Home Management

Work simplification applied in household into five levels and shown how without actual
work helps in many ways : laboratory procedure, improvement can be made
on the job through a careful analysis of what
1. It minimizes work time by eliminating is being done. The classes or types are given
unnecessary movements and by adding names according to the place where we make
more effective motions. the changes.

2. It reduces energy expenditure by reducing Mundel has classified these changes into
motions in work. following types :
1. Changes in body position and motion
3. Individual does not get tired, as the 2. Changes in work arrangement and equipment
working method is simple, easy and 3. Change in production sequence.
more trouble-free. 4. Change in finished product.
5. Change in raw material.
4. More work can be done in given time 1. Changes in body position and motions :
and energy as muscles involved in a
particular work are systematically and With changes carried out in body posture
efficiently used. and motions, time and energy can be saved.
The worker should arrange the work place
5. The work output is more, and constant so that most of his/her body is resting
working is possible because of evaluation while both hands work rhythmically from
and elimination of strenuous body posture. right to left. One should avoid walking
more while working. According to Goetz,
6. It helps to inculcate time consciousness Eldena, Sarah and Fitzsimmous, “classical
in the worker. work simplification is based on motion
economy, which helps in reduction of time
7. Motion-mindedness is created in the for household task”. To apply the changes in
worker. body position and motions while performing
tasks, one can follows principles of motion
8. It reduces frustration resulting from lack economy for batter and effective result.
of effectiveness in work performance. The important Principles of Motion
Economy are as follows :
9. Worker learns easier working methods of
a specific task. Principals of Motion Economy

10. Worker develops the habit of careful Use both hands in unison
observation and evaluation of own
working method. Effective routing

5.3 Mundel’s Classes of Change : Use of rhythmic motions of hand

The work simplification studies of household Use smaller movements of hand than
tasks have shown that improvement in work large hand or arm motions
methods is possible, and "best work methods"
can be developed for different house¬holds. Follow body mechanics while working
The improvement is possible by changing old
habits, which is not an easy and quick process; Improve skill in any work to be
it requires intense desire and attitude for change. carried out

Do You Know ? Fig. 5.1 Principles of Motion Economy

The concept of classes of change was stated
by Dr. Marvin Mundel at Purdue University
in 1940. Hence these changes are known as
Mundel's Classes of Change.

Dr. Marvin Mundel has classified motions

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¾ Use both hands in unison : We do not i) Keeping body parts in alignment :
think that we can work by using the left When various body parts are correctly
hand because we are habituated to work by positioned, i.e. each centered over the
using the right hand. But if the right hand base of support, it results into stability
is put to more work, after some time its in standing as well as in sitting positions.
efficiency is reduced. Hence both hands are When any part gets out of line, muscular
to be used wherever possible for example- effort is required to maintain body balance
lifting a bag of articles, drying clothes etc. in addition to whatever work the body is
doing thus resulting into strain.
¾ Effective routing : While performing any
task we must arrange the work centers in Major Body Weights in
such a way that one has to walk through the Natural Alignment
shortest paths for the work and use them, so
that walking is reduced and energy is saved. Fig. 5.2 (a) Body Alignment-Natural
Plan of work should be made ahead of time
to reduce total distance walked during the The Unbalanced Position
job. Fig. 5.2 (b) Body Alignment-Unbalanced

¾ Use of rhythmic motions of hand : When ii) Using muscles effectively : Effective
one type of action is done repetitively, use of muscles is important in doing
that action gets speed. It is called rhythm. any household task. Sweeping the floor
Gross and Crandall defined “Rhythm as a and lifting objects from the floor by back
muscular performance and with repetition bending is strenuous on the backbone.
of movements at the same tempo". The Instead of bending to sweep, one can use
work is done quickly due to rhythm a long-handled broom and do the work
because actions done one after another do by standing erect and in a stable posture.
not require impulse every time. In repetitive One can substitute leg muscles for back
jobs like dish washing or mopping the floor, muscles when lifting weights or objects
rhythmic motions of hand should be used. from the floor. One can use the bending
While cleaning utensils it becomes easy to posture by bending at knee and thigh
clean one type of utensils at a time such as
collecting and cleaning all dishes or glasses
in continuity.

¾ Use smaller movements of hand than
large hand or arm motions : By using
smaller movements of hand than large hand
motions or arm motions, worker’s energy is
saved. Similarly, using smooth movements
than jerky ones makes the work easier.

¾ Use of body mechanics : If the worker
follows principles of body mechanics, the
energy requirement for particular task can be
reduced and work output can be increased.

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joints and using the strong muscles of
legs.

Fig. 5.3 (a) Good Way of Lifting Object Fig. 5.4 (b) Bad Way of Pushing Object

Fig. 5.3 (b) Bad Way of Lifting Object iv) Skill in work : Skill is defined as "familiar
knowledge" which is combined in
iii) Consider Centre of gravity : Considering practical application to work performance.
the centre of gravity is of importance in It is essential to develop skill in carrying
lifting, supporting or carrying a load and out the household chores, because it helps
reaching to get an object. It is desirable in eliminating extra motions. These skills
to keep the load close to the body. As far can be learnt by observation, sharing the
as possible keep the centre of the weight responsibilities with other workers in
of the object through the centre of the the family, and getting familiar with the
body and avoid twisting the body. The work. When confronted with a task, trial
custom of carrying any load on the back and error method is used haphazardly by
is an example of keeping the load close many of us. These methods are many
to body. times ineffective and result into many
awkward motions. When the movements
for any job fall into a smooth rhythm, the
efficiency of the home-maker improves.

2. Changes in work arrangement and
equipment :
This includes re-arranging or modifying

kitchen equipment, organizing storage space;
ensuring that the height and width of work
spaces is suitable to the user; adding new,
modern and improved equipment and tools in
the home etc. Before, buying any equipment,
its utility must be weighed against cost and
the ease with which it can be maintained. In
addition to acquiring the labour-saving devices,
it is necessary that devices should be placed
within reach and near at hand. Only then it can
be used regularly and comfortably.

Fig. 5.4 (a) Good Way of Pushing Object

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Fig. 5.5 (a) Horizontal Plane/ Always Remember :
Sitting Posture
¾ The height of the work surface must be
Fig. 5.5 (b) Vertical Plane/ adapted to suit the worker.
Standing Posture
¾ Storage areas in the kitchen and elsewhere
Fig. 5.5 Comfortable Working Area are often capable of being re-organized to
help the housework to proceed better.
Fig. 5.6 (a) Horizontal Plane/Sitting Posture
¾ Items needed often should be placed within
Fig. 5.6 (b) Vertical Plane/Standing Posture reach and at accessible place.
Fig. 5.6 : Arrangement of Work Place
¾ Grouping of material required for a particular
job helps to save worker’s energy.

3) Change in production sequence : Work
done haphazardly creates confusion and
causes delays. As there are number of
activities to be done in the home, such as
cooking, getting children ready for school,
packing lunch boxes,bed making etc., each
activity should be followed up in a sequence.
When there are many activities to be done
in a shorter time one must also think of
combining or dovetailing of tasks. Finding
the best order of work or the easier method
of doing a task and putting it into practice
saves both steps and motions. For example,
in cleaning the house, continuation of each
process of sweeping, dusting, and mopping
floor throughout the house helps to save
time in handling of tools, develops rhythm
in work, and creates faster flow of work.

4) Change in finished product : Most families
have certain preconceived standards for
housekeeping. Habits are deeply ingrained
and sometimes difficult to change. Careful
thinking on the part of the homemaker and
his/her ways of persuading the family to
accept new ideas can permit them to change
some of their ways. The worker might have
to change some of her or his standards or
expectations about how the finished product
should be in appearance, taste, shape, size
etc. For example, if the finished product
without any fancy decoration is accepted by
the family then it makes the task simplified.

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5) Change in raw material : This change motions. These techniques include Micro
refers to the raw ingredients used in a Motion and Memo Motion Film Analysis,
product keeping the final product same. For Cycle-graph, and Stop Watch.
example, using paper napkins in place of cloth
napkins saves the efforts of cleaning. Using Micro Motion and Memo Motion Film
ready to use mixes available in market-for Analysis : These two techniques are
certain recipes, or even buying ready-made primarily used for detail and accurate
products such as spices, sprouted beans and analysis of the task. The tasks which
pulses, or frozen foods and clothes made of can be easily filmed are analyzed by
new fibers may be easier to maintain than these techniques. In this, motion picture
traditional materials. or video film of task is prepared under
normal working condition. This recording
A combination of these five types of changes, of work is further analyzed by an expert
careful and imaginative thinking, willingness person. According to needs, it can be
to modify existing work habits and ability to rechecked by multiple persons also.
get the support of the family will go a long These techniques are useful in analyzing
way towards making the tasks of the worker motions of hand or other parts of body.
easier, quicker and more satisfying. These techniques are very expensive and
generally not used to study household
5.4 Techniques of Work Simplification : task.
Work simplification is primarily based on
Cycle-graph : It is a photographic
motion and time study. Improvement in work device. Cycle graph is used to register
methods of an individual is possible through the pathway of light projected by a
observing, recording and analysing various small electric bulb attached to some
motions of worker while working. There are part of the body. The graph of the task
variety of techniques which could be used to plotted by device shows the pattern of
study motion and time required for completion movements, like smooth and rhythmic or
of task. These techniques are classified in two non-rhythmic motions. For example;
major categories : while ironing, small electric bulb is
attached to hand to register the pathway
Formal Techniques and Informal of the activity. This technique is effective
Techniques. in studying ways of reduction in motions
and method of improvement in work.
Techniques of Work
Simplification Stop Watch : Stop watch is used to
record the time needed to complete
Formal Informal the specific task. It can be used with
Techniques Techniques/Paper- other techniques also. This technique
Pencil Techniques is effective in creating time awareness
among worker.
Process Operation Pathway
Chart Chart Chart ¾ Informal Techniques : These simple
techniques of work simplification are known
Micro and Cycle- Stop as Paper Pencil techniques. According to its
Memo Motion graph Watch name, simple paper and pencil is used to
Film Analysis

Fig. 5.6 Techniques of Work Simplification

¾ Formal Techniques : Formal Techniques
require specific equipment and devices.
These techniques are more accurate,
effective and scientific in way of studying

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record the motions while performing activity.
These are commonly used to study various
household tasks. Some of these techniques
are Pathway Chart, Process Chart, and
Operation Chart.

Do you know ?

Frakn B. Gibreth and Lillian M. Gilbreth, Fig. 5.7 (b) Pathway Chart - Improved
American Industrial Psychologist, invented
the script of motion and time study by using Process Chart : It is a step by step
signs, symbols and abbreviations. They have description of method of work used by
termed these as “Therblig”. It is a reversal worker. It grossly analyses the movements
of their name Gilbreth. of worker, activity in general and is useful
in identifying unnecessary movements.
Pathway Chart : It is also known as pin
and thread/string method. Floor plan of Following symbols are used for
work place drawn in scale and proportion, preparation of process chart.
soft board, pins, and thread are required
to prepare a pathway chart. Initially, floor Sr. Symbols Meaning Description of
plan is placed on soft board and pins are No. symbols
fixed on the activity centres where worker Small
turns while working. The movements or 1. Circle Movement from
path of the workers travelled during work one place to
are recorded by winding thread around the another place
specific pins. After completion of the task,
thread is removed from the floor plan 2. Big Operation
and distance travelled by the worker is Circle
measured from the thread used. Further,
this process is analysed, revised floor plan Quality
is prepared by adopting suggestions and 3. Square Inspection with
improved pathway chart is prepared. To
draw the conclusion of study, length of eyes
the thread is compared.

