[libribook.com] MedEssentials for the USMLE Step 1 14th Edition

APPENDICES │ F. Algorithms ►►Bacterial Algorithms (Cont’d.)

GRAM (-) RODS Facultative Anaerobes
& SPIROCHETES

AEROBES

B. pertussis Brucella sp F. tularensis Coxiella burnetti L. pneumophila P. aeruginosa

• Adhesion to cell via • In R-E cells • In R-E cells • Obligate intracellular bacteria • Water-loving • Slime-layer
hemagglutinin and • Endotoxin • Requires CYS • Q fever-atyp pneumo, hepatitis air conditioning • Grape-like odor
pertussis toxin • Requires CYS, CO2 • Dermacentor tick bite • Urine, feces, amniotic fluid, • Exotoxin A:
• Unpasteurized milk • Requires CYS & Fe
• Adenylate cyclase txn • Undulant Fever Transovarian trans. placenta-airborne, • Buffered Charcoal ADP-R of eEF-2
(local edema) • Aerosol resistant to drying Liver
Bang's disease • Rabbits, rodents • Reservoir: cats, domestic Yeast agar • Oxidase (+)
• Tracheal toxin Malta fever • Granulomatous rxn livestock, high titers in pregnant • Dieterle silver stain • Pigments
• Dermanecrosis toxin • B. abortus • Tularemia - AR, MO, TX • Weil-Felix test negative • Stains poorly Gram (-) pyocyanin, pyoverdin
• Endotoxin - Lipid X, A cattle, mild • Live, attntd vaccine • No rash • Atypical pneumonia • Transient colonization
• B. suis • DOC: Streptomycin • Mental confusion In 10% of normal pop
ADP-R of GNBP pigs • Diarrhea • Osteomyelitis in drug
• Bordet-Gengou agar suppurative, chronic • DOC: Erythromycin abusers
• Regan-Lowe agar • B. melitensis • Not contagious • Pneumonia in
• Whooping cough goats cystic fibrosis
• DOC: Erythromycin severe, acute • Nosocomial infections
• Vaccine toxoid and • DOC: rifampin and Burn patients
doxycycline Neutropenic patients
filamentous • Ecthyma gangrenosum
hemagglutinin • DOC: Penicillin
PLUS Aminoglycoside
SPIROCHETES

ANAEROBES Treponema sp • Thin-Walled Leptospira sp
Bacteroides sp • Spiral-Shaped
• Axial Filaments
• Jarisch-Herxheimer Rxn

• B. fragilis - obligate • T. pallidum - Syphilis Borrelia sp • Dark-field microscopy
• Modified LPS, capsules Obligate parasite • Contaminated water
• Predominant colonic flora • Microaerophillic
• Normal in oropharynx, vagina • 1˚- PAINLESS chancre, infectious • Giemsa stain Animal urine
• Predisposing factors: • 2˚- Rash infectious • B. burgdorferi • Fever, jaundice, uremia
• 3˚- Gummas, CVS, CNS • Non-icteric Leptospirosis
surgery, trauma • Congenital: stillbirths, malformed Lyme disease
chronic disease (cancer) • VDRL & RPR - Screening tests (I. scapularis), I. pacificus Meningitis - No PMN in CSF
• Septicemia, peritonitis • Reagin ab - xrxn with Cardiolipin uveitis, rash
aspiration pneumonia • FTA-ABS (immunofluorescence) Reservoirs: mice, deer • Icteric Leptospirosis
• Prevotella melaninogenica CT, WI, CA Weil's disease
Human oropharynx specific test Erythema Migrans Renal failure, myocarditis
• Fusobacterium (combined w/ • Dark-field microscopy • DOC: Penicillin G or doxycycline
Treponema microdentium) • DOC: Benzathine Penicillin Target lesions
Vincent's angina • B. recurrentis
Trench mouth
• DOC: Metronidazole OR Relapsing fever
Clindamycin OR Cefoxitin Vector: body louse
Antigenic variation
• DOC: Penicillin or azithromycin

(Continued)

536

►►Bacterial Algorithms (Cont’d.) APPENDICES │ F. Algorithms

Other Gram (–) RODS

FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES

P. multocida H. influenzae Vibrio sp Campylobacter sp Also:
Helicobacter sp • Gardnerella
• Requires CYS • Polyribitol capsule • Polar flagella, comma-shaped • Capnocytophaga
• Animal bites (cats & dogs) • Quellung (+) • Microaerophilic • Actinobacillus
• Cellulitis with Lymphadenitis • IgA protease • Enterotoxin (Choleragen) • Polar flagella • Cardiobacterium
• DOC: Amoxicillin/Clav • Requires X (Hemin), V (NAD) • Comma or S-shaped
• Normal in nasopharynx and ADP-R, increase cAMP • Oxidase (+), Catalase (+)
(prophylaxis) • Skirrow's agar CO2
conjunctiva • Catalase (+), Oxidase (+) • Invasive
• Pathogenic in kids: type B • H. pylori
• Meningitis in 1–2 yr • Alkaline culture (TCBS)
• Otitis media, pneumonia 37˚C, urease(+)
• Acute epiglottitis • CBiloatsyspicesc:hEolleTroar,OC1holerae gastritis, ulcers
• DOC: Cefotaxime/Ceftriaxone • carcinoma
• Prev: HIB vaccine, Rifampin • DOC: omeprazole + amoxicillin +
• Rice-water stools clarithromycin
• C. jejuni
• Most severe dehydration 42˚C enterocolitis
#1 bacterial diarrhea U.S.A.
• Rx: fluid & electrolytes • “Gull-Wings”
• C. fetus escapes GIT
tetracycline for contacts • DOC: Erythromycin, fluoroquinolones

• V. parahaemolyticus

Catalase (-), salt-tolerant

Raw seafood

• V. vulnificus

ENTEROBACTERIACEAE Brackish water • Oysters

- Ferment Glucose Cellulitis, Septicemia
- Oxidase (-), Catalase (+)
- Reduce Nitrates to Nitrites DOC: tetracycline

Lactose-Fermenting Non-Lactose-Fermenting

E. coli K. pneumoniae Motile and Non-Motile and

• Normal in colon • Capsule H2S-Producing Non-H2S-Producing
• #1 for UTI • Quellung (+)

P-pili, X-Adhesins • Pneumonia Proteus sp. Salmonella Shigella sp Y. pestis
• Nosocomial infections Currant jelly septum enterica subsp.
• Neonatal meningitis (K1 ) Chronic lung disease • Swarming motility • No H Antigens • Coagulase (+)
• ETEC • Traveler's Drha Alcoholism • Indole (+), Urease (+) • Antigens: Vi, O, H • Invasive • V&W antigens
Aspiration • UTI, Septicemia • EMB/MacConkey • Shigatoxin • Safety-pin appearance
Toxins: LT, ST • Staghorn calculi • Predisposing factors
• EIEC • Invasive • UTI • DOC: Fluoroquinolones Nicks 60S SU (bipolar staining
• EHEC • VTEC 0157:H7 Nosocomial High gastric pH Neurotoxin Wayson's stain)
Catheterization Gastrectomy Cytotoxin • Wild rodents
Hemorrhagic colitis • Widal test (O, H ag) Enterotoxin • Flea bite
Hemolytic uremic S • DOC: Cephalosporin • Osteomyelitis in Sickle • Enterocolitis • Southwest U.S. (Sylvatic)
Does not ferment Sorbitol +/– aminoglycoside Cell disease • Bloody diarrhea • Bubonic plague
• EPEC • S. enterica subsp. • DOC: fluid and electrolytes fever, buboes,
Plasmid-coded EAF K. granulomatis typhi conjunctivitis
• EAEC No animal res. FQ, Azithro • Pneumonic plague
Fimbriae/biofilm • Painless, soft genital No H2S produced • DOC: Aminoglycosides
• DAEC lesions Invasive (R-E) cells PLUS Quarantine (72 h)
Infants Rose spots • Y. enterocolitica
Bacteria in microvilli • Granuloma inguinale • DOC: fluoroquinolones Cold growth
• DOC: Ampicillin or • Caribbean and New Guinea or cephalosporins • Heat-stable toxins
Sulfonamides • DOC: TMP-SMX
Cephalosporins
• S. enterica subsp.

enteritidis

Poultry, reptiles

Rx: Symptomatic

• DOC for invasive:

ampicillin, cephalosporins (Continued)

537

APPENDICES │ F. Algorithms ►►Bacterial Algorithms (Cont’d.)

Poorly Gram-Staining Organisms*

ACID FAST SOME ATP NO ATP, mod. peptidoglycan NO CELL WALL
Mycobacteria Mycoplasmas
Rickettsias Chlamydiaceae

M. tuberculosis R. rickettsii Chlamydia trachomatis M. pneumoniae

• Gram (+) wall but doesn't • Obligate intracellular bacteria • Obligate intracellular bacteria • Lack cell wall peptidoglycan →
stain due to waxy CW • Gram-negative envelope but • Gram-negative envelope but non-Gram-staining

• Acid fast, obligate aerobe stain poorly stain poorly; lack muramic acid • Cholesterol (req'd) in membr.
• Respiratory transmission • Rocky MT Spt'd Fever-rash on • Elementary body-transmitted • Atypical pneumonia in youth and
• Cord factor-trehalose • Reticulate body-intracellular
wrists/ankles → trunk, palms, soles • Dx: serology or tissue culture young adults
mycolate-inhib. WBC migration • Vector: Dermacentor tick • Free living (culturable, extracell.)
mitoch. resp./ oxid. phosphor • Reservoirs: ticks, wild rodents growth confirmed by inclusion • Slow growth, special media: Myco-
• Sulfatides-inhib. phagosome- • Dx: serol: 4x incr indir Fl. Ab + Weil-Felix bodies (Fl Ab, Giemsa, iodine)
lysosome fusion Serotypes D-K plasma, Eaton's or Hayflick's
• Niacin (+), catalase (+) at 37˚C, DOC: Doxycycline • U.S.-Most common bacterial STD media-sterols+pur/pyrimidines:
(–) at 68˚C (HPV and HSV2 more common) mulberry colonies
• Slow growing R. prowazekii • Neonatal/adult inclus. conjunct, • Cold aggulutinins in 65% cases
• Drug resistance neonatal. pneumo; urethritis • No Penicillins nor Cephalosporins
• Lowenstein-Jensen medium • Obligate intracellular bacteria cervicitis, PID, infertility • DOC: erythromycin, azithromycin
• DOC: isoniazid + rifampin + • Epidemic typhus Serotypes L1, 2, 3
pyrazinimide (2 mo) then • Vector: Pediculus louse • Lymphogranuloma venereum Ureaplasma urealyticum
isoniazid + rifampin (4 mo) • Reservoir: humans, squirrel fleas, • STD in Africa, Asia, S. America
Serotypes A, B, Ba, C • Urethritis, prostatitis
flying squirrels • Trachoma-follic conjunctivitis → • Urease positive
conj. scarring, entropion → • No cell wall
M. avium-intracellulare Bartonella henselae corneal scarring • DOC: erythromycin or tetracycline
• Leading infectious cause blindness
• Gram (+) wall but doesn't stain • Cat scratch fever • DOC: Doxycycline or azithromycin
due to waxy CW • Bacillary angiomatosis in AIDS
Chlamydophila pneumoniae
• Acid fast Ehrlichia
• Obligate aerobe • TWAR agent
• Soil organism • Ehrlichiosis • Respiratory infections
• Opportunist, non-contagious • Morulae in WBC • Probably very common
• Pulmonary → diss infections • DOC: doxycycline • Potential association with atherosclerosis
• E. chafeensis-monocytes + • DOC: macrolides and tetracycline
CA pts, late AIDS pts
macrophages
M. leprae • E. phagocytophila - PMNs
• Ixodes tick
• Obligate intracellular bacterium
• Tuberculoid (CMI damage) Chlamydophila psittaci
• Lepromatous leprosy (poor CMI)
• DOC: dapsone + rifampin + • Atypical pneumonia
• Birds (parrots)
clofazimine • DOC: tetracycline

M. marinum

• Cutaneous lesions
(fish tank granuloma)

• DOC: isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol

*Also note that Legionella and the spirochetes (Treponema, Leptospira, and Borrelia)—all Gram-negative—do not show up reliably with Gram stain.

538

Viral Algorithms APPENDICES │ F. Algorithms

DOUBLE-STRANDED RNA VIRUSES
SINGLE-STRANDED

POSITIVE SENSE NEGATIVE SENSE AMBISENSE
ENVELOPED AND NEGATIVE
NAKED ENVELOPED NAKED
ENVELOPED

ICOSAHEDRAL ICOSAHEDRAL HELICAL ICOSAHEDRAL HELICAL HELICAL

REOVIRUS FLAVIVIRUS CORONAVIRUS CALICIVIRUS PARAMYXOVIRUS ARENAVIRUS

Reovirus Yellow Fever Virus Coronavirus Norwalk Agent Mumps Virus (Segmented)
Rotavirus Dengue Virus SARS-CoV Noro-like Measles Virus Lassa Fever Virus
Colorado tick St. Louis EV
Hepatitis C HEPEVIRUS RSV Lymphocytic
fever virus Parainfluenza Choriomeningitis
Hepatitis E Human metapneumovirus
TOGAVIRUS BUNYAVIRUS
PICORNA RHABDOVIRUS
Rubella Virus (Segmented)
Western Equine EV Polio Virus Rabies Virus California EV
Eastern Equine EV Enteroviruses Vesicular Stomatitis La Crosse Virus

Venezuelan EV Echovirus FILOVIRUS Hantavirus
Coxsackie A & B
RETROVIRUS Marburg
Rhinoviruses Ebola
HIV Hepatitis A Virus
HTLV ORTHOMYXOVIRUS

(Segmented)
Influenza A & B

DNA VIRUSES

DOUBLE-STRANDED SINGLE-STRANDED
NAKED
ENVELOPED NAKED
ICOSAHEDRAL
ICOSAHEDRAL COMPLEX ICOSAHEDRAL

CIRCULAR LINEAR CIRCULAR LINEAR
ADENOVIRUS
HEPADNAVIRUS HERPESVIRUS POXVIRUS PAPILLOMAVIRUS PARVOVIRUS
Adenoviruses
Hepatitis B Virus Herpes Simplex Virus Variola Papilloma Viruses B19
Varicella-Zoster Virus
Vaccinia POLYOMAVIRUS
Epstein-Barr Virus
Cytomegalovirus Molluscum Polyoma Viruses
Herpes virus 6
Herpes virus 8 Contagiosum

539



Index

A ACh. See Acetylcholine Adenosine, 268
ACh receptors. See under Acetylcholine Adenosine deaminase deficiency, 62, 102
A band, 425 Achalasia, 343, 355 Adenosine diphosphate, 464, 465
A Protein, 116 AChE. See Acetylcholinesterase
AA (afferent arteriole), 307, 316 AChEI. See Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors antagonists, 464
Aβ amyloid, 220 Achilles tendon, 438 Adenosine triphosphate, 38, 39
Ab-Ag complexes, 95 Achondroplasia, 442
Abciximab, 110, 464 Acid-base disorders, 323 F0/F1 synthase, 40
Abdominal aorta, 338 synthesis of, mitochondria and, 79
Abdominal viscera, 337 diagnosis of, 323 Adenosis, sclerosing, 416
Abducens nerve (VI), 205, 428 Acid/base regulation, 319, 321 S-Adenosylhomocysteine, 47
S-Adenosylmethionine, 47
skeletal muscle innervated by, 430 pH control mechanisms in, 322 Adenoviruses, 132
Abducens nucleus, 209 Acinar cells, 350 40/41,539
Abductor digiti minimi, 436 ACL (anterior cruciate ligament), 440 Adenylyl cyclase, 169
Abductor pollicis brevis, 437 Acne vulgaris, 453 ADH. See Antidiuretic hormone
Abductor pollicis longus, 437 Acquired diseases ADHD (attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder), 18
Abetalipoproteinemia, 353 Adherens junctions (zonula adherens), 82
abl oncogene, 160 cystic, 327 Adie pupil, 208
Abruptio placentae, 329, 409 hepatic, 361 ADP. See Adenosine diphosphate
Abscess, pyogenic liver, 362 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, 104 Adrenal cortex
Absence seizure, 224 anti-HIV therapy in, 105 hypofunctional, 376
Absidia spp., 139 complications of, 105 neoplasms of, 377
Absolute refractory periods, 152 opportunistic infections in, 104 Adrenal gland, 372–378
Absorption, 352–354 Acromegaly, 371, 391 adenomas of, 377
Abstinence syndrome, 227 Acrosome, 400 congenital hyperplasia of, 375
Abuse Acrosome reaction, 407 neoplasms of, 377
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), 370 Adrenal hormones, 372
of drugs, 13–15 Actin, 81, 425 Adrenal medulla, 377
physical and psychological, 9 Acting out, 16 disorders of, 377
Acamprosate, 13 Actinic keratosis, 451 Adrenergic (epinephrine) receptors, 85
Acanthamoeba spp., 122, 123 Actinomyces spp., 413, 454 Adrenergic neuron blockers, 194
Acanthosis nigricans, 451 Actinomyces israelii (lumpy jaw), 454 Adrenergic pharmacology, 193–194
Acarbose, 382 Actinomycosis, 454 Adrenergic transmission, 192
ACAT (acyl-cholesterol acyltransferase), 52 Action potentials, 152 Adrenocortical disease
Accelerated rejection, 107 in cardiac phases, 238 acute insufficiency, 376
Acceleration, angular, 210 in muscle, 424 treatment of, 377
Accessory nerve (XI), 123, 434 Activated charcoal, 170, 172 Adrenocortical insufficiency, 376
skeletal muscle innervated by, 428 Activation energy, 55 Adrenocorticotropic hormone, 370
Accommodation, 208 Active transport, 80, 149 Adult polycystic kidney disease, 265
Accommodation-convergence reaction, 208 Acute disseminated (postinfectious) Adult respiratory distress syndrome, 295
Accuracy, in biostatistics, 34 Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, 161, 474
ACE. See Angiotensin-converting enzyme encephalomyelitis, 199 Aerobic conditions, TCA cycle and, 39
ACE inhibitors. See under Angiotensin-converting Acute tubular necrosis, 329 Afferent arteriole, 306, 308, 316
Acyanotic congenital heart disease, 255 Afferent limb, 202
enzyme Acyclovir, 135, 419, 420, 454, 513 Aflatoxin, 159
Acebutolol, 193, 513 Acyl-cholesterol acyltransferase, 52 AFP (alpha-fetoprotein), 162, 362, 402
Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, 13 Adamantinoma, 199 African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness),
Acetaminophen, 513 Adaptive immunity, 88
Acetaminophenoning, 172 ADCC (antibody-dependent cell-mediated 126, 127
Acetazolamide, 48, 207, 288, 326, 513 Afterload, cardiac, 242, 246
Acetic acid, 13 cytotoxicity), 88 Agenesis, renal, 301
Acetoacetate, 52 Addison disease, 376, 377 Agonists, 168
Acetylcholine, 115, 186, 191, 207, 232, 252, 344 Adductor brevis, 439
receptors, 169, 189 Adductor longus, 439 α-adrenergic, 85, 174, 207, 269, 270, 527, 530
Acetylcholinesterase, 189 Adductor magnus, 439 β-adrenergic, 193, 294
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, 190–191, 207, 220 Adductor pollicis, 437 cholinergic, 189
Adenine, 60 opioid, 226, 227
antidote for, 172 Adenocarcinoma, 296, 358 partial, 168
poisoning by, 170 Agoraphobia, 24
Acetyl-coenzyme A, 41, 50, 52 clear cell, 412 Agranulocytes, 470
Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase, 50, 52 endometrial, 413 Agranulocytosis, 20
N-Acetylcysteine, 73 Adenoma, liver cell, 362 AICA (anterior inferior cerebellar artery), 222, 223
Acetylcysteine, as antidote, 172 Adenomas AIDS. See Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
N-Acetyl-glucosamine, 113 adrenal, 377 AIDS dementia complex, 105
N-Acetylglutamate, 49 cortical renal, 331 AII. See Angiotensin II
N-Acetyl-muramic acid, 113 tubular, 358
villous, 358 541

