History

Collect information of following Let us collect information.
Collect information about various
schemes : services like ‘Sarvabhaum Suvarn Rokhe’
(Gold Bonds issued by the Government),
National Pension Scheme, Pradhan ‘Electronic Indian Postal Order’,
Mantri Suraksha Vima Yojana, Pradhan ‘E-Dakghar’, ‘E-Payment Portal’, ‘Mobile
Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Vima Yojana, Atal App’ etc., by interviewing the Postmaster
Pension Yojana, Indian Post Payments Bank. of any branch.

Speed Post : The service of ‘Speed Let us know :
Post’ changed the very nature of Indian Collect information with the help of
Postal Service. This service was started in internet about the ‘Rafi Ahmad Kidwai
1986. Many people take advantage of this National Postal Academy’ (Gaziabad).
service, to the tune of more than three
crores of letters and parcels being delivered The postal department is also concerned
every month. The postal department sends
a message of successful delivery on the with the requirements of philatelists.
mobile phone of the sender. This facility
has made the speed post service more Philately is a valued hobby at international
reliable. In addition, the postal department
now offers courier services like delivery of level. Special limited issues of artistic
passport, business parcels, cash-on-delivery,
logistics post and air freights. Earlier, if postage stamps are published by the postal
anybody wanted to post letters or gift
articles, etc. on a larger scale, the tasks department. In the year, from April 2017
like putting the letters in envelopes or
packaging of the gift articles, the sender to March 2018, the postal department
had to do them personally. Now the post
office offers the packaging service at extra published 50 issues of postage stamps
charge. This has increased the business of
the postal department. There are one lakh based on various themes. It included the
and fifty five thousand post offices, which
are offering services like paying various subjects like Meghalaya Caves, rare Indian
bills, sending festive greetings cards and
similar objects. birds, Ramayan, Mahabharat, Indian

The postal department has started a cuisine, Winning designs of ‘nests’ from a
very novel service since 2016 of delivering
Ganges water (Ganga Jal) at personal children’s competition, ‘Heritage’
addresses from Rishikesh and Gangotri.
Along with it facilities like buying architectural wells (for example, ‘Rani ki
personalised postage stamps with a personal
photograph, buying newly issued postage Vav’), Hand fans, Solar system, Indian
stamps at philatelic centres, special schemes
for philatelists are available at ‘Post Shops’ headgears, Centenary of the Champarnya
opened at 80 post offices.
Satyagrah, etc. The postage stamps of

Ramayana were distributed in 40 countries

through the Indian embassies.

11.3 Economic Issues

An example is cited here to have a
glance of the economic growth.

92

Ministry of Disinvestment : The Advanced Computing), Pune. In 1998, an
Government of India established a separate advanced version of ‘Param-8000’ was
‘Ministry of Disinvestment’ to take care of made, which was named as ‘Param-10000’.
its disinvestment policy, i.e. the gradual Its mathematical potential was enormous,
withdrawal of governmental investment in because of which India entered the global
the public sectors. The Government is computer market. India won its place
focusing on reducing its investment in the among the leading countries with high
sectors like mining, petroleum refineries, technological knowhow of computer making.
roads and highways, port trusts, In 1999, a project of creating a still further
telecommunication and foreign investments version of ‘Param-10000’ was undertaken.
in these sectors are now permitted. The This computer was named as ‘Parampadma’.
policies of ‘Privatisation, Liberalisation and ‘Parampadma Super Computer’ was
Globalisation’ (popularly known as dedicated to the nation in 2003.
‘KHAUJA’), boosted the confidence of
Indian companies and some of them The Indian software industry was
established themselves in global markets by benefitted because of the policy of
acquiring foreign companies in the steel, liberalisation. The Central Government’s
pharmaceuticals, tea production and also favourable policies for software industry,
automobiles sectors. foresightedness of the Indian entrepreneurs,
the nationwide spread of computer and
In 2016, the ‘Ministry of Disinvestment’ information technology, computer engineers
was renamed as ‘Department of Investment who are also proficient in the use of
and Public Asset Management (DIPAM)’. English language resulted in tremendous
increase in the Indian export of software.
11.4 BRICS It increased from 3.2% to more than 25%.

This organisation was established in In 1995, internet services began in the
2006. Its name is formed by adopting the Indian metropolises. In 2004, Tata
first letter of the names of the participant Consultancy was the biggest firm in Asia
countries. The participant member are providing software services. Pune and
Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Bengaluru developed as Information
Africa. This organisation was established Technology (IT) hubs. The population in
with an aim of enhancing the trade among India using internet services is rapidly
these countries. The 11th conference of increasing. Indian IT engineers are in great
BRICS was organised in Brazil. The theme demand all over the world.
of this conference was ‘Economic Growth
for an Innovative Future’. Subjects like In the field of science, India, to prove
technological co-operation, technology and its nuclear strength, conducted underground
innovation, digital economy, international nuclear tests two times at Pokharan in
crime, financial scams were discussed. (Ref. Rajasthan. The Indian satellite, ‘Oceansat-1’
launched and entered the orbit in 1999 to
: BRICS.org.pib.nic.in) collect oceanographic information (about
oceans and seacoasts). In 2000, ‘Bharat
11.5 Science and Technology Sanchar Nigam Ltd., (BSNL) was
established to provide services like cellular
Only a few instances of significance phones (mobile phones), internet and
are mentioned in this part. broadband.