4. Triangle Delay

5. Circle in Movement
circle and operations
simultaneously

Fig. 5.8 Symbols of Process Chart

At least two persons are required to prepare
the process chart, one for doing the work and
another one to observe and note down the
same. Analysis of work is done by counting

Fig. 5.7 (a) Pathway Chart - Original

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repetitions of each symbol which is further muscles. If it is too low bending at the
used for identification of errors in movement back might become necessary and can
and specific points where improvement is cause back pain.
needed. One can effectively use this chart for
improvement in work process by avoiding ¾ If a stand is used for activity, it should
unnecessary trips from one place to another and be of proper height.
delays in working.
¾ The clothes to be dried should be put
Operation Chart : Operation chart is used in a bucket and this bucket should be
to study hand movements only. More detailed placed on a stool of proper height.
study of right and left hand operations is
possible by the use of this chart. Three b. Sweeping the floor : While sweeping the
symbols are used in this chart-small circle floor the following points must be kept
for hand movements, large circle denotes in mind:
movement of fingers and hand tougher and
triangle indicates idleness of both fingers ¾ A thick and long broom should be
and hand. Minimum three persons are used to cover more area in one stroke.
required to prepare the operation chart; one
for observing right hand operations, other ¾ A part of the floor should be thoroughly
for observing left hand operations and the cleaned and only once.
worker who performs task. Two separate
charts are used to study the right and left ¾ The movements involved should be
hand movements. smooth, rhythmic and minimum.

Following figure shows the meaning and ¾ The arrangement of furniture should
description of symbols used in operation chart. be done thoughtfully so as to cause
no obstruction in sweeping.
Sr. Symbols Meaning Description of
No. symbols c. Mopping the floor : While mopping the
floor following points must be kept in
1. Small Movement of mind:
Circle Hand
¾ A long handled mop should be used
2. Big Movement of to avoid bending at the back.
Circle fingers and
hand tougher ¾ The mop should be of good quality-
either of sponge or of good absorbent
Idleness of both material.
3. Triangle fingers and
¾ While mopping the floor, the motions
hand should be rhythmic.

Fig. 5.9 Symbols of Operation Chart d. Cutting vegetables : While cutting or
chopping vegetables following points
5.5 Application of Mundel’s Classes of must be kept in mind :
Change in Household Activities :
¾ Use a good quality knife with a sharp
a. Drying clothes : While drying clothes and sturdy blades.
following points must be kept in mind:
¾ The rod or rope used for drying clothes ¾ The knife should have a good handle
should be at proper height. If it is too for giving a good grip to hold it.
high it will create fatigue for shoulder
¾ Use a good quality chopping board.

¾ Place it near the preparation counter
in the kitchen which is the first place
of its use.

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Use your brain : These are few examples of application of
Mundel’s classes of change, though there are
Find out the other household tasks, which many more which can be experienced in daily
need improvement and apply Mundel’s life. This will certainly help the individual in
classes of change. conservation of his/her energy and time due to
simplification of the tasks.

Can You Recall ?

Individuals have lot of responsibilities efficiency of work and that of the worker.
within and outside the home; hence they These classes suggest-
must carefully study how they can improve 1. change in body positions and motions,
their methods of work. 2. change in working arrangements and

Work simplification is the means of work equipment,
improvement. 3. change in production sequence,
4. change in finished product,
Work simplification is achieved through 5. change in raw materials.
application of scientific management.
Formal and Informal Techniques of work
It is defined as "conscious seeking of the simplification should be used to analyse and
simplest, easiest and quickest method of improve the working methods.
doing work".
If these changes are made in household
Work simplification is possible by analyzing work, it requires less time and energy and
the existing methods of work, by using the one does not feel tired.
five classes of change given by Dr. Marvin
Mundel. Work simplification can help to improve
standard and output of work.
Each class of change suggests specific
improvements in order to increase the

Exercises

Objective questions : 3. Script of motion and time study is termed
as __________
1) Multiple choice questions :

1. Work simplification means utilization a) Operation Chart b) Therblig
of the least amount of __________ and
c) Gilbreth d) Delmun
energy.
4. The concept of classes of change was
a) equipment b) time stated by Dr. Marvin __________ at

c) money d) devices Purdue University in 1940.

2. Conducive environment, efficient a) Mundel b) Markar

equipment and simple, easy and c) Muillar d) Monto
__________ work methods can reduce
5. Operation chart is used to study
expenditure of time as well as energy. __________ movements only.

a) routine b) standard a) hand b) leg

c) regular d) rhythmic c) finger d) body

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2) Identify whether the following statements 2. Description of
are true or false : Symbols Meaning symbols
1. The custom of carrying any load on the
back is an example of considering center Small Operation
of gravity. Circle
2. Work simplification cannot improve
standard and output of work. Square
3. Use of mop having long handle keeps
body in alignment. Triangle
4. Floor plan of work place is essential in
preparation of pathway chart. Movement
5. Use of instant mixes in cooking is an and operations
example of change in the finished product. simultaneously
6. While hanging clothes on a rope for
drying, keeping bucket on a stool instead Short Answer questions :
of on floor is advisable. 1. Define the terms :

3) Identify the figures : 1. Work Simplification

1. 2. 2. Write short notes :
1. Body posture while working.
3. 4. 2. Changes in work arrangement and
equipment.
4) Complete the table : Description of 3. Rhythm in work.
1. symbols 4. Use of both hands while working.
Symbols Meaning 5. Formal Techniques of work simplification
6. Operation Chart
Big 7. Process Chart
Circle
3. Answer the following in brief :
Idleness of both 1. Explain the principles of ‘body mechanics’.
fingers and hand 2. Write the importance of work
simplification.
3. Explain the principles of ‘motion
economy’.
4. Write the formal techniques of work
simplification.
Long answer questions :
1. Define work simplification and explain
its importance.

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2. Name the classes of change and Illustrate Project/Assignment :
any two classes. 1. Observe and list out the right and
wrong body posture while performing
3. List out the most important points one activity.
must remember in arranging a work
center from the point of view of work Project/Related Activities :
simplification. 1. Prepare pathway chart of any household
activity.
4. Describe pathway and process chart.

5. Classify the techniques of work
simplification and explain the operation
chart.

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6. CONSUMER AWARENESS

6.1 Meaning and Definition of Consumer
6.2 Responsibilities of Consumer
6.3 Problems faced by Consumer
6.4 Rights of Consumer
6.5 Guidelines for Wise Purchase
6.6 Consumer Protection

6.1 Meaning and Definition of Consumer : Consumer must enquire about
reputation and past performance of
It is an old saying that consumer is the king producer/seller/service provider.
because he is the person on whose decision;
demand of any product or service depends. Consumer should avoid hasty and
Thus, consumer plays a vital role in shaping impulsive decisions, regarding
the decision of the market/industry regarding purchase in sales and schemes.
the conduct they offer. People get into different
profession and or side business either by choice ¾ While Buying :
or by circumstances, but everyone, in any case is
a consumer. Consumer is the one who consumes It is the responsibility of a consumer
goods and services available in the market. to be more alert and to question more
about prices, quantity and quality of
“A consumer is a person who buys any goods bought and services used.
goods or hires any service for valuable
consideration. Person, who avails goods Consumer should ask about
or services exclusively for the purpose of demonstration regarding the operation
sustaining his livelihood is called a consumer” of the product/service.

The term does not include a person who Consumer should buy standardized
obtains goods or services for resale or for any goods as they provide quality
commercial purpose. assurance. For example, buy goods
with certification mark such as, ISI
6.2 Responsibilities of Consumer : mark on electrical goods, FPO mark
Consumer should act rationally. A consumer on food products and Hallmark on
jewellery.
should keep in mind the following responsibilities
while purchasing, using and consuming goods Consumer should read labels carefully
and services : so as to get information about prices,
net weight, and manufacturing and
¾ Before Buying : expiry date of product.
It is a responsibility of a consumer to
plan in advance before buying. Consumer should assert himself/
Consumer must enquire about past herself to get a fair deal.
performance of product/services.
Consumer should read and know about
the contents of guarantee / warranty

52

card and obtain it and getting it signed Remember the 3R's of a dutiful consumer :
by a dealer
Reduce : Consume only what you need,
Consumer should ask about a receipt/ if possible reduce consumption of water,
bill while buying the product and also electricity, fuel and other non-renewable
check those bills during transaction. resources.

¾ After Buying : Reuse : If a product can serve you for
a longer period, use it instead of buying
Consumer should use products as per a new one.
instruction given in user manual.
Recycle : Don’t litter the environment,
Consumer should keep bills and recycle degradable or recyclable
guarantee card safe. materials through proper channel.

Consumer should learn about the risks 6.3 Problems Faced by consumer :
associated with products and services, Consumers face number of problems in
follow manual instructions and use
products safely. dealing with traders and manufactures. Some
of the main problems are listed as follow :
Consumer should together join hands
and raise voice to promote and protect Adulteration of goods : Adulteration of
consumer interest. goods is one of the major problems faced
by consumers in day to day purchases.
Consumer should file a complaint in Adulteration of food substances by traders
an appropriate consumer forum in through addition of substances which are
case of defect in product/service. injurious to health, for example- small
pebbles in rice, starch in milk and cheese,
Consumer societies should be formed plastic pieces in sugar and used tea leaves
as it plays an active part in educating are generally sold in markets. Consumers
consumers and safeguarding their also face adulteration problems for goods
interests. like clothes, medicines, drugs, cosmetics,
household equipments etc.
¾ Sustainable Consumption :
Supply of duplicate and defective
Every consumer should practice goods : Consumers often get cheated by
appropriate method of consumption traders due to supply of duplicate and
in order to sustain the resources for defective goods. Many unethical traders
future. illegally use popular brand names and
sell their products, also many traders sell
Consumer should consume only what defective pieces of goods during sales in
one needs. order to fool the customer.

Consumer should not waste products Variation in prices : The consumer has
and resources. to pay different prices for same item at
different places. Traders use deceptive
Consumer should avoid using the or incorrect rates on products and sell
products that create pollution such goods and items above MRP (Minimum
as plastics, chemicals. Instead of retail price). Many showrooms of big
that everyone should use natural bio- companies add prices of maintenance
degradable products such as cloth
bags, jute bags, paper bags etc.