INDEX Airway resistance, 279, 483 Amiloride, 326, 513 dissociative, 228
Akathisia, 20 Amines local, 227
ALA. See δ-Aminolevulinic acid synthase general, 228
Alanine, 41, 45 aromatic, as cancer risk, 159 inhalational, 228
Alanine cycle, 44 tertiary and quaternary, 190 intravenous, 228
Alar plate, 184 Amino acids, 44, 47, Aneuploidy, 74
Albinism, 46 derivatives of, 46 Aneurysm, 223, 251, 265
Albuminocytologic dissociation, 198 genetic deficiencies and, 47 ANF (atrial natriuretic factor) receptors, 85
Albuterol, 193, 294, 513 metabolism of, 47–48 Angelman syndrome, 77
Alcohol abuse, 13–14 as precursors, 46 Angina pectoris, 256
Alcohol dehydrogenase, 13 structures of, 45 Angiodysplasia, 358
Alcoholic cirrhosis, 361 synthesis of, 39, 47–48 Angioedema, hereditary, 99
Alcoholic hepatitis, 361 Aminocaproic acid, 465 Angiomyolipomas, renal, 331
Alcoholic ketoacidosis, 52 Aminoglutethimide, 377 Angiosarcoma, 266
Aminoglycosides, 66, 117, 119 Angiotensin I receptor antagonists, 175
and diuresis, 317 δ-Aminolevulinate dehydratase, 46 Angiotensin II, 175, 253, 265, 308, 312, 316, 318,
Alcoholic liver disease, 361 δ-Aminolevulinic acid synthase, 46, 56
Alcoholics Anonymous, 13 Aminopterin, 61 321, 372, 374
ALD. See Aldosterone Aminotransferases, 56 receptor blockers, 146, 175, 269, 270 272
Aldesleukin,109 Amiodarone, 267, 268, 514 Angiotensin-converting enzyme, 175
Aldolase B deficiency, 38 Amitriptyline, 22, 194, 514 inhibitors, 146, 175, 269, 270, 271
Aldosterone, 175, 312, 318, 372, 374 AML (acute myelogenous leukemia), 474 Angiotensinogen, 175
Aldosterone antagonists, 270 Amlodipine, 269, 270, 514 Angular acceleration, 210
Aldosterone deficiency, 317 Ammonia, tubular handling of, 320 Animal bites, 455
Aldosterone excess, 317 Amnesia, anterograde, 217 Anitschkow cells, 257
Alendronate, 385, 513 Amniotic cavity, 143, 334 Ankle joint, movements at, 441
Alfentanil, 228 Amoxapine, 22 Ankylosing spondylitis, 446
Aliphatic side chains, 45 Amoxicillin, 118, 289, 291, 455, 514 Annular pancreas, 359
Alkaptonuria, 47, 48 Amphetamine, 14, 514 Anococcygeal ligament, 395
Alkylating agents, 176–177 Amphipathic lipids, 80 Anopheles mosquito, 124
Amphotericin B, 123, 139, 140, 292, 514 Anorectal canal, 300
as cancer risk, 159 Ampicillin, 118, 514 Anorexia nervosa, 23
ALL. See Lymphocytic leukemia, acute Ampulla, uterine tube, 152, 407 Anorgasmia, 29
Allantois, 300, 334 Amygdala, 217, 219 ANOVA
Allele-specific oligonucleotide dot plot Amylase, 342, 350, 352, 359 one-way, 36
Amyloid repeated measures, 36
technique, 71 Aβ, 220 ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide), 316, 378
Allocortex, 218 types of, 158 ANS. See Autonomic nervous system
Allograft, 107 Amyloid precursor protein gene, 220 Antabuse. See Disulfiram
Allopurinol, 61, 449, 513 Amyloidosis, 158, 328 Antacids, 349
Alpha exotoxin, 115 Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 203 Antagonists, 173, 226
Alpha receptors AN (anterior nuclear group), 214 α-adrenergic, 193, 269, 270
ANA (antinuclear antibody), 106 β-adrenergic, 193, 269, 271, 294
in adrenergic transmission, 192 Anabolic steroid, 362 competitive, 173
in cell signaling, 84 Anaerobic conditions, 38, 41, 44 H1 and H2, 173
Alpha toxin, 115, 455 Anal canal, 345 hormone, 177
Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, 293 Analgesic nephritis, 329 Anterior cerebral artery, 222, 223
α1,4-bond, 43 Analgesics, 226–227 Anterior commissure, 218
α1,6-bond, 43 Anaphase, in mitosis, 83 Anterior communicating artery, 222, 223
α-adrenergic agonists, 193, 207, 269, 270 Anaphase-promoting complex, 83 Anterior cruciate ligament, 440
α-adrenergic antagonists, 193, 270 Anaphylaxis, 97, 100 Anterior gray horn, 200
α-tocopherol, 57 Anaplasia, 159 Anterior inferior cerebellar artery, 222, 223
Alpha-fetoprotein, 162, 362, 402 Anaplastic carcinoma, 389 Anterior interosseous nerve, 435, 436
Alport syndrome, 328 Anastrozole, 411, 514 Anterior mediastinum, 232
Alprazolam, 25, 513 Anatomic dead space, 274 Anterior neuropore, 185
Alprostadil, 397 Anatomic snuffbox, 433 Anterior nucleus, 214
ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), 203 Ancylostoma spp., 127, 130, 456 Anterior pituitary, 370–371
ALSO (antistreptolysin O), 328 hematologic changes caused by, 476 hyperfunction of, 371
Alanine, 38, 41, 44, 45, 49 Andersen disease, 43 Anterior spinal artery, 212, 223
Alanine cycle, 44 Androblastoma, 415 occlusion of, 203
Aliskiren, 175, 269 Androgen(s), 372 Anterograde amnesia, 217
Alteplase, 464, 513 aromatization of, 403 Anterolateral pathway, 202, 203
Alternate pathway, in complement cascade, 99 binding protein, 401 Anthrax toxin, 115
Aluminum hydroxide, 349 receptor antagonist, 398 Antiandrogens, 398
Alveolar gas equation, 282, 482 receptor gene, 394 Antianginal drugs, 271
Alveolar hypoxia, 285 receptor-positive prostate cancer, 398 Antiarrhythmic drugs, 267–268
Alveolar macrophages, 274 Anemia, 284, 287, 467 Antibiotics, 117, 177, 349
Alveolar ventilation equation, 278, 482 hemolytic, 467 Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, 88
Alveoli, 274 myelophthisic, 466 Antibody(ies). See also Autoantibody(ies)
Alzheimer disease, 220 pernicious, 56, 354, 468 anticentromere, 107
treatment of, 220 sideroblastic, 56 anti-DNA topoisomerase I, 107
Amantadine, 135, 216 Anencephaly, 184, 185 anti-GBM, 328
Amastigotes, 122, 126, 456 Anesthetics, 227−228 antihistone, 60
Ambenonium, 190 antimicrosomal, 388
Amebae, 122, 123
Amebiasis, 123, 127, 362
Amides, 227

542

antimitochondrial, 361 insufficiency, 260 Ascending colon, 345 INDEX
antinuclear, 106 regurgitation of, 247 Ascending pathways, 202
antiribonucleoprotein, 106 stenosis of, 247, 255, 260 Ascending thin loop of Henle, 306, 310, 314, 315
digoxin, as antidote, 172 Aortic vestibule, 230, 234 Aschoff bodies, 257
excess, in Ab-Ag complexes, 95 Aorticopulmonary septum, 231 Ascorbate (vitamin C), 56, 68
monoclonal, 110 AP endonuclease, 64 ASDs (atrial septal defects), 230, 254
Anticholinergic poisoning, antidote for, 172 APC gene, 161 Aseptic meningitis, acute, 195
Anticipation Ape hand, 432 ASO (allele-specific oligonucleotide) dot blot
in Huntington disease, 216 APGAR score, 6
in single-gene disorders, 73 Aphasia, 219 technique, 71
Anticlotting agents, 464 Apicomplexa protozoans, 122, 127 Asparagine, 45
Anticoagulants, 464 Aplastic anemia, 120, 466 Aspartate, 45
poisoning by, antidote for, 172 Apneustic center, 288 Aspergillus spp., 195
Anticonvulsants, 224–225 Apolipoprotein E gene, 220
Antidepressants, 22 Apomorphine, 346 in AIDS patients, 104
Antidiarrheals, 226, 368 Apoproteins, 53 Aspergillus fumigatus, 139
Antidiuresis, 314 Apoptosis, 155, 156 Aspirin, 361, 448, 464, 514
Antidiuretic hormone, 214, 312, 313, 314, 378 failure of, cancer risk and, 161 AST cardiac enzyme, 257
APP (amyloid precursor protein) gene, 220 Asteroid bodies, 293
See also Vasopressin Appendicitis, 358 Asthma, 237, 281, 293
absence and presence in countercurrent Appendix, 358
of testes, 394 extrinsic, 294
mechanism, 314, 315 Appetite, 342 intrinsic, 294
antagonists, 326 Apraclonidine, 207 Astrocytes, 198
disorders of, 378 Apyrimidination, 64 Astrocytoma, 160
inappropriate secretion of. See Syndrome of AR (androgen receptor) gene, 394 grade IV, 199
ara-C (cytarabine), 176 pilocystic, 199
inappropriate ADH secretion Arachidonic acid, 54 AT1 (angiotensin I) receptor antagonists, 175
plasma osmolarity regulated by, 316 as inflammation mediator, 97 Ataxia, 213
regulating osmolarity and volume, 313, 378 Arachnoid, 195 Ataxia telangiectasia, 64
secretion of, 371 Arachnoid granulations, 196, 197 Atenolol, 193, 269, 271, 514
Antidotes, for poisoning, 172 Arachnoid mater, 197 ATL. See Ascending thin loop of Henle
Antiemetics, 346 Arcuate nucleus, 214 ATN (acute tubular necrosis), 329
Antifibrinolytics, 465 ARDS (adult respiratory distress syndrome), 295 Atomoxetine, 18, 514
Antifungal agents, 117, 140 Area postrema, 174, 345 Atopic dermatitis (eczema), 451
Antigenic variation, 116 Area-velocity relationship, 249 Atorvastatin, 272, 514
Antigen(s) Arenavirus, 132 Atovaquone, 127
binding sites, 94 Argatroban, 464 Atovaquone-proguanil, 125
in human major histocompatibility complex, 91 Arginase, 49 ATP. See Adenosine triphosphate
Antihypertensives, 269, 270 Arginine, 45, 46
Anti-inflammatory drugs, 54, 448 Arginosuccinate lyase, 49 Atracurium, 427
Anti-influenza drugs, 135 Argyll Robertson pupil, 208 Atrial natriuretic peptide, 316, 378
Antimalarials, 125 Aripiprazole, 20, 23, 514 receptors, 85
adverse effects of, 125 Arnold-Chiari malformation, 185 Atrial septal defects, 230, 254
Antimicrobials. See Antibiotics Aromatic “-amines,” 159 Atrioventricular conduction block, types of, 240
Antimuscarinics, 216 Aromatic D-amino acid decarboxylase. See DOPA Atrioventricular node, 236
Antimycin, 40 Atrophy, 156
Antineoplastic agents, 176–177 decarboxylase Atropine, 190
Antioxidants, 154 Aromatic side chains, 45
Antiparallel orientation, 60 Aromatization, of androgens, 403 as antidote, 172
Antiplatelets, 464 Arrector pilus, 451 Atropine poisoning, 170
Antipsychotics, 19 Arsenic, as cancer risk, 159 Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 18
atypical, 20 Arsenic poisoning, 171 Attributable risk, 35, 479
and basal ganglia diseases, 216 antidotes for, 172 Atypical antipsychotics, 19
side effects of, 17–20 Arterial pressure, integrated control of, 253 Atypical hyperplasia, 159
typical, 19 Arteries. See individual arteries by name Auditory pathways, 211
Antipyrine, 149, 302 Arteriolosclerosis, 264 Auditory system (VIII), 211
Antisocial disorder, 26 Arteritis, 263–265 Auditory tests, 211
Antistreptolysin O, 328 Arthritis Auditory tube, 429
Antithrombin III (ATIII), 463 Auer rods, 475
deficiency, 463 infectious, 447 Auerbach plexus, 335
α-1-Antitrypsin deficiency, 361 reactive, 446 Augmented limb leads, 239
Antitussives, 226 rheumatoid, 446 Auricle, 233
Antiviral agents, 135–136 suppurative, 446 Auscultation Findings, 494–495
Antimetabolites, 176 Arthroconidia, 136, 456 Autism, 17
Antrum, 343 Arthus reaction, 106 Autoantibody(ies), 106–107
Anxiety disorders, 24 Aryepiglotticus, 275
Aorta, 231 Aryl sulfatase A, 54 anti-dsDNA, 106
abdominal, 338 Aryl sulfatase A deficiency, 198 anti-Sm, 106
coarctation of, 255 Arytenoids, 275 Autacoids, 173–175
dissection of, 265 ASA. See Anterior spinal artery Autografts, 107
stenosis, 247 Asbestos exposure, 297 Autoimmune diseases, 106–107
Aortic pressure, 244 as cancer risk, 159 Autonomic ganglia, 189
Aortic valve, 246 Ascariasis, 130 Autonomic nervous system, 186, 187–188, 200
atresia, 255 Ascaris spp., 127, 130 Autophagy, 79
bicuspid, 255 Autoregulation, 252
of glomerular filtration rate, 308
of renal blood flow, 308
renin secretion, 307