A super-computer named as 93
‘Param-8000’ was created with the help of
C-DAC (Centre for Development of

Indian Science Congress 11.6 Defence Affairs
Association : This association was
established on 15th January 1914 with In 1999 Pakistan intruded Kashmir.
the objective of promoting scientific This intrusion started a war between India
environment in India and publishing and Pakistan. This war was fought in the
dissertations, research papers and Kargil-Drass area in Ladakh. Hence it is
periodicals. In 1975, Asima Chatterjee known as ‘Kargil War’. It is also referred
became the first female scientist to be to as ‘Operation Vijay’ by the Indian army.
elected as the General President of the ‘Operation Vijay’ was successful and India
62nd Indian Science Congress emerged victorious in it. This war alerted
Association. the Indian authorities for modernisation of
the Indian military. Processes of updating
In 2007, India entered a new field of the military, equipments and arms, training,
space research. It commercially launched etc. were further intensified.
the Italian satellite. Other nations had
submitted tenders quoting very high rates, In 2009, India successfully built a
to get this contract. However, India got this ‘Strategic Strike Nuclear Submarine’, of
contract by quoting reasonable rates. ‘Arihant’ Class. This was the first nuclear
Nevertheless, India earned considerable submarine built in India. Its first patrol
profit through the Italian contract. Before round was completed with Russia’s
entering this field on commercial basis, co-operation. Thus, India is the sixth country
India had already successfully launched the in the world to develop indigenous
satellites of Argentina, Belgium, South technology of building nuclear submarines.
Korea, Indonesia and Germany. In 2008, The Indian Government had involved private
India launched ‘Chandrayaan-1’, the first Indian entrepreneurs too, in this project.
lunar probe. Through the information sent
by ‘Chandrayaan-1’, India could collect
evidence for the presence of water on the
moon. After that India also launched
‘Chandrayaan-2’ and ‘Mangalyaan’.

VVPAT- Voter Verified Paper Audit The Government of India emphasised
on indigenous production by using
Trail indigenous technology (‘Make in India’),
on recruiting women officers in military
The Government of India started and also on combined Exercise with
using this machine for the Nagaland militaries of other nations. There is
Assembly elections in 2011. Since 2019, increasing focus on the exchange of latest
this device has been widely used for Lok technology, to fight terrorism, to augment
Sabha elections. The slip generated by the our own competencies and optimum use of
machine can be checked to determine modern technology for ending terrorism.
whom you voted for. The voter sees the The Exercise with Oman military at Bakloh,
slip in a few seconds after the vote. The Himachal Pradesh, is apparently the result
voter can confirm his or her own vote of these policies. In the Exercise with Nepal
through this machine.

94

Do you know ? service commission. Women can join
through Union Public Service Commision.
Indian military is the first to There are a few reserved seats for women,
give training to foreign women who have completed N.C.C. training.
officers. During a training session
organised in Chennai, women officers 11.7 Youth related Policies
in the Afghan Air Force were trained.
It included training for the India is a country with maximum
development of physical capabilities, proportion of young people. Individuals in
use of latest arms, war strategies, the age group of 15-29 are considered as
communication skills and leadership ‘Youth’. The ‘Youth’, if provided with
qualities. In 2016, the Indian Air opportunities of education and skill training,
Force commissioned three women can contribute significantly in the
pilots, for the first time. Their names development of India. A number of centres
are, Avani Chaturvedi, Bhavana of ‘Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan’ were
Kant and Mohana Singh. After established in 1972. These centres began
completing their training successfully, training young people for various skills.
they resumed their duty as flying The programmes run by these centres were
officers. eventually merged in ‘National Youth
Empowerment Programme’. This programme
the thrust was on the critical tactics to fight
with terrorists in mountainous terrains. put a thrust on
There were combined Exercise of Mangolian topics like literacy,
army and ‘Jammu and Kashmir Rifles’. education, health
The Exercise of Indian and American army and hygiene,
together was done in America. The Exercise family welfare,
with Sri Lankan army was organised in preservation and
Pune. This practice session was meant for conservation of
training the soldiers for fighting terrorism environment, awareness of social issues,
in semi-urban environment. Exercise with rural development and self employment.
Russian military was organised in Russia.
Similar Exercise were organised with 12th January is the birth anniversary
Bangladesh and England as well. of Swami Vivekanand. It is observed as
‘National Youth Day’. Every year, National
Such exercises are useful for both Youth Festival is celebrated in the month
countries because of the technological of January. This festival is organised jointly
exchange that happens on these occasions. by the Government of India and one of the
They help to know and practice new State Governments. This festival is designed
methods of resolving problems. The process to provide a platform for the artisitic talents
of modernisation of arms gives impetus to of young individuals.
further research.
‘Youth Hostels Association of India’
To join the armed forces is one of the has established youth hostels in various
best careers for young people. There are parts of the country. These hostels are
about eight sections in the Indian army managed in collaboration by the Government
where women officers can join on short of India and respective state governments.
‘Youth Hostels Association’ works for
encouraging the adventure skills among
young people. There are about 83 hostels

95

in India, which provide accommodation to information of a private institution or an
young people at minimum rates. individual that is available in the records
of any public establishment.
The training programmes are arranged
by this association through ‘Bharat Scouts Right to information grants access to
and Guides’, ‘National Service Scheme’ official documents, records, permission to
and ‘National Cadet Corps’. obtain their copies, to take notes, to extract
passages, to get samples of authorised
11.8 Right to Information Act, 2005 material and prints of data stored in CDs,
Floppy discs, Tapes, Video Cassettes or in
This kind of Act was first applied in any other form, or stored on computers.

