SUPERSTRUCTURE

SUPER STRUCTURE

1. WALL
2. FLOOR
3. ROOF
4. STAIRS
5. WINDOW
6. DOOR

WALL

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Variety type of wall construction

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4 WALL

Definition

A wall is define as a continuous, vertical,
solid structure of brick, stone, concrete,
timber or metal, thin in proportion to its
length and height which encloses and
protects a building or serves to divide
buildings into compartments or rooms.

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Types of Wall

1. Solid Wall (Masonry Wall)
 Constructed either of brick, blocks of
stone, or concrete laid in mortar
 Load bearing wall
 Carries imposed loads & dead load

2. Frame Wall
 Constructed from a frame of small
sections of timber, reinforced concrete
or metal.
 Non loadbearing wall

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7 Functional Requirements

Strength Stability

Resistance to Fire safety
weather &
ground
moisture

Resistance to
the passage of

the sound

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Functional Requirements

1.8 Strength
 A good wall can bear the wind load,
dead & imposed load from floor & roof
 Strength are depends on the material
used, wall thickness & the way material
are put together.
 The material used in wall construction is
determined by the strength of a material
in resisting *tensile and compressive stress.

2. Stability
 The stability of wall may be affected by
foundation movement, lateral forces -
wind & expansion due to temperature &
moisture change.

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3. Resistance to weather & ground moisture
 Building regulation- adequately resist the
passage of moisture to the inside of the
building.
 Moisture come from– water vapour &
liquid water
 Moisture may penetrate a wall by
absorption of water from the ground that
is in contact with foundation walls or
through rain falling on the wall
 To prevent water penetration – *damp
proof course (dpc) is installed.

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11 *Damp proof course (Dpc)

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4. Fire safety

• Building regulation set standard for provide
means of escape, limitation of fire spread
(structure), provide access & facilities for the
fire service such as:
✓ Means of escape : Window & door may
used as a means of escape
✓ Smoke alarms
✓ Limitation of fire spread – specifying
minimum period of fire resistance for the
elements of the structure.

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5. Resistance to the passage of sound
• Sound is transmitted as airborne sound
& impact sound .
✓ Airborne sound i.e.; a radio. The
vibration in the air caused by the
sound source.

✓ Impact sound is caused by contact
with a surface, i.e.: slamming of a
door or footsteps on a floor which

set upBUILDING TECHNOLOGY vibration in walls and floor.

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6. Durability and freedom from maintenance
 The durability of a wall is indicated by the frequency and extent
of the work necessary to maintain minimum functional
requirements and acceptable appearances.
 The durability of the walls may compared through the cost of
maintenance over a number of years.
 The durability and freedom from maintenance of a wall is
depended on type of materials used and how it is built.

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OPENING IN WALL

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16 OPENING IN WALLS

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17 ELEMENTS OF OPENING IN WALL

Head Jambs Reveals Sill
(Kepala (Jenang)/ (Bebibir) (Ambang)
bukaan)

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Elements of opening

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An opening in an external
wall consist of :

Head (Kepala bukaan)
Jambs (Jenang)/
Reveals (Bebibir)
Sill (Ambang)

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Elements of opening

119. Head/Lintel
 Function- head is to carry the load of
brickwork and transmit this load to jambs.

 A variety of materials is available:

➢ Timber (light loads & small span)
➢ Steel ( painted with bituminous to give the

protection against corrosion)
➢ Concrete (design as in situ or precast

reinforced lintel & used for all spans)
➢ Stone
➢ Brick (suitable for small spans up to 1m)

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2. Jambs

• The brickwork that acts like legs which
support brickwork over the head

• Two types of Jambs :
I. plain or square jambs
II. rebated jambs

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Elements of opening

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3. Reveal

• Describe the thickness of the wall

4. Sill

• The lower part of the opening

• Function of a sill:
- to protect the wall below a window

• Appearance and durability are the main
requirement.

• Sill is not a member which is needed to
carry heavy load

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OPENING IN WALL

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BRICKWORK/
BRICKBONDING

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24 What is BRICKS?

Brick is described as a small
block of burned clay.

The great majority of brick in
used today are made from
clay, but brick can also be
made from sand and lime
(kapur) or concrete.

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25 Standard brick
measurement/brick faces

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26 Brick Classifications:

Commons Engineering

Facings

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Brick Classification

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1. Commons
 general building work
 Sufficiently hard to carry the loads.
 poor appearance – cause of dull texture
 internal wall and external wall – not to exposed

2. Facings
 Specially made or selected to have an attractive
appearance
 Used without rendering or plaster
 Durable for external use
 Carry normal load

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3. Engineering bricks

 Made from selected clay
 Very solid and hard
 Used for walls carrying heavy loads , brick

piers and general engineering works
 Durable in situations of extreme exposure

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29 Photos of classifications of
bricks COMMON BRICKS

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FACING BRICKS

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Types of Brick

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1. Calcium silicate (sand-lime)
 Made from sand and lime
 Expensive compare to clay brick and
cement brick
 Coloured- by adding a colouring during
manufacture
 Material are carefully selected
 Accurately proportioned to ensure a
uniform hardness, shape and durability.
 The surface is smooth & no efflorescence
 Not easily affected by fungus

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32 Concrete brick
Manufactured in the same size as clay brick
2.


 Consistent in shape, size and colour than clay brick

 Variety colours and finishes

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33 3. Clay bricks
 Made from: clay, silica, alumina, lime,
iron, manganese and other
substances.
 Available in variety of strength, types,
textures, colours and special brick
 Different clay have different
characteristics, such as moisture
content and chemical composition

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34 The differences of types of
bricks

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Efflorescence

The making of clay
bricks

37 Forming and cutting a clay
column in the stiff-mud process

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Burning of Bricks
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Brickbonding

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Brickwork/Brickbonding

 Bonding is an arrangement of bricks in a wall, column
or pier laid to a set a pattern and to maintain an
adequate lap.

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P4u1 rpose of Brickwork/brick Bonding

 To obtained maximum strength whilst distributing the
loads to be carried throughout the wall, column or
pier.

 To ensure lateral stability (such as wind) and resistance
to side thrusts.

 To create an acceptable appearance.

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42 Principle of Bricks Bonding

1. Continuous vertical joint without
lap will affect the strength and
stability of the wall.

2. To avoid continuous vertical joint
to the wall ¼ bats or ½ bats has to
be used.

3. The type of bond fixed by the
designer depend on the function,
situation and thickness of wall.

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44 Types Of Bonding

Generally, types of Brick Bonding will be as follows:

1.Stretcher Bond
2.English Bond
3.Flemish Bond

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1. Stretcher Bond
 Consists of all stretchers in every course and
is used for wall for half brick thick.
 The most straight forward way of laying brick
with the stretcher face of each brick showing
externally
 First layer start with half brick follow by 1 brick
(stretcher face) then,
 Second layer start with stretcher face (1
brick) and so on.
 This type of bond do not have high ability to
bear the load.

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47 Stretcher Bond

header

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2. English Bond
 Most common used
 First layer consists of stretchers throughout
the length on one course.
 Second layer- headers throughout the next
layer- starting with laid quoin header next
laid queen closer and after that headers
throughout the course.
 It is rather stronger than Flemish bond.
 It uses more facing bricks than Flemish bond.

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50 English Bond

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52 What is Queen closer?

A half brick of normal
thickness, but half-normal
width. Used in a course of
brick masonry to prevent
vertical joints from falling
above one another.

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