543

INDEX Autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, 72 bcr-abl fusion protein, 160 Blastoconidia, 136
Autosomal recessive inheritance pattern, 72 Becker muscular dystrophy, 450 Blastocyst, 142, 408
Aversive conditioning, 5 Beclomethasone, 294 Blastomyces spp., 138
Avoidant disorder, 26 Bedwetting, 11 Blastomyces dermatitidis, 138, 292
Axes, diagnostic, in psychopathology, 17 Behavior therapy, 4–5 Blastomycosis, 138
Axillary nerve, 236, 431, 432, 433, 434 Benazepril, 175, 515 Blastula, 142
Axon, 198 Bence-Jones proteins, 329, 475 Bleomycin, 177, 515
Axoneme structure, 81 Benign prostatic hyperplasia, 398 Blockade, order of, 227
8-Azaguanine, 62 Benign prostatic hypertrophy, 398 Blocking, 16
Azathioprine, 109, 448 Benign tumors, 355 Blood flow
Azithromycin, 66, 120, 123, 167, 291, 367, 515
azlocillin, 118 of the kidney, 331 control of, 252
“Azo-” dyes, as cancer risk, 159 Benzene exposure, as cancer risk, 159 pulmonary, 285
Azole antifungal agents, 117, 140 Benzocaine, 227 renal, 305
AZT. See Zidovudine Benzodiazepines, 13, 14, 20, 24, 225, 228 Blood gas, arterial, 321
Aztreonam, 117, 119 Blood gas barrier, 274
Azurophilic granules, 469 poisoning by, antidote for, 172 Blood pressure. See also Hypertension;
Benztropine, 190, 216, 515
B Berger disease, 328 Hypotension
Beriberi, 56 integrated control, 321
B cells, 90, 470 Bernard-Soulier syndrome, 460, 461 long-term control, 374
antigen receptor, characteristics of, 90 Berry aneurysms, 195, 224, 327 Blood supply, to cortex, 222–224
receptor diversity, 90 Beta agonists Blood-brain barrier, 216
Blood-CSF barrier, 197
B8, 91 β1, 193, 272 Blood-testis barrier, 400
B27, 91 β2, 193, 294 “Blue bloaters,” 281
Babesia spp., 122, 127 adrenergic, 193, 294 Body dysmorphic disorder, 25
Babesiosis, 127 poisoning by, antidote for, 172 Body fluid compartments, 302
Bacillus anthracis, 115, 454 Beta blockers, 207, 267, 270, 271, 382, 389 Body fluid volume, normal values, 302
Bacillus cereus, 367 poisoning by, antidote for, 172 Body mass index (BMI), 23
Back Beta receptors Body osmolarity, 149
in adrenergic transmission, 192 changes in, 150
anatomy of, 431–438 antagonists, 193, 207, 267, 269, 270, 271, 369, Boerhaave, syndrome, 355
muscles of, 434 Bombesin, 158
Baclofen, 427, 515 382, 389 Bone disorders, drug-induced, 385
Bacteria, 112 in cell signaling, 84 Borderline tumor, 26, 414
catalase-positive, 98 β-glucocerebrosidase, 54 Bordetella pertussis, 115
features of, 113 β-hydroxybutyrate, 52 hematologic changes caused by, 476
genetics of, 117 β-lactamases, 118 Borrelia spp., 127
growth curve, 112 β-oxidation, 52 Borrelia burgdorferi, 122
growth requirements, 116 Betaxolol, 207 Botulinum toxin, 115, 117, 191, 427, 515
pathogenic factors of, 116 Bethanechol, 189 Bounding pulse, 260
toxins, 114, 115 BG. See Basal ganglia Bowen disease, 397
Bacterial algorithms, appendix F, 533–538 Bias, statistical, 35 Bowman capsule, 300, 306, 307
Bacteriology, 112–117 Bicarbonate, 350 BPH (benign prostatic hypertrophy), 398
Bacteroides spp., 114, 116, 291 tubular handling of, 320 Brachial plexus, lesions, 431–433
bad gene, 161 Biceps brachii, 435 Brachialis muscle, 431, 435
BAL (dimercaprol), for heavy metal poisoning, 172 Biceps femoris, 439, 440 Brachioradialis muscle, 431, 435
Baldness, male pattern, 398 Biceps muscles, 431 Bradykinin, 162, 175, 271, 285
Barbiturates, 14, 24, 228 Biceps short head, 434 as inflammation mediator, 96, 97, 99
Bare lymphocyte syndrome, 102 Biceps tendon, 431 Brain stem
Baroreceptors, 253 Bicuspid aortic valve, 255 cranial nerves and, 204–205
Barr body, 74 bid gene, 161 lesions of, 212
Barrett esophagus, 355 Bifid scrotum, 394 Brain-growth spurt, 7
Bartholin gland, 395, 396 Bifidobacterium spp., 114 Branched-chain ketoacid dehydrogenase, 47, 48
Bartonella henselae, 455 Biguanides, 382 Branching enzyme, 43
Bartter syndrome, 375 Bilaminar embryonic disk, 143 BRCA-1 gene, 161, 414, 417
Basal electric rhythm, 343 Bile, 351, 352 BRCA-2 gene, 161, 417
Basal ganglia, 184, 214, 215–216, 224 Bile acid sequestrants, 272 Breast, pathology of, 416–418. See also Breast
diseases of, 216 Biliary disease, 364
Basal lamina, 82 Bilirubin, 46, 352 cancer
Basal plate, 184 Bioavailability, 166, 480 Breast cancer, 417
Basement membrane, 82 Biofeedback, 5
Basilar artery, 222, 223 Biostatistics, 34–36 fibrocystic disease versus, 418
Basilar membrane, 211 Biotin, 47, 56 risk factors for, 417
Basophils, 97, 469 Biotransformation, 167 tumor suppresser genes in, 417. See also
in chronic inflammation, 97 Biperiden, 190, 216
histamine and, 173 Bipolar disorder, 20, 21, 22 BRCA-1 gene; BRCA-2 gene
bax gene, 161 Bisphosphonates, 385 types of, 418
BBB (blood-brain barrier), 216 Bites, Breathing
BC (Bowman capsule), 300, 306, 307 Animal, 455 cycle in, 280
B-cell lymphoma, 161 Human, 455 mechanics of, 278–280
bcl-1 oncogene, 160 Bivalirudin, 464 Brenner tumor, 414
bcl-2 oncogene, 156, 161 Bladder Bretylium, 268
bcl-xS gene, 161 congenital abnormalities of, 301 Bridging therapy, 448
development of, 300 Bridging veins, 195, 224
exstrophy of, 397 Brimonidine, 207, 515
pathology of, 332 Brinzolamide, 207

544

Broca aphasia, 219 Calcium stones, 330 hepatocellular, 161, 162, 360 INDEX
Brodie abscess, 443 Calicivirus, 133 large cell, 296
Bromocriptine, 15, 174, 216, 371, 515 Call-Exner bodies, 415 lung, 160
5-Bromodeoxyuridine, 61 Calmodulin, 424 medullary. See Medullary carcinoma
Bronchial vessels, 276 Caloric test, 210 nasopharyngeal, 161
Bronchiectasis, 293, 294 Calves, pseudohypertrophy, 493 ovarian, 162
Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, 296 Calyces, 300 pancreatic, 162, 359
Bronchitis, 281, 290 cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate), papillary, 389, 390
penile, 397
chronic, 293 169, 397 prostatic, 162, 398
Bronchogenic carcinoma, 296 Campylobacter, 66, 116, 120, 365, 537 renal cell, 161, 331
Bronchopneumonia, 291 Canal of Schlemm, 206 risk factors for, 159
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia, 295 C-ANCA, 262, 263 small cell. See Small cell carcinoma
Bronchopulmonary nodes, 276 Cancer. See Carcinoma squamous cell, 453
“Bronze diabetes,” 361 Candesartan, 269, 272, 515 stomach, 356
Brown tumors, 442 Candida spp., 114, 195, 412, 419 transitional cell, of the bladder, 332
Brown-Séquard syndrome, 203 Candida albicans, 137, 139, 289, 290 Carcinoma in situ, 159
Brucella spp., 116, 122 penile, 397
Brugia spp., 127, 131 in AIDS patients, 104 Cardia, 343
Brunner glands, 344 Candidiasis, 137, 412 Cardiac cycle, 244
Bruton X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia, 102 Cardiac enzymes, after Cardiac output, 242, 481
Bruxism, 11 in AIDS patients, 104 changes after heart failure, 243
BuChE (butyrylcholinesterase), 220 Cannabis, 15 Fick method, 249, 481
Budd-Chiari syndrome, 361 Capacitation, 400, 407 integrated control, 321
Budesonide, 515 Capillary(ies) integrated control of, 253
Buerger disease, 262 Cardiac performance
Bulbospongiosus muscle, 395, 396 filtration and reabsorption in, 250, 482 definitions, 242
Bulbourethral (Cowper) gland, 396 flow and pressure changes in, factors affecting, mechanical, 242
Bulb(s) Cardiac pressure-volume loops, 245–246
251 Cardiac tamponade, 261
penile, 396 hemangioma of, 451 Cardiac valves, 246
vestibular, 396 hydrostatic pressure in, 250 disorders of, 247–253
Bulbus cordis, 230 oncotic pressure in, 250 Cardiogenic shock, 272
Bulimia nervosa, 23 peritubular, 306 Cardiomyopathies, 260
Bulk-forming laxatives, 368 pulmonary, 285 Cardiovascular system.
Bullous pemphigoid, 82, 451 Capnocytophaga canimorsus, 455
Bundle branches, 236 Capsules, 116 See also Cardiac entries; Heart
Bundle of His, 236 Captopril, 175, 269, 271, 516 anatomy of, 232–236
Bunyavirus, 134, 539 Caput medusa, 340, 361 embryology of, 230–232
Bupivacaine, 227, 515 Carbachol, 189, 207 pathology of, 254–266
Buprenorphine, 14, 226 Carbamazepine, 225, 516 pharmacology of, 267–272
Bupropion, 22 Carbamoyl phosphate synthase I, 49 physiology of, 237–253
Burkitt lymphoma, 161 Carbapenems, 119 Carisoprodol, 427, 516
undifferentiated, 473 Carbenicillin, 118 Carmustine, 176
Burns, 455 Carbidopa, 216 Carnitine acyltransferases, 38, 50
Buproprion 15, 22, 515 Carbon dioxide transport, 285 Carnitine shuttle, 50
Buspirone, 24, 174, 515 Carbon monoxide, 40, 283 Carnitine transporter, 50
Busulfan, 176 changes after heart failure, 243 Carpal tunnel syndrome, 433
Butalbital, 515 Carbon monoxide poisoning, 170, 284, 287 Carrier-mediated diffusion, 148
Butorphanol, 226 antidote for, 172 Carvedilol, 193, 516
Butyrylcholinesterase, 220 Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), 154, 159 Caseation, 155
Carbonic anh0ydrase, 350 Case-control studies, 35
C Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, 207, 317, 325, 326 Caseous necrosis, 155
electrolyte changes caused by, 326 Caseous pericarditis, 261
C3 nephritic factor, 327 Carbonic anhydrase reaction, 321 Caspofungin, 140
CA (carbonic anhydrase), 350 Carboplatin, 177 Castor oil, 368
Ca2+-ATPase, 80 Carboxypeptidase, 350, 353 CAT (carnitine acyltransferase), 38, 50
CA19-9 tumor marker, 162 Carbuncles, 453 Cat scratches, 453, 455
CA-125 tumor marker, 162 Carcinoembryonic antigen, 162 CAT-1 (carnitine actyltransferase-1), 50
CAA (cerebral amyloid angiopathy), 220 Carcinoembryonic antigen tumor, 358 CAT-2 (carnitine actyltransferase-2), 50
Caffeine poisoning, antidote for, 172 Carcinogenesis, mechanisms, 160 Catalase, 116, 154, 453
CAI. See Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor Carcinoid, 296 Catecholamines, 46, 192
CAIS (complete androgen insensitivity), 394 Carcinoid syndrome, 46, 162, 296 Catechol-O-methyltransferase, 192
Calcarine sulcus, 218 Carcinoid tumor, 162 inhibitors, 194, 216
Calcitonin, 162, 342, 383 Carcinoma Cats, as reservoir hosts, feces, 127
Calcitonin gene-related polypeptide, 344 adrenal, 377 Cauda equina, 200
Calcitriol, 383 anaplastic, 389 Caudate, 215
Calcium carbonate, 349 basal cell, 451 Caudate nucleus, 215
Calcium channel blockers, 268, 269, 270, 271 bile duct, 362, 364 Cavernous sinus, 197
Calcium homeostasis, pathophysiology of, 385 breast. See Breast cancer thrombosis of, 430
Calcium pyrophosphate, 446 bronchogenic, 296 CCD (cortical collecting duct), 306
Calcium regulation, 384 cervical, 161 CCK. See Cholecystokinin
colorectal, hereditary nonpolyposis, 64 CCR5 (chemokine receptor 5), 104
disorders of, 384 defined, 159 CCR5 antagonist, 105, 476
endocrine, 383–385 embryonal, 402
esophageal, 355
follicular, 389
gallbladder, 364

545

INDEX CD markers, 93 depressants, 14 Cholecalciferol. See Vitamin D
CD2, 93 stimulants of, 14 Cholecystokinin, 342, 343, 346, 351
CD3, 90. 93 trauma to, 221 Cholelithiasis, 364
CD4, 88, 89, 91, 93, 102, 104 Central sulcus, 218, 219 Cholera toxin, 115, 354
CD8, 88, 90, 91, 93 Centriacinar (centrilobular) emphysema, 293 Cholestasis, 360
CD10 (CALLA) surface marker, 474 Centrilobular necrosis, 159 Cholesterol, 52, 53
CD14, 89. 92, 93 Cephalexin, 118
CD16, 88, 90, 93 Cephalosporins, 113, 118, 119, 516 synthesis of, 52
CD18 absence, 98 Cerebellar tonsillar herniation, 221 Cholesterol esters, 52
CD19, 93 Cerebellum, 213 Cholesterol stones, 364
CD20, 93 Cerebral amyloid angiopathy, 220 Cholestyramine, 53, 272, 516
CD21, 93 Cerebral aqueduct, 184, 196, 213, 218 Cholic acid, 351
CD25, 93 Cerebral cortex, 218–221 Choline acetyltransferase, 189
CD28, 88, 93 Cerebral hemispheres, 184 Choline uptake, 189
CD40, 88, 93 Cerebral herniations, 221 Cholinergic agonists, 189
CD40L, 88 Cerebral infarcts, 224 Cholinergic pharmacology, 189–191
CD56, 88, 90, 93 Cerebrospinal fluid, 196 Cholinergic transmission, 189
CDK4 oncogene, 160 parameters, in meningitis, 196 Cholinesterases, plasma, 227
cDNA, 69 production of and barriers, 197 Chondrocalcinosis, 446
CEA. See Carcinoembryonic antigen entries sinuses and, 197 Chondromatous tumors, 445
Cecum, 345 Cerebrovascular disorders, 224 Chondromyxoid fibroma, 445
Cefazolin, 118 Ceruloplasmin, 361 Chondrosarcoma, 445
Cefepime, 118 Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, 412 Chordae tendineae, 233
Cefoperazone, 118 Cervical spondylosis, 431 Chordee, 397
Cefotaxime, 420 Cervicitis, 419 Chordoma, 144
Cefotetan, 118 Cervix, 394, 407 Choriocarcinoma, 162, 402, 415
Cefoxitin, 118 carcinoma, 161, 412 Choriomeningitis, lymphocytic, 134
Ceftazidime, 118, 516 enlargement of, 200 Chorion, 143
Ceftriaxone, 118, 289, 290, 419, 420, 421, 447, Cestodes, 127, 129 Chorionic plate, 408
Cetirizine, 173, 516 Choroid plexus, 196, 197
457, 516 CFC. See Cardiac function curve Christmas disease, 463
Cefuroxime, 118 CFTR protein, 359 Chromaffin cells, 377
Celecoxib, 448, 516 CGD (chronic granulomatous disease), 98 Chromatin, 60
Celiac artery, 334, 335, 338 cGMP, 84, 397 Chromium, as cancer risk, 159
Celiac circulation, 338 CGRP (calcitonin gene-related polypeptide), 344 Chromosomal abnormalities, 74–76
Celiac sprue, 357 Chagas disease, 126, 127, 355 Chromosomal deletions, 77
Cell adhesion, 82 Chancre, 421, 492 Chromosomal inversions, 75
Cell body, 198 Chancroid, 421, 492 Chromosomal translocations, 75–76
Cell cycle, 83 Chaperones, molecular, 67 Chronic granulomatous disease, 98
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, 198 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 280, 281,
proteins and, 160 ChAT (choline acetyltransferase), 189
Cell death, 155 Chediak-Higashi syndrome, 81, 98 293
Chemical injury, 154 Chronic passive congestion, 360
programmed. See Apoptosis Chemokine, 96 Churg-Strauss syndrome, 262
Cell injury Chemokine receptors, 104 Chylomicrons, 50, 53, 353
Chemoreceptors, 288 Chyme, 343
causes of, 154 trigger zone for, 345 Chymotrypsin, 350
irreversible, 155 Chenodeoxycholic acid, 351 Cigarette smoke, as cancer risk, 159
mechanisms of, 154 Chenodiol, 368 Cilastatin, 119
reversible, 155 Chest wall Ciliary body epithelium, 207
Cell signaling, 84–85 disorders of, 295 Ciliary ganglion, 186
Cell transport, 148 elastic properties of, 279 Ciliary muscles, 186, 206, 207
Cell wall, 112 CHF (congestive heart failure), 258 Cilostazol, 464
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors, 118–119 Chief cells, 336, 348 Cimetidine, 173, 349, 517
carbapenems, 119 Child abuse, 9 CIN (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia), 412
cephalosporins, 118 Child development, 6–9 Cingulate gyrus, 214, 218
monobactams, 119 milestones in, 7–8 Cingulum, 217
non-beta lactam, 119 Chinese liver fluke, 128 Ciprofloxacin, 121, 455, 517
penicillins, 118 Chi-square, 36 Circadian rhythms, 214
Cell-cycle regulatory proteins, 160 Chlamydia spp., 412, 413, 419–420, 446 Circle of Willis, 222
Cells, 112 Chlamydia spp., infectious arthritis and, 447
B cells, 90 Chlamydia trachomatis, 412, 413, 419, 420, 421 berry aneurysms of, 327
chief, 336, 348 Chlamydiae, 122 Circulation
chromaffin, 377 Chlamydophilia psittaci, 292
of immune system, 89–90 Chloramphenicol, 66, 118, 120, 455 autonomic control, 252
natural killer, 88, 90 Chlordiazepoxide, 24 celiac, 338
regeneration and repair, 157 Chloroquine, 125, 476, 516 cerebrospinal fluid, ventricles and, 196
response in acute inflammation, 100 Chlorpheniramine, 173 fetal, 232
T cells, 88 Chlorpromazine, 19 hepatic portal, 340
types, in nervous system, 198 Chlorpropamide, 382 parasympathetic regulation of, 252
Cellular membrane, 112 Cholangiocarcinoma, 128, 361, 362, 364 pulmonary circulation, 249
Cellularity, mixed, in Hodgkin disease, 472 Cholangitis, sclerosing, 361 sympathetic regulation of, 252
Cellulitis, 454 systemic, 249
Central artery, retinal, 223 Circumcision, 397
Central canal, 196 Circumflex artery, 233
Central nervous system, 184, 198 Cirrhosis, 361
adult derivatives, 184 Cis (forming) face, Golgi apparatus, 79

