Summary Syntax

NUIC

Syn

LESSON

taxSUMMARY
2018
CREATED BY : 60760539
THANYAPORN TUAMTHONG

INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH
GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE

THIS BOOK IS A LERNING METHOD
WHICH IS A PART OF 904212
INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH

GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE, NARESUAN
UNIVERSITY INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE.

IN THIS BOOK, INCLUDING
MORPHOLOGY, WORD CLASSES, WORD
ELEMENT, SENTENCE CLASSES, AND

THE AUXILIARY. I HOPE THAT THIS
BOOK CAN HELP PEOPLE WHO WANT TO

STUDY AND LEARN ABOUT SYNTAX

- 60760539 THANYAPOR TUAMTHONG -

UNIT 1

Molorpghyo

MORPHOLOGY

THE STUDY OF WORD
FORMATION

MORPHEM

THE SMALLEST UNIT OF LANGUAGE
EACH UNIT HAS ITS OWN MEANING

SIMPLE WORDS: only consist of one morpheme) eg work,
build, run. They can’t be split into smaller parts which carry

meaning or function.
COMPLEX WORDS: consist of two or more morphemes eg
worker: affix -er added to the root work to form a noun.

WORDS

WORDS W

a single unit of
language which means
something and can be

spoken or written

O WORD TOKENS

Total number of
words in a sentence
(count every words)

WORD TYPES R

Counting a word once,
no matter how many
times it occurs in a
sentence (count the
same words once)

D LEXEMES

Counting words that
have the same families
once.

Ex. see, seeing
she, hers
car, cars

UNIT 2

ElWeomrednts

FREE VS BOUND
MORPHEMES

FREE MORPHEME: A SIMPLE WORD, CONSISTING
OF ONE MORPHEME EG HOUSE, WORK, HIGH,
CHAIR, WRAP. THEY ARE MEANINGS IN
THEMSELVES.
BOUND MORPHEME: MORPHEMES THAT CAN
NOT BE STAND ALONE WITH THE MEANING. IT
MUST BE ATTACHED TO ANOTHER MORPHEME
TO RECEIVE MEANING.

BOUND MORPHEMES

Derivational morpheme

In morphology, a derivational
morpheme is an affix that's added to
change the part of speech of a word.

Inflectional morpheme

In morphology, an inflectional
morpheme is an affix that's added to
change the grammatical category of a

word.

Morph

A morph is simply the phonetic
representation of a morpheme

Ex.
Cats - '-s' morpheme is pronounced /s/
Dogs - '-s' morpheme is pronounced /z/
Houses - '-s' morpheme is pronounced /ɪz/

This /s/, /z/, /iz/ are the different sound
of same morpheme [-s].

ALLOMORPH

IN LINGUISTICS,
AN ALLOMORPH IS A
VARIANT FORM OF
A MORPHEME.

English has several morphemes that
vary in sound but not in meaning such
apslufraolr[tsh]e past tense [ed] and for the

EX.

ALLOMORPH

THERE ARE FOUR TYPES OF
ALLOMORPH

1. Additive allomorph : To signify some
difference in meaning, something is
added to a word.
2. Replacive allomorph : To signify some
difference in meaning, a sound is used
to replace another sound in a word.
3. Suppletive allomorph : To signify
csoommpeldeitfefecrheanncgeeininmtheeansihnagp, ethoefrea iwsoard.
4. Zero allomorph : Zero allomorph is the
tmeormrphgeivmeen ctohatnhgeeusntitatinuvsoflovremd wonheentyape
of morpheme to another without any
condition or subtraction of its parts.

UNIT 3

Word
Classes

WORD
CLASSES

All words belong to categories
called word classes (or parts of
speech) according to the part they

play in a sentence.

OPEN WORD-CLASSES

In English grammar, open class refers to
the category of content words, including

nouns, lexical verbs, adjectives,
and adverbs.

CLOSE WORD-CLASSES

In English grammar, closed class refers to
the category of function words, including

pronouns, determiners, conjunctions,
Interjections, and prepositions.

EXAMPLE OF
CLOSE WORD-

CLASSES

Determiner (Det)

Determiner (Det) are rather like adjectives
in that they make the meanings of nouns
more specific.

These are the example of determiners that probably
see in the sentences.

EXAMPLE OF
CLOSE WORD-CLASSES

AUXILIARY VERB (AUX)

AUXILIARY VERB (AUX) A VERB
USED IN FORMING THE TENSES,
MOODS, AND VOICES OF OTHER

VERBS.

The primary auxiliary verbs in English are be, do, and have

The modal auxiliaries are can, could, may, might, must, shall,
should, will, and would.

EXAMPLE OF
CLOSE WORD-CLASSES

PRONOUNS (PRO)

ARE USED TO REPLACE NOUNS AND THUS
AVOID REPETITION

UNIT 4

DIenrfivlae&cttioionn

Inflection

Verb
inflection

Lexical REGULAR
Verb (-D, -ED- -IED)

IRREGULAR
(CHANGE VERB FORMS)

Inflection

Verb
inflection

Auxiliary PRIMARY
Verb MODAL

ADJECTIVE INFLECTION

Comparative -er
Superlative -est

Noun Inflection

DERIVATIONDERIV OCESS OF CREAT ING A NEW A
WORD, USUALLY BY AD DING
WORD
PREFI
ATI O NOAFISSAUTNFHFOEI XLP.DR
OU T
XO R

Noun

DERIVATION

ADJECTIVE

DERIVATION

Adverb

-LY

DERIVATION

VERB

UNIT 5

SCelnatsesnecse

SYNTAX

THE STUDY OF SYNTAX ADDRESSES
THE STRUCTURE OF SENTENCES
AND THEIR STRUCTURAL AND

FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIPS TO
ONE ANOTHER.