53

of showroom, additional taxes and free appear in the market.
home delivery charges at product cost Poor Quality of Sales Personnel : Many
which is hidden at expense of customer. times sales personnel have not been given
appropriate training by their employers
Wrong weights and measures : as they fail to give proper information
Consumers are cheated by traders about the products. Sometimes salesmen
by not using standard weights and exaggerate about the product so much that
measurements according to Standard it lures the customer to buy the product.
Weights and Measurements Act 1976. Online Shopping Problems : Online
Under weight stones are used in place shopping is one of the fastest growing
of standard weights, boxes, bottles or markets in India but we, as Indian
measuring glass of containers having consumer face many issues. Consumer
shape that would give less quantity. Even face issue related to product quality
in shopping malls, customers are cheated most of the time. It is the most common
with wrong weights pasted on packets. problem faced by customers as there is no
guarantee of product quality. Most of the
Misleading Advertisements : Everyday time online products do not get delivered
new products are launched. Normally within the stipulated time. Consumers
manufacturers give information about have to wait for days before they finally
their products via advertisement. After receive their product. Consumers become
purchase, consumer realizes that it doesn’t victim to online payment issues. Payment
match with what he/she has seen in the failures are due to errors in banking
advertisement. Businessmen make false websites, hacking of online banking
claim of products via advertisements. accounts, issues with one time password
For instance advertisement of Beauty (OTP), payment gateway error have now
products, health drinks etc. become common issues during online
payment. Online websites offer vague
Sale of Substandard goods : In place stipulations which leave consumers
of standard goods, sub standard goods confused about refund and return of
are sold at higher price. For example, products.
selling of furniture made of inferior
quality wood, substandard ingredients in Problems of
food items, use of sub-standard bulbs and Consumer
electrical appliances.
Fig. 6.1 Problems faced by consumer
Artificial Scarcity : Artificial scarcity
is faced by lot of consumers especially
in festive season. Essential commodities
such as edible oil, potatoes, rice, wheat,
sugar, pulses etc are not available in
market. Customers have to pay a
higher price though the rates of these
substances are low or has to do without
these items..When there is a possibility
of rise of price in these substances, these
substances gets vanished from markets.
When there is a rise in the price of these
substances these commodities suddenly

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6.4 Rights of Consumer : enable him to act wisely and responsibly
It is very essential for the consumer to know and also enable him to resist from falling
prey to high pressure selling techniques.
one's basic rights as well as about the legal For example, the manufacturers provide
framework and procedures that follow with the detail information about the contents of the
infringement of one's right. product, quantity, date of manufacturing,
date of expiry, maximum retail price on
Rights of the label and package of the product.
consumer Such information helps the consumers
in their buying decisions.
Fig. 6.2 Rights of consumer
Right to Choose : This is the right
Right to Safety : This right talks about to be assured, wherever possible of
the right to be protected against the access to variety of goods, products or
marketing of goods, products or services at Competitive price. In case
services, which are hazardous to life of monopolies, like railways, electric
and property. The purchased goods and supply etc. it means right to be assured of
services availed of should not only meet satisfactory quality and service at a fair
their immediate needs, but also fulfil price. It also includes right to basic goods
long term interest. Before purchasing, and services. This is because unrestricted
consumer should insist on the quality of right of the minority to choose can mean
the products as well as on the guarantee a denial for the majority of its fair share.
of the product and services. They should This right can be better exercised in a
preferably purchase certified products competitive market where a variety of
such as ISI, AGMARK, etc. For example goods are available at competitive prices.
substandard electric appliances might This implies that the marketers should
cause serious injuries. offer a wide variety of products in terms
Right to be Informed : The right to of quality, brand, prices, size, etc.
be informed about the quality, quantity,
potency, purity, standard and price of Right to be Heard : The right to
goods, products or services, as the case be heard and to be assured that
may be, so as to protect the consumer consumer’s interests will receive due
against unfair trade practices. Consumer consideration at appropriate forum. It
should insist on getting all the information also includes right to be represented in
about the product or service before various forums formed to consider the
making a choice or a decision. This will consumer welfare. The Consumers should
form non-political and non-commercial
55 consumer organizations which can
be given representation in various
committees formed by the Government
and other bodies. Many manufacturers
have set up their own consumer service
and grievance cells. Many consumer
organizations are also working towards
this direction and helping consumer in
redressal of their grievances

Right to Seek Redressal : This is a 6.5 Guidelines for Wise Purchase :
right to seek redressal against unfair While sellers have all the information, high
trade practices or restrictive trade
practices or unscrupulous exploitation pressure advertising techniques and various
of consumers. Consumers must make gimmicks are used to lure consumers into their
complaint for their genuine grievances. well spread out net. Many consumers are poor
Many a times their complaint may be and pay heavily due to lack of knowledge,
of small value but its impact on the buying habits and general laziness. At present,
society as a whole may be very large. market is flooded with new and better products
They can also take the help of consumer and there is a rise in competition, the consumer
organisations in seeking redressal of their needs to be wise and aware about various market
grievances. The Consumer Protection\ trends. That is why a consumer needs to have
Act provides a number of reliefs to the knowledge about different products, their brands
consumers including replacement of and models available. Buying wisely requires
product, removal of defect in the product, intelligence, cautions, effort and energy.
compensation paid for any loss or injury
suffered by the consumer, etc. ¾ How to buy :

Right to Consumer Awareness : Plan before buying and buy only useful
Ignorance of consumers, particularly of and affordable things.
rural consumers, is mainly responsible for
their exploitation. They should know their Consumer should read the labels carefully
rights and must exercise them. Only then before purchasing a product.
real consumer protection can be achieved
with success. Consumer education may Think about durability after maintenance
be imparted through school and college and repair services of the product.
curriculum and also consumer awareness
campaigns run by both Government and Compare the high priced with low priced
NGO’s (Non governmental agencies). articles and feature to feature and if both
are even go for the cheaper one.
Right to Healthy Environment : The
right to physical environment will While buying, consider safety and
enhance the quality of life. It includes comfort of the product.
protection against environmental dangers
like air, water and noise pollution over Before buying expensive articles, consult
which the individual has no control. It as many people as possible who have
acknowledges the need to protect and bought the article.
improve the environment for present and
future generations. Be careful and look out for expiry
date, manufacturing date, guarantee and
Right to Basic Needs : Right to basic warranty of the product.
needs ensures basic goods and services
which guarantee survival. It includes Payment should be made carefully by
adequate food, clothing, shelter, health, cash, e-wallet, cheque, credit card or
care, education and sanitation to lead a debit card.
decent life.
¾ When to buy :

When to buy is an important point of
consideration. We get discount during
festive season. We also get schemes
such as ‘Buy one get one free’, ‘Buy
a car with free insurance’. We can buy

56

products promoting such schemes but as Look out for ISI marks on electrical
aware consumers we should also look goods, cement, biscuits, mineral water etc.
out for hidden costs of item while buying
one and getting one free. Look out for hallmark on gold and silver
jewellery.
Some manufacturers also give ‘off-
season’ discounts such as buying air- Look for Agmark on agricultural products.
cooler in winters, woolen clothes during
summers. As aware consumers, one Look out for ISO and FPO mark on fruits
should not blindly avail these discounts. and vegetables.

¾ From where to buy : Look out for Vegetarian and Non-
vegetarian marks on packed food items.
It is generally advisable to buy the
products from established shops. Look out handloom mark on handloom
Consumers should avoid buying products items and red label star mark on electrical
from street hawkers. appliances.

While buying from established shop, ™ Labels : Label is a small piece of paper,
consider the reputation of the dealer or fabric, plastic, or similar material attached
the wholesaler or the retailer to ensure to a product providing detail information
quality of the product. about it. It is a significant means of product
identification like branding and packaging.
Purchase from the dealer who provides It is an informative tag, wrapper or seal
sales service after buying. attached to a product.

For perishable items, ensure that it Labelling is an important element as it
remains fresh until you reach your home. affects sale and distribution process of a
product, which provides clear information
Sometimes away from hometown, you about the grade, quantity, price, brand name,
may find some products which are features, etc. to the customer. Labelling
attractive and beneficial. Try to find out gives necessary information to the customer
whether maintenance of such products is to buy product without hesitation.
available at your hometown.
Functions of label :
¾ How much to buy :
Identification of product : Labelling
Always buy the things which are identifies the product or brand easily.
necessary. It prevents substitution of competitive
product.
Never buy in bulk, especially food items
as they get wasted. Grading : Labelling is helpful in grading
the product according to measure quality
Avoid impulse buying. and features.

Money resource is a limited commodity, Description : Labelling helps to describe
use it properly. the product according to quality and
features.
Consider resources at your disposal, For
example : consider the amount of money Product promotion : Labelling plays
and then spend. a significant role in promotion of the
product. Offers such as free brush, free
¾ What to buy : coin attracts the consumers to buy that
It is necessary to understand the standard product.
marks issued by BIS.

57

Protect the consumer : Labelling also chemical analysis, weight size, use of
protects the consumer from buying artificial colour, directions for its use etc.
adulterated and defective goods from
the market and also gives a choice to Informative Label : An informative
the consumer to choose his own brand label attempts to help the consumer to
of product. make wise selection and care of the
product. It gives special instructions or
Makes the product attractive : It helps precautions on care and use of products
in promotion of the product via its than descriptive label. It may give factual
attractive design. The graphic design of information about the product based on
various products gives an aesthetic finish laboratory tests and may include weight
to product and it attracts the consumer of the product, manufacturer’s name,
to buy the product. It is a source of date of manufacture and expiry, contents
attraction for consumers too. of product etc.

¾ Types of Labels : ¾ Certification of label : Consumers
expect certain qualities from the products
Types of they purchase. Certification labels ensure
Lables that the product fulfils the qualities
expected by the consumers. A quality
Brand Grade Descrip- Informa- mark gives the consumer a visual and
label label tive label tive label easily identifiable quality assessment
tool, originating from a reliable source.
Fig. 6.3 Types of Labels Indian Government established the Indian
Standards Institute for certification of
Brand label : Brand label is a distinctive products. Certification labels such as ISI,
design or symbol. Trademarks and Agmark, Woolmark, Handloom mark,
Brand names fall under this category. Silk mark, Eco mark etc. are used for
Most of the time consumer compares standardization of various products.
products of various brands while buying.
Manufacturers also try to maintain the Know Your Standard Quality Marks
quality standards of their products to
establish their image in the market which Standard Information
leads to a healthy competition. Consumers Quality
can identify the manufacturer from the Marks
brand and can register complaint if any.
ISI Mark : ISI is a certification
Grade label : A grade label identifies the
quality of a product by a letter, number mark scheme operated by Bureau
or word which implies a qualitative
judgement of relative inferiority or of Indian Standards (BIS), under
superiority of the product.
the provisions of BIS Act, 1986.
Descriptive label : Descriptive label
means giving details of the product ISI marks are both mandatory
such as component parts of the products,
and voluntary. Some of the ISI

certification products include

cement, electrical appliances,

LPG cylinders, batteries,

Automobile Accessories,

Medical equipments, Chemical

Fertilizers, infant foods etc.