Sweden in 1776. In 1946, ‘United Nations’ Citizens can get the desired information
after submitting an application to
declared the ‘Right to Information’, to be ‘Information Officer’ of a Public Authority.

the fundamental human right. In 1982, L.K. 11.9 Reorganisation of States

Kulwal, a resident of Jaipur in Rajasthan, The year 2000 proved to be important
for the formation of new states. States with
a social activist, initiated the process by large areas (Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh
and Bihar) were divided and new states
applying to know the Jaipur Municipal were formed. New states, namely,
Chhattisgarh (1st November 2000),
Corporation’s work for cleaning the city. In Uttarakhand (9th November 2000) and
Jharkhand (15th November 2000) came
the case filed in this matter, the High Court, into existence. After the formations of
lingual states in India, this was the first
gave a clear verdict stating that ‘Right to instance of formation of new states.

Information’ is a fundamental right of all Chhattisgarh : The demand for the
creation of separate state of Chhattisgarh
citizens. In 1990, Aruna Roy started the was first put forth in the session of Indian
National Congress in pre-independence
movement called as ‘Majdoor Kisan Shakti times. However, ‘States Reorganisation
Commission headed by Fazal Ali, rejected
Sanghatan’. A need for ‘Right to the demand. In 1998, in the session of the
Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh,
Information’ was expressed through this the proposal of creating a separate state of
Chhattisgarh was approved. Later, by the
movement. The Divisional Commissioner of initiative of the Government of India, the
separate state of Chhattisgarh was created.
Bilaspur of that time, Harsh Mander,
Uttarakhand : The people of Garhwal
showed courage to disclose official and Kumaon were demanding for a separate
state since 1930. It was supported in the
information while serving as a bureaucrat. 1938 session of Indian National Congress.
However, the Fazal Ali Commision ruled it
The information he disclosed was in the out. The people in this region started a
movement for their demand in 1957. In
context of the programme of distributing

food grains in lieu of

daily wages. The

struggle of Anna

Hazare in 2001, had

a decisive role in

Maharashtra in this

matter. The Act was

implemented in

Anna Hazare Maharashtra since
12th October 2005.

The definition of the term ‘information’

includes official records, documents,

memoranda, e-mails, comments,

consultations, press notes, circulars, orders,

logbooks, tenders, reports, correspondence,

formats, models, electronic data, the

96

1973, ‘Uttarakhand Parvatiya Rajya state of Telangana. In 2014, this proposal
Parishad’ was established. In 1994, the was approved in the parliament. On 2nd
movement got intensified. In recognition of June 2014, the separate state of Telangana
the popular sentiment, a bill for separate came into existence.
state was passed by the Uttar Pradesh
Legislative Assembly. Finally, in 2000 the Jammu-Kashmir and Ladakh : The
state of Uttaranchal (later named as state of Jammu-Kashmir and Ladakh was
Uttarakhand) came into being. given a special status by ‘Article 370’ of
the Constitution of India.
Jharkhand : In 1929, the demand for
separate state of Jharkhand was staged for In 1947, Prem Nath Dogra established
the first time. In 1947, All India Jharkhand ‘Jammu Praja Parishad’ party. Its initial
Party was established and the demand for motto was ‘Ek Vidhan, Ek Pradhan, Ek
a separate state of Jharkhand was Nishan’. Later, in 1952, it was changed
accelerated. In 1973, an appeal was to ‘Ek Desh me Do Vidhan, Do Pradhan,
presented to the President and the Prime Do Nishan Nahi Chalenge, Nahi Chalenge’.
Minster. In 1994, the Bihar Legislative This party demanded complete accession of
Assembly passed the bill of ‘Jharkhand Jammu and Kashmir to India. The party in
Area Autonomous Council (JAAC)’. In power, National Conference, however, was
August 2000, a bill providing for Bihar’s not ready to give up the autonomy of the
division and creation of a separate state of state. Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee
Jharkhand was passed in the lower house (Minister for Industry and Supply in Prime
of the Parliament (Lok Sabha). On the day Minister Jawaharlal Nehru’s Cabinet)
of 15th November 2000, the separate state supported the demand of complete merger.
of Jharkhand came into existence. Recently in August 2019, Government of
India revoked ‘Article 370’. From 31st
Telangana : The state of Telangana October 2019 the state of Jammu and
was formed in 2014. Earlier it was an Kashmir was restructured as two separate
integral part of the state of Andhra Pradesh. Union Territories of ‘Jammu-Kashmir’ and
‘Telangana Rashtriya Samiti’ started the ‘Ladakh’.
movement for the creation of a separate
state of Telangana. In 2001, Government of In the next lesson we will study Social
India announced the decision of the separate domain, Sports as well as Tourism.

y y
JJJJJJJJJJJJ Exercise JJJJJJJJJJJJ

Q.1 Choose the correct alternative and rewrite (a) Sweden (b) France
the statement. (c) England (d) India

1. A legal agreement was signed in Geneva 3. The birth anniversary of Swami
Vivekanand is observed as ….
which is known as …. (a) National Education Day
(b) National Youth Day
(a) SEATO (b) NATO (c) National Integration Day
(d) National Science Day
(c) GATT (d) SAARC

2. An act similar to ‘Right to Information’
was first applied in …. in 1776.

97

Q.2 (A) Write names of historical places / Q.4 Write short notes.
persons / events. 1. The Youth Policy of the Government of
India
1. In 2004, this became the biggest firm in 2. ‘Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana’
Asia providing software services -
Q.5 State your opinion.
2. In 2002, the …. Metro railway was 1. India is a leading country in the field of
flagged off - space research.

