TOURISM MALAYSIA 1ST EDITION

Figure 2.12: Hainanese Chiken Rice
vii. Yong Tau Foo

Tofu products and vegetables like brinjals, lady's fingers, bitter gourd and chilies
stuffed with fish or pork paste. Originally developed in Ampang, Selangor, it is a
localized adaptation of a Hakka dish called ngiong tew foo (stuffed tofu with
ground pork paste) and is usually served in a clear broth (figure 2.13).

Figure 2.13: Yong Tau Foo
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viii.Tau Foo Fah
It is a curdled version of soya bean milk and is flavored with syrup. It looks much
like Tau Foo but it is very tender. Sold in many places. It is a popular dessert
among Malaysians and Singaporeans (figure 2.14).

Figure 2.14: Tau Foo Fah
2.5 TRADITIONAL COSTUME

The history of Chinese migration to Malaya began with development of Malacca as a
trading center, followed by Penang and Kuala Lumpur. The migrants brought with them goods
for trading purposes as well as traditions, culture and dress style which were soon adapted to suit
the local environment.

The traditional Chinese costume, originally styled in many layers of silk and fully
embroidered with gold thread, is still worn today in much more simplified styling. To date, the
long tunic, Cheongsam, Shanghai dress and Samfoo are still worn during certain festivities and
gatherings. Produced in China, the costumes use silk fabric and colorful brocade including
decorative gold and silver threadwork (figure 2.15).

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Figure 2.15: The Chinese traditional costume
2.5.1 Cheongsam

The cheongsam, also known as qipao in Chinese or “long dress” when translated
directly from Cantonese, is the traditional clothing worn by Chinese women. The
cheongsam is a stylish tight-fitting garment that comes in one piece. It has a high or
stand-up collar, a slit on one or both sides of the skirt, and buttons or small clip closures
near the shoulders. This outfit is normally made from soft exquisite materials such as silk
or satin, hence displaying charm and elegance. The color of the outfit is usually red,
which symbolizes prosperity in the Chinese culture. However, it can also come in other
colors such as white. The cheongsam is worn on special occasions, such as during
Chinese New Year celebrations and also weddings (figure 2.16).

Figure 2.16: Qi pao (the so called Cheongsam)
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2.5.2 Samfoo
Samfoo, which looks like pajamas with a separate loose fitting top fastened by

toggles and ankle length, or above the ankle, pants. Normally, the old aged women also
wear a garment known as samfoo (figure 2.17).

Figure 2.17: Ladies and children wearing traditional samfoo

2.6 TRADITIONAL DANCE

2.6.1 Chinese Classical Dance
The origins of Chinese classical dance date back to the Zhou dynasty. During this

period, only members of the royal family and nobility had the privilege of being trained
in dance. Depending on the student’s age, he/she would be taught different dances for
various occasions and purposes. Every dance had its own set of performance standards
and training was often rigorous. These dances would often be performed at major
ceremonies, diplomatic events and even during religious ceremonies.

Subsequently, the art of dance made considerable progress during the prosperous
time of the Tang dynasty. While preserving traditions passed down from the previous
dynasty, Tang dynasty dances also incorporated new elements and thus during this time,
Chinese classical dance was considered to be at its peak. However, with the rise and fall
of the Tang dynasty, the art of dance went the same way - from an art form for the
privileged to something more accessible to common folk. In fact, during the Song and
Ming dynasties, folk opera, a phenomenon combining dance, acrobatics and theatrical
performances arose, replacing pure dance as a flourishing art form.

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This in turn metamorphosed into what we commonly known today as traditional
opera. Despite the apparent transformation, dance was still ultimately the key means of
performance, thus giving rise to the saying that “Chinese classical dance evolved from
traditional opera” (figure 2.18).

Figure 2.18: The origins of Chinese classical dance date back to the Zhou dynasty

2.6.2 Chinese Ethnic Dance
Chinese ethnic dance is a product of the historical progress of each ethnic

community as well as their individual artistic creativity. The dances reflect the various
regional specialties, cultural characteristics and religious beliefs of each ethnic group at
different stages in history, infusing every dance with unique local flavor, thus making it
widely popular with the masses. Many of the terms used in these dances are drawn from
everyday life and even the props used are also day-to-day items and instruments. Ethnic
dance performances are a staple at celebrations, religious ceremonies and major events,
making them an integral part of every community’s identity.

Even though Chinese dance may possess its own characteristics and history, it is
no different from any other dance in the world in that it is essentially a cultural
phenomenon. It is ultimately an art form through which artistes express themselves. Its
creation is directly influenced by both nature and society; its form can be expressed
through the human form or even emotionally. In addition, the artiste’s cultural and artistic
upbringing also plays a significant role in determining the tone of the dance (figure 2.19).

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Figure 2.19: Famous Chinese artist Yu Xiaoxue performs Yangko (a popular rural folk dance) in
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

2.6.3 Chinese Lion Dance
Lion Dance is a Chinese performing art that is popular in Malaysia as well as

around the world where Chinese culture is practised or showcased. It is a dance that is
said to have developed in China but originated in India. In Malaysia, Lion Dance is
usually performed during the opening of a new business or a new building, during
Chinese New Year and on other festive or auspicious occasion. The dance is usually
accompanied by fireworks and the beating of drums, creating a deliberate racket to scare
away evil.

Occasionally the lions are accompanied by a jester or comedian, who is a man
wearing a head mask and carrying a fan. It is usual that a head of lettuce with an Ang
Pow is hung at a prominent position. The Lion is tasked to consume the lettuce, spitting
out the leaves but taking the money, an act regarded as bringing good fortune to the
business or premise.

Lion Dance is energetic and entertaining. According to the legend, in ancient
times, the lion was the only animal that could ward off a mythological creature known as
Nian that terrorised China and devoured people on the eve of the Chinese New Year.
Lion dance usually requires perfect co-ordination, elegance and nerves of steel. The

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dance is almost always performed to the beat of the ‘tagu’, the Chinese drum, and the
clanging of cymbals (figure 2.20).

Figure 2.20: Lion Dance performance in Thean Hou Temple in Kuala Lumpur
2.6.4 Dragon Dance

The dragon is a mythical creature that represents supernatural power, goodness,
fertility, vigilance and dignity in Chinese culture. Typically performed to usher in the
Chinese New Year, the Dragon Dance is said to bring good luck and prosperity for the
year to come. The dragon dance, on the other hand, is put up by a number of performers,
sometimes up to 40 people, depending on the size and importance of the event (figure
2.21).

