CAD/CAM

CAD / CAM

NURHASLIZA ROSLI
SYAFIRUL IKMAR SHAHARUDIN

JABATAN KEJURUTERAAN
MEKANIKAL
POLITEKNIK SEBERANG PERAI

CAD/CAM

Nurhasliza Rosli
Syafirul Ikmar Shaharudin

2021
Jabatan Kejuruteraan Mekanikal

Politeknik Seberang Perai

©All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated or reproduced in
any retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without prior permission in writing from
Politeknik Seberang Perai.

PSP eBook | CAD / CAM ii

All rights reserved

No part of this publication may be translated or reproduced in any retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, recording, or

otherwise, without prior permission in writing from Politeknik Seberang Perai.

Published by

Politeknik Seberang Perai
Jalan Permatang Pauh, 13500 Permatang Pauh

Pulau Pinang

Tel : 04-538 3322 Fax : 04-538 9266
Email: [email protected] Website : www.psp.edu.my
FB : politeknikseberangperai Ig : politeknikseberangperai

Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

Nurhasliza Rosli
CAD/CAM / NURHASLIZA BINTI ROSLI, SYAFIRUL IKMAR BIN SHAHARUDIN.
Mode of access: Internet
eISBN 978-967-0783-83-3
1. Computer-aided design.
2. CAD/CAM systems.
3. Government publications--Malaysia.
4. Electronic books.
I. Syafirul Ikmar Shaharudin. II. Title.

670.285

iii PSP eBook | CAD / CAM

Acknowledgement

We would like to express our deepest appreciation to everyone who offered us
all the necessary assistance in completing this book. A special appreciation is given to
our head of department, Mr Muhammad Nasir Bin Marzuki who contributed
suggestions, gave encouragement and helped us to coordinate our work especially in
authoring this book.

We would also like to acknowledge the crucial role of Mechanical Engineering
Department staff who allowed us to use all the required equipment and the necessary
materials to complete the tasks involved in this book. Special thanks to our teammates
who helped us to assemble the notes and gave suggestions for the betterment of this
book. Finally, many thanks to the director of Politeknik Seberang Perai, Sr. Harith
Fadzilah Bin Abd Khalid who has rendered all his effort in guiding the team in achieving
the goal.

Nurhasliza Rosli
Syafirul Ikmar Shaharudin

PSP eBook | CAD / CAM iv

Preface

CAD/CAM explains the theory and basic of coding languages, structures and
the use of CAD/CAM systems for generating and verifying tool path. Computer-aided
design (CAD) involves creating computer models defined by geometrical parameters.
These models typically appear on a computer monitor as a three-dimensional
representation of a part or a system of parts, which can be readily altered by changing
relevant parameters. CAD systems enable designers to view objects under a wide
variety of representations and to test these objects by simulating real-world
conditions.

Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) uses geometrical design data to control
automated machinery. CAM systems are associated with computer numerical control
(CNC) or direct numerical control (DNC) systems. These systems differ from older
forms of numerical control (NC) in that geometrical data are encoded mechanically.
Since both CAD and CAM use computer-based methods for encoding geometrical data,
it is possible for the processes of design and manufacture to be highly integrated.
Computer-aided design and manufacturing systems are commonly referred to as
CAD/CAM.

v PSP eBook | CAD / CAM

Table of Content Pages

Chapter 1
CHAPTER 1: COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN (CAD) 2
3
1.1 Introduction to CAD 7
1.2 Components of CAD system 8
1.3 Designing an Object Using Computer Aided Design 9
1.4 Geometric Modeling
1.5 Applications of CAD
1.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of CAD

CHAPTER 2: COMPUTER AIDED MANUFACTURING 11
(CAM) 12
15
2.1 What is CAM? 16
2.2 CAD to CAM Process 28
2.3 The Impact of CAM
2.4 Computer Numerical Control for Manufacturing Process
2.5 The Advantages and Disadvantages of CAM

SUMMARY 29
REFERENCE vii



11 PSP eBook | CAD / CAM
CHAPTER
CJOjjjjMjjjjjPUTER AIDED DESIGN (CAD)

1.1 Introduction to CAD

Almost all the engineering industries are benefited in several ways by the integration of
computers into the product design, development and manufacturing. CAD technology makes
use of the computer to create drawings of parts and assemblies on computer files which can
be further utilized for analysis and manufacturing purposes. The various features of the
product can be evaluated during design stage itself by using computers. This has been made
possible through the use of design workstations or CAD terminals, and graphics and analysis
softwares which help the designer to optimize the design. Thus, for a design engineer, it is
essentially required to have the knowledge of CAD (Vijayaraghavan, 2018).
CAD is the use of computer technology for the process of design, develop and optimize
products. CAD environments often involve more than just shapes. In the market, there are
plenty of software in developing 2D and 3D drawings. CAD Software Products such as UGNX,
Ideas, Solid Edge, Catia, Solid Works , Inventor, Pro E, Autocad etc.