546

Cisapride, 368 Codon, 64 Congestive heart failure, 258 INDEX
Cisatracurium, 427 Coelom, 334 Congestive myopathy, 260
Cisplatin, 177, 517 Coenzyme Q, 40 Congo red stain, 158
Citalopram, 22, 174, 517 Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone), 178 Conidia, 137
Citrate, 39 Cohort studies, 35 Conjugated bilirubin, 351
Citrate shuttle, 39, 50 Colchicine, 81, 449, 517 Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, 360, 488
Citrate synthase, 39 Cold hemolytic anemia, 467 Conjugation, 117, 167
Citric acid cycle, stoichiometry of, TCA, 39 Colestipol, 53, 272 Conjugation phase, 72
Citrulline, 49 Colesevelam, 272 Conn syndrome, 375, 377
CJD. See Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Colitis, ulcerative, 359 Connective tissue diseases, 157
CK-MB cardiac enzyme, 257 Collagen, 82 Connexon, 82
c-kit oncogene, 160 Constrictor pupillae, 206
Clarithromycin, 66, 120, 434, 517 synthesis of, 68 Contact dermatitis, 106, 452
Clarke’s nucleus, 200 type I, 442 Contraception, 410
Classical conditioning, 4, 5 types of, 157 Contractility, cardiac, 242
Classical pathway, in complement cascade, 98 Collagenase, 116 Contraction, isovolumic, 245
Clathrin-coated pits, 79 Collecting duct, 311, 313, 314, 315 Contralateral hemianopia, 219, 223
Clavicle, 433 Collecting tubule, 300 Contusion, 221
Clavulanate, 291, 455 Colles fascia (superficial perineal fascia), 396 Conus arteriosus, 230
Claw hand, 432, 433 Colloid carcinoma, of the breast, 418 Conus medullaris, 200
Clearance Colon. See Large intestine Convergence, 208
Colorectal cancer, hereditary nonpolyposis, 64 Conversion disorder, 25
of drug, 166 Coma, 14 Cooper ligaments, 417
renal, 305, 483 Common coagulation pathway, 463 COPD. See Chronic obstructive pulmonary
Cleavage, of zygote, 142 Common cold, 289
Cleft lip, 429 Common peroneal (fibular) nerve, 438 disease
Cleft palate, 429 Common variable deficiency, 102 Copper poisoning, antidote for, 172
Climbing fibers, 213 Communicating hydrocephalus, 197 Coprophilia, 28
Clindamycin, 66, 120 Communicating rami, 200 Cor pulmonale, 258
Clitoris, 394, 395 Compensation, in acid/base regulation, 321 Cori cycle, 41
CLL (chronic lymphocytic leukemia), 474 Competitive inhibitor, 55 Cori disease, 43
Clomiphene, 411, 517 Complement cascade, 98 Corona radiata, 404
Clomipramine, 24, 517 Complementary DNA, 69 Coronary arteries, 233
Clonazepam, 24, 224, 517 Complementation, 134 Coronaviruses, 133, 289, 539
Cloned DNA, 70 Complete androgen insensitivity, 394 Corpus albicans, 405
Clonidine, 13, 14, 193, 269, 517 Complete atrioventricular conduction block, 240 Corpus callosum, 215, 218
Clonorchis spp., 127 Complete endocardial cushion defect, 254 Corpus cavernosum, 395, 396
Clonorchis sinensis, 128, 362 Complete mole, 415 Corpus luteum, 404, 405, 406
Clopidogrel, 464, 517 partial mole versus, 415 Corpus spongiosum, 395, 396
Clostridium botulinum, 115 Complex I (NADH dehydrogenase), 40 Corpus striatum, 215
Clostridium difficile, 119, 365 Complex II (succinate dehydrogenase), 40 Cortex, 301
superinfection, 120 Complex III (cytochrome b/c1), 40
Clostridium perfringens, 115, 116, 366, 367, 455 Complex IV (chromosome a/a3), 40 blood supply to, 222
Clotrimazole, 140 Complex V, 40 Cortical adenomas, of kidney, 331
Clotting cascade, 463 Complex seizure, 224 Cortical collecting duct, 306
pathologic dysregulation in, 462 Compliance, 248, 278, 279, 481 Cortical reaction, 400, 407
physiologic regulation in, 462 COMT. See Catechol-O-methyltransferase Corticobulbar tract, 213
Clozapine, 20, 517 Concentrating segment, in loop of Henle, 310 Corticospinal tract, 212, 213
CMI (cell-mediated immunity), 420 Concentration, drug, 166 Corticosteroids, 54, 109, 294, 448
CML (chronic myelogenous leukemia), 76, 160, Concentration gradients, 148 Corticotropin-releasing hormone, 370
Concussion, 221 Cortisol, 372, 380
474 Conditioning, 4, 5
CMV. See Cytomegalovirus Conducting zone, 274 excess versus deficiency, 373
CMV retinitis, 132, 135, 136 Conduction, in heart, 236 Corynebacterium spp., 114
c-myc oncogene, 160, 161 Conduction blocks, atrioventricular, 240 Corynebacterium diphtheriae, 115, 289
CO. See Carbon monoxide Conduction deafness, 211 Coumarin poisoning, antidote for, 172
CO2 transport, 285 Condyloma acuminatum, 412, 420 Councilman body, 156
CoA (coenzyme A), 41 Cone bug, 126 Countercurrent mechanism
Coagulase, 116, 453 Confidence intervals, 36
Coagulation Confluence of sinuses, 197 in absence of ADH, 315
Confounding bias, 35 in presence of ADH, 314
disseminated intravascular, 463 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, 375, 377, 394 Cowper gland, 396
pathways of, 462. See also Clotting cascade Congenital anomalies, 357 COX. See Cyclooxygenase(s)
tests of, 462 VACTERL, 144 Coxsackie A virus, 289
Coagulative necrosis, 155 VATER, 144 Coxsackie B virus, 259, 409
Cocaine, 14, 194, 227 Congenital enzyme deficiency syndromes, 376 CPM (progressive multifocal
Coccidioides spp., 138 Congenital heart disease
Coccidioides immitis, 97, 104, 136, 138, 292 acyanotic, 254 leukoencephalopathy), 198
in AIDS patients, 104 cyanotic, 254–255 Cranial nerves, 204
Coccidioidomycosis, 138 obstructive, 255
Coccygeus, 395 Congenital hepatic malformations, 360 and brain stem, 204–205
Cochlea, 211 Congenital malformations, of nervous system, 185 skeletal muscle innervated by, 428
Cochlear nucleus, 211 Congenital reproductive anomalies, 394 Craniopharyngioma, 199
VIII fibers, 212 Creatine, 46
Codeine, 226, 517 Creatinine clearance, 305
Codman triangle, 445 Cremaster muscle and fascia, 399
Cremasteric reflex, 399
CREST syndrome, 107
Cretinism, 388

547

INDEX Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, 221 Cystitis emphysematosa, 332 Defecation, 345
CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone), 370 Cystosarcoma phyllodes, 416 Defecation reflex, 345
Cribriform plate, 205 Cytarabine, 176 Defense mechanisms, common Freudian, 16
Cricothyroid, 275 Cytochrome a/a3, 40 Defensins, in phagocytosis, 98
Cri-du-chat syndrome, 77 Cytochrome b/c1, 40 Deferoxamine, for iron poisoning, 171, 172
Crigler-Najjar syndrome, 46, 360 Cytochrome c, 40 Degenerative joint disease, 446
Crista terminalis, 233 Cytochrome c oxidase, 116 Dehydration, 317
Crohn disease, 359 Cytochrome P450 (CYP450), 79 Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 178
Cromolyn, 294, 517 Cytokeratin stain, 158 Delavirdine, 105
Crossbridge cycle, 425 Cytokines, 88, 89, 94. See also Granulocyte Delayed type hypersensitivity, 106, 420
Cross-sectional studies, 35 Deletions, chromosomal, 75
Croup, 290 colony-stimulating factor; Granulocyte- Delirium, versus dementia, 27
Cruise ship agent (virus), 133 macrophage colony-stimulating factor; Delirium tremens (DTs), 14
Crura Interferon entries; Interleukins; Tumor δ receptors, 226
necrosis factor; individual cytokines Deltoid muscle, 432
of clitoris, 395 in cell regeneration, 157 clavicular part, 434
of penis, 396 receptors, 169 posterior fibers, 434
Crus cerebri, 201 recombinant, clinical uses of, 109 Demeclocycline, 326
Cryotherapy, 456 Cytomegalovirus, 131 Dementia
Crypt abscesses, 359 in AIDS patients, 104
Cryptococcus spp., 195 hematologic changes caused by, 476 as AIDS complication, 105
Cryptococcus neoformans, 139 Cytoplasmic pathway, 38 versus delirium, 27
in AIDS patients, 104 Cytosine, 60 Dendrites, 198
Cryptorchidism, 399 Cytoskeleton, 81 Dendritic cells, 89
Cryptosporidiosis, 123 Cytosol, 49, 50 Denial, 16
Cryptosporidium spp., 122, 123 Cytosolic enzymes, 44 Dense deposit disease, 327
Cryptosporidium parvum, 367 Cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction, 106 Deoxyribonuclease, 350
in AIDS patients, 104 Cytotoxic T cells, 88, 90, 91 Deoxyribonucleotides, 61
CSF. See Cerebrospinal fluid Cytotoxicity, antibody-dependent cell-mediated, 88 Deoxyribose, 60
Cumulus oophorus, 420 Cytotrophoblast, 142, 143, 145, 415 Dependence (use), 227
Cuneate fasciculus, 202 Depolarization
Cuneate nucleus, 202 D action potential and, 152
Cuneus gyrus, 206, 218 membrane potential and, 151
Curling ulcers, 356 D cells, 347 Depolarizing blockers, 427
Currant jelly sputum, 291 D receptors, in cell signaling, 84, 85 Depressants, 14
Cushing disease, 371, 377 D-ala-D-ala-muramyl pentapeptide, 119 Depression, 21
Cushing syndrome, 162, 177, 373, 377 d4T (stavudine), 105 Dermatitis, contact, 106, 452, 456, 525, 526
Cushing ulcers, 356 DA agonists, 216 Dermatitis herpetiformis, 452
Cutaneous larva migrans, 131 DA antagonists, 346 Dermatomyositis, 450
Cutaneous leishmaniasis, 126 Daclizumab, 110 Dermis, 451
CXCR4 (α-chemokine receptor), 104 Dalfopristin, 120 Dermoepidermal junction, 452
Cyanide poisoning, 40 Dalton’s law of partial pressures, 282 DES (diethylstilbestrol), 142, 146, 412
Cyanocobalamin (B12), 56 Danazol, 411 Descemet membrane, 361
Cyanosis, 231, 488 Dandy-Walker malformation, 185 Descending colon, 345
Cyanotic congenital heart disease, 254–255, 442 Dantrolene, 228, 427, 518 Descending pathways, 201
Cyclin-dependent kinases, 83 DAP (diaminopimelic acid), 40, 113 Descending thin loop of Henle, 306, 310, 314, 315
Cyclins, 83 Dapsone, 455 Descent, of testes, 398
Cyclobenzaprine, 427, 517 Darbepoetin alpha, 468 Desflurane, 228
Cyclooxygenase(s), 54, 448 Darrow-Yannet diagram, 150 Desipramine, 22, 194
COX-1 pathway, 448 Dartos fascia, 395 Desmin stain, 158
COX-2 inhibitors, 448 Davenport diagram, 322 Desmoplasia, 159
COX-2 pathway, 448 DCC gene, 161 Desmopressin, 371, 465, 518
as inflammation mediator, 97 DCT (distal convoluted tubule), 270, 312 Desmosome (macula adherens), 82
inhibitors, 448, 464 DDAVP (desmopressin), 465 Dexamethasone, 373
Cyclopentolate, 190 ddC (zalcitabine), 105 Dexrazoxane, 177
Cyclophosphamide, 109, 176, 518 ddl (didanosine), 105 Dextroamphetamine, 17, 518
Cyclosporine, 109, 518 de Quervain granulomatous subacute thyroiditis, Dextromethorphan, 226
Cyclothymia, 20, 21 DHFR (dihydrofolate reductase), 62
Cystadenocarcinoma, 414 388 DHT (dihydrotestosterone), 398
Cystadenoma, 414 Dead space, 277–278, 286 DI. See Diabetes insipidus
Cystathionine synthase, 47, 48 Deafness, 211 Di Guglielmo disease, 475
Cysteine, 45 Death, children’s conceptions of, 7 Diabetes
Cystic disease, 416 Death phase, bacterial, 112 acute metabolic complications, 381
renal, 327 Debranching enzyme, 43 late complications of, 381
Cystic fibrosis, 72, 73, 294 Deceleration, 210 treatment of, 382
genetic testing in, 71 Decidua basalis, 145 Diabetes insipidus, 214, 317, 371, 378
Cysticerci, 129 Decidualization, 408 Diabetes mellitus, 381
Cysticercosis, 129 Deep cortical layers, and infarct, 224 Diabetic gastroparesis, 344
Cystine, 48 Deep fascia, 395 Diabetic glomerulopathy, 328
Cystine stones, 330 Deep inguinal ring, 399 Diabetic ketoacidosis, 52, 324, 381
Cystinuria, 48, 330 Deep perineal pouch, 396 and osmotic diuresis, 317
Cystitis Deep peroneal nerve, 439, 441 Diacylglycerol
hemorrhagic, 176, 332 Deep tendon reflex, 202 in adrenergic transmission, 192
infectious, 332, 419 Deep transverse perineal muscle, 396 in cholinergic transmission, 189
Deep vein thrombosis, 265, 297

548

Diagnosis, immunology techniques in, 108 DIT (diiodotyrosine), 386 Drug development and testing, 179 INDEX
Diagnostic axes, in psychopathology, 17 Diuresis, water-induced, 315 Drug metabolism, 167
Diagnostic enzymes, 116 Diuretics, 326 Drugs. See also individual drugs by name or class
Diaminopimelic acid, 40, 113
Diaphragm, 278 electrolyte changes caused by, 326 list, Appendix E, 513–532
Diarrhea mechanisms of, 325 of abuse, 14–15
osmotic, 317 pharmacodynamics of, 168–169
fluid and electrolyte abnormalities in, 303 Diverticula, 355 pharmacokinetics of, 166–167
inflammatory, 365 of the bladder, 332 volume distribution, 166
by intoxication, 367 Diverticular disease, 358 Dry eyes (keratoconjunctivitis sicca), 106
noninflammatory, 366–367 DKA. See Diabetic ketoacidosis Dry mouth (xerostomia), 106
Diastole, 244 DMARDs (disease-modifying, slow-acting DTH (delayed type hypersensitivity), 106, 420
Diazepam, 24, 224, 427, 518 DTL. See Descending thin loop of Henle
Diazoxide, 269 antirheumatic drugs), 448 DTs (delirium tremens), 13
DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation), 463 DNA, 60 Dubin-Johnson syndrome, 360
Diclofenac, 448 Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 72, 450
Dicyclomine, 190 in cell synthesis, 83 Duct of Gartner, 394
Didanosine, 105 cloned, 70 Ductal cells, 350
Diencephalon, 184, 214, 215 point mutations, 64 Ductus arteriosus, 232
Diethylcarbamazine, 131 recombinant, 69–70 Ductus deferens, 394, 395, 399
Diethylstilbestrol, 142, 412 replication and transcription of, 63, 78 artery to, 399
Diffuse axonal injury, 221 vectors, 70 Duloxetine, 519
Diffuse cortical necrosis, 329 DNA gyrase, 63, 121 Duodenal atresia, 357
Diffuse non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 473 DNA library, screening, 70 Duodenum, 336, 344
Diffuse nontoxic goiter, 388 DNA polymerase, 63 Dura, 195
Diffuse scleroderma, 107 DNA repair, 64 Dura mater, 195
Diffusion, 148, 282, 283 DNA replication inhibitors, 121 Duret hemorrhage, 221
Diffusion coefficient, 149 DNA telomerase, 63 Dwarfism, 391, 442
Diffusion transport, 80 DNA topoisomerase II and IV, 63, 121 Dyes, as cancer risk, 159
DiGeorge syndrome, 77, 102, 103, 255, 385, 429 DNA viruses, 132 Dynamic compression, 280
Digestion, 352–354, 353 2,4-DNP (dinitrophenol), 40 Dyneins, 81, 400
Digestive tract, layers of, 335 Docusate, 368 Dyscrasias, 475
Digitalis, 268, 271 Dofetilide, 268 Dysdiadochokinesia, 213
Digoxin, 268, 271, 518 Dolasetron, 346 Dysentery, 365
poisoning by, antidote for ,172 Donepezil, 190, 220, 518 Dysgerminoma, 414
Digoxin antibodies, as antidote, 172 DOPA decarboxylase, 46 Dyspareunia, 29
Dihydrobiopterin reductase, 48 inhibitor, 216 Dysplasia
Dihydrofolate reductase, 62, 121 Dopamine, 46, 518 defined, 156, 159
Dihydropteroate synthase, 121 precursor to, 216 tooth enamel, 120
Dihydrotestosterone, 394, 398 Dopamine β-hydroxylase, 46, 56 Dysthymia, 20, 21
Dihydroxyacetone-P, 38 Dopamine receptors, 85 Dystonia, 20
Diiodotyrosine, 386 Dopamine 1 agonist, 269 Dystrophin, 450
Dilated heart failure, 251 Dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway, 199, 202
Dilated myopathy, 260 Dorsal horn, 200 E
Dilator pupillae, 206 Dorsal interossei muscles, 436
Diltiazem, 268, 269, 270, 271, 518 Dorsal midbrain syndrome, 213 EA (efferent arteriole), 306, 308
Diluting segment, in loop of Henle, 311 Dorsal pancreatic bud, 334 Ear infections, 289–290
Dimercaprol, for heavy metal poisoning, 171, 172 Dorsal root, 200 Early distal tubule, 306
Dimorphic fungi, 137 Dorsal root ganglia, 200, 202 Eating disorders, 24
Dinitrate, 271 Dorsal scapular nerve, 434 Ebola virus, 134
2,4-Dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP), 40 Dorsomedial nucleus, 214, 217 Ebstein anomaly, 146
Dinoprostone, 411 Dorzolamide, 207, 326 EBV. See Epstein-Barr virus
Dipeptidyl peptidase (DDP-4) inhibitor, 382 Dose-response curves, 168 ECF (extracellular fluid) volume, 149
Diphenhydramine, 173, 518 Double ureters, 301, 331 Echinacea, 178
Diphenoxylate, 226, 368, 518 Double-stranded RNA viruses, 133 Echinocandin, 140
Diphtheria toxin, 115, 118 Down syndrome, 74, 254, 255 Echinococcus granulosus, 129
Diphtheroids, 114 Doxacurium, 427 Echothiophate, 195, 207
Diphyllobothrium spp., 127 Doxazosin, 193, 269, 518 Eclampsia, 409
Diphyllobothrium latum, 56, 129 Doxepin, 518 ECT (electroconvulsive therapy), 22
hematologic changes caused by, 476 Doxorubicin, 40, 177, 518 Ectasia, mammary duct, 418
Dipivefrin, 207 Doxycycline, 66, 120, 291, 519 Ectoderm, 144
Dipyridamole, 464 DPC4 gene, 161
Diseases and Findings, Appendix D, 499–511 2,3-DPG, 288 derivatives, 144
Disopyramide, 267 DQ2, 91 neural, 184
Displacement, 16 DQ8, 91 Ectopic pregnancy, 142, 409, 412
Disseminated intravascular coagulation, 4653 DR2, 91 Ectopic thyroid nests, 388
Dissociation, 16 DR3, 91 Edema, 266
Distal convoluted tubule, 300 DR4, 91 pulmonary, 297
Distal nephron, 300 Dracunculus spp., 127, 130, 131 Edema factor, 115
Distal tubule, 311 DRG (dorsal root ganglia), 200, 202 Edetate calcium disodium, for lead poisoning,
diuretic action on, 317 Dronabinol, 15, 346
Disulfiram, 13 Droperidol, 228 171, 172
Disulfiram-like reaction, 140 Drug-induced disorders Edinger-Westphal nuclei, 207
of bone, 385
of minerals, 385
neutropenia, 470