The dragon is traditionally built of wood, and the interior is assembled with
bamboo hoops, covered with a rich fabric. These days though, lighter materials like
aluminum and plastics are used, as even the head could weigh up to 15kg. Apparently,
the longer the creature, the more blessings it would shower upon the people. Legend has
it that the dragon dance was part of the farming and harvesting culture. There are also
claims that the dance performance is part of the ritual for healing and preventing
illnesses.

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Figure 2.21: The Dragon Dance of Prosperity
For a graceful dance, the right combination and appropriate timing of the head,
body and tail of the dragon are crucial. A slight mistake or wrong synchronization would
result in the whole performance falling apart. Everybody has to be cautious and on
constant alert, as the dragon’s head needs to listen and work well to the timing of the
drum, while the tail has to keep up with the energetic movements of the head. The
availability of skilled artists, financial resources, materials and the size of the venue will
influence the size and length of the dragon. Although some dragons could be as long as
46 sections, the normal length ranges from 9 to 15 sections.

2.6.5 Chinese Fan Dance
Chinese Fan dances start out as ceremonial rituals whereas the dance moves

haven’t changed, the dance uses have. Fan dances represent beauty, grace, skill, tradition,
delicacy and history. They also express feelings of joy and fans are recognized as good
luck charms and expressions of generosity. Even all these years, fan dances are still used
at ceremonies and Chinese celebrations (such as Moon Cake Festival, Chinese New
Year). Now, it even transformed into unique modern workouts. Fan dance consists
constant changing of rhythms and body positions. The feather fans and silk fans are used
in the dance that began since the Han Dynasty, c.206 BC.

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History of the Chinese fan dance and the fan itself dates back to the Neolithic
Yangshao culture, 4,000 B.C. It’s approximately 6,000 years ago. There are two types of
fan dance developed, for civilian and the military. Fan was originally used as shelter from
the blazing sun and a shield to blowing sand. There’s hundreds of fan developed since its
beginning for example folding, feather and silk (figure 2.22)

Figure 2.22: The traditional Chinese Fan Dance
2.7 FESTIVALS

Festivals have long been an important component of Chinese culture. The festivals are a
way to place emphasis on cultural identity, family ties, and respect for elders and ancestors.
Several major festivals have carried over into Malaysian Chinese culture, none being more
prominent than the Chinese New Year.

2.7.1 Chinese New Year
Chinese New Year is an annual celebration marking the start of the year

according to the Chinese lunar calendar. Chinese New Year always falls in the months of
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January or February, and each Chinese New Year is represented by 1 of the 12 creatures
of the Chinese Zodiac. Chinese New Year is also known as the Spring Festival and in
pre-modern times it would signal to farmers in China that they must begin preparation for
the sowing of their fields.

The most important element of Chinese New Year is the reunion dinner, which is
held on the eve of the New Year. This is the time when all family members will come for
a meal together in the parents’ or eldest brother’s home, or nowadays in restaurants as
well. The reunion dinner spread is usually lavish, with multiple courses including dishes
of chicken, pork and fish (figure 2.23).

Figure 2.23: Belief and Tradition - Chinese New Year
In Malaysia, a dish called yee sang is the first to be served. Yee sang, also known
as the Prosperity Toss, is a teochew-style raw fish salad and everyone at the table will
help to mix this salad with their chopsticks. Gift giving is an important component of
Chinese New Year in Malaysia and the most common gifts amongst family, colleagues
and business contacts are the boxes of mandarin oranges, or the live orange trees. Ang-
paw – little red packets with new currency notes inside – is given to children, single
adults and the elderly, and for children this is often the most exciting part of the
celebration. A child with many uncles and aunties can potentially collect a lot of money
from their ang-pau gifts (figure 2.24).

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Figure 2.24: Ethnic Chinese Malaysian families gathered and toss “Yu Sheng” (raw fish salad)
during the Chinese New Year celebrations in Kuala Lumpur

2.7.2 Chap Goh Mei
Chap Goh Mei is also called the feast of the first full moon. The purpose of the

original Lantern Festival in China was to welcome the warmth and increasing sunlight of
the winter and to pray for the right amount of rain. The Lantern Festival is the lightening
up of the house and surrounding it with multi-colored lanterns. It was very popular
among the children before the invention of electricity where lamps were carried to
wherever they went during the night. Chap Goh Mei is celebrated with a family meal,
music and decorations similar to the reunion dinner (figure 2.25).

Figure 2.25: A Romancing Night Chap Goh Mei
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2.7.3 Dragon Boat Festival
Celebrated on the 5th day of the fifth month of the Chinese Lunar Calendar. This

festival commemorates a great patriot and poet in China named Qu Yuan, a righteous
man who protested against the evils of corruption. He had written many poems on his
love for the country. He committed suicide by throwing himself into the Mi Luo River
rather than seeing his native land invaded by his rivals. Boats raced to attempt to recover
his body. Unsuccessfully, they threw rice dumplings into the river to avoid water
creatures from eating Qu Yuan's body. Today, the people celebrate this festival by eating
rice dumplings containing minced meat, beans and chestnuts (figure 2.26).

Figure 2.26: The Amazing Dragon Boat Festival
2.7.4 Hungry Ghost Festival.

This festival offers insight into the afterlife of those who do not live in a pleasing
way. Taoists believe the gates of Hell are opened and spirits are allowed to roam the
earth. This festival is for condemned souls who have no relief from suffering. Incense is
burned to prevent the ghosts from harming people. Operas are performed to entertain the
ghosts and distract them from inflicting vengeance for their predicament. Hungry Ghost
is the most colorful Chinese festival (figure 2.27).

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Figure 2.27: Hungry Ghost Festival

These festivals are very important among the Chinese community. Insight can be
gained into the worldview of the Malaysian Chinese from observing rituals carried out
during the festivals. For example, the New Year is a happy time when departed ancestors
are celebrated. It is assumed they have moved on to a desirable place. The spirits still
exert influence on the fortunes of the living community and must be appeased. As long as
the proper ritual is carried out, the spirits are generally happy and pleasant. The Hungry
Ghost festival functions for the opposite purpose. These spirits are suffering in the
afterlife. Perhaps the person died a mysterious or violent death or was particularly
vengeful in life. The spirits are not allowed to travel to the comfortable afterlife. These
spirits seek revenge and harm when released from their prisons and appeasements must
be made to avert their wrath. The festivals are closely tied with the culture and must be
taken into consideration when developing a mission strategy that is to be effective.