Figure 1.1 CAD Software Products

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1.2 Components of CAD system

The CAD system consists of two parts:

I. Hardware components:
 Includes graphic devices and peripherals for input and output operations.
 Graphic device is composed of a display processing unit, a display device and one
or more input devices.
 Input devices: mouse, keyboard, joystick, scanner etc.
 Output devices: screen, printer, plotter, speakers etc.

II. Software components:
 CAD program consists of hundreds of functions in the software aspect that the user
to accomplish drawing tasks.
 CAD, CAM and CAE software Includes packages that allows designer to create,
manipulate, manage, analyze and control the operations.
 CAD system software can be categorized into operational software, graphics
software, application software and user software.

Figure 1.2 The Input and Output Devices

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1.3 Designing an Object Using Computer Aided Design

CAD is the use of computer systems to assist in the creation, modification, analysis or
optimization of a design. CAD software is used to increase the productivity of the designer,
improve the quality of design, improve communications through documentation, and to
create a database for manufacturing. In mechanical design, CAD describes the process of
creating a technical drawing with the use of computer software.

As in the manual of technical and engineering drawings, the output of CAD must convey
information such as materials, processes, dimensions and tolerances, according to
application-specific conventions. CAD may be used to design curves and figures in two-
dimensional (2D) space or curves, surfaces and solids in three-dimensional (3D) objects.

In Engineering, drawings convey the following information:
I. Geometry – the shape of the object; represented as views; how the object will look
when it is viewed from various angles, such as front, top, side, etc.
II. Dimensions – the size of the object.

III. Tolerances – the allowable variations from the nominal size for each dimension.
IV. Material – represents what the item is made of.

PSP eBook | CAD / CAM 4
Dimension

Geometry

Material

Tolerance

Figure 1.3 Technical and Engineering Drawing

1.3.1 CAD Design Process

Technical drawings are used in the process of design. Drawings explain the design and also
establish the link between design and manufacture. Engineering design process is a
formulation of a plan or scheme to assist an engineer in creating a product. The CAD design
process is an iterative process that ensures the compatibility of design. To understand CAD
properly, it's crucial to go through the design process.
The step in design process that used are problem statement, design specifications, design
concepts, design selection, and design details. These steps support the goal of using sketching
and CAD to generate a rapid succession of design concepts. In addition, this process allows
multiple ideas to be developed, evaluated, and improved based upon the carefully developed
problem definition and design specifications (David, Jeffrey and Eric, 2000).

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Design thinking process is a non-linear, iterative process that teams use to understand users,
challenge assumptions, redefine problems and create innovative solutions to prototype and
test. The steps in design thinking process are:

I. Empathize: The first stage of the design process is to understand the perspective of
the target customer to identify and address the problem at hand. Observations and
conducting interviews are typical activities in this step.

II. Define: The next step is to define the problem statement clearly.
III. Ideate: the transition from identifying problems to exploring solutions. The ideation

step is a designated judgment-free zone where participants are encouraged to focus
on the quantity of ideas, rather than the quality.
IV. Prototype: The prototyping stage is something tangible that can be tested on real
users. This is crucial in maintaining a user-centric approach
V. Test: testing the prototypes on real or representative users. The testing phase enables
to see the prototype works well and where it needs improving. Based on feedback,
changes and improvements can make before developing and/or implementing the
solution.

Figure 1.4 Design Thinking Process

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1.3.2 Roles of CAD in design

Computer-aided drawing is a technique where engineering drawings are produced with the
assistance of a computer and as with manual drawing, is only the graphical means of
representing a design. Computer aided design, however, is a technique where the attributes
of the computer and those of the designer are blended together into a problem-solving team.
When the term CAD is used to mean computer-aided design it normally refers to a graphical
system where components and assemblies can be modelled in three dimensions.