549

INDEX Edrophonium, 190, 450, 519 Endometrium, 407 Equilibrium, 148
EDT (early distal tubule), 306 Endomysium, 425 Equilibrium potential, 151
EDTA (edetate calcium disodium), for lead Endosomes, 79 Equine encephalitis, viruses causing, 133
Endospores, 136 Equivalence zone, in Ab-Ag complexes, 95
poisoning, 171, 172 Endotoxin, 92, 114 Erb-Duchenne palsy, 488
EDV (end diastolic volume), 242 Enflurane, 228 erb oncogenes, 160
Edwards syndrome, 74 Enfuvirtide, 105 Erectile dysfunction, 29, 397
EE (enteroendocrine) cells, 336 Enoxaparin, 464, 519
EF (edema factor), 115 Entacapone, 194, 216, 519 treatment of, 397
EF (ejection fraction), 242, 481 Entamoeba spp., 122 Erection, penile. See Penile erection
Efavirenz, 105, 519 Entamoeba histolytica, 123, 365 Erector spinae muscle, 434
Efficacy, drug, 179 Enterobacteriaceae, 455 Ergonovine, 174
EGF. See Epidermal growth factor Enterobius spp., 127, 130 Ergosterol, 112
EHEC (enterohemorrhagic E. coli), 115 Enterochromaffin cells, 346, 347 Ergot alkaloids, 174
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, 68, 157 Enterococcus faecalis, 114 Ergotamine, 174
Eicosanoids, 54 Enteroendocrine cells, 336 Ergotism, 174
Enteroglucagon, 347 ERT (estrogen replacement therapy), 410
metabolism of, 54 Enterohemorrhagic E. coli, 115, 366 Erysipelas, 453
Eikenella corrodens, 455 Enteroinvasive E. coli, 365 Erythema marginatum, 257
Einthoven’s triangle, 241 Enterokinase, 350 Erythema multiforme, 452
Eisenmenger complex, 254 Enteropathogenic E. coli, 366 Erythema nodosum, 138, 452
Eisenmenger syndrome, 254 Enterotoxic E. coli, 115 Erythrocytes, abnormalties on peripheral smear,
Ejaculation disorders, 29 Enterotoxigenic E. coli, 366
Ejaculatory duct, 394, 395, 396 Enuresis, 11 512
Ejection fraction, 242 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, 71 Erythrocytic schizont, 124
Elasticity, 278 Erythromycin, 66,120, 496, 497, 498, 519
Elastin, 82 in AIDS diagnosis, 104 Erythroplakia, 355
Elbow joint, movement at, 435 Enzyme-linked receptors, 84 Erythropoiesis, 465
Elder abuse, 9 Enzymes, 56. See also individually named Erythropoietin, 109, 465
Electrocardiogram, principles of, 238–240
Electrochemical gradients, 148 enzymes for anemia, 468
Electroconvulsive therapy, 23 deficiency syndromes of, 376 Escherichia spp., 114
Electrogenic pump, 152 kinetics of, 55 Escherichia coli
Electrolytes ligand-regulated transmembrane, 169 in bacterial meningitis, 195
Eosin stain, 158
abnormalities of, 303 Eosinophilic leukocytosis, 470 enterohemorrhagic, 366
diuretic-induced changes in, 326 Eosinophils, 89, 469 enteroinvasive, 365
Electron transport chain, 39, 40 in chronic inflammation, 100 enterotoxic, 115
Elimination, drug, 166 Eotaxin, in chronic inflammation, 100 enterotoxigenic, 366
ELISA. See Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay Ependymal cells, 197, 198 Escitalopram, 22, 519
Elongation, in protein translation, 66 Ependymoma, 199 E-selectin, 96
Embolic cerebral infarcts, 224 Ephedra (Ma Huang), 178 Esmolol, 193
Embryoblast, 142 Ephedrine, 194 as antidote, 172
Embryology Epiblast, 143 Esomeprazole, 349, 519
early, 142 Epidemic typhus, 457 Esophageal hernias, 356
week 2, 143 Epidermal growth factor, 157 Esophageal strictures, 355
weeks 3 through 8, 144 receptors, 85 Esophageal varices, 265, 338, 340, 355, 361
Embryonal carcinoma, 402 Epidermis, 451 Esophagitis, 356
Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, 412, 450 Epidermophyton spp., 137, 456 Esophagus, 334, 336
Embryonic disk, bilaminar, 143 Epididymis, 394, 395, 396 carcinoma of, 355
Emetics, 346 Epidural hematoma, 195, 224 pathology of, 355–356
Emphysema, 278, 281, 283, 293 Epidural space, 195 Essential amino acids, 48
Empty sella syndrome, 371 Essential thrombocythemia, 461
Enalapril, 175, 269, 271, 519 Epiglottitis, 290 Esterases, 350
Encainide, 267 Epilepsy, myoclonic, 72 Esters, 227
Encephalitis Epileptic seizures, 224, 225 Estradiol, 403
amebic, 123 Epimysium, 425 in feedback examples, 148
bacterial, 195 Epinephrine, 43, 46, 192, 207, 294, 380 Estrogen replacement therapy, 410
fungal, 195 Epispadias, 397 Estrogens, 405, 406, 408, 410, 519
viral, 196 Epithalamus, 184, 214 ESV (end systolic volume), 242
Encephalopathy, 217 Epithelial cells, 274 Eszopiclone, 11
Enchondromatosis, 442, 445 Epithelial foot processes, loss of, 327 Etanercept, 448, 519
End diastolic volume, 242 Epithelium ETC (electron transport chain), 39, 40
End systolic volume, 242 Ethacrynic acid, 326
Endocarditis, 259 of digestive tract, 335 Ethanol, 13,14, 146, 166, 170
acute, 259 hyperplasia of, 416 as antidote, 172
Libman-Sacks, 106, 259 tumors of, 414 Ethanol poisoning, 170
Endocrine pancreas, 379–381 Eplerenone, 326 Ethical issues, 31–33
disorders of, 381 EPO. See Erythropoietin Ethinyl estradiol, 410
Endoderm, 144, 334 Eponyms, disease, 487–491 Ethosuximide, 225, 519
derivatives, 144 EPS (extrapyramidal side effects), of Ethylene glycol poisoning, antidote for, 172
development of, 300 Etidocaine, 227
neural, 184 antipsychotics, 19, 20 Etidronate, 385
Endometrial adenocarcinoma, 413 Epstein-Barr virus, 161, 289 Etomidate, 228
Endometriosis, 413 Etoposide, 177
Endometritis, 413 hematologic changes caused by, 476 Euchromatin, 60
in non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 473 Eukaryotes, 63, 65, 112
Eptifibatide, 464
Equations, Appendix A, 479–484

550

Eukaryotic chromatin structure, 60 Factor II, 462 Fibrin degradation products, 463 INDEX
Eukaryotic elongation factor-2 (eEF-2), 66, 115, Factor IIa, 462 Fibrinogen, 462
Factor III, 462 Fibrinoid necrosis, 155
289 Factor V, 116 Fibrinolysis, 462
Ewing sarcoma, 445 Factor V Leiden, 463 Fibrinous pericarditis, 261
Excitation-contraction coupling, 424 Factor VII, 462 Fibroadenoma, 416
Excretion, renal regulation of, 312 Factor VIIa, 462 Fibroblast growth factor, 157
Excretion of X (EX), 304, 483 Factor VIII deficiency. See Hemophilia A Fibrocystic disease, 416
Exemestane, 411 Factor VIIIa, 462
Exenatide, 382 Factor IX, 462 versus breast cancer, 418
Exercise, cardiovascular response, 242 Factor IX deficiency, 463 Fibroma
Exfoliatins, 453 Factor IXa, 462
Exhibitionism, 28 Factor X, 116, 462 chondromyxoid, 445
Exocrine pancreas,359 Factor XII. See Hageman factor ovarian, 415
Exophthalmos, 388 Facultative intracellular parasites, 122 Fibronectin, 82
Exotoxins, 114, 115, 453 FAD, 41 Fibrosis, 278, 281, 283, 416
Experimenter expectancy bias, 35 FADH, 403 Fibrous dysplasia, 442
Expiration, 280 FADH2, 39 Fibula, 440
Expiratory reserve volume, 277 Fading, 5 Fibular collateral ligament, 440
Exposure, classic conditioning and, 5 Falx cerebri, 197 Fick’s law of diffusion, 149, 283, 483
Exstrophy Famciclovir, 135, 419, 420, 454, 458, 520 Filgrastim. See Granulocyte colony-stimulating
Familial hypercholesterolemia, 72
bladder, 332 Familial polyposis coli, 159 factor
of bladder, 397 Famotidine, 173, 349, 520 Filovirus, 134
Extensor carpi radialis brevis, 436 Fanconi syndrome, 488 Filtered load, 304, 483
Extensor carpi radialis longus, 436 Fas ligand, 156 Filtration, in urine formation, 304, 307
Extensor carpi ulnaris, 436 Fasciculation, 427 Filtration fraction, 307, 484
Extensor digitorum brevis, 441 Fasciculi, 200, 425 Filum terminale, 200
Extensor digitorum longus, 441 Fasciola spp., 127 Fimbria, 407
Extensor hallucis longus, 441 Fasciolopsis spp., 127 Finasteride, 398, 520
Extensor pollicis brevis, 437 Fat necrosis, 155 Finger, movement of, 436
Extensor pollicis longus, 437 Fatty acids Finger flexors, 432
External anal sphincter, 395 First degree atrioventricular conduction block, 240
External auditory meatus, 429 free, 53 First-order elimination, 166
External intercostal muscles, 278 metabolism of, 50 First-pass effect, 167
External oblique fascia, 399 oxidation of, 50 Fish tapeworm, 129
External spermatic fascia, 399 synthesis of, 39, 41, 50, 56 Fistulas, 359
Extinction, 5 Fatty acyl CoA synthetase, 56 Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome, 412
Extracellular fluid volume, 149 Fatty change, cell injury and, 155 Flagellates, 122
Extracellular pathogens, 88 Fatty liver, 361 Flagellum, 400
Extraembryonic mesoderm, 143 Fatty streak, 264 Flat worms, 127
Extrahepatic biliary atresia, 360 Fava beans, 42 Flavivirus, 133
Extramammary Paget disease, of the vulva, 412 FDP (fibrin degradation products), 462, 463 Flecainide, 267
Extraocular muscles, 209 Feedback, negative and positive, 148 Flexor carpi radialis muscles, 436
Extrapyramidal nervous system, 215 Feedback control, in differential diagnosis of Flexor carpi ulnaris muscles, 436
Extrapyramidal side effects, of antipsychotics, Flexor digiti minimi muscles, 436
cortisol excess, 373 Flexor digitorum longus muscles, 441
19, 20 Feeding center, 342 Flexor digitorum profundus muscles, 436
Extremity findings on physical examination, 493 Felbamate, 224, 225 Flexor digitorum superficialis muscles, 436
Extrinsic asthma, 294 Felodipine, 270, 520 Flexor hallucis longus muscles, 441
Extrinsic coagulation pathway, 462 Felty syndrome, 446, 470 Flexor pollicis brevis muscles, 437
Eye Female Flexor pollicis longus muscles, 437
Flocculonodular lobe, 210
anatomy of, 206 inhibited orgasm in, 29 Flora, normal, 114
pharmacology of, 207 sexual arousal disorder in, 29 Flow cytometry, 108
Eye movement, control of, 209 Female reproductive system, 403–411 Fluconazole, 140, 520
Eyeworm, 127 anatomy of, 395–396 Flucytosine, 140
Ezetimibe, 272, 520 congenital anomaly of, 394 Fludrocortisone, 377, 520
development of, 394 Fluid abnormalities, 303
F pathology of, 412–415 Fluid balance, estimation of fluid volumes, 302
pharmacology of, 410–411 Fluid volume
F cells, 347 physiology of, 403–408
F- cells, 117 Femoral nerve, 438, 439, 440 changes in, 150
F+ cells, 117 Fenofibrate, 272, 520 compartments and, 149
F (filtered load), 304 Fenoldopam, 269 distribution and, 149
F-1, 6-BP, 38 Fentanyl, 226, 228, 520 estimation and, 302
F-2, 6-BP, 38 Ferrochelatase, 46 extra- and intracellular, 149
FAb, in globulin structure, 94 Fertilization, 142, 400, 407 measurement of, 149
F(Ab)2, in globulin structure, 94 Fetal alcohol syndrome, 13, 146, 254 normal values of, 302
Fabry disease, 54 Fetal circulation, 232 Flukes. See Trematodes
Face, development of, 429 Fetishism, 28 Flumazenil,14, 520
Facial nerve (VII), 205, 210 FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in 1 s), 237, 281 as antidote, 172, 228
Fexofenadine, 173, 520 5-Fluorodeoxyuridine, 61
skeletal muscle innervated by, 428 FGF (fibroblast growth factor), 157 Fluoroquinolones, 118, 121
Facial nucleus and fibers, 212 Fibrates, 53, 272 5-Fluorouracil, 61, 176
Facilitated diffusion, 80, 148, 149 Fibrin, 462 Fluoxetine, 22, 174, 520
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, 450 Fluphenazine, 19
Factitious, 25

551

INDEX Flurazepam, 25 FTA-ABS test, 421 cestodes in, 129
Flutamide, 398, 520 5-FU (5-fluorouracil), 176 embryology of, 334–335
Fluticasone, 520 Fulminant hepatitis, 362 gross anatomy of, 337–340
Fluvastatin, 272, 520 Functional residual capacity, 277 histology of, 335–336
Fluvoxamine, 22, 174, 521 Fundus, 336, 343, 395 hormones in, 346–347
FO (foramen ovale), 230 Fungal infections, 137–139 microbiology of, 365–367
Focal proliferative glomerulonephritis, 328 pathology of, 355–364
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, 327, 328 nonsystemic, 137 pharmacology of, 368
Folate, for anemia, 468 opportunistic, 139 physiology of, 342–344
Folic acid, 56 systemic, 138 Gastrointestinal tract
Folic acid analogs, 61 treatment of, 140 cross-sectional anatomy of, 341
Folic acid synthesis inhibitors, 121 Fungal meningoencephalitis, 195 development of, 334
Folinic acid, 121 Fungemia, systemic agents for, 140 Gastroparesis, diabetic, 344
Follicles, 394 Fungi, types of, 137 Gastroschisis, 357
Funiculi, 200 Gastrulation, 144
antrum of, 404 Furazolidone, 127 Gatifloxacin, 521
carcinoma of, 389 Furosemide, 270, 317, 326, 521 Gaucher disease, 54
development of, 404 Furuncles, 453 GBM (glomerular basement membrane), 328
Graafian, 404, 405 Fusion inhibitor, 105, 476 GC (glomerular capillaries), 306, 307
hyperplasia of, 471 Fusobacterium spp., 114, 291 G-CSF (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor),
Follicle-stimulating hormone, 370, 401, 403, 410, FVC (forced vital capacity), 237, 281
94, 109
411 G Gel electrophoresis, 71
Follicular lymphoma, 473 Gemfibrozil, 53, 272, 521
Follicular phase, in menstrual cycle, 406 G cells, 346, 348 Gender identity, 28
Folliculitis, hot tub, 453 G protein, 169 Gene disorders, 73
Folliculogenesis, and ovulation, 404 G protein–coupled receptor systems, 85 Gene flow, and equilibrium, 77
Fomepizole, as antidote, 172 G6PD. See Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase General anesthesia, 228
Fondaparinux, 464 GABA. See γ-aminobutyric acid Generalized anxiety disorder, 24
Food poisoning, 367 Gabapentin, 225, 521 Generalized seizure, 224
Foot, sensory innervation of, 439 GAE (granulomatous amebic encephalitis), 123 Genetic associations, 495–496
Foramen lacerum, 205 Gal-1-P uridyltransferase deficiency, 39 Genetic code, 66
Foramen magnum, 205 Galactokinase deficiency, 39 Genetic drift, 134
Foramen ovale, 205, 230, 254 Galactosemia, 38
Foramen rotundum, 205 α-Galactosidase A, 54 and equilibrium, 77
Foramen spinosum, 205 Genetic reassortment (shift), 134
Foramen/Foramina inhibitors, 382 Genetic testing, 71
Galantamine, 190, 220 Genetics, population, 77
incisive, 429 Gall bladder, 334, 351 Genital warts, 412, 420
jugular, 197, 205 Gallstones, 364 Genitofemoral nerve, 399
of Luschka, 196 Gametocytes, 124 Genitourinary system disease, 419–420
of Magendie, 196 Gametogony, 124 Genomic imprinting, 216
of Monro, 196 γ-aminobutyric acid, 46 Gentamicin, 66, 291, 521
Forced expiratory volume in 1 s, 281 Ganciclovir, 133, 476, 521 GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease),
Forced vital capacity, 281, 483 Ganglionic blockers, 189, 269
Foregut, 334, 335 343, 349
Formoterol, 294 predominant tone and effects of, 191 Germ cell tumors, 402, 414
Formyl methionyl peptides, 97 Ganglion cells, 358 Germ tube test, 137, 419
Fornix, 217, 218 Gangrenous necrosis, 155 German measles. See Rubella
Forward motility factor, 400 Gap junctions, 82 Gerstmann syndrome, 219, 223
Fosfomycin, 521 Gardnerella spp., 413 Gestational trophoblastic disease, 143, 415
Fosinipril, 269, 521 Garlic, 178 GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein), 199
Fosphenytoin, 224 Gartner, duct of, 394 GFR. See Glomerular filtration rate
Fourth ventricle, 196, 204, 218 Gas exchange, 282–288 GH. See Growth hormone
Fracture(s) Ghrelin, 342
midshaft humeral, 433 diffusion-limited, 283 Ghon complex, 293
vessel and nerve damage associated with, 236 perfusion-limited, 283 GHRH (growth hormone-releasing hormone), 371
Fragile X syndrome, 72 Gastric H+ secretion, 348 Giant cell tumor, 445
Frameshift point mutations, 64 Gastric inhibitory peptide, 346, 347, 379 Giardia spp., 122
Francisella spp., 116 Gastric reflux, 343 Giardia lamblia, 123, 367
Francisella tularensis, 122 Gastric secretions, 348
Free energy, 55 mechanism of, 348 in AIDS patients, 104
Free fatty acids, 53 phases of, 349 Giardiasis, 122, 127
Free radicals, protection against, 154 Gastric veins, 340 Gigantism, 371, 391
Free water clearance, 305, 483 Gastrin, 346, 347, 348, 349 Gilbert syndrome, 46, 360
Freudian defense mechanisms, 16 Gastrinoma. See Zollinger-Ellison syndrome Gingko, 178
Frontal eye field, 209, 219 Gastrin-releasing peptide, 347 Ginseng, 178
Frontal lobe, 218, 219 Gastritis GIP. See Gastric inhibitory peptide
Frontal lobe syndrome, 219 acute, 356 Glanzmann thrombasthenia, 460, 461
Frontonasal prominence, 429 chronic, 356 Glatiramer, 521
Frotteurism, 28 Gastrocnemius muscle, 440, 441 Glaucoma
Fructokinase deficiency, 39 Gastrocolic reflex, 345
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, 44 Gastroduodenal artery, 338 and diuretics, 326
Fructose-1-P aldolase B deficiency, 39 Gastroepiploic artery, 338 treatment of, 207
Fructosuria, 38 Gastroesophageal reflux disease, 343, 349 Glenohumeral joint, movement at, 434
FSH. See Follicle-stimulating hormone Gastroileal reflex, 344 Glia, 198
Gastrointestinal system Gliadin, 357
Glial fibrillary acidic protein, 199