2.8 TRADITIONAL CHINESE WEDDING CEREMONY

2.8.1 The Proposal
The process began with an elaborate marriage proposal and acceptance. This

process was placed in the hands of a match-maker, who acted as a buffer between the two
parties – a role similar to that of a real estate agent today. The important parties in

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proposal and betrothal negotiations are the parents of the prospective bride and groom,
rather than the bride and groom themselves. When the boy’s parents identified a likely
bride-to-be, they would send the go-between to present gifts to the girl’s parents and to
sound out their feelings about the match. If the proposal was well-received, the go-
between would obtain the date and hour of the girl’s birth recorded on a formal document
(figure 2.28).

Figure 2.28: Chinese Bride and Groom
2.8.2 The Betrothal

Bargaining
Both sets of parents exchanged family credentials as tokens of intention.

Engagement Tokens
Amount of money and goods that would make up the gift to the girl’s family.

Auspicious Wedding Dates
Auspicious dates and times are usually selected by either consulting a Chinese
monk, temple official, fortune teller, Chinese calendar or Chinese almanac. The
brides and grooms birthdates and times are required for selecting the dates.

Betrothal Gifts
The betrothal gifts are delivered up to a month and at least three days before the
wedding day. The groom and a friend or a matchmaker will deliver the gifts on
the auspicious date chosen.

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Bridal Cakes
A form of announcement and invitation to the wedding feast.
Dowry
The bride’s price "bride's dowry" is usually presented in a red packet or wrapped
in a special red cloth. A portion is expected to be returned to indicate that the
groom’s family is overly generous, the bride’s family is not greedy, and the two
families will share their good fortune.

Figure 2.29: Nicely decorated Bakul Siah and Chinese Betrothal Ceremony Gifts
2.8.3 Preparing for the wedding day

Retreating to the Cock Loft
The bride-to-be retreated from the ordinary routine and lived in seclusion in a
separate part of the house with her closest friends.
Installing the Bridal Bed
A ‘good luck woman’ or ‘good luck man’ are selected to install a newly
purchased bed. After the bed is in place, children are invited onto the bed as an
omen of fertility. The bed is scattered with red dates, oranges, lotus seeds,
peanuts, pomegranates and other fruits.

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Figure 2.30: Traditional Chinese Bridal Bed
2.8.4 Day of the wedding

The Hair Dressing Ritual (Bride)
The bride bathed in water infused with pomelo, a variety of grapefruit, to cleanse
her of evil influences. She put on new underclothes and sat before lit dragon and
phoenix candles. A ‘good luck woman’ spoke auspicious words while dressing
the bride’s hair in the style of a married woman. After the bride's hair was styled
she was dressed in a jacket and skirt and pair of red shoes. The bride’s face was
covered with either a red silk veil or a ‘curtain’ of tassels or beads that hung from
the bridal Phoenix crown (figure 2.31).

Figure 2.31: Parents dressing her daughter’s hair

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Capping Ritual (Groom)
The groom dressed in a long gown, red shoes and a red silk sash with a silk ball
on his shoulder. The groom knelt at the family altar while his father placed a cap
decorated with cypress leaves on his head. The groom bowed first before the
tablets of Heaven and Earth and his ancestors, then to his parents and the
assembled family members. His father removed the silk ball from the sash and
placed it on top of the bridal sedan chair.

2.8.5 The Chinese Marriage Procession
Groom's Journey to Bride's House
The groom led the procession accompanied by a child as an omen of his future
sons, The bridal sedan chair was proceeded by attendants with lanterns and
banners, musicians, and a ‘dancing’ lion or unicorn. Firecrackers, loud gongs and
drums marked the start of the procession from the groom’s home.

When arriving at the bride's house the groom's representative would present the
bride's friends with red packets of money, ang pau. This was the occasion of
good-natured haggling before the bride could be surrendered. The groom may
also take dinner with the bride’s family and receive a pair of chopsticks and two
wine goblets wrapped in red paper, symbolic of his receiving the joy of the family
in the person of their daughter.

Bride's Journey to Groom's House
The ‘good luck woman’ or a dajin, employed by the bride’s family to look after
the bride, carried the bride on her back to the sedan chair. Another attendant
might shield the bride with a parasol while a third tossed rice at the sedan chair.
Sometimes the bride was borne out in a wooden ‘cage’ with her feet padlocked –
presumably a remnant from rougher times with extremely reluctant brides.

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Figure 2.31: The Bride’s Journey to the Groom’s House

Arriving at the Groom’s House
Firecrackers were set off just before the procession arrived at the groom's house.
A red mat was placed before the sedan chair for the bride so her feet would not
touch the bare earth as she dismounted. The entire household would be waiting to
receive her. The bride was required to step over a saddle or a lit stove to cross the
threshold, since the words for "saddle" and "tranquillity" sounds the same, ngan,
and the fire would cast out of evil influences. After these rituals took place, the
groom could finally raise the red scarf and view the bride’s face.

2.8.6 The Chinese Wedding
The bride and groom approached the family alter where they paid homage to

Heaven and Earth, the family ancestors and the Kitchen God. Tsao-Chün. Tea, generally
with two lotus seeds or two red dates in the cup, was offered to the groom’s parents. Tea
us China’s national drink and serving it is a sign of respect. Lotus seeds and two red dates
are used in the tea represent sweet relations between the bride and her new family and
fertility.

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Then the bride and groom bowed to each other. This completed the marriage
ceremony. In some regions the bride and groom also drank wine from the same goblet,
ate sugar molded in the form of a rooster, and partook of the wedding dinner together.

Figure 2.32: The Chinese wedding Ceremony
The Nuptial Chamber
After the ceremony, the couple were led to the bridal chamber, where both sat on
the bed. In some areas, honey and wine were poured into two goblets linked by a
red thread. The bride and groom took a few sips and then exchanged cups and
drank it down.

Figure 2.33: The Nuptial Chamber
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The Wedding banquet
Separate wedding feasts were given by the parents of the bride and the groom for
their respective friends and families. Chinese food has special symbolism: mostly
wishes of happiness, longevity, or fertility. The number courses is also significant.
At a Chinese wedding banquet, eight dishes are usually served – not including the
dessert. In Chinese, the word “eight” sounds like “good luck.”