(B) Choose the correct reason from those Q.6 Answer the following question detail.
given below and complete the sentence. 1. Which programmes were launched in
India became the member of World India for making the opportunities of
Trade Organisation. Because - wage earning?
(a) India want to compete with other
nations. Q.7 Write detailed answer with the help of
(b) India cannot stay aloof from global following points.
economy. Give information about the ‘Right to
(c) India adopted the policy of Information Act’.
liberalisation. (a) Background of the act and the beginning
(d) India wanted to be in the leading of this movement in India.
position at global level. (b) Definition of ‘Information’.
(c) The rights of citizens under this act.
Q.3 Complete the concept map.
Project
Factors responsible for
India’s increased share in the Collect information about the States of India
and Union Territories, as well as the names
software sector of their capital cities, with the help of
internet.

fff

98

12. India Transformed - Part II

12.1 Social Domain Do you know ?

12.1.1 Health Hamid Dalwai
was inspired by the
12.1.2 Environment work and thoughts of
Jotiba Phule. He
12.1.3 Education founded ‘Muslim
Satyashodhak Samaj’
12.2 Sports in 1970. His main
concern was the
12.3 Cultural Heritage and Tourism Hamid Dalwai rights of Muslim
women. He opposed the custom of
12.1 Social Domain ‘Triple Talaq’. The law passed by the
Indian Parliament in 2019, has declared
India’s transformation is reflected in this custom as illegal.
the social domain also. The government is
actively trying to reduce the social disparity He was of the opinion that in
and to bring all classes in the society in secular India, uniform civil code should
the mainstream of economic development. be applicable to all.
In this regard, the ‘Human Rights Protection
Act - 1993’ is important. ‘National Human Maharashtra banned sex/gender prediction
Rights Commission’ was established under tests of a fetus and launched a programme
this act. Its objective is to protect called ‘Lek Ladaki’. Gradually the social
fundamental human rights, like the right to loathing for the birth of a girl is diminishing
life, equality, etc. and to see that nobody because of the growing awareness.
is deprived of these rights. According to
this Act the Commission can act on the 12.1.1 Health
basis of a report of a case of deprivation
of fundamental human rights, published in Polio eradication : The transformation
newspaper or other media (‘Sui Moto of India was bound to reflect in the field
Cognisance’). A complaint can be lodged of ‘Health’. In 1995, the health department
by a social activist or a social institute on of the Indian government launched the
behalf of the victim. In 2005, the ‘Domestic campaign, dubbed as ‘Pulse Polio’. It was
Violence Act’ was passed. This Act was started jointly under the sponsorship of
formed to provide protection to women
from domestic violence. The most important ‘Do Boond Zindagi ke’
provision in this Act is the right of a
woman on the house where she has been
residing, even if she doesn’t own the house.

According to 2011, census the sex ratio
in India, is alarming. The ratio of girls is
very low. In the age group of 0-6 years
the number of girls is 914 against 1000
boys. This statistics was a warning of a
grim social situation and several women
organisations raised a voice expressing their
concern. The State Government of

99

‘World Health Organisation – WHO’, CNG – Compressed Natural Gas as fuel
UNICEF, Rotary International and for vehicles to overcome the pollution
Government of India. This campaign was problem. Based on this recommendation,
for the eradication of polio. The campaign the Supreme Court issued an order of using
was run with a determination not to leave CNG for public transport vehicles, in 1998.
a single child under the age of five years Later, a policy of permitting only those
without administering polio vaccination. vehicles as roadworthy, which passed the
Various means were used to make the test of ‘Pollution Under control – PUC’
campaign absolutely successful, such as was adopted. It was decided that vehicles
awareness camps, home visits and extensive without ‘PUC’ certificate will not qualify
advertising through various media. for insurance and renewal of insurance.
Several centres issuing PUC certificates
AYUSH : The ‘Ministry of Health and were opened. Chemical effluents drained
Family Welfare’ of the Government of India into rivers and streams is the major source
opened a new department for developing of water pollution.
alternate medicine like Ayurveda, Yoga and
Naturopathy, Unani, Homoeopathy etc. Efforts of a number of environment
Since 2009, this department is known as activists have contributed significantly to
‘Department of Ayurveda, Yoga and environment conservation and preservation.
Naturopathy, Unani Medicine, Siddha and Among them, Sundarlal Bahuguna (‘Chipko’
Homoeopathy’ (AYUSH). It is working for Movement), Medha Patkar (‘Narmada
the development of syllabi and education Bachao’ Movement) and Dr. Rajendra
of these branches of medicine, advanced Singh (Water Conservation) are some
research, standardisation of medicine, etc. prominent names.

Try to do this: The pollution of water and food is
increasing because of artificial and non-
NRHM – Make a list of the benefits biodegradable materials like plastic and
of the National Rural Health Mission to pesticides. This is also causing degradation
people. of the soil. It causes a spurt of various
diseases in humans, animals and plants
12.1.2 Environment that creates a harmful situation for general
health.
Most of the states in India are facing
the problem of increasing air pollution. The Try to do this:
pollution caused by automobiles is an issue
of great worry. The ‘Centre for Science and Make a list of solutions to reduce the
Environment’ studied the problem of levels of air pollution.
pollution in Delhi and made the public
aware of it severity. It has been proved that Three experiments in Maharashtra, in
the cause of pollution in Delhi is basically the context of conservation and preservation
the increasing number of automobile, of environment are indeed worthy of
vehicles with poor maintenance running on mention.
the street that cause emission containing
poisonous gases and carbon particles. The Rahibai Popere : On 8th March 2018,
heritage monuments in Delhi are also Rahibai Popere was felicitated by the
getting affected because of the pollution. President of India by ‘Nari Shakti Award’.
The institution recommended the use of This award was given to her for her work
in ‘Kalasubai Parisar Biyanee Samvardhan
100

