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53

3. Flemish Bond
 The most common used bond as it combines
an attractive appearance with reasonable
strength.
 Brick are laid as alternate headers and
stretchers in the same course.
 The header in one course being in the centre
of stretchers in the course above and below.
 Laid queen closer after the header.

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54 Flemish Bond Queen closer

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55

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56

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MORTAR

58

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W59hat is mortar?/Definition

Mortar is a mixture of sand and
lime or mixture of sand and
cement with or without lime. It is
used to bond the brick together.

Sand + lime = mortar
OR

Sand + cement +
lime/without lime = mortar

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Characteristics/Basic Requirement

•Have adequate strength
•Have good workability
•Plasticity long enough for the bricks

to be laid
•Be durable over a long period
•Bond well to the bricks
•Be able to be produced at an

economic cost

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Function of the sand in mortar mixture

61

To reduce shrinkage of mortar in order to
prevent cracks
To reduce construction cost

To help hardening properties of lime

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62 Mortar type

Lime mortar
Cement mortar
Water proof mortar
Fire proof mortar

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63

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FLOOR

65 Definition

Floor is the horizontal component of a
building.

It is supported by beams that are in
turn, connected to the columns that
are the frameworks of the building.

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66 It is supported
by beam that are
DEFINITION
connected to
Floor is a columns which
horizontal are the frame of
component of a
the building
building

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67 Functional Requirement

Strength and Fire safety Durability Resistance to Resistance to
stability and freedom the passage weather and

from of sound ground
maintenance moisture

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68
1. Strength and stability:
 According to the Building By-Laws, buildings must be

constructed with strength and stability so that load bearing
elements such as , foundations, walls, floors, and roofs have
adequate strength and stability to support the dead loads of
the construction and anticipated loads on roofs, floors and
walls without undue deflection (pemesongan) or
deformation (kecacatan) that would have a bad effect on
the strength and stability of parts or whole of the building.

 Strength and stability of floor depends on :

- the materials used

- how the material resists deflection and deformation under
load.

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2. Fire Safety

 To provide a reasonable standard of safety in
case of fire.

 To allow the building occupants to escape
from the building in case of fire.

3. Durability and freedom from maintenance

 Depends on the internal conditions of the
building.

 A dry and heated interior of a building will
ensure floors are durable and free from
maintenance.

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4. Resistance to the passage of sound

 Structural frame of a multi-storey building
provides a ready path for the transmission of
impact sound over a long distance.

 A sudden disturbing sound such as the
slamming of a heavy door can cause
discomfort.

 The sound absorption of a floor can be
improved by introducing a soft absorbent
material such as carpet or felt.

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5. Resistance to weather and ground moisture

 A damp-proof membrane (d.p.m) on, in, or
under the concrete slab will be necessary to
prevent moisture rising to the surface of the
floor.

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72

TYPE OF
FLOOR

Ground Floor Upper Floor
- Solid Ground Floor
- Upper Timber Floor
(concrete) - Cast in situ reinforce
- Suspended Timber
concrete floor
Ground Floor - Precast Concrete Floor

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GROUND FLOOR

73

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• SOLID GROUND FLOOR

74

GROUND FLOOR

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75

Elements of Solid Ground Floor

Hardcore
Blinding
Concrete
Damp proof membrane

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Elements of Solid Ground Floor

761. Hardcore

 Materials - fairly larges particles (crushed rock, gravels, broken brick and coarse
sands)

 Particles- hard, durable, chemically inert

 Thickness between 100-300mm

 Functions hardcore:

 To fill hollows

 To raise the finished level

 Provide a firm working surface- On wet sites

 To prevent contamination during placing and
compaction

 RTEeCHdNOuLOcGYe the amount of rising ground moisture

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The hardcore moved onto the excavated slab,
levelled and compacted.

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Elements of solid ground floor

79

2. Blinding

 A blinding layer of coarse sand

 Thickness = 50 mm

 Functions:
 To fill in any weak pockets.

 To prevent the wet concrete running
down between the lumps

 To provide a true and compact level

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80

Sand blinding went down, before
everything is compacted again.

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Elements of Solid Ground Floor

81

3. Concrete over- site

 Providing the solid level surface to apply finishes

 The mixture of concrete is 1 :3:6
( 1 cement, 3 fine aggregates/sand, 6 course
aggregates)

 Thickness between 100-150 mm depend on the
type of soil and load.

 In Malaysia, reinforcement mesh is laid on
blinding before concrete is poured.

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82

Reinforcement mesh Sand blinding

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Elements of Solid Ground Floor

83

4. Damp proof membrane (DPM)
 D.p.m is an impervious layer of material sandwiched in the
floor either on top of blinding or on top of concrete slab.

 Function of d.p.m is to resist the passage of
moisture or water to the inside of building.

 Materials:

i) polythene sheeting

ii) bitumen and latex –based solutions.
 Only sheet material can be laid on top of

blinding.
 Laying of d.p.m must be linked with d.p.c

on walls to ensure water-tightness.

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DPM – polythene sheeting
http://www.garagejournal.com/forum/showthread.php?t=66490&page=2

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85

Wet concrete being poured from a chute onto a
damp proof membrane with three
builders in attendance.

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86

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Damp proof course & Damp Proof membrane

87

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89 Suspended timber ground
floor

A

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90 Elements of suspended
timber ground floor

A. Hardcore
B. Site concrete
C. Sleeper wall
D. Damp proof course
E. Wall plate
F. Floor joist
G. Floor finishes
H. Skirting

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Suspended timber ground floor

91
 This type of floor is more expensive than solid ground floors in

terms of material used and time taken.

 Element consist of:
i) surface concrete
ii) sleeper walls and ventilation systems
iii) timber floor construction and insulation

 Surface construction:
- this is the base for the construction and is constructed in the
same way as a solid ground floor.
- the surface concrete should be laid higher than the ground
level to eBUnILDsIuNGrTeECHrNisOiLnOGgY damp will not collect on its surface.

 Sleeper Walls and ventilation system:

92

- A sleeper wall is a short wall and built on the surface concrete to
support the timber floor joists and to separate the joists from
possible damp collecting on the surface concrete.

- the space between the surface concrete and the floor joists and
wall plates must be ventilated to prevent dry rot of the timber
members.

- methods of ventilation:
→ provision of air bricks
→ honeycombing the sleeper walls

 Timber Floor Construction:

- timber wall plates (100x75mm or 75x50mm) are bedded on
mortar on top of d.p.c.of sleeper walls.

- timber joist (125x50mm) are nailed onto the wall plates at 400mm
spacing.

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AIR BRICKS

93

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HONEY COMBING THE SLEEPER WALL

94

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UPPER FLOOR

95

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Upper Floor

96

Timber Upper Floor
 Small span (4.5-5.0) can be built in timber,

which is lightweight, requires simple
equipment and is a dry construction.
 For large spans, a cross beam may be
necessary if timber is to be used.
 Totally, timber floor have disadvantages
such as lower fire resistance and sound
insulation.

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97 Elements Of Upper Timber
Floor

Floor Joists

Strutting between
Joist

Floor board

Wall Plate

Skirting

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98

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.
99 Elements Of Upper Timber Floor

1.Floor Joists

➢ Purpose: To support floor board
➢End of joist may rest on a wall plate install to the wall.

FLOOR JOIST

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0 2. Strutting between Joist

Purpose: to maintain joist in vertical position

3. Floor board

Purpose: to cover the joist and as finishing.

4. Wall Plate

Purpose: support floor joist

5. Skirting

Purpose: to cover and finishing the end of floor board.

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10
1

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ROOF

10
3

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