2.8.7 Post Wedding Ritual
One day after the wedding
The bride awoke early to honor the ancestors at dawn. It was only then that she
was formally introduced to the groom’s relatives and friends. As she knelt before
each of the older relatives, she received a small gift. The bride’s parents-in-law
gave her a title according to her husband’s seniority in the family hierarchy.

Three days after the wedding
In general, three days after the wedding, the couple paid a visit to the bride’s
family home, where the bride is now received as a guest.

2.9 FENGSHUI
Among the Chinese, Fengshui plays an important role in determining the success of a

business decision. The Chinese are very particular about the choice time and date to do things
like buying houses, getting married or starting a business. They consult experts on fengshui or
horoscope to ensure prosperity, health and smooth flow on their business or activities. For
example, the Chinese are sensitive about memos or letters written in red ink because it is
believed to be a sign for the termination of friendship or anger.

Numbers too play an important role in Chinese society so much so that they can
determine the fate of a man. The number 4 is most undesirable as it means death in Hokkien,
Cantonese and Mandarin. Most Chinese will avoid the number for their car registration and

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house address. On the other hand, number 8 is a lucky number and is much sought after by
businessmen for their car number plate as it can bring wealth and prosperity to the owner.

Figure 2.34: Fengshui Symbol

2.10 SUMMARY
The Chinese population in Malaysia has become an integral component of the

community. Chinese contribute to the economic, religious, and cultural climate of Malaysian
cities. The Malaysian Chinese have developed a unique culture that is neither mainland Chinese
nor indigenous Malay. The distinct ethnic identities found in China have blended together as the
Chinese population have had to unite in order to provide a new cultural identity as well as
succeed on the international business scene. These modern Chinese are educated but still prefer
to reinforce their cultural identity through short stories, poems, proverbs, and the street operas.

The Chinese in Malaysia migrated from China as early as the 13th century during the
Melaka Sultanate. Their main dialects are Cantonese, Hokkien, Teochew, Hakka and Mandarin.
Their main beliefs are Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. They believe in moderation and
flexibility, rather than rigid adherence to convictions.

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The traditional Chinese cuisines are widely accepted and became familiar menu.
Conversely, Chinese cooking has also influenced modern Malay and Indian cooking styles. In
fact, many local dishes like Curry mee, Cantonese fried noodle and young tau foo are fusion of
Malay, Indian and Chinese cuisine, which is not found anywhere else in the world. As we know,
the famous Chinese traditional costumes in Malaysia are Cheongsam and Samfoo., But they are
not wearing the traditional costume everyday like the Malay traditional costume ‘Baju kurung’.
The cheongsam and Samfoo are worn on special occasions, such as during Chinese New Year
celebrations and also weddings.

In Chinese festivals and ceremonies, there are a few famous traditional dances, like
classical dance, ethnic dance, lion dance, dragon dance and fan dance that are still performed
especially during Chinese New Year celebrations. In Malaysia, there are a few major festivals
which are celebrated by the Chinese community. Chinese New Year, Chap Goh Mei, Dragon
Boat festival, Moon Cake and Hungry Ghost are popular not only among Chinese people but also
for Malays and Indians. Chinese community in Malaysia still practise and celebrate the
traditional wedding but has been modernized according to time.

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ACTIVITY

Match the terms with the correct definition

Chap Goh Also known as qipao in Chinese or “long dress” when

Meh translated directly from Cantonese, is the traditional clothing

worn by Chinese women

Cheongsam Looks like pyjamas with a separate loose fitting top fastened

by toggles and ankle length, or above the ankle, pants

Chinese New Mythical creature that represents supernatural power,

Year goodness, fertility, vigilance and dignity in Chinese culture.

Ethnic Dance To welcome the warmth and increasing sunlight of the winter

and to pray for the right amount of rain

Dragon Boat This festival offers insight into the afterlife of those who do

Festival not live in a pleasing way

Fengsui Annual celebration marking the start of the year according to

the Chinese lunar calendar

Toa means This performances are a staple at celebrations, religious

ceremonies and major events, making them an integral part of
every community’s identity

Hungry Ghost This festival commemorates a great patriot and poet in China

Festival named Qu Yuan, a righteous man who protested against the

evils of corruption.

Samfoo To ensure prosperity, health and smooth flow on their

Dragon Dance business or activities
‘THE WAY’ and is a philosophical orientation to life and the

world that emphasizes letting go, passive power and rejection

of action, in order to achieve happiness

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TOPIC 3
INDIAN COMMUNITY IN MALAYSIA

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3.1 INTRODUCTION

The Indian make the third largest ethnic group in Malaysia after the Chinese and Malays.
Before the large movement of labour into Malaya in the 1800s, Indian settlements in Malaya
comprised mostly merchants and traders. From the 19th century, Indian worked as labourers in
the plantations and in harbour ports. Prior to the World War Two, labourers were the most
numerous immigrants to Malaya.

As early as 1901 the Indian population in the federated Malays States was approximately
120,000 and the number increased to 640,000 in 1931. Today, Malaysian Indian account for
approximately 10 per cent or 2 million of the total population in Malaysia.

3.2 HISTORY

Thousands years ago, the Indian traders had traveled to this region including the southern
tip of South East Asia with maritime trade. Long before that, there is also evidence of the
existence of Indianized kingdom such as Gangga Negara, Kedah Tua and Srivijaya
approximately 1700 years ago.

This consisted of traders, plantation labourers and colonial soldiers. Apart from this, there
was also substantial migration of Indians to work in the British colonial government, due to their
general good command in English Language. The Tamil Indians in Malaysia are noted for their
strong work ethics and ability to think and adapt quickly in a new country. They believe that
working hard is a form of worship and it is through their trade or skills that they will come closer
to God. This belief has enabled them to carry out their work and responsibilities and job
demands rather seriously (figure 3.1).

The Indians arriving in Malaya as labourers were mainly from South India. Primarily
because the Indian government had allowed recruitment for Malaya only from Madras state, 90
percent of the labour migrants to Malaya were Tamil speaking people. The rest of the migrants
were Telegus and Mayalees from South India.

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Figure 3.1: rubber tapper

From the 1820s, Indian labour was recruited directly by Straits Settlements government
for public and construction works and municipal services. They were mainly English –educated
South Indian and Ceylonese Tamils and Sikhs. The non-labour migrants tended to bring their
families and relatives with them, thereby contributing to the Indian population growth.