Samiti’. She is popularly associates work for the
known as ‘Beejmata’
(Seed Mother). She has conservation of nature
worked for preserving
seeds of native cultivars through an institute,
for the future generations.
Her grandson got ill called ‘Sahyadri Nisarg
because of the diet
Rahibai Popere consisting of food made Mitra’. In 1999, Bhau
with hybrid varieties of food-grains and
vegetables of lesser quality. She thought of Katdare read about the
native varieties of food-grains to overcome
the problem. She decided to grow the food- ‘White-breasted Sea
grains and vegetables of native variety to
meet her family’s needs. She began to do Bhau Katdare Eagle’ as an endangered
it and store the seeds of those landraces species. He began his
(Deshi Van). Bitter gourd (karle), Spinach
(palak), Amaranthus Tricolour (tandulja/lal work in Ratnagiri district to save and
math), Sweet beans (hyacinth beans/pavata),
Bitter beans / twisted beans (kadu wal), conserve this bird. He created public
Ghevada (kidney beans), Groundnut
(bhuimoog), Barnyard millet (varai), awareness about this bird by trekking the
varieties of rice - Dhavul Bhat, Kalbhat.
Ambemohor, Black Gram (udid), etc. She sea coast of the district. In this, he found
did not confine her efforts only to her
family; but, through micro banking groups out 62 nesting sites of the bird. While doing
(bachat gat) she spread it to the surrounding
villages. The movement started by her grew this, he and his associates detected some
well with the partnership of ‘Bharatiya
Agro Industries Foundation (BAIF)’. instances of smuggling of the nests of birds

Rahibai preserves the seeds in earthen known as ‘Indian Swiftlets’ (Pakoli) at
pots. Once filled she closes the pot by
plastering its mouth by a mixture of soil Bandra island, which is located near
and cow dung. This method saves the seeds
from insects and ants. Before closing the Vengurla Rocks, in the vicinity of the
pot the seeds are covered with a layer of
ash and neem leaves. Now in her seed Nivati port in Sindhudurg district. The nests
bank she has a collection of more than 50
landraces of food-grains and 30 landraces were smuggled out and sold in foreign
of vegetables. She is one of the three Indian
women selected as ‘Women of the Year countries. There was a need to save these
2018’ by BBC, among 100 women from
various countries. birds and their nests. ‘Sahyadri Nisarg

Bhau Katdare : Bhau Katdare and his Mitra’ worked in that direction. As a result

Indian Swiftlets were included in Schedule

‘I’ (a list of wildlife, offence against which

is punishable) of the ‘Wildlife Protection

Act - 1972’. This is a remarkable contribution

of ‘Sahyadri Nisarga Mitra’.

‘Sahyadri Nisarg Mitra’ also worked
for the protection of Olive Ridley turtles.
The females of this species come to Velas
beach (Ratnagiri district) for nesting. Bhau
Katdare and his associates planned an
operation for the protection of these nests.
In the first year, they were successful in
protecting 50 nests. 2734 baby turtles from
those 50 nests, were successfully released
back into the sea. This proved to be a start
of an annual event, ‘Turtle Festival’.
Hundreds of tourists come every year to
watch the occasion of baby turtles returning
to sea. To accommodate them facilities for
‘Home Stay’ were developed. The peasants
were trained for the management of ‘Home

101

Stay’. Thus, efforts for conservation of The campaign of literacy in Kerala
nature resulted into development of tourism included training of reading, writing,
as well. The news of this development was mathematical skills, importance of hygiene
well appreciated in Maharashtra. Now, and cleanliness, vaccination of children, co-
Bhau Katdare and his associates are operative agriculture and importance of
working for the protection of the endangered saving money. During the campaign for
‘Pangolin’ (ant eater/Khavalya Manjar). literacy, some additional problems were
observed. Many senior citizens who
Premsagar Mestri : The number of participated in the campaign had eyesight
vultures is rapidly decreasing in India. related problems, which were unattended
Vultures are the scavengers in the nature. before. Many of the unskilled labourers
Two species of vultures, ‘Long billed could not afford the medical eye examination
Vultures’ and ‘White back Vultures’ are and cost of spectacles. In order to help
observed in the region around Raigad. them, free medical camps for eye
Premsagar Mestri and his associates are examination and distribution of spectacles
working for increasing their numbers and to were arranged. Then people could easily
make available safe food for them through attend the literacy classes. This is an
‘Society for Eco Endangered Species example of a problem solved with combined
Conservation and Protection-SEESCAP’, a will power of the government and people.
non-governmental organisation. Painkillers
(a drug called diclophenac) given to animals Do you know ?
has proved to be toxic for vultures. Besides,
dearth of trees with adequate height, scarcity The Government of Maharashtra
of food, have also caused the decrease in decided to teach English from the 1st
vulture population. People working for standard so that the children could
SEESCAP are gradually getting success in master English language along with
changing these circumstances. their mother tongue. Emphasis was
laid on listening, speaking, reading,
12.1.3 Education and writing skills with the emphasis on
children enjoying the learning of
1990 was declared as the ‘International English language. Following the
Year of Literacy’. The State Government syllabus, the Maharashtra State
resolved to make Kerala a state with 100% Textbook Bureau (Balbharati) took up
literacy, in the international year of literacy. the responsibility of preparing best,
Accordingly, Kerala became the first state illustrated textbooks. The initiative was
in India to become a state with 100% appreciated by the National Knowledge
literacy. Commission.

Try to do this. The first district in Kerala to become
completely literate was Ernakulum.
1990 was the ‘International Year Announcement to this effect was made on
of Literacy’. Make a list of similarly 4th February 1990.
declared international years for special
causes and campaigns launched on the
occasion.