58

Standard Information Standard Information
Quality Quality
Marks Agmark : The Agmark Marks FSSAI (Food Safety and
certification is used on Standards Authority of India):
agricultural commodities for FSSAI is certification mark
the benefit of consumers and which signifies that food is
producers by Director of hygienic and meets the approved
Marketing and Inspection; an safety and standards set for food
agency of Government of India. items under the Food safety
The scheme is legally enforced and standards (FSS) Act 2006.
by Agricultural Produce (Grading Food packets generally contain
and marking) Act 1937. a 14-digit license number issued
by FSSAI along with FSSAI
Vegetarian and Non-vegetarian logo in the colour that contrasts
marks : As per food safety with the background.
and Standards (packaging and
Labelling) regulations 2011, BEE (Bureau of Energy
every package of non- vegetarian Efficiency) star label mark:
food shall bear a symbol which BEE star label mark gives a
constitutes of brown colour reference regarding energy
filled circle inside a square with saving of household electrical
brown outline having sides the appliances and other equipments.
double diameter of the circle. In 2006 the Bureau of electrical
efficiency (BEE) of ministry of
Every package of vegetarian power, Government of India,
food shall bear a symbol of issued Red star label Mark. It is
green colour filled circle, having generally used for Refrigerator,
a diameter not less than the Air conditioner, distribution
minimum size specified, inside transformers, induction motors,
the square with green outline pump sets etc.
having size double the diameter
of the circle. Handloom mark : Handloom
mark was introduced by
Hallmark : The hallmark Government of India in order
scheme was launched by Bureau to promote handloom products
of Indian Standards (BIS) on in domestic and international
behalf of Government of India markets. This scheme covers all
for gold jewellery in year 2000 handloom fabrics and products
and for silver jewellery in 2005. made thereof. The mark is
This scheme is voluntary in generally found in two forms;
nature and consumers should one for domestic market in which
buy gold and silver jewellery ‘handloom’ word is written
with a hallmark on it. below the logo and the other
one for international markets in
which ‘hand woven in India’ is
written beneath the logo.

59

Standard Information 6.6 Consumer Protection :
Quality In the modern marketing scene, an average
Marks Wool mark : The wool mark logo
is owned by Woolmark Company buyer can be easily misled or cheated. Common
of Australia. Woolmark is consumer is neither knowledgeable nor well
used to identify products that informed. He/she needs protection from
contain wool. Products with unscrupulous sellers. Once cheated, a common
Woolmark logo are 100 percent consumer is not in a position to approach
pure new wool and have been the civil court. The quick, inexpensive and
approved and certified to meet speedy justice to the genuine complaints of the
quality specifications and offer consumers is essential.
natural comfort. It also contains
Woolmark blend and wool blend Realizing the importance of consumer
which contains wool and other protection world over, the United Nations
yarns such as polyester and adopted guidelines for protection of consumers
nylon. on April 9, 1985. All countries are expected to
take suitable legislative measures. Accordingly,
Silk mark : Silk mark is a ‘Consumer protection act, 1986’ was enacted in
quality assurance label for pure India with this in mind. This act was specifically
silk and in addition serves as a designed to protect consumer interests. It is
brand for generic promotion of intended to provide justice which is, “less
pure silk. It is not a mandatory formal, less paperwork, less delay and less
mark, but it is an advisory mark expense”. The act came into force with effect
promoted under the Silk Mark from 01-07-1987.
Scheme, backed by Silk Mark
organization of India. Main objectives of consumer protection
Act 1986
Eco mark : Eco mark is a
certification mark issued by To provide better protection of interests to
Bureau of Indian Standards in consumers.
1991, to products conforming to
a set of standards aimed at the Consumer councils and other authorities are
least impact on ecosystem. The provided for setting the consumer’s disputes
products with eco mark are soaps and other matters.
and detergents, paints, papers,
plastics, cosmetics, textiles, The Act is intended to protect the
batteries, wood substitutes, following rights of the consumer :
drugs, food items, pesticides etc.
1) Right of Protection from marketing of
goods and services which are hazardous
to life and property.

2) Right to be informed about the quality,
quantity, purity, standards and price of
the goods/services so that consumers are
protected from unfair trade practices.

Use your brain : 3) Right to have access to variety of goods
and services at competitive prices.
Find out the International Certification
Marks. 4) Right to be heard and to be assured
that consumer interests receive its due
consideration.

60

5) Right to stop unfair trade practices, If the redressal agency is satisfied about
restrictive trade practices and exploitation the genuineness of the complaint, it can issue
of consumers. one or more of the following directions to the
other party.
6) Right to consumer education.
1) To remove the defects pointed by laboratory
7) Right to speedy and simple redressal to
consumer disputes. 2) To replace goods with new goods free of
defect.
Features of Consumer Protection Act 1986,
and filing of complaints- 3) To return the price of goods or charge of
services paid by the complainant
Simple formalities
4) Compensation for loss or injury suffered
Advocates not compulsory by consumer due to negligence of opposite
party in addition, punitive damages can
Consumers themselves can conduct cases also be granted.

Complaint can be written in English, Hindi 5) To discontinue the trade practice or the
or Local language. restrictive trade practice or not to repeat
them.
Complaints may be sent even through
Registered post. 6) Not to offer the hazardous goods for sale.

Registered Consumer Organization or 7) To withdraw the hazardous goods from
Government can also file complaint on sale.
behalf of consumer.
8) To cease manufacture of hazardous goods
Less expensive and to stop from offering hazardous
services.
Compensation can be claimed for the loss
suffered including mental agony. 9) To pay any amount (not less than 5%
of the value of the defective goods or
The Act envisages setting up of ‘consumer deficient services provided),to be credited
Disputes Redressal Agency’ at District, State to the consumer Welfare fund or any other
and National level. organization/person,to be utilized in the
prescribed manner.
Redressal Jurisdiction to decide
Agency consumer dispute 10) To issue corrective advertisement to
Under CPA neutralize the effect of a misleading
advertisement.
Value of goods/ Appeals
services and against order 11) To provide for adequate costs to parties.
compensation of
claimed

District Forums less than
Rs. 20 lakh

State more than Rs. District
Commission 20 lakh and less Forum
than Rs. 100 lakh
National
Commission more than State
Rs. 100 lakh Commission

61

Can You Recall ?

A consumer is a person who buys any goods informed, right to choose, right to be heard,
or hires any services for fulfilling own needs. right to seek redressal, right to consumer
awareness, right to healthy environment and
Consumer should keep in mind the reasonable right to basic needs.
level of responsibilities while purchasing,
using and consuming goods and services. Consumer should follow certain guidelines
for wise purchasing. Buying wisely requires
Consumer faces number of problems like intelligence, cautious efforts and energy.
adulteration of goods, supply of duplicate
and defective goods, variation in prices, Label is a small piece of paper, fabric, plastic,
faulty weights and measures, misleading or similar material attached to a product
advertisements, sale of substandard goods, that provides detailed information about it.
artificial scarcity, poor quality of sales Standard quality marks give assurance of
personnel and online shopping problems in quality of products to the consumers.
dealing with traders and manufactures.
Consumer Protection Act 1986 provides
Consumer Protection Act 1986 has provided protection and justice from unfair means
rights like right to safety, right to be and practices of the business community to
the consumers.

Exercises

Objective questions : 2) Match the following pairs :

1) Multiple choice questions : A B
1. Starch in Milk Festive season
1. Consumer is a person who __________
any goods or hires any services for 2. Consumer protection Electrical goods
valuable consideration.
3. Vegetarian food Green circle inside
a) resales b) buys square

c) earns profit d) sales 4. Artificial scarcity Adulteration

2. Logo of ____________ is used on 5. ISI mark Judicial machinery
Agricultural products.
3) Identify whether the following statements
a) ISI b) Hallmark are True or False :

c) Ag-mark d) BIS a) Consumer should keep bills and guarantee
cards safe.
3. Consumer Protection Act, 1986 was
enacted in the year __________ b) As a consumer, one should not be aware
about the rights of consumer.
a) 1987 b) 1986
c) Adulteration is one of the problems faced
c) 1985 d) 1988 by the consumers.

4. Hallmark is a standardization mark used d) ISI is a quality certification mark used in
for __________ case of food products.

a) fruits b) gold e) Consumer Protection Act deals with the
problems of manufactures.
c) textiles d) goods

62

Short answer questions : • Long answer questions :
1) Define the following terms : a) Explain the responsibilities and rights of
consumers.
a) Consumer b) Write about the problems faced by
b) Label consumers.
c) Describe the useful guidelines for wise
2) Write short notes on the following : purchase for consumers.
a) Need of consumer protection d) Write about functions of labels.
b) Adulteration and supply of defective e) Explain consumer protection act 1986.
and duplicate goods
c) Right to be informed Project/Assignment :
d) How and what to buy 1) Survey and report writing on awareness
e) Types of labels
about consumer rights/ consumer
3) Give reasons for the following : problems.
a) Consumer must plan in advance before 2) Visit the consumer organization and
buying. write report on functions performed by
b) Buy only standard quality mark it.
electrical appliances. 3) Collect the published information
c) There is need of consumer awareness. regarding consumer disputes.
d) Consumer should read the label before
buying any product. Related Activity :
e) Legal protection is a necessity of 1) Collect and analyze labels.
consumers.

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7. HOME DECORATION

7.1 Introduction to Elements of Arts
7.2 Introduction to Principles of Design

Let’s Discuss Home Decoration and Home Light
Design.
Colour Line
Every human being has a wish that his/
her home should be nicely decorated. One Pattern Space
needs to understand that the home should not
be merely decorated but it should be pleasant Texture Form and
and appealing. It should create welcoming Shape
atmosphere so that the visitors feel comfortable.
The family members, on returning home after Fig. 7.1 Basic Elements of Art
working for long hours should feel relaxed. So,
the home should not be merely decorated but 1. Light : Light is one of the most important
should have good design. basic elements of art. It is an external
element of art and design.
Design is the creation and organization
of form, space, colour, pattern and texture to Definition : Light is an element that
achieve beauty and individuality. Considering illuminates and makes everything visible.
the space crunch, especially in urban areas and
the constantly increasing prices of the houses, It is both an art element and a necessity.
utility of the space and economy become the Without light, no art is visible to the eye and no
important aspects to be achieved in designing design can be produced, appreciated or utilized.
of a home. The expression of beauty is incomplete without
light.
In order to create a good design for home, a
family may take help of a professional Interior Do you remember ?
Designer. But it is necessary to remember that
each individual has a natural ability to recognize Light can be natural or artificial. Both are
beauty which can be utilized in creating beautiful important aspects of home decoration from the
atmosphere in the home. The knowledge of point of view of functionality and design.
elements of art and principles of design can
provide necessary guidance and the application a. Natural light : We all are familiar with
of this knowledge in home design will definitely this term. It is the visible radiant energy
help to create lively and pleasant atmosphere in of the sun which makes everything
the homes. visible to us. It varies widely in colour
and intensity throughout the day and
7.1 Introduction to Elements of Arts : hence creates various psychological
effects on human minds. Bright sunshine
Do you know the elements of art? evokes cheerfulness in the interior of a
home or any commercial place whereas
inadequate lighting produces gloomy and
sad atmosphere.

64

b. Artificial lighting : Artificial lighting is Definition :
equally important in Interior decoration.
It becomes the necessity at night and • Line is a chain of dots or points joined
if the intensity reduces during the day together.
time as well. It can be totally controlled.
Its intensity can stimulate activity and • Line is a connection between two points
creativity or relaxation. It can change the in space.
nature of space, direct human movement,
provide appropriate atmosphere and Characteristics of Lines : Each line has
enhance the richness of textures. It helps peculiar characteristics because of which it
to create interest in home decoration by becomes unique and important in any kind
creating emphasis and rhythm at suitable of design.
places.
• Lines may be straight or curved; they
Fig. 7.2 (a) Natural light in Interior have only one dimension that is length
and no breadth.

• A line is versatile and can define or limit
shape, divide areas, suggest movement,
speed or direction.