552

Glial fibrillary acidic protein stain, 158 GM-CSF (granulocyte-macrophage colony- Guanylate cyclase, 84, 85 INDEX
Glimepiride, 382, 521 stimulating factor), 94, 109 Gubernaculum, 398
Glioblastoma multiforme, 199 Guillain-Barré syndrome, 198
Glipizide, 382, 521 GnRH. See Gonadotropin-releasing hormone Gummas, 401, 536
Globus pallidus, 215 Goblet cells, 336, 344 Gut tube, 334
Glomerular capillaries, 306, 307 Gold compounds, 448 GVD (granulovacuolar degeneration), 220
Glomerular diseases, 327–328 Golgi apparatus, 78, 79 Gynecomastia,402, 418
Glomerular filtration rate, 307, 483 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, 370, 401, 403, Gyri, 218

autoregulation of, 308 406 H
filtration regulation and, 308 analog of, 398
Glomeruli, hyalinized, 328 in feedback examples, 148 H band, 425
Glomerulonephritis Gonococci, 446 H+ secretion, gastric, 348
chronic, 328 Gonorrhea, 401 H1 antagonists, 173
focal proliferative, 328 Goodpasture syndrome, 106, 328 H1 receptor, 173
Glomus tumor, 266 Gout, 62, 446 H2 antagonists, 173, 349
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), 205, 428 treatment of, 449 H2 receptor,173
Glottis, 343 Gouty nephropathy, 329 H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide), 154
Glucagon, 43, 347, 379, 380, 382 Gp. See Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa H3 receptor, 173
as antidote, 172 gp41, in acquired deficiency syndrome, 104 Haemophilus ducreyi, 421
Glucagon receptors, 85 Graafian follicle, 404, 405 Haemophilus influenzae, 114, 289, 290
Glucocorticoids, 377 Gracile fasciculus, 202
Glucogenic conversion, 47, 48 Gracile nucleus, 202 in bacterial meningitis, 195
Glucokinase, 38, 44 Gracilis muscle, 439, 440 Hageman factor (factor XII)
Gluconeogenesis, 39, 41, 44 Grade, of tumor, 163
Glucosamine, 178 Graded dose-response curve, 168 in coagulation, 462
Glucose Gradients as inflammation mediator, 97
counter-regulation of, 380 concentration, 148 Hair, 451
integrated control, 380 electrochemical, 148 Hairy cell leukemia, 158, 474, 475
Glucose transport, 38 Graft versus host rejection, 107 Hairy leukoplakia, 105, 355
Glucose-6-phosphatase, 43 Grafts as AIDS complication, 105
Glucose-6-phosphate, 42 rejection types and, 107 Half-life, of drugs, 166, 480
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 42, 46 types of, 107 Hallucinogens, 15
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, Gram characteristics, of bacteria, 113 Haloperidol,19, 521
Gram reaction, 113 Halothane, 228, 522
42, 72, 467 Gram stain, 158 Hamate, 433
Glucuronosyl transferase, 360 Granisetron, 174, 346, 521 Hand
GLUT-1, 38 Granules innervation of, 433
GLUT-2, 38 in acute inflammation, 96 muscles in, 432
GLUT-2 transporter, 352 azurophilic, 469 Hand of benediction sign, 432
GLUT-4, 38, 84 enzymes in, 469 Hantavirus, 132, 292
GLUT-5 transporter, 352 Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, 94, 109, 471 Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, 77, 480
Glutamate, 45, 46, 47 Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, Hartnup disease, 48, 353
Glutamate decarboxylase, 46 Hashimoto thyroiditis, 388
Glutamine, 45 94, 104 Haustra, 345
Glutathione peroxidase, 42, 154 Granulocytes, 469 Hay fever, 106
Glutathione reductase, 42 Granulomatous diseases, 293 HBs (Hirano bodies), 220
Gluteus maximus, 395, 439, 440 Granulopoiesis, 469 HbeAg, 364
Gluteus medius, 439 Granulosa cell tumor,415 HbH disease, 466
Gluteus minimus, 439 Granulosa cells, 404 Hb-O2 dissociation curve, 284
Glyburide, 382, 521 Granulovacuolar degeneration, 220 HBsAg, 363
Glycerin, 368 Graves disease, 387, 388, 389 HBV. See Hepatitis B virus
Glycerol kinase, 51 Gravity, 210 hCG. See Human chorionic gonadotropin
Glycerol-3, 40 Gray baby syndrome, 120 HCI, 348
Glycerol-3-P, 44 Gray communicating rami, 200 HDL (high density lipoprotein), 53
Glycerol-3-P dehydrogenase, 51 Gray matter, 200 Head and neck, embryology and anatomy,
α-Glycerol-3-P shuttle, 40 Great vessels, transposition of, 231, 255
Glycine, 45, 46 Greater peritoneal sac, 337 428–430
Glycocalyx, 113 Greater vestibular gland, 396 Heart. See also Cardiac entries; Cardiovascular
Glycogen Grief, 21
Griseofulvin, 140 system
formation of, 43 Group transferases, 120 autonomic control of, 252
metabolism of, 43 Growth curve, bacterial, 112
Glycogen debranching enzyme, 43 Growth factors borders of, 234
Glycogen phosphorylase, 43 conduction in, 236
Glycogen storage diseases, 43 in cell regeneration, 157 congenital abnormalities of, 254–255
Glycogen synthase, 43 receptors, 169 mechanical performance of, 242
Glycogenolysis, 43 Growth hormone, 371, 380, 390–391 muscle of, 424
Glycolysis, 38 biologic actions of, 390 neoplasms of, 261
irreversible, 38 control of, 390 parasympathetic regulation of, 252
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa disorders of, 391 sympathetic regulation of, 252
inhibitors, 464 receptors, 169 valves of, 246. See also individually named
receptor, 464 treatment options and, 391
Glycopyrrolate, 190 Growth hormone-releasing hormone, 370 valves
Glycosylation, N-linked, 78, 80 GRP (gastrin-releasing peptide), 347 valvular disorders of, 247
Guanethidine, 194, 269 Heart disease
Guanine, 60 congenital. See Congenital heart disease
ischemic, 256
valvular, 260

553

INDEX Heart failure Hepatitis C, 109, 133, 136, 161, 361, 362, 363 Homogentisic acid, 48
cardiac output changes after, 243 Hepatitis D, 363 Homosexuality, 28
dilated, 251 Hepatitis E virus, 133, 363, 539 Homovanillic acid, 377
drugs used in, 271–272 Hepatoblastoma, 362 Hookworms, 131, 456
progressive, 246 Hepatocellular carcinoma, 161, 162, 362 Hormonal regulation
Hepatolenticular degeneration. See Wilson
Heart rate, 242 of calcium and phosphate, 383
estimation of, 239 disease of spermatogenesis, 401
Hepevirus, 133, 539 of steroidogenesis, 401
Heart rhythms, 240 Hereditary angioedema, 99 Hormone replacement therapy, 410
Heart sounds, 244 Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, 64 Hormones, 46, 177
Heart tube, 230 Hereditary spherocytosis, 467 adrenal, 372
Heavy chain domains, in globulin structure, 94 Hernias, 357 characteristics of, 370
Heavy metal poisoning, 171 gastrointestinal, 346–347
Heinz bodies, 38, 467, 498 diaphragmatic, 357 lipase sensitivity to, 50, 51
Helicobacter pylori, 349, 356 femoral, 357 Horner syndrome, 186, 203, 208, 296, 489, 492
Heliotrope rash, 450 inguinal, 357 Horseshoe kidney, 301
HELLP syndrome, 409 indirect, 357 Hot tub folliculitis, 453
Helper T cells, 91 direct, 357 HPV (human papilloma virus), 101, 132, 161, 358,
Hemangioblastoma, 266 Heroin, 14, 226
Hemangioma, 266 Herpes simplex virus, 131, 419, 420, 454 397, 412, 420, 456, 539
capillary, 451 in AIDS patients, 104 HRT (hormone replacement therapy), 410
Hematoma, 195 Herpes viruses, 161, 266, 452 hst-1-int-2 oncogene, 160
epidural and subdural, 224 Hers disease, 43 HSV. See Herpes simplex virus
lens-shaped biconvex, 195 Hesselbach’s triangle, 357 5HT. See Serotonin
Hematopoiesis, 460 Heterochromatin, 60 HTLV-1 (human T-cell leukemia virus), 161
Hematopoietic growth factors. See Granulocyte Hexamethonium, 189, 269 HU. See Hydroxyurea
Hexokinase, 38 Human chorionic gonadotropin, 143, 162, 404, 408
colony-stimulating factor; Granulocyte- Hexosaminidase A, 54 Human immunodeficiency virus, 133. See also
macrophage colony-stimulating factor Hexose monophosphate shunt, 42
Hematoxylin stain, 158 Hfr cells, 117 Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Heme synthesis, 39, 56 HGPRT (hypoxanthine guanine phosphoryl detection of, 71
Hemiballism, 189, 214, 216 hematologic changes caused by, 476
Hemidesmosomes, 82 pyrophosphate transferase), 62 nephropathy in, 327
Hemisphere lesions, 213 HHV8 (human herpesvirus type 8), 266, 446, 452 therapies, 105
Hemochromatosis, 361 High altitude disease, 287, 288 Human leukocyte antigens, 94, 449
Hemodynamics, 248-249 High density lipoprotein, 53 Human papilloma virus. See HPV
in acute inflammation, 96 High molecular weight kininogen, 97 Human T-cell leukemia virus, 153
Hemoflagellates, 122, 126 Hilum, 301 Humerus, midshaft fracture, 432
Hemoglobin. See Hb entries Hindgut, 334, 335 Humor, 16
Hemolytic anemia, 135, 461, 467 Hinge region, in globulin structure, 94 Humoral immunity, defects, 102
Hemolytic crisis, 46 Hip joint, movements at, 439 Hunter syndrome, 54
Hemophilia A, 72 463 Hippocampus, 217, 219 Huntington disease, 72, 215, 216
treatment of, 465 Hirano bodies, 220 Hurler syndrome, 54
Hemophilia B, 72, 463 Hirschsprung disease, 358 Hürthle cells, 388
Hemorrhage Hirsutism, 373, 398 HVA (homovanillic acid), 377
cerebrovascular, 224 Hirudin, 464 Hyaline membrane formation, 295
Duret, 221 Histamine, 46, 173, 347, 348 Hyalinized glomeruli, 328
splinter, 259 Hyaluronidase, 116, 400
subarachnoid, 185, 265, 474 as inflammation mediator, 97, 99 Hybridization, 71
Hemorrhagic cystitis, 332 Histamine receptors, 173 Hydatid cyst disease, 129
Hemorrhagic pancreatitis, acute, 359 Histidine, 45, 46 Hydatidiform mole, 144, 415
Hemorrhagic pericarditis, 261 Histidine decarboxylase, 46, 173 hCG levels and, 143
Hemostasis, 460 Histology, 274 Hydralazine, 60, 269, 270, 272, 522
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, 321, 484 Histones, 60 Hydraulic resistance equation, 248, 481
Henle, loop of. See Descending thin loop of Henle; Histoplasma spp., 138 Hydrocele, 398, 399
Loop of Henle Histoplasma capsulatum, 122, 138, 292 Hydrocephalus, 185, 197
Henoch-Schönlein purpura, 262, 489, 493 Hydrocephalus ex vacuo, 197
Hepadnavirus, 132, 363, 539 in AIDS patients, 104 Hydrochlorothiazide, 270, 326, 522
Heparin, 464, 522 Histrionic disorder, 26 Hydrocodone, 226, 522
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, 464 HIV. See Human immunodeficiency virus Hydrogen peroxide, 154
Heparin poisoning, antidote for, 172 H+/K+-ATPase, 348, 349 Hydronephrosis, 330, 331
Heparinase, 116 HLA (human leukocyte antigen), 91, 446 Hydrophobic amino acids, 45
Hepatic ducts, 351 HLA disease associations, 91 Hydropic swelling, cell injury and, 155
Hepatic excretion, 351 HMG (human menopausal gonadotrophin)-CoA Hydrops fetalis, 466
Hepatic glycogen phosphorylase, 43 Hydroureter, 331
Hepatic portal circulation, 340 reductase, 52 Hydroxychloroquine, 125, 448
Hepatitis HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, 52, 272 Hydroxyl radical, 154
acute, 362 HMP (hexose monophosphate), 42 Hydroxylase deficiency, 375
alcoholic, 361 HMWK (high molecular weight kininogen), 97 Hydroxylation phase, 79
chronic, 362 HNPCC (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal Hydroxylysine, 68
fulminant, 362 Hydroxymethylbilane synthase, 46
halothane, 228, 522 cancer), 64 Hydroxyproline, 68
Hepatitis A, 133, 363, 539 Hodgkin disease, 472 Hydroxyurea, 61
Hepatitis B, 95, 109,132, 136,161, 363, 539 Holoprosencephaly, 185 for anemia, 468
infectious arthritis and, 447 Homatropine, 190 Hydroxyzine, 173
serology, 364 Homeostasis, 214
Homocysteine methyltransferase, 56
Homocystinuria, 47, 48
Homogentisate oxidase, 47

554

Hymenolepis spp., 127 Hypothalamus-anterior pituitary system, 370–371 IgM, 95 INDEX
Hyperacute rejection, 107 Hypothyroidism, 388 thyroid-stimulating, 387
Hyperaldosteronism, 375 hypothalamic, 387 Immunology, techniques in diagnosis, 108
Hypercalcemia, 162, 326, 384n, 385 Immunostaining, 71
Hypercholesterolemia pituitary, 387 Immunosuppressants, 109
primary, 387 Imperforate anus, 358
familial, 72 treatment of, 389 Implantation, and pregnancy, 408
type II, 53 Hypoventilation, 287 Impotence, 29
Hypergammaglobulinemia, polyclonal, 475 Hypovolemic shock, 266 Imprinting, in single-gene disorders, 73
Hyperglycemic agents, 382 Hypoxanthine guanine phosphoryl pyrophosphate In situ hybridization, 71
Hyperkinetic movement disorders, 215 Incidence, in biostatistics, 34
Hyperlipidemias, 43, 264 transferase, 62 Incisive foramen, 429
Hyperosmolar nonketotic coma, 381 Hypoxia, 154 Indinavir, 105, 522
Hyperosmotic volume, contraction and expansion, alveolar, 285 Indirect-acting sympathomimetics, 194
Hypoxyphilia, 28 Indomethacin, 448, 449, 522
150 Infant development, 6
Hyperostosis frontalis interna, 445 I Infarction, evolution of, 240
Hyperparathyroidism, 384 Infections
I band, 425 bacterial. See individual pathogens by name
primary, 385 I cells, 346 of ear, 289–290
secondary, 385 131I (radioactive iodine), 389 fungal. See Fungal infections
Hyperplasia, 156 Ia sensory neuron, 202 hepatic, 362
atypical, 159 Ibuprofen, 448, 522 opportunistic, in AIDS patients, 104
congenital adrenal, 375 Ibutilide, 268 parasitic, 362. See also individual parasites by
follicular, 471 I-cell disease, 67
paracortical, 471 ICAM-1, 289 name
Hyperpolarization, 151 ICF (intracellular fluid) volume, 149 respiratory tract, 284–292
Hyperprolactinemia, 371 ICP (inferior cerebellar peduncle), 212, 213 viral. See individually viruses by name
antipsychotics and, 19 IDDM (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus), 381 Infectious arthritis, 447
Hypersegmental neutrophils, anemia and, 446 Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, 260 Infectious cystitis, 332
Hypersensitivity reactions, 106 Idiopathic rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, Infectious diseases
type I (immediate), 106, 294 hematologic changes associated with, 476
type II (cytotoxic/noncytotoxic), 106 328 of skin, mucosa, and underlying tissues,
type III (immune complex), 106 Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, 461
type IV (delayed), 106, 420 Idiotypes, 90 453–456
Hypertension, 265 IDL, 53 Inferior cerebellar peduncle, 212, 213
cerebral infarcts caused by, 224 L-Iduronate-2-sulfatase, 54 Inferior colliculus, 204, 211
concomitant disease states, 270 α-L-Iduronidase, 54 Inferior epigastric artery, 357
drugs for, 269, 270 IFN. See Interferon entries Inferior frontal gyrus, 218
pregnancy-induced, 409 Ig. See Immunoglobulin(s) Inferior gemellus muscle, 439
prehypertension, 265 IGF (insulin-like growth factor) receptors, 85 Inferior gluteal nerve, 438, 440
stage 1, 265 Ileocecal valve, 345 Inferior mediastinum, 232
stage 2, 265 Ileum, 336 Inferior mesenteric artery, 334, 335, 339
portal, 340, 355, 361 Iliacus muscle, 439 Inferior mesenteric vein, 340
pulmonary, 231, 254, 258, 297 Iliocostalis muscle, 434 Inferior oblique muscle, 204, 209
Hyperthermia, malignant, 518 Ilioinguinal nerve, 399 Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery, 338
Hyperthyroidism, 388 Illness, children’s conceptions of, 7 Inferior parathyroid gland, 429
primary, 387 ILs. See Interleukins Inferior parietal lobule, 218, 219
treatment of, 389 Imipenem, 117, 119, 522 Inferior petrosal sinus, 197
Hypertriglyceridemia, type I, 53 Imipenem/meropenem, 118 Inferior rectus muscle, 204, 209
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 260 Imipramine, 22 194, 522 Inferior sagittal sinus, 197
Hypertrophic gastropathy, 356 Imiquimod, 420 Inferior temporal gyrus, 218
Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, 442 Immature teratoma, 414 Inferior vena cava, 340
Hypertrophy, 156 Immediate hypersensitivity reaction, 106, 294 Infiltrating ductal carcinoma, 418
Hyperuricemia, 446 Immune complex hypersensitivity reaction, 106 Inflammation
Hypervitaminosis, 154 Immune responses, 102
Hyphae, 137 Immune system acute, 96–99
Hypnozoites, 124, 125 chemical mediators of, 97
Hypoactive sexual disorder, 29 cells of, 89–90 chronic, 100
Hypoaldosteronism, 376 innate versus adaptive, 88 transmural, 359
Hypoblast, 143 response by, 88 Inflammatory diarrhea, 365
Hypocalcemia, 384, 385, 429, 488 Immunity, humoral, defects of, 102 Infliximab, 110, 448
Hypochondriasis, 25 Immunization, forms of, 101 Influenza, 134
Hypogammaglobulinemia, Bruton X-linked, 102 Immunodeficiency(ies) Influenza virus, 292
Hypoglossal canal, 205 acquired. See Acquired immunodeficiency Infraspinatus muscle, 434
Hypoglossal nerve (XII), 205, 428 Infraspinatus tendon, 435
Hypokinetic movement disorders, 215 syndrome Infundibulum, 233, 407
Hypoparathyroidism, 384, 385 diseases, 102, 103 Inguinal canal, 399
Hypophosphatemic rickets, 72 Immunoglobulin(s) Inhalants, 15
Hypophysis, 218 basic structure of, 94 Inheritance patterns, 72
Hyposmotic volume, contraction and expansion, 150 chronic inflammation and, 100 Inhibin, 403
Hypospadias, 394, 397 IgA, 95 Inhibited male orgasm, 29
Hypotension, cerebral infarcts and, 224 IgA deficiency, 102 Inhibitors, classes of, 55
Hypothalamic hypothyroidism, 387 IgA nephropathy, 328 Initiation, in protein translation, 66
Hypothalamus, 184, 214, 218, 370–371 gA proteases, 116 Injuries, knee, 440
nuclei of, 214 IgD, 95 Innate immunity, 88
supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of, 378 IgE, 95
IgG, 95