Indians also come to Malaysia as sepoys, lascars, domestic servants and camp followers
when they accompanied the British who were stationed in the Straits Settlements. In the early
years of 20th century, Indian came in as lawyers, doctors, journalists, teachers and other
university educated man.

The migration of Indians as labourers declined after the war, while the migration of
commercial and professional Indian predominated. Two acts were passed in 1953 that control the
entry of Indians into Malaya, especially unskilled labour. Subsequently, only high qualified
professionals and technical personnel were allowed to enter the country. Unlike the labour
migrants who are mainly Tamils, the latter type of migrants was more heterogeneous and hailed
from different parts of India (table 3.1).

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Table 3.1: Distribution of Population in Malaysia

Distribution of Population In Malaysia

Race Population Percentage
Malay
Chinese 14,191,720 50.1%
Bumiputra
Indian 6,392,636 22.6%
Others
Immigrants 3,331,788 11.7%

1,907,827 6.7%

2,320,779 8.2%

28,334,135 100%

(Source: Statistical Department of Malaysia)

3.3 RELIGION

3.3.1 Hinduism in Malaysia
Malaysia has one of the largest ethnic Indian populations outside India, with an

estimated 1.79 million people of Indian origin in the country. This amount to roughly 7.1
percent of the total population of Malaysia which is about 25.3 million. An
overwhelming portion of the Indians in Malaysia, about 89 percent, are Hindus.
Hinduism is widely practiced in Malaysia where religious freedom is enshrined in the
federal constitution, and adds to the multiculturalism in a country that has become a
model for religious tolerance and peaceful coexistence despite challenges to this harmony
in recent years.

While Hindu roots in the country go back to the 2nd century AD, descendants of
the early Hindu kingdoms in the country are almost non-existent, having converted to
Islam. Most of the Indians in Malaysia today were brought as indentured laborers by the
British to work in oil palm and rubber plantations across the country between the 19th
and 20th centuries. A significant portion of these laborers were from the south Indian
state of Tamil Nadu, and share the language and culture of the Tamils. There are smaller

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groups of Malayalis and Telugus in the country as well, along with Tamils of Sri Lankan
origin who are also overwhelmingly Hindus. Figure 3.2 shows the place for Hindu rites.

Figure 3.2: Batu caves
Smaller migrations of Indians in the form of skilled workers have occurred in
recent years. There is also a very small community of Indian origin, called the Chitty,
who are the descendants of Tamil traders who emigrated before 1500 AD, and Chinese
and Malay women. Practicing Hinduism but speaking Malay, they number only about
2,000 today. The latest statistics place the number of Hindus in Malaysia today at
approximately 1.6 million.

3.3.2 Features of Malaysian Hinduism
The laborers from India brought with them their language, culture and most

importantly, the religion – Hinduism. In accordance with the Indian principle that a
village without a temple is deemed unsuitable for dwelling, the settlers built temples in
the plantations and estates that they worked in. Many of these temples continue to exist
today and are more than a century old. Urban temples were also built in the early 20th
century by merchants and traders who lived in the city. Identification with Hinduism and
worship are important aspects of Indian culture, and Malaysian Indians have a strong
association to their religion.

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Hinduism in Malaysia is in general similar to the Hinduism in India, although
certain aspects are amplified while others are played down. Lord Muruga, the
quintessential Tamil deity, is perhaps the most popular Hindu gods in Malaysia, with
Ganesha, Shiva and Amman also worshipped in large numbers. The Shaivite branch of
Hinduism is predominant in Malaysia, although Vaishnavism also has an important
representation especially with the recent revival of the Hare Krishna movement in the
country.

Village deities, folk beliefs and animal sacrifice are also important features of
Hinduism in Malaysia. Despite the increase in mainstream, Vedantic Hindu practices, the
lesser deities such as Madurai Veeran, Sangili Karuppan and other village deities are
widely worshipped in Malaysia. Animal sacrifices are practices in temples dedicated to
these lesser deities as they are generally prohibited in temples dedicated to the Vedantic
gods.

3.3.3 Hindu Festivals in Malaysia
i. Thaipusam
Hindu festivals like Thaipusam and Deepavali are observed in a large scale
across the country, and are public holidays in Malaysia. Thaipusam, dedicated
to Lord Muruga, is celebrated every year in January or February in hilltop
temples and draw large crowds of the faithful.

The festival associated with the prayer of faith or prayer pays answered. An
individual who takes part in the Thaipusam procession is likely to have
recovered from the disease, get promoted or receive abundance. Given his
prayer become a reality, he must respond by implementing a number of events
to show off his gratitude.

Stickler will be ready three weeks before the actual ceremony. On the
morning of Thaipusam, a person will shower and wear bright orange clothing
and covers their bodies with pure dust. ‘Kavadi’ is pierced sculpture spiked

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into stickler. In the sculpture, there are two dishes that contain milk which is
used to irrigate the Lord Subramaniam. Upon completion, all material will be
removed from the body, and if they do not feel pain, it means that his vow was
fulfilled.

The most famous celebrations are held in Batu Caves in Kuala Lumpur,
drawing an estimated one million people annually as well as tens of thousands
of tourists from all over the world. Thannir Malai in Penang is also very
popular for its Thaipusam celebrations.

ii. Deepavali
Deepavali is, however, identified as the primary Hindu festival in Malaysia. In
a uniquely Malaysian practice, open houses are held during the Deepavali
holidays, where people of different races visit Hindu homes to share the
celebrations as well as taste Indian food and sweets.

On Deepavali morning, some Hindus would shower oil. Oil is applied right on
the head before bathing. After that, the prayer performed all family members,
including those who have died. Ritual prayers will be led by the head of the
family, usually the father. Everyone will be dressed in bright and new.
Children are the happiest person on this festival, because normally they will
get a prize. The prize will also be given to the poor and beggars.

Other Hindu festivals like Thai Pongal and Navaratri are observed with
similar fervor but in smaller scales.

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3.4 SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CONTRIBUTION TO NATION BUILDING
Indians have contributed significantly to the building of Malaysia since the 19th century.

The Indians in Malaysia are noted for strong work ethics and ability to think and adapt quickly in
a new country. They believe that working hard is a form of worship and it is through their trade
or skills that they will come closer to God.

The Indian workforce was instrumental in the clearing of land and infrastructure,
established rubber plantation, built the roads, set up transmission lines as well as managed early
Malayan railways, ports and airports. Indian doctors, chemist and veterinarians formed the bulk
of medical personnel in Malaysia. Indian civil servants formed the core of the civil service both
pre and post-independence (figure 3.3).