102

Education – with special reference The practice of interviewing children
before school admission was banned. In
to Maharashtra the new millennium, the Government
under ‘Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan’ set the
The transformation of India is true following objectives. To enrol every
in the field of education as well. The children in school to raise the standard
‘National Council of Educational of education; to eliminate the gender
Research and Training’, Delhi suggested discrimination in education, to achieve
some modifications in the school syllabi 100 % attendance in schools by 2010.
and the structure of school text books.
The guidelines in the new syllabi were Central Schools, with uniform syllabi
based on democratic principles, social were created throughout the country so
justice, awareness of duties and that the wards of Central Government’s
responsibilities, gender equality, protection and Armed Forces employees may not
of environment, eradication of have to suffer from obstructions in their
superstitions, population, education as education because of the frequent transfers
also norms of individual behavior. The of their parents. The Central Schools
syllabi were also oriented toward focus on sports and extra-curricular
increasing the awareness of national activities along with the academic syllabi.
unity in diversity. Training programmes
for teachers are arranged all over The programmes like ‘Ratrashala’
Maharashtra for intensifying the efforts (Night Schools), ‘Sakharshala’ (Schools
to fulfill the objectives of the new syllabi. for the seasonal workers harvesting
It helped to bring awareness regarding sugarcane) deserve a special mention
the state level training and school text here. The first night school in Maharastra
books, comparable to the awareness was started by Mahatma Jotirao Phule in
created at the time of ‘National Literacy the 19th century. A number of night
Mission’. schools are run in Maharashtra, inspired
by Mahatma Phule’s work. This
In 1990, the report of ‘Acharya Ram programme is specially meant to benefit
Murti Committee’ was received by the the students who work in daytime. In the
Government of India. The committee season of sugarcane harvesting, many
examined the National Educational Policy labourers migrate temporarily to the sites
(NEP). The committee in its report of various sugar factories. To facilitate
emphasised on universalisation of the education of their children special
education, education for women and schools, known as ‘Sakharshala’ were
backward classes and educational started in the vicinity of sugar factories.
democracy The committee recommended The State administration is taking help
to include education in fundamental of voluntary organisations to increase
rights and to raise the government funds literacy rate. This has helped in achieving
allotted to education. 100% literacy in the districts of
Sindhudurg and Wardha. It provided
Beside it, the matter of the weight an impetus to adult education. The
of a schoolbag that a child has to carry, government provided books to school
was also carefully considered and children for supplementary reading.
directives in this aspect were laid out.

103

Primary Education 12.2 Sports

In 1994, District Primary Education There were times, when the Indian
Programme (DPEP) was started aiming at hockey team used to return home victorious
providing access to primary education to from international matches; Indian wrestlers
all. This programme was implemented in like Khashaba Jadhav earned fame in
seven states of Maharashtra, Madhya international wrestling. In the course of
Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala,
Haryana and Assam. This programme was globalisation some new
aimed at achieving hundred percent sports became popular
registration and attendance of children in and many sportspersons
primary schools and bringing down the emerged from various
number of drop-outs. This programme was parts of the country. With
financially supported by the World Bank. globalisation, one thing
had become very clear
Mid Day Meal (Shaley Poshan Ahar) : Khashaba Jadhav that sportspersons with
This programme was implemented from extraordinary skills will
15th August 1995, to provide mid day only rise in their career. Present scenario
meals to children in primary schools. of the sports world has an unmistakable
Wherever, facilities to cook the food in message that yesteryears of success do not
school was not available, food-grains were guarantee a success today or tomorrow. In
distributed to each child. other words, a champion in the past may
lose his position any time, if he does not
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan – SSA : keep up the hard work. It is essential for
sportspersons in all fields to prove
“Let’s all learn, Let’s all progress” (‘सारे themselves every time they play.
शशकू ्या, पुढे जाऊ ्या’) was the motto of this
New records have been made every
programme. With this motto, the programme day to break the old ones. The formats and
was launched in 2001. The right of free the rules of the games are being modified
education was granted to children in the time and again. Let’s elaborate this with
age group of 6-14 vide the ‘86th Amendment the example of the game of cricket. In the
to the Constitution of India’. The main olden days, a cricket match used to run for
objective of ‘Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan’ was five days. Then one-day matches were
to eliminate the disproportion in the access introduced and then the cricket matches
to primary education. Earlier programmes were limited only to 20 overs. Earlier, a
like ‘Khadu-Phala Yojana’, ‘Mid Day wrestling match was not concluded till one
Meal’ were combined with this programme of the wrestlers was pinned down (chitpat
to make it successful. This programme gave karane) completely. However, now a
special attention to the education of girls wrestling match gets concluded on the basis
and children with special needs (Diyang). of points scored by the wrestlers.

To achieve universalisation of education Today there are many types of sports,
in India, ‘EDUSAT’ (GSAT-3)’, a satellite such as, Kabaddi, Hockey, Cricket,
was launched in 2004. For the purpose of Swimming, Badminton, Weightlifting,
reaching out to children all over the country Shooting, Chess, Motor sports, Sky Diving,
six communication zones and accordingly Boxing, Archery, Wrestling, Football
six channels were created. This programme (Soccer), Tennis, Table Tennis (Ping-pong),
facilitated distance education in regional
language in all parts of the country.

104

Billiards and Snooker, Mallakhamb, Body as prospective professional careers for the
building, and so on. Media and news youth. Sport has become an inseparable
channels have special slots for these games. part of school and college education.