555

INDEX Inner ear, 211 Intracerebral hemorrhage, 224 Jejunum, 336, 344
Inner mitochondrial membrane, 40 Intraductal papilloma, 416 JGA (juxtaglomerular apparatus), 306, 307
Innervation Intrahepatic biliary atresia, 360 Joint space tumors, 449
Intrauterine devices, 410 Joints. See also individually named joints
foot and leg, 439 Intrinsic asthma, 294
hand and palm, 433 Intrinsic coagulation pathway, 462 pathology of, 446
pelvic, 396 Intrinsic factor, 348 Jones criteria, 257
skeletal muscle, 428 Intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA), 193, 271 Jugular foramen, 197, 205
sympathetic, 236 Introjection, 16 Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, 446
INO (internuclear ophthalmoplegia), 198, 209 Intussusception, 357 Juxtaglomerular apparatus, 306, 307
Inorganic lead, antidote for, 172 Inulin clearance, 305
Inositol triphosphate, 189, 192 Inversions, chromosomal, 75 K
Insomnia, 11 Investigational new drug application (IND), 179
Inspiration, 280 Involucrum, 443 K+, 268
Inspiratory capacity, 277 IO (inferior oblique) muscle, 204, 209 K+ channel blockers, 268
Inspiratory reserve volume, 277 IOC (intraocular pressure), 206 K+ excretion, 319
Instrumental conditioning, 4 Iodides, 389
Insulin, 38, 41, 43, 50, 51, 52, 53, 346, 347, 372, Iodination, 386 increased, 318
Iodoquinol, 123 metabolic acidosis and, 319
379, 380 Ionizing radiation, as cancer risk, 159 metabolic alkalosis and, 319
in diabetes treatment, 382 IP (inferior parathyroid gland), 429 K+ secretion
pathophysiology associated with, 381 IP3. See Inositol triphosphate volume contraction and, 318
Insulin receptors, 84, 85, 169 Ipecac, 179, 346 volume expansion and, 318
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 91, 381 Ipratropium, 190, 294, 522 K+ sparing diuretics
Insulin/glucagon ratio, 380 Ipsilateral gaze, 209 electrolyte changes caused by, 326
Insulin-like growth factor receptors, 85 IR (inferior rectus) muscle, 204, 209 mechanism of, 325
Integral proteins, 80 IR (inferior rectus) nerve, 209 K cells, 346
Integrase inhibitor, 105 Irbesartan, 522 Kala-azar, 126
Integrins, 96, 98 Iris, 206 Kallikrein, as inflammation mediator, 173
Intellectualization, 16 Iron, for anemia, 468 Kaposi sarcoma, 161, 251, 432
Intention tremor, 213 Iron deficiency, as AIDS complication, 105
Interferon-α, 94, 109, 522 Iron poisoning, 171 κ receptors, 226
Interferon-β, 94, 109, 522 Kartagener syndrome,72, 81, 294, 400
Interferon-γ, 94, 109, 522 antidote for, 172 Karyolysis, 155
cell-mediated immunity and, 93 Ischemia, 154 Karyorrhexis, 155
T-helper cells and, 92 myocardial, 155, 256 Kawasaki disease, 262
Interleukins renal, 330 Kayser-Fleischer rings, 216, 361
IL-1, 92, 94, 113, 114, 115, 157 Ischemic acute tubular necrosis, 329 K3 (drug concentration), 168
IL-2, 92, 94, 109 Ischemic bowel disease, 357 Keloids, in wound healing, 157
IL-3, 94 Ischemic heart disease, 256 Keratin, 81
IL-4, 92, 94 Ischioanal fossa, 395 Keratinocytes, 451
IL-5, 92, 94 Ischiocavernosus muscle, 395, 396 Keratitis, 123
IL-6, 92, 94, 114 Isethionate, 123 Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, 106
IL-7, 94 Islets of Langerhans, hormones of, 379 Ketamine, 15, 228
IL-8, 94 Isocarboxazid, 22 Ketoacidosis. See Diabetic ketoacidosis
IL-10, 92, 94 Isocitrate dehydrogenase, 39 Ketoconazole, 140, 292, 377, 398, 454, 523
IL-11, 94, 109, 465 Isoflurane, 228 Ketogenesis, 380
IL-12, 92 Isograft, 107 Ketogenic conversion, 47
IL-17, 92, 94 Isolation of affect, 16 α-Ketoglutarate, 39, 48
Intermaxillary segment, 429 Isoleucine, 45 α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, 39, 56
Intermediate filaments, 81 Isomaltase, 352 Ketolides, 120
Intermediate gray horn, 200 Isoniazid, 56, 523, 538 Ketone body metabolism, 52
Intermediate zone, 200 Isoproterenol, 193, 296, 523 Ketoprofen, 448
Intermittent porphyria, acute, 46 Isosmotic volume, contraction and expansion of, Kf (ultrafiltration coefficient), 250
Internal arcuate fibers, 202 Kidney. See also Renal entries; Renal system
Internal auditory meatus, 205 150 cystic disease of, 327
Internal capsule, 201, 215 Isosorbide, 254, 523 development of, 300
Internal carotid artery, 222, 430 Isosorbide dinitrate, 83, 255, 523 function of, 302
Internal intercostal muscles, 278 Isospora spp., 122 gross anatomy of, 301
Internal jugular veins, 197 Isotretinoin, 523 horseshoe, 301
Internal oblique muscle, 399 Isovolumic contraction and relaxation, 242, 244, pelvic, 301
Internal spermatic fascia, 399 relationship to abdominal wall, 301
International normalized ratio (INR), 464 245 tubular diseases and, 329
Internuclear ophthalmoplegia, 198, 209 ITP (idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura), 461 tubulointerstitial diseases of, 329
Interossei muscles, 436 Itraconazole, 139, 140, 523 vascular diseases of, 330
Interstitial (atypical) pneumonia, 291 IUD (intrauterine devices), 393 Kimmelstiel-Wilson disease, 328
Interstitial fluid, 149 Ivermectin, 523 Kinases, cyclin-dependent, 83
Interval scale, 36 Ixodes tick, 127 Kinesins, 81
Interventricular foramen of Monro, 196, 218 Kininogen, high molecular weight, 97
Intestinal schistosomiasis, 128 J Ki-ras oncogene, 160
Intoxication. See also Poisoning Kissing bug, 126
diarrhea by, 367 Janeway lesions, 259 Klebsiella pneumoniae, 291
Intracellular fluid volume, 149 Janus kinases, 169 Klinefelter syndrome, 74, 418
Intracellular pathogens, 88 Jaundice, 46 Klumpke’s paralysis, 432
Intracellular receptors, 169 JC virus, 198 Klüver-Bucy syndrome, 217, 219

in AIDS patients, 104

556

Knee injuries, 440 Lateral ventricle, 184, 215 Lewy bodies, 216 INDEX
Knee joint, movements at, 440 body of, 196 Leydig cell, 401
Koilocytic cells, 412 LF (lethal factor), 115
Koilocytosis, 412 Latissimus dorsi muscle, 432, 434 LFT (liver function test), 448
Koilocytotic atypia, 412 Laxatives, 368 LGB (lateral geniculate body), 206, 214
Koplik spots, 291 LCAT (lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase), 53 LH. See Luteinizing hormone
Korsakoff syndrome, 217 LDH cardiac enzyme, 257 Libman-Sacks endocarditis, 106, 259
K-ras, 296 LDL (low density lipoprotein), 53 Lichen planus, 355, 452
Krabbe disease, 54 l-dopa, 216 Lidocaine, 227, 267
Kübler-Ross stages of adjustment, 22 LDT (late distal tubule), 306 Ligament(s)
Kupffer cells, in chronic inflammation, 100 Lead poisoning, 46, 171
anococcygeal, 395
L antidotes for, 172 anterior cruciate, 440
Lead time bias, 35 Cooper, 417
L cells, 347 Learning, 4–5 fibular collateral, 440
LAAM, 14 Learning-based therapies, 5 median umbilical, 300
Labetalol, 193 Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, 72 popliteus, 440
Labia majora, 394 Lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase, 53 posterior cruciate, 440
Labia minora, 394 Lecithinase, 115, 116, 455 suspensory, 395
Labile cells, 157 Leflunomide, 448, 523 tibial collateral, 440
Labile toxin, 115 Left anterior descending artery, 233 transverse, 440
Labioscrotal swelling, 394 Left atrium, 233 of Treitz, 338
Laboratory values, Appendix B, 485–486 Ligand-gated channels, 169
Labyrinthine artery, 223 pressure in, 244 Ligand-regulated transmembrane enzymes, 169
Lactase, 352 Left axis deviation, 241 Light chain domains, in globulin structure, 94
Lactase deficiency, 352 Left coronary artery, 233 Limb leads, 239
Lactate, in anaerobic conditions, 38, 44 Left gastric artery, 338 Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, 450
Lactate dehydrogenase, 41 Left testicular vein, 399 Limbic system, 217
Lactation, 408 Left ventricle, 234 Limited scleroderma, 107
Lactic acid, 41 Linear acceleration, 210
Lactic acidosis, 41 pressure in, 242, 244 Lineweaver-Burk equation, 55
Lactobacillus, 114 Leg, sensory innervation of, 439 Lineweaver-Burk plot, 55
Lactoferrin, in phagocytosis, 98 Legal issues, 31–33 Linezolid, 66, 120
Lactulose, 368 Legionella spp., 116, 292 Lingual gyrus, 206, 218
LAD (left anterior descending artery), 233 Legionella pneumophila, 122 Linitis plastica, 356
Lag phase, bacterial, 112 Leiomyoma, 413 Linkage disequilibrium, 77
Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, 162, 450 Leiomyosarcoma, 413 Lipase, 360
Lamina, basal and reticular, 82 Leishmania spp., 122, 126, 456 hormone-sensitive, 51
Lamina propia, digestive tract, 335 Leishmania braziliensis, 126 Lipids, 5.
Laminin, 82 Leishmania donovani, 126 absorption of, 353
Lamivudine, 105, 523 Leishmaniasis, 126, 127 amphipathic, 80
Lamotrigine, 224, 225, 523 Lenticulostriate artery, 223 derivatives of, 54
Langerhans cells, 451 Lentiform nucleus, 215 synthesis and metabolism of, 50–51
Lansoprazole, 349, 523 Lentigo maligna melanoma, 452 type A, 113
Laplace’s law, 251, 279, 482, 483 Lepirudin, 464 Lipid-soluble AChE inhibitors, 190
Large cell carcinoma, 296 Leprosy, 455 Lipid-soluble vitamins, 57
Large intestine, 336. 342, 345, 358 Leptin, 342 Lipoic acid, 41
Laryngopharynx, 275 LES (lower esophageal sphincter), 343 Lipoid nephrosis, 327
Laryngotracheitis, 290 Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, 62, 72, 446 Lipoma, 445
Laryngotracheobronchitis, 290 Lesser peritoneal sac, 337 Lipopolysaccharide, 113, 114
Larynx, 275 Lethal factor, 115 Lipoprotein, 50
Leucine, 45 transport and metabolism, 53
intrinsic muscles of, 275 Leukemia(s), 160, 474 Lipoprotein lipase, 50, 51, 53, 272, 379
Lassa fever, 134 Liposarcoma, 445
Latanoprost, 195, 523 adult T-cell, 161, 474 Lipoteichoic acid, 116
Late distal tubule, 306 classification of, 475 Lipoxygenase, 54
Look bias, 35 clues for, 475 as inflammation mediator, 98
Lateral condyle, 440 hairy cell, 158, 474, 475 Lipoxygenase inhibitors, 294
Lateral corticospinal tract, 201 Leukocyte adhesion deficiency, 98 Liquefactive necrosis, 155
Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle, 275 Leukocyte disorders, 472–475 Lisinopril, 269, 271, 524
Lateral geniculate body, 206, 214 neoplastic, 473 Listeria monocytogenes, 122, 409
Lateral gray horn, 200 Leukocytoclastic angiitis, 262 in bacterial meningitis, 195
Lateral hypothalamic area, 342 Leukocytosis Lithium, in bipolar disorder, 22, 326, 524
Lateral hypothalamic nucleus, 214 eosinophilic, 472 Liver. See also Hepatic and Hepato- entries
Lateral lemniscus, 211 polymorphonuclear, 472 failure of, 360
Lateral medullary syndrome, 212 Leukodystrophies, 198 infections of, 362
Lateral meniscus, 440 Leukoplakia, 355 nutmeg type, 258
Lateral nasal prominence, 429 Leukotrienes, 54, 97 pyogenic abscess of, 362
Lateral pectoral nerve, 434 antagonists, 294 tumors of, 362
Lateral plantar nerve, 439, 441 Leuprolide, 398, 523 Liver cell adenoma, 362
Lateral pontine syndrome, 212 Levator ani muscle, 395, 396 Liver diseases
Lateral rectus, 209 Levator scapulae muscle, 434 acquired, 361
Lateral spinothala,ic tract, 203 Levetiracetam, 224, 225 alcoholic, 361
Lateral sulcus, 218 Levodopa, 519, 523
Levofloxacin, 121, 523 557
Levorphanol, 226
Levothyroxine, 524