• All lines have direction- horizontal,
vertical or oblique. Each direction has
a distinct and different effect upon the
observer.

• A line, to certain extent is capable of
expressing specific emotions. They
assume expression and meaning through
association with natural forms and human
body positions.

Let's Discuss :

Fig. 7.2 (b) Artificial light in Interior Psychological effects of lines : Various types
of lines are associated with various human
2. Line : Line is the basic element in creative body positions and forms from nature. Thus,
design. Lines are important in-home through these associations they suggest
decoration as they add character to a room meaning and expression and create various
and also create various psychological effects psychological effects on human minds.
on human minds. Each line conveys certain
feelings to the viewer. a. Vertical lines : These lines through their
association with human body at work
which is vertical, indicate life and action.
They symbolize feelings like uprightness,
honesty, dignity, etc. Trees and mountains
reach up to pierce the sky so we think of
them as reaching, climbing and inspiring.
Buildings, which are tall, are dominating

65

and powerful. At home the vertical lines of peaceful atmosphere. Thus, these lines evoke
the doorways, draperies give the necessary feelings of repose, rest, balance, stability. It
strength and height to the room. Vertical is calm, passive and quiet as a still lake.
lines create an optical illusion of increased At home we find such lines for beds, book
height. cases, tables etc. Horizontal lines create an
optical illusion of increased width.

Fig. 7.3 (a) Vertical Lines

Fig. 7.4 (a) Horizontal Lines

Fig. 7.3 (b) Vertical Lines in nature

Fig. 7.4 (b) Horizontal Lines in Home Furnishing

Fig. 7.3 (c) Vertical Lines in building Fig. 7.4 (c) Horizontal Lines in Human Body
Fig. 7.3 Vertical Lines and their Associations
Fig. 7.4 Horizontal Lines and their Associations
b. Horizontal lines : A horizontal line
is observed in human body when man c. Diagonal or oblique lines : Human body
lies down and he is resting or sleeping. in movement takes this angular position.
Any landscape painting with dominating While applying force, for example while
horizontal lines gives a feeling of calm and pushing a heavy piece of furniture human
body position is diagonal. Similarly, while

66

driving a bicycle or riding a horse with of curved positions. They may take varied
speed, the human body position is diagonal. forms like a semicircle, spiral, undulating
Thus, these lines suggest movement, force, line etc. Because of harmonic transition
restlessness, activity and excitement. They in the change of direction, it has flowing
are dynamic, suggesting movement as in continuity. Its slow lazy movement is
wind driven rain. In architecture they show passive, feminine and soft. They are
the slant of roofs. youthful and gay. At home we observe
them in curtains and furniture. Undulating
lines convey gentle motion like the ripple
in a pond.

Fig. 7.5 (a) Diagonal Lines

Fig. 7.6 (a) Curved Lines

Fig. 7.5 (b) Diagonal Lines in Human Body Fig. 7.6 (b) Curved Lines in Human Body

Fig. 7.5 (c) Diagonal Lines in Nature Fig. 7.6 (c) Curved Lines in Curtains
Fig. 7.6 Curved Lines and their Associations
Fig. 7.5 Diagonal Lines and their Associations
3. Space : It is an important element of art.
d. Curved lines : These lines look gracious In interior design walls and floor create the
and flexible. Human body in the
performance of dance or play takes number

67

form of a room and enclose the space within.
It is the space that we use for carrying out
various activities.

Definition : Space is defined as emptiness,
void or interval between things.

It is easy to understand the importance Fig. 7.7 (b) Functional Space in a Cupboard
of space because for any human activity
space provides the facility for movement and
experience. It plays an important role in the use
of an object.

Can you recall ?

Importance of Space : Fig. 7.7 (c) Functional Space in a needle

• The importance of space is realized easily Fig. 7.7 Functional Considerations of Space
because for any human activity space it
must. It provides the facility for movement Space is a very important element in interiors.
and experience. Space can be cheerful or depressing, noisy and
stormy or calm and peaceful depending on the
• It is the space within a piece of a pottery way the designer has made use of the various
that determines the capacity and the nature elements to form the interior. In today’s urban
of its use. areas, space has become a costly element. The
houses are pretty small in comparison to the
• It is the eye of the needle that enables the houses seen in the past. The successful use
use of needle for the purpose it is intended of art elements helps to create the interiors
to serve. that are functionally as well as aesthetically
appealing. The successful use of art elements
• It is the space inside a cupboard that enables like colour, texture, pattern and light help to
the contents to be stored inside. create the interiors that are functionally as well
as aesthetically appealing.
• Likewise, how much tea or coffee can
be poured into a cup, how big a flower 4. Forms and Shape : When various lines
arrangement can be done in a given flower moving in different directions intersect each
vas are the points related to the space other various shapes are formed.
enclosed within them.

Fig. 7.7 (a) Functional Space in a Cup Definition :
• Shape is a two-dimensional enclosure of

space.

• Form is defined as three dimensional
shape.

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Form and space are interrelated. Shapes its texture. Thus, we come across varied
are mostly the flat enclosures of space and textures around us.
form includes a volume surrounded by limiting
factors. Form is something solid and tangible. Definition : Texture is the surface quality
Shapes and forms enable us to judge the size of a material or an object. It is understood
of objects. either by touching the object or by looking
at it.
Form is the most important element in
home decoration. Without the beauty of form, Types of Texture :
excellent colour, texture and pattern are of
no avail. A diversity of forms helps to give a. Tactile textures : The texture that is
interest to interiors. For example, a rectangular understood by running our hand over the
sofa grouped with spherical lamp bases, curved surface is called as tactile texture, for
upholstered furniture, pillows and supporting example; rough, smooth, soft, hard etc.
frames show a variety of forms within a room.
b. Visual textures : The texture that is
Space Space understood just by looking at the object
Form Space is called as visual texture.
Form
Know this :
Walls Space
give Form Textures are important in human life as well
Form as in interior design.

Space • Textures add character and interest to
materials and objects.
Fig. 7.8 (a) Form and Space
• They affect us physically, for example; the
Fig. 7.8 (b) Diversity of forms in Interior rough and coarse furnishing materials irritate
us and hence make us uncomfortable.
5. Texture : Each and every object whether
natural or artificial has its own texture. • Textures affect reflection of light and thus
That means each object has originality in the colours.

¾ The polished, smooth surfaces reflect lot
of light making the colours appear bright
and brilliant thus creating glare.

¾ The rough and coarse textures reflect less
light and thus make the colours appear
dark and ultimately make the interior
dark and gloomy.

• They affect the maintenance of interiors.

¾ Smooth textures reflect lot of light and
show the dirt and dust and call attention
for the cleanliness but can be cleaned
easily.

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¾ Rough, course textures do not show Remember This :
dirt and dust quickly but take time for
cleaning. There are four types of patterns- naturalistic,
stylized, geometric and abstract.
Fig. 7.9 (a) A Carpet with Soft Texture
a. Naturalistic motifs : These patterns
resemble natural forms. They look like
pictures usually of flowers, animals and
sceneries.

b. Stylized motifs : They are based on
natural forms but the lines are simplified
and some imaginary forms are added for
decoration.

c. Geometric motifs : They are based
on the pure geometric forms of circle,
rectangles, and triangles with variations.
Geometric patterns include stripes, dots,
checks etc.

d. Abstract motifs : These are artist’s own
representations of natural objects. He uses
his imagination to indicate the objects.
They do not represent any known form
and are hard to understand.

Fig. 7.9 (b) A Carpet with Rough Texture Fig. 7.10 (a) Naturalistic Pattern
Fig. 7.10 (b) Stylized Pattern
Fig. 7.9 Textures in Interior Design

6. Pattern : Pattern is an important art
element that should be considered in home
decoration.

Definition :
Pattern refers to any kind of enrichment
done on a surface.
Thus, it is defined as any surface enrichment.

Use of surface pattern for home decoration
helps to create liveliness and interest in a
room. But if it is used intensively, it may create
restlessness and unnecessary excitement.
Opinions differ on how much pattern is
desirable in a room, but it is customary to
use pattern on at least one fourth of the total
surface areas. A large room can support more
pattern than a small room.

70

Fig. 7.10 (c) Geometric Pattern upon the wavelength of the light that it
reflects.
Fig. 7.10 (d) Abstract Pattern
Fig. 7.10 Types of Patterns For example, if an object appears green,
it is absorbing all the other wavelengths
7. Colour : Colours have a tremendous effect of colour that make up white light and is
on the emotions of people and are largely reflecting only green rays. An object that
responsible for the atmosphere created. appears white is reflecting all the colour
Different colours create different emotional rays that make up light, while a black object
responses. Some people are more sensitive absorbs all the colour rays that make up
and more stimulated than others by certain light reflecting none.
colour schemes. Thus selection of colours
in Home Decoration needs to be done Understand the following :
carefully.
Dimensions or properties of colour : There
Definition : Colour is the quality of light are three dimensions or properties of colour.
reflected from an object to the human eye.
i. Hue : It is the dimension of colour that
Colour is the impression received by the helps to identify colour, in simple words
mind from certain stimulations of the retina. it is the name given to a colour for
When light falls upon an object, some of it example red, blue, orange all are the
is absorbed and remaining is reflected back. hues. It also represents the warmth or
The apparent colour of an object depends coolness of a colour for example; red is
a warm hue, blue is a cool hue and green
an intermediate hue. The hue of a colour
can be changed by mixing adjoining hues.

ii. Value : Value indicates the lightness or
darkness of a colour. The value of a
colour can be changed by adding white or
black to any colour. When white is added
to a colour in more or less quantity, one
gets many ‘tints’ and when black is added
to a colour in more or less quantity, one
gets many ‘shades’. White has the highest
value while black has the lowest value.

iii. Intensity or Chroma : Intensity refers to
the brightness or dullness of a colour. It
is the strength or weakness of a colour.
Colours can be made bright by adding
more colour and dull by diluting the
colour or by adding grey colour to it.
For example, pure red has high intensity
while brick red has low intensity.

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Always Remember : iii. Intermediate colours : These colours
are midway between each primary and
Colour Wheel : The colour wheel has the its adjacent secondary hue. There are
same progression of hues as in the spectrum six intermediate colours namely Yellow-
and they are bent into a circle. In Prang colour green, Blue-green, Blue-purple, Red-
wheel, the twelve hues in a colour wheel can be purple, Red-orange, Yellow-orange.
divided into primary, secondary and intermediate Yellow-green = Yellow + Green
hues. Blue-green = Blue + Green
Blue-purple = Blue + Purple
i. Primary colours : Red, yellow and Red-purple = Red + Purple
blue are primary hues. They are so Red-orange = Red + Orange
called because they cannot be produced Yellow-orange = Yellow + Orange
by mixing other hues. But many other
colours can be produced by mixing them. YO YG

Yellow

RO BG

Red Blue RP BP

Fig. 7.13 Intermediate colours

Fig. 7.11 Primary colours YO Y YG
O G
ii. Secondary colours : Green, orange
and purple are secondary colours. Equal RO BG
amounts of two primary hues produce
secondary hues. RB

Green = Yellow + Blue RP BP
P
Orange= Red + Yellow
Fig. 7.14 Colour Wheel
Purple= Red + Blue
Internet my friend :
Orange Green 1. Search various elements of art on

Purple internet and observe various pictures.
Fig. 7.12 Secondary colours 2. Search for colour wheel and colour

schemes on the internet.
3. Read about the psychological effects of

colour on human mind.
4. Find out warm, cool and neutral

colours.