There are a number of sports journals National Sports Policy : The
published in India. Some television channels participation of sportspersons in international
are devoted to sports. The audience of sport sports tournaments, increasing use of science
channels, advertisements shown on these and modern technology in the field of
channels, time slots and expenses of these sports is reflected in the sports policy of
advertisements are vital factors, which have every nation. Government of India
shaped an independent sphere of marketing. announced its sports policy in 2001. The
main objectives of this policy include, to
There are independent clubs/associations take sports to all parts of India, to help
of each sport established in India. These the players to develop special skills, to
associations are investing on large scale in build supportive and fundamental sports
sportspersons on individual merit. A football facilities, to help National Sports Federation
player may be adopted professionally by a of India and associated institutions and
football club. Then the club would take search for sports talent, to initiate co-
care of the player including his training. operation from industries, corporate and
He/she has to sign a professional contract private institutions for the cause of sports,
with the club. The player’s name gets to create awareness of the importance of
associated with the club. The IPL matches sports and interest in sports, among people.
of cricket, the World Cup matches of one
day cricket and 20-20 cricket or the matches In 2011, Government of India announced
organisd by the Pro Kabaddi League in a scheme named as ‘Come and Play’.
India, presently known as ‘Vivo Kabaddi Through this scheme, five sports complexes
League’ are the examples of in Delhi under ‘Sports Authority of India
professionlisation of the sports world. The (SAI)’ were made available to local youth.
professionally played matches have gained They were also provided with an opportunity
worldwide audience. That has resulted in to train under SAI coaches. The next step
the increase of the honourarium of the of the efforts of developing sports was the
players. founding of National Sports University, at
Manipur in 2018. The courses include
The government is also taking a note Bachelor and Master’s, M. Phil and Ph.D.
courses in sports education, sports
of sportspersons for their performance. management, sports psychology, coaching
etc. Research in sports is also encouraged.
Sportspersons, who perform extraordinarily
Khelo India : The Indian government
well are honoured with launched a new scheme named, ‘Khelo
India’ by combining some old schemes and
various awards. Sachin some new objectives. The scheme was
launched with the objective of creating a
Tendulkar was awarded larger popular platform and to establish
excellence in sports. The scheme has 12
with the highest award basic aspects. Two major aspects among
them are to create interest about sports
of ‘Bharat Ratna’ by the
105
government. He was

nominated as ‘Member

of Rajyasabha’

(Khasdar). The

Sachin Tendulkar sportspersons are receiving

more popular support and

respect. Sports are more and more perceived

among students from early days in school Find out and tell us.
and to increase girls’ participation in sports.
• Make a list of employment
The ‘National Sports Development opportunities generated by the
Fund’ was established for the development tourism industry.
of sports. A donation to this fund is eligible
for 100% exemption from income tax. The • Suggest ways and means to
‘Rajiv Gandhi Khelratna’ award was enhance heritage and historical
announced with an intention of encouraging tourism in India.
players. Apart from this, there are other
awards like ‘Arjun Award’, ‘Dhyanchand the revenue earned through them is
Lifetime Achievement Award’, ‘Dronacharya increasing every year. Government is trying
Award’, ‘Maulana Abul Kalam Azad to create various facilities for the
Trophy’ and ‘National Sports Encouragement convenience of tourists visiting India from
Award’. The sportspersons, who win gold other countries. The three ministries of
medal in Olympic games are awarded Home Affairs, Tourism and Foreign Affairs
Rs.75,00,000 each. The teams and together created the facility of e-visa for
sportsperson, who win gold, silver and them, which included e-business visa,
bronze medals in various competitions such e-medical visa and e-visa. A service giving
as Para Olympic, Asiad, Commonwealth, information on mobile to the tourists not
World Cup, Asian Championship, only in Hindi and English but also in ten
International University Tournaments, other foreign languages for 24 hours
International tournaments for the disabled, throughout the week was started. These
Cricket tournaments for visually impaired, languages include Arabic, French, German,
etc., are given good amount of rewards and Italian, Japanese, Korean, Chinese, Russian
jobs. and Spanish. This information is made
available by the Ministry of Tourism. For
Besides, there is provision of pension this facility the tourists have to dial 1363.
for the retired sportspersons. Since 2018, a The information covers various topics like
winner of the Olympics is granted a pension cruise tours, adventurous sports tourism,
of Rs.20,000 per month and a winner of health tourism, facilities for sports like golf
the Asian games is granted Rs.12,000 per and polo, eco-friendly tourism, film festivals
month. and so on.

Thus, the Government of India is Institutes for systematic training of soft
opening many avenues for making the skills, such as proper manners of receiving
youth aware of sports as life career. and helping tourists, communicating with
Students can avail of many opportunities in them have been opened. Hotels with
this field. amenities and accommodation of premium
quality are available to tourists. Institutes
12.3 Cultural Heritage and Tourism offering training courses in ‘Hospitality and
Tourism industry is a continuously Hotel Management’ have been established
developing field. This industry earns the in many cities in the country.
country foreign exchange on a large scale.
The number of tourists visiting India and ‘Atulya Bharat’, an advertisement
campaign designed to boost tourism, was
106

INTACH – Indian National Do you know?

Trust for Art and Cultural The Pink City, i.e., Jaipur in
Heritage : This institute was Rajasthan was inscribed as ‘World
established in Delhi, in 1984. The Heritage’ by UNESCO. It was
head office of INTACH is in Delhi. announced on 6th July 2019. The
Today INTACH is well known for its decision in this regard was made in
work. It is working in the field of the meeting of UNESCO held at
heritage conservation and creating ‘Baku’ in Azerbaijan.
awareness about it. It has more than
200 branches in various parts of the ‘Havamahal’ in Jaipur
nation. In the last 35 years INTACH
has worked for tangible heritage in heritage to the world. It will help to
the form of natural heritage and increase the number of tourists coming to
cultural heritage as well as intangible India from countries like America, France,
heritage. INTACH works through its Japan, etc. ‘Swadesh Darshan’ or ‘Prasad’
various departments such as, scheme launched by the Ministry of Tourism
architectural heritage, natural heritage, of the Indian government has chalked out
material heritage, intangible cultural tours to pilgrim centres and spiritual centres
heritage, heritage education and in India. There are 95 such places, which
communication services, sculpture are included in this scheme. Trimbakeshwar
section, ‘INTACH Heritage Academy’, in Maharashtra is one among them. The
heritage tourism, listing cell, library, Ministry of Tourism, Government of India
archives and documentation. INTACH and Federation of Associations in Indian
has done notable work in Maharashtra Tourism and Hospitality (FAITH) organised
too. Indian Tourism Mart- 2018. It was the
first event of its kind organised on the
For further reference visit : www. model of international Tourism Marts in
intach.org other countries.