The role of the CAD is to provide (Nicos Bilalis, 2000):
I. Accurately generated and easily modifiable graphical representation of the product.
The user can nearly view the actual product, make modifications and present the
ideas without prototype.
II. Perform complex design analysis in short time such as implementing Finite Elements
Analysis methods.
III. Static, Dynamic and Natural Frequency analysis, Heat transfer analysis, Plastic
analysis, Fluid flow analysis, Motion analysis, Tolerance analysis, Design
optimisation.

IV. Record and recall information with consistency and speed. In particular the use of
Product Data Management (PDM) systems can store the whole design and
processing history of a certain product, for future reuse and upgrade.

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1.4 Geometric Modelling

Geometric modelling is the mathematical representation of an object’s geometry. It
incorporates the use of curves to create models. It can be viewed either in 2D or 3D
perspective. There are the various types of computer geometric geometric modelling
techniques:

I. Wireframe:
 visual presentation of a three dimensional or physical object used in 3D
computer graphics.
 create skeleton like models with lines and arcs. Since they appear to be made
of wires, and everything in the background is visible, they are called wire-frame
models.

II. Surface modeling:
 more complex method for representing objects than wireframe modeling, but
not as sophisticated as solid modeling.
 these models are created by joining 3D surfaces.
 Aerospace and automotive industries were using surface modelling systems
for exact representation of the body of the product.

III. Solid modeling:
 distinguished from related areas of geometric modeling and computer
graphics by its emphasis on physical fidelity.
 Objects can be viewed from any angle. They also have additional properties
like weight, volume and density, just like actual physical objects.
 These models are commonly used as prototypes to study engineering designs.

PSP eBook | CAD / CAM 8

Figure 1.5 Geometric Modeling

1.5 Applications of CAD

Computer Aided Design (CAD) is to apply computer-assisted methodology to model 3D
products, perform geometrical shape design, generate industrial or graphic drawings, and
make engineering documentation. CAD helps technical and academic persons to efficiently
import necessary design input and geometrical information to speed up engineering design
process and well control design related documents to support product manufacturing
(Jeremy Li, 2012).
CAD is used to create 2D and 3D models and designs. The kind of software is used in various
professions to create building plans, technical drawings, architectural designs, etc. CAD is an
important industrial art extensively used in many applications including automotive,
shipbuilding and aerospace industries, industrial and architectural design, prosthetics and
many more. CAD is also widely used to produce computer animation for special effects in
movies, advertising and technical manuals.

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Figure 1.6 Applications of CAD

1.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of CAD

Engineering drawings have evolved and become popular over the years. While earlier
engineering drawings were handmade, studies have shown that engineering designs are quite
complicated. A solution to many engineering problems requires a combination of
organization, analysis, problem solving principles and a graphical representation of the
problem. Objects in engineering are represented by a technical drawing (also called as
drafting) that represents designs and specifications of the physical object and data
relationships. Since a technical drawing is precise and communicates all information of the
object clearly, it has to be precise. This is where CAD comes to the fore.
The use of CAD software tools allow the object to be viewed from any angle, even from the
inside looking out. One of the main advantages of a CAD drawing is that the editing is a fast
process as compared to manual method. Apart from detailed engineering of 2D or 3D models,
CAD is widely used from conceptual design and layout of products to definition of
manufacturing of components. CAD reduces design time by allowing precise simulation rather
than build and test physical prototypes.

PSP eBook | CAD / CAM 10

The advantages of CAD over manual drawing are:

 No need for scaling. All the drawings are done full size.
 Both two- and three-dimensional drawings can be produced.
 The screen drawing area can be set to any size with the click of a button.
 The work is copied and stored off the computer for security.
 Absolute accuracy can be maintained.
 Dimensioning is almost automatic.
 Production details can be extracted directly from the drawing.
 Parts of drawings can be saved and used in other drawings.

The Disadvantages of CAD:

 Work can be lost because of the sudden breakdown of computers.
 Work is prone to viruses.
 Work could be easily “hacked”
 Time taking process to know how to operate or run the software.
 High production or purchasing cost for new systems.
 Time and cost of training the staff which will work on it.

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CHAPTER
COMPUTER AIDED MANUFACTURING
(CAM)

2.1 What is CAM?

Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) is the use of software and computer-controlled
machinery to automate a manufacturing process.
Based on that definition, you need three components for a CAM system to function:

I. Software that tells a machine how to make a product by generating toolpaths.
II. Machinery that can turn raw material into a finished product.
III. Post Processing converts toolpaths into a language machine can understand.
These three components are glued together with tons of human labour and skill. As an
industry, we’ve spent years building and refining the best manufacturing machinery around.
Today, there’s no design too tough for any capable machinist shop to handle.