Figure 3.3: Doctor is among the professions that are synonymous with the Indians in Malaysia
Indian teachers, who were particularly fluent in the English language, formed the

backbone of Malaysian education. Indian also pioneered the private education in Malaysia
(figure 3.4).

Figure 3.4: Indians become English teachers since the time of independence
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Currently, almost 16% of professional workers in Malaysia are Indians. This includes
physicians (28.4%), lawyers (26.8%), dentists (21%), veterinarians (28.5%), engineering (6.4%),
accountants (5.8%), surveyors (3.0%) and architects (1.5%). There are also an increasing number
of businesses in Indian society.

3.5 INDIAN CULTURE

The Indian has very unique way of life ranging from their daily routine and foods, dance,
marriage and festival. Deepavali or Diwali is celebrated by Indian in Malaysia has become a
public holiday in Malaysia. Thaipusam is another biggest Hindu festival in Malaysia and is very
famous celebration held in Batu Caves, Kuala Lumpur.

In Malaysia, almost all Indian women put on the ‘pottu’ with the exception of the few
modernized girls and young women. Men also wear pottu but those men who are taking part in a
religious usually wear it. Men who wear pottu regarded as old fashioned and therefore it is only
normal that wearing pottu is regarded as women’s tradition. Some believe that it symbolize as
third eye regarded as intelligent eye. It also regarded as good luck. Married women have to wear
red pottu. For the unmarried women, it is black pottu for them and the size is smaller. Black
pottu also worn to escape bad luck especially for babies and small children.

Indians are also very focused on respect for parents, no thought whatever happens. The
way people greet India also has a bit difference, however shaking hands may be generally
accepted. When they met, they will be pressed palms and fastened to the chest and head lowered
toward the palms (figure 3.5).

3.6 INDIAN FOOD

As we discussed earlier, Indian cuisine has a strong influence on traditional Malay
cuisine resulting in the popularity of curries in Malaysia. There are a lot of mouthwatering Indian
delicacies such as:

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Figure 3.5: Indian way of greeting
i. Roti Canai

Roti Canai is a type of Indian-influenced flatbread found in Malaysia. It is known
as roti prata in Southern Malaysia and Singapore. It is best to eat with curry gravy. It
has varieties of roti canai nowadays such as roti telur, roti sardine, roti pisang and etc
(figure 3.6).

Figure 3.6: Roti Canai
ii. Chapati

Chapati is a type of bread originated from Punjab. It is made from whole grain durum
wheat, water and salt by rolling the dough out into discs of approximately twelve
centimeters in diameter and browning the discs on both sides on a very hot, dry tava
or frying pan Chapatis are usually eaten with vegetable curry dishes, and pieces of the
chapati are used to wrap around and pick up each bite of the cooked dish (figure 3.7).

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Figure 3.7: Chapati
iii. Banana leaf rice

White rice is served on a banana leaf with an assortment of vegetables, curried meat
or fish, pickles, and/or papadum. Dessert is served on the same banana leaf. To show
that you have finished eating, fold the banana leaf in half.

Figure 3.8: Banana Leaf Rice
iv. Thosai

Thosai is a pancake made from ground rice and lentils. An order of thosai comes
complete with dhal and splashes of dips like chutney, typically serve on classic metal
plate with banana leaft (figure 3.9).

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Figure 3.9: Thosai
v. Muruku

Murukku is a savoury snack consisting of a deep-fried spiral of bean-based batter.
Murukku is typically made from a mixture of urad and rice flour, salt, and flavourings
such as chili, asafoetida, ajawain, and other spices. Murukku is traditionally enjoyed
as a treat on Deepavali (figure 3.10).

Figure 3.10: Muruku
vi. Putu Mayam

Putu Mayam is a sweet dish of rice noodles with coconut and jaggery as main
ingredients. It is served with grated coconut and jaggery, or, unrefined block sugar. In
some areas, gula melaka (coconut palm sugar) is the favourite sweetener. Putu piring
is a version of putu mayam in which the rice flour dough is used to form a small cake
around a filling of coconut and brown sugar. The homemade version in Malaysian

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Indian homes tend to be eaten as a savoury accompaniment to curried dishes or dal
(figure 3.11).

Figure 3.11: Putu Mayam
vii. Cendol

The famous Cendol is a smooth green rice noodles in chilled coconut milk and gula
Melaka. This Malaysian all-time favorite is very suitable served as dessert.

Figure 3.12: Cendol
viii. Teh Tarik

Teh tarik literally meaning "pulled tea", is a well-loved drink amongst Malaysians.
Tea is sweetened using condensed milk, and is prepared using outstretched hands to
pour piping hot tea from a mug into a waiting glass, repetitively. The higher the
"pull", the thicker the froth. The "pulling" of tea also has the effect of cooling down

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the tea. Teh tarik is an art form in itself and watching the tea streaming back and forth
into the containers can be quite captivating (figure 3.13).

Figure 3.13: Teh Tarik

3.7 INDIAN COSTUME
The sari is the traditional garment of an Indian woman. It is an unstitched piece of cloth,

which varies from five to nine yards in length and can be worn in different styles. A sari is worn
over a petticoat and a short-sleeved midriff-baring blouse. The most popular style of wearing a
sari is by tucking one end into the petticoat at the waist while a major portion of it is pleated
neatly and tucked in the front.

In formal occasions Indian men wear the "kurta", a knee-length shirt usually made from
cotton or linen. The Lungi: The traditional lungi originated in the south and today it is worn by
men and women alike. It is simply a short length of material worn around the thighs rather like a
sarong.

The most ancient recorded Indian drape is a dhoti. They require a piece of cloth which
seems longer and larger than what was worn in the past, but their pleating is often simpler, and
they are not adorned with belts anymore. All dhotis begin with the same basic closing. It is the
only drape that doesn't start from one pallav but from the centre of the upper border. The middle

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of the cloth is tied around the hips. Each end of the cloth is then draped around the leg on its side
(figure 3.14).

