Terry Fox Dr., Suite 405
Toronto, ON Canada M5C 1C3 Ottawa, ON Canada K2L 4C2
(416) 363-5696 (613) 599-3283
www.citt.ca www.fma-agf.ca

The Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport Inland Rivers, Ports, & Terminals, Inc.
Earlstrees Court, Earlstrees Rd. One Confluence Way
Corby, Northants NN17 4AX East Alton, IL 62024
+44 1536 740104 (618) 468-3010
www.ciltuk.org.uk www.irpt.net

Containerization & Intermodal Institute Institute of Supply Management
195 Fairfield Ave., Suite 4D 3090 W Elliot Rd, Suite 113
West Caldwell, NJ 07006 Tempe, AZ 85284-1556
(800) 231-8244 (480) 752-6276
www.containerization.org www.instituteforsupplymanagement.org

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B-2  APPENDIX  B   National Private Truck Council
950 North Glebe Rd, Suite 530
Intermodal Association of North America Arlington, VA 22203
11785 Beltsville Dr., Suite 1100 (703) 638-1300
Calverton, MD 20705 www.nptc.org
(301) 982-3400 National Safety Council
www.intermodal.org 1121 Spring Lake Dr.
The International Air Cargo Association Itasca, IL 60143-3201
P.O. Box 661510 (630) 285-1121
Miami, FL 33266-1510 www.nsc.org
(786) 265-7011 Supply Chain Management Association
www.tiaca.org 777 Bay Street, Suite 2810
Material Handling Industry Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2C8
8720 Red Oak Blvd., Suite 201 (416) 977-7111
Charlotte, NC 28217-3992 USA www.scma.com
(704) 676-1190 Transportation and Logistics Council
www.mhi.org 120 Main Street
NASSTRAC Huntington, NY 11743
330 N Wabash Ave, Suite 2000 (613) 549-8988
Chicago, IL 60611 www.tlcouncil.org
(202) 367-1174 Transportation Intermediaries Association
www.nasstrac.org 1625 Prince Street, Suite 200
National Air Transportation Association, Inc. Alexandria, Virginia 22314-2883
818 Connecticut Ave NW, Suite 900 703-299-5700
Washington, DC 20006 www.tianet.org
(202) 774-1535 Transportation Research Board
www.nata.aero 500 Fifth Street, NW
National Customs Brokers and Forwarders Washington, DC 20001
Association of America (202) 334-3241
1200 18th Street, NW #901 www.trb.org
Washington, DC 20036 Warehouse Education and Research Council
(202) 466-0222 1100 Jorie Blvd., Suite 170
www.ncbfaa.org Oak Brook, IL 60523-4423
National Defense Transportation Association (630) 990-0001
50 South Pickett Street, Suite 220 www.werc.org
Alexandria, VA 22304-7296
(703) 751-5011
www.ndtahq.com
The National Industrial Transportation League
7918 Jones Branch Drive, Suite 300
McLean, VA 22102
(703) 524-5011
www.nitl.org

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