carried out extensively. To boost tourism to In this lesson we have reviewed the
places of unique nature and culture in the transformation in various fields in our
northeastern states of India, the travel show country, such as social matters, education,
entitled ‘GONORTHEAST’ was released on health, environment, sports and tourism. We
the Discovery channel. Through the studied some aspects of transforming India.
‘Swadesh Darshan’ programme 13 types of
pilgrimage tours have been launched. It
includes tours to Himalayas, coastal regions,
Buddhist centres, etc.

The information of several uniquely
featured tourist places in India, is being
publicised through electronic and digital
media. Channels like ‘BBC’, ‘Discovery’,
‘History’ are running programmes
introducing India’s historical and cultural

107

y y
JJJJJJJJJJJJ Exercise JJJJJJJJJJJJ

Q.1 (A) Choose the correct alternative and 2. The player who was awarded the highest
rewrite the statement. title, ‘Bharat Ratna’ -

1. In 1995 the health department of the Q.3 Complete the concept map.

Indian government launched the Sports
Awards
campaign, dubbed as ….

(a) Measles-Rubella (b) Pulse Polio

(c) B.C.G. (d) Triple Vaccine

2. The first district in …. to become

completely literate was Ernakulum.

(a) Gujarat (b) Kerala

(c) Karnataka (d) Tamil Nadu

(B) Find the incorrect pair from group Q.4 Write short notes.
‘B’, and write the corrected one. 1. Speed Post
2. Air Pollution
Group ‘A’ Group ‘B’ 3. Eradication of Polio

1. National Human Protection of Q.5 Answer the following questions in detail.
Rights Commission Human rights 1. Explain the sports policy of the
Government of India.
2. Centre for Science Study of 2. Which programmes and facilities are
and Environment Pollution in Delhi created by the Ministry of Tourism of
the Indian government to attract tourists?
3. SEESCAP Institute for
conservation of Q.6 State your opinion.
turtles 1. Joint military practice sessions are
beneficial for both participant countries.
4. INTACH Organisation 2. All of us have the responsibility of
creating awareness taking care of our heritage places.
for conservation
of heritage Project

Q.2 Write names of historical places / persons / Make a list of various business opportunities
events. available at the tourist destinations.
1. Commission established vide Human
Right Protection Act -

fff

108

This timeline includes important events.
You may prepare a new time line on the same lines.

1881-1900 • 1884 South New Guinea Island becomes part of the
British Empire

• 1895 Ethiopia gains freedom from Egypt
• 1898 Honkong Port leased out to United Kingdom

for 99 years
• Spain vs America War. Cuba gains freedom
• 1899 Phillipines-Puerto Rico become American

settlements

• 1914 First World War 1901-1920
• 1916-17 Bolshevik Revolution, Rise of Lenin
• 1917 Balfour Declaration, Agreement of establishing

an independent nation of the Jews.
• 1919 Versailles Treaty
• 1920 Establishment of ‘League of Nations’

1921-1940 • 1922 Egypt gains freedom
• 1931 Japan captures Manchuria
• 1935 Italy conquers Ethiopia
• 1939 Second World War started

• 1943 Lebanon gains freedom from France 1941-1960
• 1945 Atom-bomb explosion
• 1946 Syria gains freedom
• 1947 India gains freedom
• 1949 Partition of Germany
• 1951 ANZUS Treaty
• 1955 Warsaw Pact

1961-1980 • 1961 Berlin wall was built
• 1964 Zambia gains freedom

• 1981 First American rocket launched 1981-1990

• 1985 Gorbachev becomes the General Secretary
of the Communist Party of Soviet Union and the
Premier of Soviet Union

• 1987 ‘Glasnost’ and ‘Perestroika’

1991-2000 • 1991 Unification of Germany
• 1991 Disintegration of Soviet Union
• 1998 Creation of the ‘Super Computer’-Param 10000
• 2000 India exported 300,000 tons of wheat to Iraq

Timeline : World Events (1884 to 2000)

109

For more information, visit the website below.

1. Cartaz : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartaz
2. Tourism : www.tourism.gov.in
3. Communications and Information Technology : www.indiapost.gov.in
4. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited : (BSNL) www.bsnl.co.in

5. Defence Ministry : www.ddpmod.mod.gov.in, www.drdo.gov.in,

www.indiannavy.nic.in, www.indianairforce.nic.in
6. Education : www.mhrd.gov.in
7. Environment : www.envfor.nic.in
8. Reserve Bank of India : www.rbi.org.in
9. Khadi and Cottage Industry : www.kvic.org.in
10. Department of Automic Energy : www.dae.nic.in
11. Space Programme : www.isro.org
12. National Youth Policy : www.yas.nic.in
13. WW-I : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QPdFo8nwkZI
14. WW-I : Map https://www.mapsofworld.com/world-war-i/
15. WW-II : https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL3H6z037pboEcDk1Nvu6uQK9_

oYtv1hJx
16. WW-II Map : https://www.mapsofworld.com/answers/history/countries-won-world-

war-ii/
17. Cold War : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Cold_War_Map_1980.png
18. Iron curtain map : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Curtain#/media/File:Iron_

Curtain_map.svg
19. SAARC : http://saarc-sec.org/about-saarc
20. Balbharati : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MiZngFxhBxM

110

Notes :

111

112