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Colour Schemes : While using colours for 2. Analogous colour scheme : This colour
home decoration, number of times it is observed scheme uses the colours that are next
that colour combinations done by some people to each other on the colour wheel. For
look very appealing. Such people have colour example; yellow, yellow green, green,
sense and whatever combinations are done by blue green. The selection of colours
them look interesting. But not everyone has needs to be done very carefully in this
such colour sense and colour schemes provide colour scheme otherwise it may become
guidelines for them in selecting colours. It is too warm or too cold.
necessary to remember that colour schemes are
not the rules for selection of colours and that 3. Complementary colour scheme :
they just provide guidelines. Colours that are exactly opposite each
other on the colour wheel are called
Classification of Colour Schemes as complementary colours. Two such
colours are used in this colour scheme.
Schemes of Related Colours For example; blue and orange. Such
colour schemes are usually dynamic and
Monochromatic evoke a lot of interest.

Analogous 4. Double complementary colour scheme :
Two colours next to each other on the
Schemes of Contrasting Colours colour wheel and their complementary
colours are used in this colour scheme.
Triad For example, yellow, yellow-green,
purple and red-purple.
Complimentary
5. Split complementary colour scheme :
Double Complementary Split Complimentary The selection of one colour along with
two colours that are on either sides of
Fig. 7.15 Colour Schemes its complementary colour creates split
complementary colour scheme. For
Theoretically the following types of colour example; blue, yellow orange and red
schemes are identified : orange. This is also a contrasting colour
scheme.
1. Monochromatic colour scheme : This
scheme is also called as ‘single colour 6. Triad colour scheme : This colour
scheme’. In this colour scheme only scheme uses three colours which occur
one colour is selected from the colour at the points of an equilateral triangle
wheel and used. For example, red, pink, placed anywhere on the colour wheel.
maroon etc. This colour scheme is likely For example ; primary triad- yellow, red
to be monotonous. To create interest, and blue.
variations in colour values, colour
intensities and textures need to be done. Use your brain : Note that for each of
the colour schemes, an example has
been given. Find out one more different
example for each colour scheme and write
the same in the table given below.

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Sr. Name of the Example 1. Harmony : In simple words harmony is
No. Colour Scheme unity. It means similarity in appearance
1. Monochromatic and characteristics of the elements of art
2. Analogous used in a combined manner.
3. Complementary
Definition : Harmony is the art principle
4. Double which produces an impression of unity
Complementary through the selection and arrangement
of consistent objects and ideas.
5. Split
Complementary It can be achieved through the selection
of consistent lines, shapes, sizes, textures and
6. Traid colours. For example; for an article that is
rectangular in shape, one should use horizontal
7.2 Introduction to principles of design : and vertical lines for its decoration whereas for
a circular object the use of curved lines turns
A designer uses various elements of art to out to be harmonious.
create design. The arrangement and selection of
elements of art namely light, line, space, form
and shape, texture, pattern and colour help the
designer to express his/her ideas. Along with
these elements of art, basic principles of design
namely harmony, balance, rhythm, emphasis
and proportion are used by the designer to
create design and achieve his/her objectives.

Harmony

Balance Fig. 7.17 Harmony Through Lines

Rhythm Too much similarity may create monotonous
effect. To avoid monotony some variety is
Emphasis needed which can be achieved through shapes,
size, texture, idea and colour. A good design
Proportion must combine these two important principles
namely unity and variety to add interest.
Fig. 7.16 Principles of Design
In home decoration, in the arrangement of
The principles of design serve as guides in the furniture shape harmony should be considered.
process of formulating good designs. Large objects or masses should be placed to
follow the boundary lines of the enclosing shape,
In home decoration (home design), a and only the smaller objects should vary from
person should take help of the elements of art the general directions. To give variety, some
and the principles of design to create beautiful of the small objects may be placed at slightly
and functional places. This helps to enhance varied angles.
the aesthetic appeal of interior spaces. Person
must have the knowledge of manipulating the The first picture given below is a picture of
elements of art and principles of design for a living room where the sofa is placed parallel
achieving this objective. to the wall length and the sofa chair is placed
an angle to add a touch of variety. The second
Let’s Discuss all the principles :

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picture has cartoon images on the wall which a. Symmetrical balance : This is also called
harmonize in the room as it is the children’s as formal balance. This balance is obtained
bedroom. by arranging identical objects or the objects
having identical visual weights at equal
Fig. 7.18 (a) Shape harmony in Furniture distances from the central point. It creates
Arrangement formal atmosphere especially suitable in
places where formal atmosphere is required
for example in offices where formal meetings
are to be held. It is quiet and dignified. It
lacks variety and may become monotonous.

b. Asymmetrical or informal balance : It
is also termed as informal balance. It is
created when the objects that do not attract
same amount of attention are arranged at
different distances from the central point.
It creates informal atmosphere and affords
greater opportunity for variation in the
arrangement.

c. Radial balance : When all the parts or
elements radiate from the canter out to
the periphery the balance is called radial
balance.

Fig. 7.18 (b) Harmony in Children’s Bedroom Fig. 7.19 Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Balance

Fig. 7.18 Harmony in Interior Design Balance plays an important role in home
decoration, where the visual weights on both
2. Balance : This is a principle that helps the sides of an imaginary axis should attract
to create appealing visual impact in equal attention of the viewer’s. This can be
visual art as well as in all fields of home achieved by using bright colours, bold forms,
decoration. large patterns, strong contrasts which have more
psychological impact on human minds. It is used
Definition : in almost all the aspects of home decoration
Balance is defined as rest or repose. like furniture arrangement, flower arrangement,
Balance is achieved by grouping shapes table setting etc.
and colours around a center in such a way
that there are equal weights on all sides In home decoration, while arranging the
of the center. furniture, the large pieces of furniture should
be placed first, with regard to balancing centers
There are three types of balance- of interest in the room. The smaller, movable
symmetrical, asymmetrical and radial.

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objects would then be arranged so that they will Rhythmic eye movement can be created
make convenient groups as well as balanced through :
units. After the furniture has been arranged, a. Repetition of shapes
the attention is turned to the balance within b. Progression of sizes
each group. A well-balanced wall will have c. Radiating lines
approximately the same amount of attraction d. Continuous line movement
on both the sides of the center line. These are also called as types of rhythm.

Fig. 7.20 (a) Formal Balance - Interior Fig. 7.21 (a) Repetition of Shapes

Fig. 7.20 (b) Radial Balance - Rangoli Design Fig. 7.21 (b) Progression of Sizes
Fig. 7.21 (c) Radiating Lines
Fig. 7.20 Balance in Interior Design

3. Rhythm : Rhythm helps to create an
orderly movement of the eye throughout
the design or decoration.

Definition : Rhythm is defined as a kind
of movement in a design. But it must be
recognized that not all kinds of movements
in a design are rhythmic. In art, rhythm
means an easy connected path along which
the eye may travel in any arrangement of
lines, forms or colours in a design.

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Fig. 7.21 (d) Continuous Line Movement Fig. 7.22 (b) Rhythm in Flower Arrangement
Fig. 7.21 Ways of Creating Rhythm in Design
Fig. 7.22 Rhythm in Interior Design
In home decoration rhythm is seen in the
pleats of curtains and draperies, arrangement 4. Emphasis : In simple words, emphasis
of artificial lights, in rangoli design, in flower means giving importance to some
arrangement etc. It may also be observed feature in the design or an object in an
in a wall paper or a rug pattern. It is easy arrangement. It helps to create a centre
to imagine a wall paper or a rug pattern with of interest or focal point in a design.
bold, swinging, rhythmic line which may be It is necessary to understand how to
very agreeable when seen in a small piece, but subordinate some elements in order to
repeated over so large an area as the whole wall emphasize specific element in a design
or floor, it will show too much action and will or arrangement.
detract from the objects in the room. In other
words, the coverings of walls and floors should Definition : Emphasis is the art principle
either be plain or have a very quiet design so by which the eye is carried first to the
that they create the effect of backgrounds for most important thing in any arrangement,
furnishings and furniture to be seen or placed and from that point to every other detail
against them. One can enjoy rhythmic movement in the order of its importance.
in small areas, such as in curtain materials or
in posters. In arranging furniture and decorative A designer needs to understand the
objects in the room, these should be so arranged following aspects for creating emphasis:
as to carry the eye towards the centres of interest
where it should remain at rest for a while and a. What to emphasize : In each field of
then slowly moves through the other objects. decoration, the most important features
may vary, but the one that should
Fig. 7.22 (a) Rhythm in Wallpaper have the least emphasis is likely to be
the same, it is the background against
which objects are seen. That means the
background should be less conspicuous
than the objects to be seen against them.

b. How to emphasize : There are many
ways of creating emphasis:

i. by placing or grouping of objects

ii. by using contrasts of colour

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iii. by using decoration Fig. 7.23 (b) Emphasis-Party Decoration
iv. by leaving sufficient space as
Fig. 7.23 Emphasis in Interior Design
background around an object
v. by Contrasting or using unusual 5. Proportion : It is the basic principle of
design. This principle finds application
lines, shapes or sizes in all designs, be it dress design, interior
c. How much to emphasize : The simplest design or any other kind of design.

answer to this question is “keep it Definition : The principle of proportion is
simple”. There should not be too much also called the law of relationship.
decoration in a design.
d. Where to place emphasis : If the object This principle states that the relations
is to be viewed on a horizontal surface, between various parts of the same object, the
it should be placed at the centre of the relationship with the objects in a group and
space under consideration, with equal the relationship with the whole area should
margins on all the sides. If it to be viewed be pleasing and consistent. For example; the
in vertical position, the lowest margin at sizes of various parts of furniture should be
the bottom should be the widest one, proportionate to each other, the size of the
with equal margins on all the other sides. furniture should be proportionate with the rest
In home decoration, one should keep it in of the furniture pieces in the group and size
mind that the amount of emphasis suitable varies of the complete group should be proportionate
with the room and with the people who live in with the size of the room.
it. It is advisable to limit the amount of pattern
in a room, so one should decide where it will The ‘Greek oblong’ is a standard for good
be enjoyed most and then subordinate the other proportion. It is also called as ‘the golden
objects in the room, so that the pattern may be oblong’. This oblong uses the ratio of 2:3 or 3:5
appreciated. It is desirable to have one principal which are useful in deciding any space division
center of interest in every room, but each wall or arrangement, sizes of objects or decorative
should have its own focal point so that the room designs.
may be agreeable to look at from any position.
The Greek oblong measured approximately
Fig. 7.23 (a) Emphasis - Room Decoration two units on the short side and three equal units
on the long side. Most people find this more
beautiful than a square because the equal sides
make the square more obvious because of which

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it has no variety. It has more beauty than a very For example, the room that is too low may have
long, narrow oblong, in which there is variety but a suggestion of vertical stripes in the design of
the breadth and length vary so greatly that they the wallpaper. Windows that are too short may
there is variety but do not seem to be related. have long, narrow draperies and no valance.
The chair that is too low may have vertically
'A' 'B' G striped cover. The stripes should be arranged to
A B carry the eye up and down. While selecting and
arranging the furniture, the person must have
knowledge of scale. Scale is an important aspect
of proportion. If the room is big the furniture
pieces can be big and for a smaller room, the
furniture pieces should be small in size.