Figure 2.1 Software is used in sending the machining information to the robot

PSP eBook | CAD / CAM 12

When manufacturing processes are automated, machines replace human beings and
computer programs replace the operators' decision-making activities. However, automation
does not simply mechanize human operations by machines, but involves a thorough
reorganization of manufacturing businesses where the functions of human beings and
machines are redefined. Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) is used to generate the
programs for computer-controlled machinery in the automation of manufacturing processes.
This chapter focuses on the automation of machine tools. The concept of CAM is discussed in
detail, the fundamental of computer numerical control (CNC) is introduced, and CNC
programming is introduced to illustrate the programming of manufacturing processes.

2.2 CAD to CAM Process

Without CAM, there is no CAD. CAD focuses on the design of a product or part. How it looks,
how it functions. CAM focuses on how to make it. You can design the most elegant part in
your CAD tool, but if you can’t efficiently make it with a CAM system, then you’re better off
kicking rocks.
The start of every engineering process begins in the world of CAD. Engineers will make either
a 2D or 3D drawing, whether that’s a crankshaft for an automobile, the inner skeleton of a
kitchen faucet, or the hidden electronics in a circuit board. In CAD, any design is called a model
and contains a set of physical properties that will be used by a CAM system.

Figure 2.2 Example set of physical properties that will be used by a CAM system

13 PSP eBook | CAD / CAM

When a design is complete in CAD, it can then be loaded into CAM. This is traditionally done
by exporting a CAD file and then importing it into CAM software. Once your CAD model is
imported into CAM, the software starts preparing the model for machining. Machining is the
controlled process of transforming raw material into a defined shape through actions like
cutting, drilling, or boring.
Computer Aided Manufacturing software prepares a model for machining by working through
several actions, including:

 Checking if the model has any geometry errors that will impact the manufacturing
process.

 Creating a toolpath for the model, a set of coordinates the machine will follow during
the machining process.

 Setting any required machine parameters, including cutting speed, voltage, cut/pierce
height, etc.

 Configuring nesting where the CAM system will decide the best orientation for a part
to maximize machining efficiency.

Figure 2.3 Running a Contour toolpath in Fusion 360. Image courtesy of Kansas City Kit Company

PSP eBook | CAD / CAM 14

Once the model is prepared for machining, all the information is sent to a machine to produce
the part physically. However, we can’t just give a machine a bunch of instructions in English.
We need to speak the machine’s language. To do this, we convert all of our machining
information to a language called G-code. This is the set of instructions that controls a
machine’s actions, including speed, feed rate, coolants, etc.
G-code is easy to read once you understand the format. An example looks like this:

G01 G01 X1 Y1 F20 T01 S500
This breaks down from left to right as:
 G01 indicates a linear move based on coordinates X1
and Y1.
 F20 sets a feed rate, which is the distance the
machine travels in one spindle revolution.
 T01 tells the machine to use Tool 1, and S500 sets the
spindle speed.

Figure 2.4 A visual way to understand G-code coordinates.

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Once the G-code is loaded into the machine, and operator hits start, our job is done. Now it’s
time to let the machine do the job of executing G-code to transform a raw material block into
a finished product.

2.3 The Impact of CAM

We have John T. Parsons to thank for introducing a punch card method to program and
automate machinery. In 1949 the United States Air Force funded Parsons to build an
automated machine that could outperform manual NC machines. With some help from MIT,
Parsons was able to develop the first NC prototype.

Figure 2.5 John Parsons with an experimental NC machine.
From there, the world of CNC machining started to take off. In the 1950s, the United States
Army bought NC machines and loaned them out to manufacturers. The idea was to incentivize
companies to adopt the new technology into their manufacturing process. During this time,
we also saw MIT develop the first universal programming language for CNC machines: G-code.
The 1990s brought CAD and CAM’s introduction to the PC and has completely revolutionized
how we approach manufacturing today

PSP eBook | CAD / CAM 16

Figure 2.6 The universal G-code system.

2.4 Computer Numerical Control for Manufacturing Process

Since its inception, CAM has delivered a ton of improvements to the manufacturing process
including:

I. Improved machine capabilities. CAM systems can take advantage of advanced 5-
axis machinery to deliver more sophisticated and higher quality parts.