Sentence

Subject Predicate
(NP) (VP)

NP PATTERNS

→• NP N (NP CONSISTS OF N)
→• NP
→• NP DET N (NP CONSISTS OF DET+N)
→• NP
→• NP DET N PP (NP CONSISTS OF DET+N+PP)
→• NP
DET ADJ N (NP CONSISTS OF DET+ADJ+N)

ADJ N

DET ADJ N PP

PVAPTTERNS

→• VP V
→• VP V ADV
→• VP V NP
→• VP V NP PP
→• V P V ( N P ) ( P P )

UNIT 6

AuxTihleiary

VERB TO BE + ADJ

S

NP VP

V AP
N

MARY IS ADJ

HAPPY

THE AUXILIARY

S NP + AUX + VP
S

NP AUX VP



MODALS

Present tense
Tense (Tns) Present (Pres) -es

1. NP + present + will + be + adjective The girl
will be happy.

2. NP + present + can + have + NP The boy
can have a dog.

3. NP + present + shall + VT + NP My mother
shall make a cake.

4. NP + present + may + VI The dog may run.

5. NP + present + must + VS + adjective The
milk must taste sour.



MODALS

Past tense
Tense (Tns) Past (Past) -ed

1. NP + past + will + be + adjective The girl
would be happy.

2. NP + past + can + have + NP The boy could
have a dog.

3. NP + past + may + VI The dog might run.



HAVE + EN (PREFECT TENSE)

Present perfect tense
Tense (Tns) Present (Pres) -es Prefect (Perf)

1. NP + present + (have + en) + be + adjective The girl
has been happy.
2. NP + present + (have + en) + have + NP The boy has
had a dog.
3. NP + present + (have + en) + make + NP My mother
has made a cake.
4. NP + present + (have + en) + run The dog has run.
5. NP + present + (have + en) + taste + adjective The milk
has tasted sour.

HAVE + EN (PREFECT TENSE)

Present perfect tense
Tense (Tns) Present (Pres) -es Prefect (Perf)

1. NP + present + (have + en) + be + adjective The girl
has been happy.
2. NP + present + (have + en) + have + NP The boy has
had a dog.
3. NP + present + (have + en) + make + NP My mother
has made a cake.
4. NP + present + (have + en) + run The dog has run.
5. NP + present + (have + en) + taste + adjective The milk
has tasted sour.

HAVE + EN (PREFECT TENSE)

Past perfect tense
Tense (Tns) Past (Past) -ed Prefect (Perf)

1. NP + past + (have + en) + be + adjective The girl had
been happy.
2. NP + past + (have + en) + have + NP The boy had had
a dog.
3. NP + past + (have + en) + make + NP My mother had
made a cake.
4. NP + past + (have + en) + run The dog had run.
5. NP + past + (have + en) + taste + adjective The milk
has tasted sour.

HAVE + EN (PREFECT TENSE)

Present perfect tense
Tense (Tns) Present (Pres) -es Prefect (Perf)

1. NP + present + (have + en) + be + adjective The girl
has been happy.
2. NP + present + (have + en) + have + NP The boy has
had a dog.
3. NP + present + (have + en) + make + NP My mother
has made a cake.
4. NP + present + (have + en) + run The dog has run.
5. NP + present + (have + en) + taste + adjective The milk
has tasted sour.

BE+ING
(PROGRESSIVE)

Present continuouse Tense
Tense (Tns) Present (Pres) -es

Progressive (Prog)

1. NP + present + (be + ing) + be + adjective
The girl is being angry.

2. NP + present + (be + ing) + have + NP The
boy is having fun.

3. NP + present + (be + ing) + make + NP My
mother is making a cake.

4. NP + present + (be + ing) + run The dog is
running.

5. NP + present + (be + ing) + taste + adjective
The milk is tasting sour.



BE+ING
(PROGRESSIVE)

Past continueous Tense
Tense (Tns) Past (Past) -ed

Progressive (Prog)

1. NP + past + (be + ing) + be + adjective The
girl was being angry.

2. NP + past + (be + ing) + have + NP The boy
was having fun.

3. NP + past + (be + ing) + make + NP My
mother was making a cake.

4. NP + past + (be + ing) + run The dog was
running.

5. NP + pastt + (be + ing) + taste + adjective
The milk is tasting sour.



AUXILIARY
COMBINATIONS

→Aux Tense + (modal) + (have +en)

1. NP + past + (will) + (have + en) + be
+ adjective The girl would have been
happy.

2. NP + past + (may) + (have + en) +
have + NP The boy might have had a
dog.

3. NP + past + (can) + (have + en) +
make + NP My mother could have made
a cake.

4. NP + present + (shall) + (have + en)
+ run The dog should have run.

5. NP + present + (must) + (have + en)
+ taste + adjective The milk must have
tasted sour.



AUXILIARY
COMBINATIONS

→Aux Tense + (Modal) + (be + ing)
→Aux Tense + (have + en) + (be + ing)

1. NP + past + (may) + (be + ing) + be
+ adjective The boy might be being
good.

2. NP + past + (shall) + (be + ing) +
have + NP The girl should be having
fun.

3. NP + past + (can) + (be + ing) +
make + NP My mother could be making
a cake.

4. NP + present + (have + en) + (be +
ing) + run The dog has been running.

5. NP + present + (have + en) + (be +
ing) + smell + adjective The milk has
been smelling bad.