DE C F

'C' Fig. 7.25 (a) Proportion in Furniture Arrangement

Fig. 7.24 Square, Long Narrow and Golden Oblong Fig. 7.25 (b)Wall Paper With Vertical Design
Fig. 7.25 Proportion in Interior Design
In the above sketch, ‘A’ depicts a square
in which all sides are equal and so there is
no variety. ‘B’ depicts a long narrow oblong
having variety but no unity. ‘C’ is based on the
principle of golden ratio where there are two
equal parts on the shorter side and three equal
parts on the longer side. This oblong has unity
as well as variety. Thus, the proportions are
found interesting.

In any design if the proportions seem to
be incorrect, the correct use of lines helps to
alter proportions apparently. It is often said that
horizontal lines add width and vertical lines add
height.

In Interior Design, this property of lines to
alter the apparent sizes becomes very useful.

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Can you recall ?

• Every family wishes to have a well decorated • Colour is an important element of art. Colours
and nicely designed home. have a tremendous effect on the emotions
of people and are largely responsible for
• The knowledge of elements of art and the atmosphere created. Thus, selection of
principles of design can provide necessary a colour scheme needs to be done carefully.
guidance to the family members for creating
beautiful, pleasant and functional spaces. • Along with the elements of art, basic
principles of design namely harmony,
• The basic elements of art are- light, lines, balance, rhythm, emphasis and proportion
space, form and shape, texture, pattern and are used by the designer to create design.
colour.
• In simple words harmony means unity.
• Light is the element that makes it possible Harmony is the art principle which produces
to produce and appreciate any design. The an impression of unity through the selection
expression of beauty is incomplete without and arrangement of consistent objects and
light. ideas.

• Line is the basic element in creative design. • Balance is defined as rest or repose. It is
Lines add character to a room and also achieved by grouping shapes and colours
create various psychological effects on around a center in such a way that there are
human minds. equal weights on all sides of the center.

• Space is an important element in art. For • Rhythm is defined as a kind of movement.
any human activity space provides the In art, rhythm means an easy connected
facility for movement and experience. path along which the eye may travel in any
arrangement of lines, forms or colours in a
• Form and space are interrelated. Shapes are design.
mostly the flat enclosures of space and form
includes a volume surrounded by limiting • Emphasis is the art principle by which the
factors. eye is carried first to the most important
thing in any arrangement, and from that
• Each and every object whether natural or point to every other detail in the order of
artificial has its own texture. There are two its importance.
types of textures- Tactile and Visual.
• Proportion is the basic principle in art and
• In home decoration pattern helps to create design. It is also called the law of relationship.
liveliness and interest in a room.

Exercises

Objective questions : 2. The feeling of life and action is indicated
through __________ lines.
1) Multiple choice questions :
a) horizontal b) vertical
1. Natural light varies widely in colour and
__________ throughout the day. c) curved d) diagonal

a) Intensity b) darkness 3. The feeling of movement and restlessness
is created by __________ type of lines.
c) colour value d) lightness
a) vertical b) curved

c) diagonal d) horizontal

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4. In interior design walls and floor create 3) Identify whether the following statements
__________ of a room and enclose the are true or false :

space within. a) Lines do not create psychological effect
on human beings.
a) shape b) form
b) The form of a room encloses space.
c) area d) texture
c) Texture is realized by touching as well
5. The texture that is understood by touching as through vision.
the object is called __________ texture.
d) Stylized patterns look like forms observed
a) tactile b) visual in the nature.

c) rough d) smooth e) Intermediate colours are prepared by
mixing two primary colours.
6. The flat enclosures of space are called as
__________ . f) Black object reflects all the waves of light
and absorbs none.
a) shapes b) forms
g) Analogous colour scheme uses colours
c) area d) volume that are next to each other on the colour
wheel.
7. The patterns that use pictures of flowers,
fruits etc. are called as __________ patterns. h) Harmony is achieved through the
selection and arrangement of consistent
a) geometric b) stylized objects and ideas.

c) naturalistic d) abstract i) Symmetrical balance is achieved by
arranging unidentical objects around the
8. Out of the following colours __________ axis.

is a secondary colour. j) In art rhythm is related to movement of
the eye.
a) Green b) Blue
k) In creating any design, the background
c) Pink d) yellow is always kept less conspicuous.

9. The colours prepared by mixing two primary l) The Golden Oblong uses the proportion
colours are called __________ colours. of 3:3.

a) Intermediate b) cool Short answer questions :

c) Secondary d) warm 1) Define the following terms :

10. The colour scheme that uses only one a) Harmony
colour is called as ______________ colour
scheme. b) Asymmetrical balance

a) complementary b) monochromatic c) Rhythm

c) analogous d) triad d) Emphasis

2) Match the following pairs : e) Proportion

A B 2) Differentiate between the following :
Impression of unity
Form Identical objects a) Natural and artificial lighting.
Repetition of shapes
Pattern b) Psychological effects of vertical and
Surface Enrichment horizontal lines.
Complementary
colour scheme Yellow and Purple

Symmetrical
balance

Harmony

Rhythm Volume

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c) Shape and form Long answer questions :
d) Tactile and visual texture
e) Symmetrical and asymmetrical balance a) What is harmony? Explain its use in
interior decoration.
3) Write short notes on the following :
a) Importance of texture in human life b) Describe how the principle of balance is
b) Monochromatic and analogous colour useful in interior design.
schemes
c) Complementary and double c) Explain the term rhythm and describe
complementary colour schemes how it is useful in interior decoration.
d) Radial balance
d) What are the various aspects of emphasis?
4) Answer the following in brief : Explain with the help of sketches.
a) What are the various characteristics of
lines as an art element? e) What is emphasis? How is it useful in
b) What is space? What is its importance in interior design?
Interior Design?
c) Describe various types of patterns in Project / Assignment :
brief. 1. Download five pictures from the internet
d) What are the various dimensions of
colour? showing furniture arrangements in
e) Explain split complementary and triad various rooms and try to identify the use
colour scheme with the help of suitable of various elements of art and principles
examples. of design.

Practical / Related Activities :
1. Prepare a colour wheel.
2. Draw freehand designs in the squares

of 10 cm × 10 cm on plain paper and
colour them up by using any two colour
schemes.

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8. HOUSEHOLD ACCESSORIES

8.1 Meaning and Definition
8.2 Classification of Accessories
8.3 Some Important Accessories and their Care
8.4 Importance of Accessories
8.5 Guidelines in Selection and Placement of Accessories

Introduction : ‘Interior design accessories are decorative
or functional items that add the finishing
Accessories play an important role in the touches to a chosen home style’.
furnishing of room and add functional and
aesthetic appeal to any room in the house. Accessories have functional as well as
They are purchased gradually for the purpose aesthetic value and thus are acquired by the
of decoration of a house or because they are felt families carefully. These are things, which are
necessary for carrying out certain activities. A acquired by collection or bought for the need
house without accessories would be unattractive of it.
and uninteresting.
8.2 Classification of accessories :
Can you tell the meaning of accessories ?
Accessories are classified into two types:
8.1 Meaning and definition : functional accessories and decorative accessories.

In every design, there are certain elements 1. Functional accessories : As the name
that are of primary importance. There are certain suggests, these accessories are the
items that support such primary elements and items or objects that are meant for
are of secondary importance. However, these carrying out some function. The process
items are necessary from the point of view of manufacture of these accessories
of aesthetics and functionality of that design. emphasizes the structural aspects rather
These support items are called accessories. than the appearance. This is because
For example,items like wall clock, a flower the function that they serve is far more
vase, a painting put up on the wall etc. are the important than their appearance. Though
supporting secondary items which are termed the aesthetical appearance is considered
as accessories. as secondary, it should be pleasing and
attractive. Such functional accessories
Definition : should meet certain requirements.

Accessories are defined as: ‘The elements These accessories are used in residential as
that bring charm, individuality and vitality well as commercial places. The interiors
to a room’. of offices for example, require more
functional accessories, than other places.
Accessories can be defined as: ‘The In a typical office,on a desk accessories
objects used to decorate and define the like a file tray, pen and pencil holder,
purpose of the room, which also exhibits calendar, telephone etc. are commonly
the taste, individuality and personality of
the inmates’.

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found. Along with these,a waste basket, Always remember :
a clock, calendar, an umbrella stand
etc. are also found necessary. These Accessories may be decorative only or
same accessories may be needed in a decorative cum functional : Almost all
number of rooms in a residence also. accessories have some functional as well as
In residences, the number of functional aesthetic value. But usually a few articles are
accessories increases to help in the flow selected for their beauty and for the purpose
of work. Living rooms and bedrooms of enhancing the aesthetical value of interior.
needs to have accessories such as clocks, A decorative accessory may also serve to be
flower vases, lamps and trays for holding a functional accessory for example, a clock
smaller objects etc. in a living room or a decorative lamp on the
bed side table. Some accessories can either
Use your brain : be purely decorative like art objects, antique
implements, paintings and so on, or be
Make a list of functional accessories for functional like lamps, pillows, flower vases
the following rooms. and room dividers.

Sr. No. Room List of accessories 8.3 Some important accessories and their care

1. Kitchen • Some Important Accessories :

2. Dining Room Can you make a list of household
accessories ?
3. Children's
Room There are number of accessories which
can be used in a house. The choice depends
4. Bathroom on individual likes, dislikes and interest.
Following are some important accessories that
2. Decorative accessories : The objects, are commonly found in houses.
in an interior that cannot be described
as having a "real" function and are • Pictures : In home decoration, pictures
exclusively used to enhance the beauty are considered as important decorative
of a space are called as decorative accessories. They should be selected
accessories. These accessories are used carefully by considering their aesthetic
for the purpose of decoration in a room. appeal and theme of their subject matter.
Some examples of decorative accessories They should be placed at the eye level of a
are paintings, wall hangings, flower standing person. Pictures should be placed
arrangements, artificial flowers, indoor flat against the wall with no strings showing.
plants, sculptures etc. Such decorative
accessories should have pleasing For hanging pictures and creating attractive
appearance for enhancing the aesthetic design in a room, one requires to use the
value of interiors. Their decorative as knowledge of a few art principles. Pictures
well as structural design should be good. should harmonize in colour and style with
Their selection should be done very the colour of the room and other furnishing.
carefully so that they harmonize with the Along with the room, their size and shape
furnishings and the theme of the room. should relate to the wall area and furniture
That means their number, size, shape and against which they are placed. The outline
colour should blend with the rest of the of the pictures will produce a division of
furnishing materials used in a room.

84

wall space that should establish pleasing table and the room. They should be low
proportions. It is frequently more interesting in height when placed on dining table so
to group several related pictures rather that people can see each other and do not
than have them distributed. Symmetrical interfere in the communication. The colours
or asymmetrical balance may be created in should harmonize with the colour of the
their placement in a group. room and other items placed on the table.
The arrangement should be balanced in
itself. The flower arrangement should be
proportionate to the flower vase used.