Figure 3.14: Saree, Dhoti and Kurta
3.8 TRADITIONAL DANCE

Indian in Malaysia has their own traditional dance. The most famous is the Indian
Bharata Natyam, Based on ancient Indian epics, this highly intense and dramatic dance from uses
over 100 steps dance steps and gestures. It requires many years of practice and some children
begin learning the dance form at the age of five. Bharata Natyam is a type of dance that is
characterized as complex movement, hands style, facial expressions and movements of the feet
and hands. The current dance is from the seventeenth century and presented by dancer’s palace
(rajasadasi) and the temple dancers (devadasi) (figure 3.15).

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Figure 3.15: Bharata Natyam
Bhangra
Bhangra is a lively folk music and dance form of the Sikh community. Originally a
harvest dance, it is now part of many social celebrations such as weddings and New Year
festivities. Typically centred on romantic themes with singing and dancing driven by
heavy beats of the dhol, a double-barreled drum, the bhangra is engagingly entertaining.

Figure 3.16: Bhangra
3.9 INDIAN FESTIVAL

3.9.1 Thaipusam
One of the biggest Hindu festivals in Malaysia is Thaipusam. Thaipusam is

dedicated to the Tamil deity Murugan which occurs on the day in the Tamil
month of Thai (January–February). The word Thaipusam is a combination of the name of

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the month, Thai, and the name of a star, Pusam. This particular star is at its highest point
during the festival.

In Malaysia, the temple at Batu Caves, near Kuala Lumpur, often attracts over one
million devotees and tens of thousands of tourists.[10] The procession to the caves starts at
the Sri Mahamariamman Temple, Kuala Lumpur in the heart of the city and proceeds for
15 kilometers to the caves, an 8-hour journey culminating in a flight of 272 steps to the
top. Devotees carry containers containing milk as offering to Lord Murugan either by
hand or in huge decorated carriers on their shoulders called 'kavadi'.

The kavadi may be simple wooden arched semi-circular supports holding a carrier
foisted with brass or clay pots of milk or huge, heavy ones which may rise up to two
metres, built of bowed metal frames which hold long skewers, the sharpened end of
which pierce the skin of the bearers torso. The kavadi is decorated with flowers and
peacock feathers imported from India. Some kavadi may weigh as much as a hundred
kilograms. After bathing in the nearby Sungei Batu (Rocky River), the devotees make
their way to the Temple Cave and climb the flights of stairs to the temple in the cave.
Thaipusam is also celebrated and become main event in Penang.

3.9.2 Deepavali
Deepavali, or Diwali, is a festival celebrated by all Hindus to commemorate Lord

Rama and his wife, Sita’s return to Ayodhya after his 14-year exile. It was a dark night
when they first returned hence his people lit their houses with little lamps (diyas) so that
Rama and Sita could find their way.

For some Hindus, Deepavali is also celebrated in honour of the goddess of wealth,
Lakshmi. The lighting of these diyas would then make it easy for Lakshmi to find her
way to houses. Thus, this festival is known as the Festival of lights.

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The Festival of Lights is to signify the victory of good over evil; however, it does
not just mean the physical lighting of these diyas but refers to an Inner Light, which,
according to Hindu philosophy, is called the Atman.

On the morning of Deepavali, Hindus get up before sunrise for a ritual oil bath
known as ganga-snanam to signify the cleansing of one’s sins and impurities of the past.
After that, prayers are conducted on the family altar and some go to temples for special
ceremonies and worship. The rest of the day is celebrated over festive fireworks,
traditional Indian savoury dishes and sweets like ladu, vadai, ommapadi and the ever-
popular murukku.

In Malaysia, Hindus would invite friends of different races and religions for an
‘open house’. This is a unique practice it definitely builds stronger ties among Malaysians
and promotes unity in this multi-racial country. On this occasion, children would be the
happiest as they collect purple or sometimes yellow packets containing money.

3.9.3 Ponggal
Held in the middle of January, Pongal continues through the first four days of

Thai month that starts in the mid-January. The word Pongal literally means "boiling
over" and is celebrated by Hindus to mark the harvesting of the bounteous crops in the
fields.

The houses are cleaned, painted and decorated and Kolam's (which is ground
patterns made out of rice flour) are made in the front yards of the houses. The day begins
with the making of Kolams at the entrance of homes, as early as possible, in the morning.
It is auspicious to draw the Kolams before sunrise so that the sun god can see them and
come to bless the particular household.

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The second day of Pongal is also known as Mattu Pongal. On this day, cows,
long considered as scared animals in Indian culture, are worshipped, washed and
garlanded with colorful beads and flowers around the neck.

Kanni Pongal is celebrated on the third day. Kanni means “young lady”. In the
past, single men and ladies will gather to scout for prospective partners. Wedding bells
will soon ring if interested parties find each other compatible, although the practice of
marriage fixing is less common nowadays.

3.10 TRADITIONAL HINDU WEDDING CEREMONY

A Hindu wedding is called vedas or vivaha and the wedding ceremony is called vivaah
sanskar. The wedding ceremony is traditionally conducted entirely or at least partially
in Sanskrit, considered by Hindus as the language of holy ceremonies. The local language of the
people involved is also used. The Hindus attach a lot of importance to marriages, the ceremonies
are very colourful, and celebrations may extend for several days. The bride's and groom's home -
entrance, doors, wall, floor, roof - are sometimes decorated with colors, balloons and other
decorations.

Traditional Indian weddings are generally structured into pre-wedding ceremonies,
wedding day ceremonies and the Vidaai. When the marriage has been agreed upon, the father of
the bridegroom visits the father of the bride. The day before the expected arrival of the marriage
procession, lavish preparations are done by the family to receive the groom in beautiful and
decorated venues, typically farmhouses or hotel halls, where a sacrificial fireplace called marhwa
is built. Brides decorate themselves with gold and diamond jewelry, apply mehndi to colour
hands and feet, and undergo various bridal rituals, including wearing bridal lehenga or saree.
Bridegrooms typically wear a sherwani dress or a designer suit. To complete the marriage, the
bride and groom walk in a circle called phera around the sacrificial fire (figure 3.17).

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Figure 3.17: Indian wedding

Vidaai is when the bride is formally sent to the groom’s household. Many songs have
immortalized this moment when the bride leaves her or father’s house. According to Hindu
religious texts, Brahma created man from the right shoulder and woman from his left shoulder. A
woman is referred to as Vamangi or one who is on the left side.