II. Improved machine efficiency. Today’s CAM software provides high-speed
machine tool paths that help us manufacture parts faster than ever.

17 PSP eBook | CAD / CAM

III. Improved material usage. With additive machinery and CAM systems, we can
produce complex geometries with minimal waste, which means lower costs.

2.4.1 Parameter Used in CAM Process

Parameters specify settings for every Computer Numerical Control (CNC) feature and function
for any CNC. There are certain parameters that every CNC user should know related to safety,
efficiency and simplifying machine usage. The parameters used in milling process using
Unigraphics-NX10 are:

I. Cutting feed: The distance that the cutting tool or workpiece advances during one
revolution of the spindle.

II. Cutting speed: The speed of the workpiece surface relative to the edge of the
cutting tool during a cut. The auxiliary cutting motion is provided by the feed rate
or feed velocity.

III. Spindle speed: The rotational speed of the spindle and the workpiece in
revolutions per minute (RPM).

IV. Feed rate: The speed of the cutting tool's movement relative to the workpiece as
the tool makes a cut. Usually, the direction of feed velocity is perpendicular to
that of the cutting velocity. The primary objective of feed velocity is to remove
material from a large surface. Basically, it helps in covering the entire surface of
the workpiece by moving either cutting tool or workpiece.

V. Depth of cut: The tertiary cutting motion that provides necessary depth of
material that is required to remove by machining. It is expressed in mm. It is
usually given in the third perpendicular direction (velocity, feed and depth of cut
usually act in mutually perpendicular directions). The depth of cut divided into
two:

 Axial depth of cut: The depth of the tool along the axis of the workpiece as it
makes a cut, as in a facing operation

 Radial depth of cut: The depth of the tool along the radius of the workpiece as
it makes a cut, as in a turning or boring operation

PSP eBook | CAD / CAM 18

2.4.3 Machining Method View

Organizes operations according to cut method:

I. Roughing: This process begins with raw stock, known as billet and cuts it very
roughly to shape of the final model. In milling, the result often gives the
appearance of terraces because the strategy has taken advantage of the ability to
cut the model horizontally. Common strategies are zig-zag clearing, offset
clearing, plunge roughing, rest roughing.

II. Semi-finishing: This process begins with a roughed part that unevenly
approximates the model and cuts to within a fixed offset distance from the model.
The semi-finishing pass must leave a small amount of material so the tool can cut
accurately while finishing, but not so little that the tool and material deflect
instead of shearing.

III. Finishing: Involves a slow pass across the material in very fine steps to produce
the finished part. In finishing, the step between one pass and another is minimal.
Feed rates are low and spindle speeds are raised to produce an accurate surface

2.4.2 Milling Operation Subtypes

Milling is the process of machining using cutters to remove material by advancing a cutter
into a workpiece. Main operations of CNC milling machine is classified into two types:

I. Planar milling
Planar milling is used for roughing and finishing parts with vertical walls and
planar islands and floors normal to the tool axis. Planar milling is useful for
making open profile cuts but can also be used for pocketing. Face milling is a
type of planar milling that is useful for cutting faces by selecting boundaries or
solid faces.

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II. Contour milling
Contour milling operations involves profile milling of cavities and cores,
contour area machining and machining of profile corners etc. Contouring
operations are generally used for finishing. They enable the tool path to follow
intricate contours of very complex surfaces by control the tool axis and
projection vector.

Figure 2.7 Milling Operation Subtypes

2.4.4 Milling Process in CAM

CNC milling is capable of running on programs comprised of number- and letter-based
prompts that guide pieces across various distances. The programming employed for a mill
machine could be based on either G-code or some unique language developed by a
manufacturing team. Basic mills consist of a three-axis system (X, Y and Z), though most newer
mills can accommodate three additional axes.

PSP eBook | CAD / CAM 20

Below is the step of machining by using Unigraphics-NX10:

STEP 1

Step 1: Click Application and select Manufacturing

STEP 2

Step 2: For CAM Session Configuration select cam_general, and for CAM Setup to
Create select mill_planar, then click Ok.

21 PSP eBook | CAD / CAM

STEP 3
Step 3: On the left area, at the Geometry Ribbon right click for Workpiece and select
Edit.

STEP 4
Step 4: Then click Specify Part and click select object, then bring the cursor to the part
and click at the part. Then click Ok.