Fig. 8.1 (a) Pictures as Accessories
Fig. 8.2 (a) Flowers and Foliage as Accessory

Fig. 8.1 (b) Picture as an Accessories Fig. 8.2 (b) Flowers and Foliage as Accessory

• Flowers and foliage : The fresh flowers
and foliage as accessories add liveliness to
a room. They can be placed on a center
table in the living room, on dining table
etc. Such flower arrangements should be
large enough to attract attention but not
too large to dominate the room. They
should be proportionate to the size of the

85

• Flower Vases : Its main function is to hold • Indoor Plants : Green plants placed in the
the flowers and the foliage. It should have room become a very attractive decorative
capacity to hold sufficient quantity of water accessory and add life and interest to a
so that the flower arrangement done in it room. They are not very expensive and are
remains fresh for hours together. Flower commonly used by many families. Placement
vase should not have too dominant design of plants depends upon the size of the overall
otherwise the attention of the viewers may be plant, the size, colour and texture of the
attracted towards it rather than the beautiful leaves. Large plants should stand on the
arrangement done in it. The size, shape and floor in the corners of the room, hanging or
colour of the vase should harmonize with the drooping plants should be placed high on
room or the place where it is to be placed. hanging baskets. Plants with small leaves and
lot of foliage can be kept at the table level
for all round viewing.

Fig. 8.4 (a) Indoor Plant as an Accessory

Fig. 8.3 (a) Flower Vases as Accessory

Fig. 8.3 (b) Flower Vases as Accessory Fig. 8.4 (b) Indoor Plant as an Accessory

At times vases without flowers are used • Artificial Flowers : These turn out to be
as accessory in a room. Their graceful an attractive decorative accessory. They
lines can themselves add to the beauty of are not very expensive and do not require
a room. They should harmonize with the much attention. They should harmonize
colour, size, shape of the room and also be with the colour of the room, colour of the
proportionate to the room. other furnishings and the other accessories
placed in the room. They should also be

86

proportionate with the place where it is to
be kept. Now days running flower libraries
is being taken up as a career by a number of
women. It is an asset for working women.

Fig. 8.6 (a) Lamps as an Accessory

Fig. 8.5 (a) Artificial Flowers as an Accessory

Fig. 8.5 (b) Artificial Flowers as an Accessory Fig. 8.6 (b) Lamp as an Accessory

• Lamps : A lamp is functional only when • Wall Clocks : As a functional accessory,the
it turns out to be a source of good lighting first and the foremost important requirement
arrangement. Its height, the spread of light, is that it must keep time. The numbers
dispersion of light through the lamp shade and hands should be bold and clear. As
is of prime importance. Lamps should be 28 an accessory though it must be beautiful
to 30 inches tall if they are to be used on and should harmonize with the colour of
low or medium height tables. They should the room. Also its size and shape should
harmonize in colour, size and shape, texture harmonize with the size and shape of the
with the rest of objects in the room. The room.
lamp itself should have balanced design so
that it stands erect. Fig. 8.7 (a) Wall Clock as an Accessory

87

• Wastepaper Basket : It is an important
functional accessory as it is required in
every room. Being a functional accessory,
it should be large, made of durable material
and should be placed at convenient place. It
is also considered as a decorative accessory
and from that point of view its colour should
blend with the room and the shape should
harmonize with the other shapes.

Fig. 8.7 (b) Wall Clock as an Accessory

• Mirrors : Mirrors are considered as
functional as well as decorative accessory.
Mirrors are essential in the dressing area of
the bedrooms. As a functional accessory it
should reflect the image clearly and should
be free from distortions. Large mirrors
produce a feeling of spaciousness in the
area where they are placed. As decorative
accessory, mirrors are obtained with
beautifully designed frames. In general,
they should harmonize with the room space.

Fig. 8.9 (a) Wastepaper Basket as an Accessory
Fig. 8.8 (a) Mirrors as an Accessory

Fig. 8.8 (b) Mirrors as an Accessory Fig. 8.9 (b) Wastepaper Basket as an Accessory
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• Accessories in the form of Handicrafts Sr. No. States/ Accessories
of India : Number of beautiful Handicraft Region
materials are manufactured in various states
of India, which can be used in a house for patterns in walnut
increasing the aesthetical appeal. These wood, inlay work
include metalwork, wood carving, pottery, in wood, sankheda
basketry and Indian Textiles etc. Following style furniture from
table depicts various handcrafted and Gujarat, rose wood
traditional accessories from various states: and sandal wood
work for decorative
Sr. No. States/ Accessories articles etc.
1. Region
Maharashtra, Fine Terracotta work 6. Rajasthan, Pottery in blue and
2. South India articles. Examples:
and Ben- pots in various Uttar Pradesh turquoise glazes
gal shapes, lamps, bells,
animals figures etc. (Khurja, (Rajasthan), black
Uttar Pradesh
(Varanasi, Engraved Azamgarh, pottery (U.P.)
Moradabad), brassware with or
Rajasthan without enamel Aligarh),
(Jaipur) covering. Examples-
flower vases, fruit 7. Assam, West Varied basketry
bowls, table tops,
bells, candle stands Bengal, accessories as a folk
etc.
Orissa, Uttar craft from bamboo,

Pradesh and cane, grasses, reeds,

Tamilnadu leaves of coconut

and date palms.

Examples- baskets,

mats, boxes, trays,

toys, dolls, costume

jewellery, wall hang-

3. Karnataka Bidri work : ings etc.

(Bidar), lustrous silver and 8. Uttar Pradesh Indian Textiles-

Telangana gold inlay on strik- (Banaras), varied articles and

(Hyderabad) ing jet-black oxi- Gujarat silks like brokades,

dized background. (Saurashtra), patolas, kanjivaram,

Examples : Wall Rajasthan chanderi, kota ma-

plaques, paper cut- (Jaipur), terials etc. are used

ters, fruit dishes etc. Tamilnadu for making beautiful

4. South India Metal sculptures in (Madurai) and fine accesso-

(Madras, fine Chola ries along with tie

Madurai tradition represent- and dye technique

and Banga- ing gods and articles.

lore) goddesses made in 9. Chhattis- Tribal art of Bastar.
garh Examples- Bam-
brass, bell metal or boo art, bell metal
(Dhokra), Tatoo
oxidised metal. motifs on textiles
(Gonda), Wrought
5. Punjab, Wood work- Wood Iorn (Loha Shilpa),
Terracotta Tumba,
Kashmir and carving, new designs wood carving etc.

Gujarat in wooden furniture,

variegated designs in

raised or engraved

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Use your brain : Examples of accessories ¾ Wood : Wood is used extensively in
from various categories are given in the interior design for making furniture as
table below. Can you state some more well as accessories. For maintenance of the
examples ? wooden accessories processes like repairing,
polishing, varnishing, painting are useful.
Sr. Type of Indian Examples These processes give a new appearance to
No. Handicraft the articles and also increase their durability.

1. Metal Sculptures, candle ¾ Glass : Recently glass has become a very
stands, ..................... popular material for accessories used in
.................................. residential as well as commercial interiors.
Glass can be cleaned with warm soapy water
2. Wood Low stools, flower or a tissue paper or simple newspaper which
Carvings vases, ....................... is dipped in soap water.
..................................
¾ Ceramic : Number of accessories made
3. Pottery Lamps, pots, ........... from ceramic may find place in interiors.
(Terracotta .................................. Cleaning and maintaining them is very easy.
Work) ................................. These objects can be cleaned by using water
and any mild detergents using soft fabrics
4. Basketry Baskets, wall hang- or microfiber dusters.
ings, .........................
.................................. ¾ Aluminium : This is not a very common
material used for accessories. But since it
5. Indian Textiles Frames, Wall hang- is light in weight and is available in bright
ings, ......................... colours it may be used in interiors. It can
.................................. be cleaned with mild detergent.

• Care of accessories : Proper care and ¾ Porcelain : Porcelain again is not a very
maintenance of accessories is an essential popular material for accessories. But if
aspect in the effective use of both the used, they can be cleaned easily with soap
functional and decorative accessories. solution.
The care and maintenance of accessories
totally depends on the material used for ¾ Plastic : Use of plastic is common for
manufacturing the accessories. making various objects used in interiors.
They can be cleaned with soap solution.
Always remember :
¾ Cast Iron : Few years back use of cast
Following are some useful tips for care iron for manufacturing various objects was
and maintenance based on material : very common. However, now days its use
for manufacturing objects has reduced. Such
¾ Brass : Some families have a love for brass objects rust due to humidity in the air. For
accessories. When brass comes in contact maintaining them, first the rust needs to be
with air, oxidation takes place. Traditional removed and then painting can be done with
method for cleaning such accessories is synthetic enamel.
using tamarind and salt. After cleaning,
brass is generally polished by using a polish ¾ Fabric : Fabric is commonly used for
available in the market. making various accessories. These can

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be cleaned and maintained by periodical 8.5 Guidelines for selection and placement of
dusting, washing and ironing. However, this accessories : The selection of accessories totally
process depends on the nature of the objects. depends on personal likes, dislikes and interests
If required dry cleaning can be done. because of which the selection of accessories
varies from individual to individual. Thus,it is
¾ Mirrors : Mirrors can be effectively cleaned difficult to formulate rules about them. Everyone
by using a tissue paper or a newspaper by is entitled to his or her own views on aesthetics
dipping it in soap water. The decorative but there are certain accepted standards, which
frames of the mirrors can be polished or have been put forth by people with trained eyes.
varnished to give a fresh look. The object should be aesthetically beautiful. It
should have a good structural and decorative
¾ Small Rugs : Normally, these are cleaned design.
by using a vacuum cleaner. Drying in sun
after removing the dust or soil is also Consider this :
suggested. If they are washable, they can
be washed and dried in sun. There are certain well-accepted norms
that should be followed in the selection and
8.4 Importance of accessories : arrangement of accessories. They are as
follows :
Can you tell the importance of accessories ?
• The accessories should be kept to the
• Accessories define the purpose of the room, minimum. Placement of too many accessories
complete and highlight an aspect of the may create confusion of the eye.
decoration.
• Accessories need to be placed with space
• Accessories create a visual center of interest between individual items, so that they can
in a room. For example, by arranging a be enjoyed separately while still forming
group of pictures or an antique rug. part of a unit.

• Without accessories, a room is sterile. An • The accessories should be placed at important
interior needs to be more than just walls, points in the room and should create focal
floor and ceiling. The accessories, in point in the room. By choosing the same
addition to their basic function make the colours or shapes, the decorator can use the
interior finished and liveable. accessories to create unity in a room.

• Accessories make the interior spaces come • The accessories should follow the theme
alive as they add texture, colour, pattern and of the room and should be related to the
form. furniture and furniture groupings.

• Accessories pull the design scheme of a • Accessories should have some personal
room together and increase the aesthetic significance and importance for the family
value of a room. members.

• Accessories are aesthetically pleasing and • Accessories should be related to the function
bring in a stimulating or restful environment. and the use of the room. The living room
accessories should be of general interest and
• A good collection and arrangement of appeal.
accessories adds status, a personal character
and reflects the personality of the individual • All accessories should have decorative or
or that of the family members. functional values or they should have both
the values.
• Accessories can be used to create a focal
point or it can be the center of emphasis.

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