Throughout the marriage ceremony the bride sits on the right side of the groom. That is
the place for strangers and acquaintances. Only after the Saptpadi, when the bride and groom
have exchanged marital vows, is the wife seated on the left side of the man. The bride and groom
are told about their duties and responsibilities in married life by the priest. These vows direct the
couple to a positive path of action. They help in promoting marital happiness for a lifetime.

a. Kanyadaan
During kanyadaan, the bride’s parents give their daughter away in marriage. The
groom makes three promises – to be just (dharma), earn sufficiently to support his
family (artha), and love his wife (kama). He repeats these vows thrice in the presence
of Agni, the sacred fire and all who are gathered there.

b. Bariksha
Bariksha is when the bride's parents have informally shown intentions that they want
a particular groom, and the groom and his family have agreed. Reneging at the end of

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this stage is frowned upon but is acceptable. Once the wedding has been accepted by
both sides, the bride's family does Bariksha of the groom. This is when the bride's
father and brothers go to the groom's side with sweets (including a coconut) and some
pooja items like rice and turmeric. This ceremony is a token gesture to confirm the
alliance and signifies that the groom is now "taken" and can no longer look for other
prospective brides.

c. Tilak
Tilak involves the bride's parents traveling to the groom's family home to formalize
the relationship. A large feast is organized by the groom's family to celebrate this
occasion. Only a nominal number of members of the bride's family are present.
Typically, the female marriage proposal is very rare.

d. Byaha Haath
This ceremony signifies the purifying of the mind, body and soul of bride and groom.
This daytime ceremony prepares them for the nuptials. 'Ubtan' is a mixed paste of
sandalwood, turmeric and rose water which is applied by seven unmarried female
members of the families to the faces, hands and feet of the bride and groom. After this
ceremony the bride and the groom are not allowed to step outside the house before
the actual wedding.

e. Flower bed ceremony
In the flower bed ceremony, the bride wears floral ornaments and the marriage bed is
decorated with flowers by the groom's family. This is the night of consummation. In
Hindu marriages, this takes place on the night of the reception.

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3.11 SUMMARY
Indian society in Malaysia is rich in culture, customs, food and known to have high

work ethic. They were brought to Malaya by British colonial during the pre-independence to
work in the construction works, roads and teachers. Now, they are the third largest ethnic group
in Malaysia but contribute significantly to the economic development of Malaysia especially
through their professionals in the fields of medicine, law and education. Deepavali and
Thaipusam festival were celebrated among the Hindus in Malaysia. Indian food like teh tarik,
roti canai, chapati and other have now become part of the daily diet of Malaysian society.
Malaysian Indians still adhere to religious beliefs and traditions. This can be seen through their
traditional clothes like saree, dhoti and kurta, The traditional dance Bharata Natyam is famous
for its high artistic value. Indians are also known for their unique wedding tradition.

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ACTIVITY
1. What are the factors contribute in the migration of the Indian to Tanah Melayu during the
colonialism era?
2. What is the most popular God worshipped by Hindus in Malaysia?
3. Which place in Malaysia that synonym with Thaipusam celebration?
4. During Thaipusam, why a stickler should take part in the procession?
5. How do you describe the contribution of Indian society to the economic development of
Malaysia?
6. What is ‘pottu’? Explain two situations when the Indians will put on ‘pottu’?
7. What is favourite Indian dish? List five (5) indian dishes you like the most. Why?
8. What are the differences between the traditional dressed ‘dhoti’ and ‘kurta’?
9. Why the traditional dance ‘Bharata Natyam’ is famous for its uniqueness?
10. What is the festival celebrated by Hindus to commemorate Lord Rama and his wife Sita?
11. What is ‘Kanni Pongal’?

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TOPIC 4
INDIGENOUS COMMUNITY IN MALAYSIA

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4.0 INTRODUCTION
Tourism is one of the biggest industries in the world and one of the economic sectors

which grows rapidly. In Malaysia, tourism industry became the second largest contribute income
because of Malaysia is a very unique country. It has many interesting places to be
visited. Every place shown their own uniqueness such as beautiful Island like Tioman Island,
Langkawi island, Pangkor Island and so on. Besides that, Malaysia also has beautiful and clean
beach. Furthermore Malaysia is rich with rain forest that has many flora and fauna. Because of
this, Malaysia became popular place among tourists. In addition because of successful
promotional and campaign through “Cuti-Cuti Malaysia” tourist attract visit to Malaysia because
of many cultural tourisms, adventure tourisms, medical tourisms, and agricultural tourisms.
Orang Asli is one of the attractions for tourists visit to Malaysia because the uniqueness of their
lifestyle, languages, knowledge and belief system. In Peninsula Malaysia, Orang Asli is the
earliest population lived about 25,000 years ago. The orang Asli is not a homogeneous group but
they have their own attraction. In this chapter students will know more detail about the history,
religion, traditional food, festival and economy activities of Orang Asli.

4.1 INDIGENIOUS COMMUNITY IN MALAYSIA

Orang Asli or Indigenous people also known as "original people", "natural people" or
aboriginal people". Nowadays, there about 60 000 Indigenous people, of which 60% still live in
the rain forest. About 40% Indigenous people live along or near the coast. Each has its own
language and culture, and perceives itself as different from the others. They are usually divided
into 3 main groups: Negrito, Senoi and Aboriginal Malay or Proto-Malay. Each of these groups
consists of their own sub-group as follows.

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Figure 4.1: Location of Indigenous Community in Peninsula Malaysia

Table 4.1: Sub-group of main indigenous community in Malaysia

Negrito Proto Malay Senoi
Bateq Chewong Jakun
Jahai Jahut Orang Kanaq
Kensiu Mahmeri Orang Kuala
Kintah Semai Orang Selatar
Lanoh Semaq beri Semelai
Mandriq Temiar Temuan

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Figure 4.2: Sub-group of main indigenous community in Malaysia

4.1.1 Negrito Tribes
Known to be the earliest orang Asli tribe arrived in Peninsula Malaysia which

about 25,000 years ago. Negrito generally confined to the northern portion of the
peninsula known as Kensiu, Kintak, Jahai, Lanoh, Mendriq and Bateq tribes.

a. Kensiu
Kensiu people live at the boundary edge of Baling district, Kedah. Previously
they lived nomadic style, moved from place to other place looking for new
resources of food. Now government has focus on the development of this
people by giving them educations and permanent settlement. There's only one
Kensiu settlement in Baling, Kedah so called Kampung Lubuk Legong.

b. Kintak
Kintak people live at the edge boundary of Gerik district, Hulu Perak, Perak.
Previously they lived nomadic style, move from place to other place looking
for new resources of food.

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