PSP eBook | CAD / CAM 22

STEP 5
Step 5: Click on Specify Blank then click Geometry and select Bounding Block.

STEP 6
Step 6: Select Create Operation at the ribbon bar, for Operation Subtype click at Planar
Mill.

23 PSP eBook | CAD / CAM

STEP 7

Step 7: For location, below is the setting for planar mill

Program : NC_PROGRAM
Tool : NONE
Geometry : WORKPIECE
Method : MILL_ROUGH

STEP 8

Step 8: First select Specify Part Boundaries, at Mode click Curves then select Tangent
Curves. For Material Side select Outside. Lastly click Ok.

PSP eBook | CAD / CAM 24

Second, select Specify Floor then for Select Object click at the bottom of the hole in
the part that we sketch. Then click Ok.

STEP 9
Step 9: Select Tool and click Create New. Then click Retrieve Tool from library and
select Milling then select End Mill. For Diameter insert 20. Lastly click Ok.

STEP 10

Step 10: For Path Settings at the Cut Pattern select Follow Periphery.

25 PSP eBook | CAD / CAM

STEP 11
Step 11: Click Generate, at the bottom of the Planar Mill pop up. Then click ok.

STEP 12
Step 12: Now it will show the machining path for the cutting tool while it machining
the part. Click Verity Tool Path at the top of ribbon bar.

PSP eBook | CAD / CAM 26

STEP 13
Step 13: Then the Tool Path Visualization will be pop up at the screen. To see the
simulation, we can choose either to show it on 2D or 3D Dynamic view.

STEP 14
Step 14: Lastly click at the play button to play the machining simulation for the part.
We can adjust at the cut pattern and cutting tool dimension for more smooth
machining at the part and have a better result.

27 PSP eBook | CAD / CAM

2.4.5 Postprocess

Postprocessing converts the generic internal tools path data into a format compatible with a
specific machine tool or controller combination. To postprocess, tool path and a
postprocessor is needed. Without the correct formatting for a machine, the tool path file hits
the controller’s brick wall of incompatibility.
Postprocess an operation or program:

I. Choose 'Postprocess’ in the main menu bar ‘Operation Navigator’ ‘Output’ ‘NX
Post Process’.

II. In the Postprocess dialog, select an available post from the list of sample
postprocessor.

III. Then specify an output file destination and name.
IV. Click OK

Figure 2.8 The Postprocess

PSP eBook | CAD / CAM 28

2.5 The Advantages and Disadvantages of CAM

I. Advantages of CAM

 Predictable and consistent
 Flexible and versatile, CAM systems can maximize utilization of a full range of

production equipment (high-speed, 5-axis, multi-function and turning
machines, electrical discharge machining (EDM) and CMM inspection
equipment)
 Ability to create prototypes quickly and without waste
 Can aid in optimizing NC programs for optimum machining productivity
 Can automate the creation of performance reports
 Provides integration of various systems and processes as part of the
manufacturing process
 Higher productivity
 Designs can be altered without the need to manually re-program machines
especially with parametric CAD software
 Ease of implementation as CAD and CAM systems become standardised
 CAD and CAM software continues to evolve offering visual representation and
integration of modelling and testing applications
 Accuracy.

II. Disadvantages of CAM

 Computer errors are possible
 CAD and CAM software can be expensive
 Training is expensive
 Computers and controllers to run the software and CNC machinery for

manufacturing is expensive.

29 PSP eBook | CAD / CAM

Summary

Computer Aided Design (CAD) is the use of computers for designing models of physical
product which means computers are used to aid in creating the design, modifying the design
and analyzing the designing activities. Computer Aided Design is also known as Computer
Aided Drafting. The purpose of CAD is making 2D technical drawings and 3D models. So, in
simple we can say CAD represents your part geometry to the computer. Computer Aided
Design (CAD) software is mostly used by an engineer.

Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) is the use of computer software to control
machine tools in the manufacturing of modules. CAM transforms engineering designs into
end products. CAM is different than the conventional manufacturing as it implements
automation in the manufacturing process. Computer Aided Manufacturing is also known as
Computer Aided Machining. The purpose of CAM is using 3D models to design machining
processes. So, in simple we can say CAM converts the geometry to machine tool. So, without
Computer Aided Design (CAD), Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) has no meaning.
Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) software is mostly used by a trained machinist.

PSP eBook | CAD / CAM vi

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