INDEX Liver fluke, Chinese, 128 B- and T-cell antigen receptors, characteristics Malignant otitis externa, 290, 381
Liver function test, 448 of, 90 Malignant pustule, 454
LMWH (low molecular weight heparin), 464 Malignant tumors, 355, 358
Loa loa, 130, 131 in chronic inflammation, 100
Loading dose, 167, 481 receptor diversity of, 90 renal, 331
Lobar pneumonia, 291 Lymphocytic choriomeningitis, 134 Malingering, 25
Lobes, of brain Lymphocytic leukemia, acute, 160, 474 Mallory bodies, 361
Lymphocytic leukemias, 474 Mallory-Weiss tears, 356
atrophy of, 221 acute, 160, 474 Malonyl-CoA, 50
key features of, 219 chronic, 474 Maltase, 352
Lobular carcinoma, of the breast, 418 Lymphocytosis, 473 Maltase α-dextrinase, 352
Log phase, bacterial, 112 Lymphogranuloma venereum, 421 MALToma, 357
Lomustine, 176 Lymphoid cells, characteristics of, 90 Mamillary body, 204, 200, 203, 204
Long thoracic nerve, 434 Lymphoma, 357, 402 Mammary duct ectasia, 418
Longissimus muscle, 434 adult T-cell, 161, 474 Mandibular nerve, 204
Loop diuretics, 270, 272, 317, 325, 326 B-cell, 161 Manifesting heterozygote, 72
electrolyte changes caused by, 326 Burkitt, 161, 473 Mannitol, 207, 317, 326, 524
Loop of Henle, 300, 310 cutaneous T-cell, 474 Mansonella spp., 130
ascending. See Ascending thin loop of Henle; Lymphoplasmacytic, 475 Mantle cell lymphoma, 473
non-Hodgkin. See Non-Hodgkin lymphoma MAO (monoamine oxidase), 174, 192
Thick ascending loop of Henle Lymphotoxin, in chronic inflammation, 100 MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors), 22, 174,
and countercurrent mechanism, 314, 315 Lynch syndrome, 64, 413, 414
descending. See Descending thin loop of Henle Lyon hypothesis, 74 216
Loperamide, 226, 368 Lysergic acid diethylamide, 15, 174 MAP (mean arterial pressure), 308
Lopinavir, 105 Lysine, 45, 68 Maple syrup urine disease, 47, 48
Loratadine, 173, 524 Lysogeny, 117 Maprotiline, 22
Lorazepam, 14, 24, 25, 224, 524 Lysosomal storage diseases, 54 Marcus Gunn pupil, 208
Losartan, 175, 269, 272, 524 Lysosomal-α-1,4-glucosidase, 43 Marfan syndrome, 72, 73, 255, 260
Lovastatin, 52, 272, 524 Lysosomes, 78, 79 Marijuana, 15
Low density lipoprotein, 53 Lysozyme, 469 Masochism, 28
Low molecular weight heparin, 464 in phagocytosis, 98 Mass balance, in renal evaluation, 304
Lower esophageal sphincter, 343 Lysyl hydroxylases, 56 Mass movement contractions, 345
Lower extremities, musculoskeletal anatomy of, Mast cell granule release, 95
M Mast cells, 89, 469
439, 441
Lower medulla, 204 M cells, 336 in chronic inflammation, 100
Lower motor neuron, 203 M phase, in cell cycle, 83 histamine and, 173
M protein, 116 Mastitis
facial nerve lesions and, 210 M receptors, in cell signaling, 83 acute, 416, 418
Lower scapular nerve, 434 MABs (monoclonal antibodies), 110 plasma cell, 418
LPS (lipopolysaccharide), 113, 114 MAC (minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration), Matched pairs t-test, 36
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), 15, 174 Maternal rubella, 232, 254
LT (labile toxin), 115 228 Maxillary nerve (V2), 204, 420
Lubricant, stool, 368 mAChR (muscarinic cholinergic receptor), 207 Maxillary prominence, 429
Lumbar enlargement, 200 Macroglobulinemia, 475 MCAD (medium chain acyl-dehydrogenase
Lumbar nodes, 402 Macrolides, 66, 118, 120
Lumbar puncture, 195 Macrophages, 89, 472 deficiency), 50
Lumbar splanchnic nerves, 396 McArdle disease, 43, 490
Lumbar ventral rami, 439 alveolar, 274 McCune-Albright syndrome, 442
Lumbosacral plexus, lesions in, 438 in chronic inflammation, 100 MCP (middle cerebellar peduncle), 212, 213
Lumbricals, 436, 441 mADhR. See Muscarinic cholinergic receptor MDMA (“ecstasy”), 15
Lumpy jaw, 454 Maffucci syndrome, 442 MEA (mean electrical axis), 239
Lung Magnesium hydroxide, 349 Mean arterial pressure, 308
Magnesium-ammonium phosphate stones, 330 Mean arterial pressure equation, 248, 481
capacity of, 277 MAI. See Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Mean electrical axis, 239, 241
changes in compliance, 278, 482 Maintenance dose, 167, 480 Measles. See Rubeola
diseases of, 280, 298–295 Major histocompatibility complex, 88
elastic properties of, 278–279 class I deficiency, 102 German. See Rubella
small cell carcinoma of, 162 class II deficiency, 103 Measurement bias, 35
structure of, 276 classes of, 91 Mebendazole, 131, 476, 524
tumors of, 296 Malaria, 125 Mecamylamine, 189, 269
vascular disorders of, 297 Malassezia furfur, 137 Meclizine, 524
Lung disease, 281, 293–294, 295 Malate, 39, 40 Meconium, 358
Intrinsic, 295 Malate shuttle, 39, 40 Meconium ileus, 359
Lung fluke, 128 Malathion, 191 Medial geniculate body, 211
Luteal phase, 403 Male Medial lemniscus, 202, 203
in menstrual cycle, 406 erectile dysfunction in, 29, 397 Medial longitudinal fasciculus, 209
Luteinizing hormone, 370, 401, 403, 406, 411 inhibited orgasm in, 29 Medial medullary syndrome, 212
in feedback examples, 148 Male pattern baldness, 398 Medial midbrain syndrome, 213
Lyme disease, 457 Male reproductive system, 396–403 Medial nasal prominence, 429
Lymph node disorders, nonneoplastic, 473 anatomy of, 395–396 Medial pectoral nerve, 434
Lymphadenitis, nonspecific, 473 development of, 394 Medial plantar nerve, 439, 441
Lymphadenopathy, types, 473 diseases of, 397–398, 402 Medial pontine syndrome, 212
Lymphatic vessels, 399 physiology of, 396, 398–401 Medial rectus muscle, 204, 209
Lymphocyte depletion, in Hodgkin disease, 473 Malignant fibrous histiocytoma, 449 Median nerve, 236, 431, 432, 433, 435, 436, 437
Lymphocyte predominance, in Hodgkin disease, Malignant melanoma, 452 Median umbilical ligament, 300
Mediastinum, 233
473 Mediodorsal nucleus, 214
Lymphocytes, 88, 90, 470. See also B cells;

Natural killer cells; T cells

558

Medium chain acyl-dehydrogenase deficiency, 50 Mesolimbic/mesocortical pathways, and Microfilaments, 81 INDEX
Medroxyprogesterone, 411, 524 antipsychotics, 18 Microglia, 196, 198
Medulla, 184, 212, 301
Medulla oblongata, 218 Mesonephric ducts, 300, 394 in chronic inflammation, 100
Medullary carcinoma, 437 Mesonephros, 300 Microphallus, 394
Mesothelioma, 297 Microscopic findings, 471
of the breast, 437 Messenger RNA, 65, 112 Microscopic polyangiitis, 262
of the thyroid, 158, 162, 381, 389 Mestranol, 410 Microsporum spp., 137, 456
Medullary collecting duct, 306, 311, 312 Metabolic acidosis, 319, 323 Microtubules, 81
Medullary sponge kidney, 327 assembly of, 449
Medulloblastoma, 199 chronic, 318
Mefloquine, 125 diagnosis of, 323 Midazolam, 24 228
Megaloblastic B12/folate anemia, 466 Metabolic alkalosis,318. 319, 323 Midbrain, 184, 204, 213, 215
Meglitinides, 382 diagnosis of, 323 Middle cerebellar peduncle, 212, 213
Meigs syndrome, 415 Metabolic vasodilation, 252 Middle cerebral artery, 222 ,223, 224
Meiosis, 400 Metachromatic leukodystrophy, 54, 198 Middle ear cavity, 429
nondisjunction during, 74 Metanephric mass, 300 Middle frontal gyrus, 218
Meissner plexus, 335 Metanephrine, 192 Middle mediastinum, 232
Melanin, 46 Metaphase, in mitosis, 83 Middle meningeal artery, 195, 224
Melanocytes, 451 Metaplasia, 156 Middle respiratory tract infections, 290
Melanoma, 166 Metaproterenol, 193, 294, 524 Middle temporal gyrus, 218
Melarsoprol, 126 Metastasis, 159 Midgut, 334, 335
MELAS, 72 osteoblastic, 398 Midline/intralaminar nucleus, 214
Melasma, 452 in TNM staging, 159 Midshaft fracture of humerus, 433
Melatonin, 21, 46, 178 Metastatic tumors, CNS and PNS, 199 Midsystolic click, 260
Memantine, 220, 524 Metaxolone, 427 MIF (Müllerian-inhibiting factor), 394
Membrane, cellular, 112 Metazoans, 127 Mifepristone, 410, 411, 525
Membrane potentials, 151 Metencephalon, 184 Miglitol, 382
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, 327 Metformin, 382, 525 Migrating motor complexes, 343
Membranous glomerulonephritis, 327 Methacholine, 189 Migratory polyarthritis, 257
Membranous urethra, 300 Methadone, 14, 226, 525 Mikulicz syndrome, 106
Memory, 214 Methanol poisoning, antidote for, 172 Milk thistle, 178
Memory B-cell antigen receptor, 95 Methemoglobin, 40 Mineral disorders, drug-induced, 385
MEN. See Multiple endocrine neoplasia Methicillin, 118 Mineral oil, 368
Menetrier disease, 356 Methimazole, 389 Mineralocorticoids, 377
Ménière disease, 210 Methionine, 45, 46, 66 Minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration (MAC),
Meninges, 185, 195–197 Methionine synthase, 48
Meningioma, 199 Methohexital, 228 228
Meningitis, 195–196 Methotrexate, 61, 176, 448, 525 Minocycline, 66, 120
acute aseptic, 195 Methoxamine, 193 Minoxidil, 269
acute purulent, 195 Methoxyflurane, 228 Miosis, 14, 227
bacterial, 195 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, 216 Mirtazapine, 22, 193, 525
viral, 195 Methylcellulose, 368 Misoprostol, 349, 525
Meningococcemia, early, 457 N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist. See NMDA Missense point mutations, 64
Meningoencephalitis, fungal, 195 Methyldopa, 269, 270 MIT (monoiodotyrosine), 386
Meningomyelocele, 185 Methyl-malonyl CoA mutase, 56 Mitochondria, 50, 78, 79
Menkes disease, 68 Methyl-malonyl CoA mutase deficiency, 47, 48 Mitochondrial encephalomyelopathy, lactic
Menses, 406 Methylphenidate, 18, 525
Menstrual cycle, 406 α-Methyltyrosine, 194 acidosis, and stroke-like episodes, 72
follicular phase in, 406 Methylxanthines, 294 Mitochondrial enzymes, 44
luteal phase in, 406 Methysergide, 174 Mitochondrial inheritance pattern, 72
menses in, 406 Metoclopramide, 344, 346, 368, 525 Mitochondrial membrane, inner, 40
ovulatory phase in, 406 Metolazone, 270, 326 Mitochondrial pathway, 39
Mental retardation, 17 Metoprolol, 193, 267, 269, 271, 272, 525 Mitosis
Meperidine, 226, 524 Metronidazole, 121, 123, 127, 131, 349, 365, 367,
Mepivacaine, 227 in cell cycle, 83
6-Mercaptopurine, 61, 176 419, 420, 525 phases of, 83
Mercury poisoning, 171 Metyrapone, 377 Mitral valve, 233, 246
antidotes for, 172 Metyrosine, 194 prolapse of, 260
Merkel diverticulum, 357 Mexiletine, 267 regurgitation of, 247
Meropenem, 117 Meyer loop, 206, 219 stenosis of, 247, 260
Mesalamine, 524 Mezlocillin, 118 Mivacurium, 427
Mesangial cells, in chronic inflammation, 100 Mg2+, 268 Mixed agonist-antagonist agents, 226
Mescaline, 15 MGB (medial geniculate body), 211 Mixed cellularity, in Hodgkin disease, 472
Mesencephalic nucleus (proprioception), 210 Mg[OH]2, 368 Mixed stones, 364
Mesencephalon,184 MGUS (monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined MLCK (myosin light chain kinase), 426
Mesenteric arteries, 339 MLF (medial longitudinal fasciculus), 209
Mesoderm, 334 significance), 475 MMC (migrating motor complexes), 343
derivatives, 144 MHC. See Major histocompatibility complex Mobitz I atrioventricular block, 240
development of, 300 Micelles, 351, 353 Mobitz II atrioventricular block, 240
extraembryonic, 143 Michaelis-Menten equation, 55 Moderate agonists, 226
in gastrulation, 144 Michaelis-Menten plot, 55 Molar pregnancy, 415
neural, 184 Miconazole, 123, 140, 289, 290, 420, 456, 525 Molecular chaperones, 67
Microbial diarrhea Molluscum contagiosum, 456
Mönckeberg medial calcific sclerosis, 264
inflammatory, 365 Monoamine oxidase, 174, 192
noninflammatory, 366–367 Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, 22, 174, 194, 216
Microcytic sideroblastic anemia, 46 Monobactams, 119

559

INDEX Monocistronic RNA, 112 disorders of, 450 N
Monoclonal antibodies, 109 fiber types I and II, 425
Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined laryngeal, 275 Na+ channel blockers, 267
pharyngeal, 275 Na+-dependent coporter, 352
significance, 475 Muscular dystrophies, 450 Na+-K+ pump, 80, 152
Monocytes, 89, 476 Muscularis externa, digestive tract, 334 Na+/glucose symporter, 80
Muscularis mucosa, digestive tract, 334 NADH dehydrogenase, 40
in chronic inflammation, 100 Musculocutaneous nerve, 431, 432, 434, 435 NAD/NADH, 38, 39, 41
Monocytosis, 470 Musculoskeletal system Nadolol, 193, 389
Monodeiodinase, 387 disorders of, 442–450 NADPH, 38, 39, 41, 42
Monoiodotyrosine, 386 head and neck, 428–430 NADPH oxidase, in phagocytosis, 98
Monometasone, 525 lower extremities, 438–441 NADPH oxidase deficiency, 98
Mononuclear phagocyte system, 198 muscle structure and function in, 424–427 NAE (net acid excretion), 319, 484
Mononucleosis, 470 skin in, 451–458 Naegleria spp., 122, 123
Monosodium urate, 446 tumors of, 445 Nafcillin, 118, 444, 453, 457, 526
Monospot test, 289 upper extremities and back, 431–437 Nagler reaction, 366, 455
Montelukast, 294, 525 Myasthenia gravis, 450 Nalbuphine, 226, 526
Mood disorders, 20–22 Myasthenic syndrome, 162 Nalmefene, 226
Moraxella catarrhalis, 289 myc oncogenes Naloxone, 226, 526
Morphine, 14, 226, 228, 526 l-myc, 160, 296
Mortality rates, 34 N-myc, 160, 377 as antidote, 172
Mosaicism, 74 Mycobacteria, nontuberculous, 122 Naltrexone, 13, 226, 526
Mossy fibers, 213 Mycobacterial meningoencephalitis, 195 Naphthylamine, as cancer risk, 159
Motilin, 396 Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, 195 Naproxen, 448, 526
Motor neuron lesions, upper versus lower, 201 in AIDS patients, 104 Naratriptan, 174
Movement disorders, 215 Mycobacterium leprae, 122, 455 Narcissistic disorder, 26
moxifloxacin, 121 Mycobacterium marinum, 454 Narcolepsy, 11
6-MP (6-mercaptopurine), 62 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 122, 195, 292 Narrow-angle glaucoma, 206
M-phase/maturation promoting factor, 83 in AIDS patients, 104 Nasopharynx, 275, 430
M-protein spike, 475 infectious arthritis and, 447
MPSI. See Hurler syndrome in osteomyelitis, 443 carcinoma of, 161
MPSII. See Hunter syndrome Mycolic acids, 113 Natalizumab, 198
MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6- Mycology, 136–140 Nateglinide, 382
Mycophenolate, 109, 526 Natural killer cells, 88, 90, 93, 470
tetrahydropyridine), 216 Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 290, 291 Natural selection, and equilibrium, 77
MR (medial rectus) muscle, 204, 209 Mycosis fungoides, 474 Necator spp., 127, 130
mRNA, 65, 112 Myelencephalon, 184
MRSA (methicillin-resistant S. aureus), 453 Myelin, 198 hematologic changes caused by, 476
MS (multiple sclerosis), 198 Myelination, disorders of, 198–199 Neck. See Head and neck
MSSA (methicillin-sensitive S. aureus), 453 Myelodysplastic syndromes, 474 Necrophilia, 28
Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, 126 Myelofibrosis, myeloid metaplasia with, 466 Necrosis, 155
Mucor spp., 139, 195 Myelogenous leukemias, 474
Mucormycosis, 139 acute, 474 acute tubular, 329
chronic, 75, 160, 474 Necrotizing enterocolitis, 357
sinus, 381 classification of, 475 Nedocromil, 294, 526
Mucosa, digestive tract, 335 Myeloid metaplasia with myelofibrosis, 466 Nefazodone, 22, 526
Mucosal protective agents, 349 Myeloma, multiple. See Multiple myeloma Negative feedback, 148
Mucous cells, 336, 348 Myeloperoxidase, in phagocytosis, 98 Negative predictive value, 34, 479
Mucous membrane, infectious diseases of, Myelophthisic anemia, 466 Negative-sense RNA viruses, 132
Myenteric plexus, 335 Negri bodies, 196
453–454 Myocardial infarction, 233, 240, 256 Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 412, 419, 420
Mucus, 344, 348 myocardium appearance after, 257
Müllerian-inhibiting factor, 394 Myocardial ischemia, 155, 256 infectious arthritis and, 447
Multidrug exporters, 120 Myocarditis, viral, 259 pathogenic factors, 116
Multifidus muscle, 434 Myoclonic epilepsy, 72 Neisseria meningitidis
Multiple endocrine neoplasia, 160 Myoclonic seizure, 224 in bacterial meningitis, 195
Myofilaments, 425 in early meningococcemia, 457
type I, 381 Myogenic response, 308 Nelfinavir, 105, 526
type IIa, 381 Myometrium, 408, 409 Nemathelminthes, 127
type IIb/III, 381 Myopathic CAT/CPT deficiency, 50 Nematodes. See Roundworms
Multiple myeloma, 329, 475 Myophosphorylase, 43 Neocortex, 218
classic clues for, 475 Myosin, 425 Neomycin, 66, 120
Multiple sclerosis, 198 Myosin light chain kinase, 426 Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, 295
μ receptors, 226 Myositis, 450 Neoplasia, 159
Mumps, 134, 401 Myositis ossificans, 450 Neoplasms
Mupirocin, 526 Myotatic reflex, 202 adrenal, 377
Murmurs, 234 Myotonic dystrophy, 450 cardiac, 261
Muromonab, 110 N-Myristoylation, 80 testicular, 402
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, 85 Myxedema, 388 thyroid, 389
Muscarinic antagonists, 190, 294 Myxoma, 261 Neostigmine, 190, 526
Muscarinic blocker poisoning, 170 Neostriatum, 216
Muscarinic cholinergic receptor, 207 Nephroblastoma, 331
Muscle glycogen phosphorylase, 43 Nephrons, 300
Muscle relaxants, 427 blood vessels associated with, 306
Muscle spindle receptor, 202 structure of, 306
Muscle stretch reflexes, 202 Nephropathy, 328, 329
Muscles Nephrotic syndrome, 327
of breathing, 278 Nephrotoxic acute tubular necrosis, 329
characteristics of, 424–426

560

Nernst equation, 151, 480 Nitroglycerin, 85, 256, 271, 272, 527 O INDEX
Nerve damage, associated with fractures, 236 Nitroprusside, 85, 269, 272
Nerves. See individual nerves by name Nitrosamines, as cancer risk, 159 O2, 154
Nervous system Nitrosoureas, 176 O2 capacity, 284
Nizatidine, 173, 349 O2 content, 284
and cell types, 198 NK (natural killer) cells, 88, 90, 104 Oat cell carcinoma. See small cell carcinoma
cell types of, 198 NMDA antagonist, 220 Obligate intracellular parasites, 122
congenital malformations of, 185 NMDA receptor, 169 Oblique and transverse arytenoids, 275
development of, 184–185 NNRTIs (nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase Observational studies, 35
Net acid excretion, 319 Obsessive-compulsive disorder, 23, 26
Neural crest, 144, 184, 231, 428 inhibitors), 105 Obstruction, ureteral, 331
Neural folds, 184 NO. See Nitric oxide Obstructive congenital heart disease, 254
Neural tube, 184 Nocardia spp., 122, 454 Obstructive lung disease, 280, 281, 293–294
defects, 146, 225, 362 Nodular hyperplasia, 362 Obstructive uropathy, 330
Neuroectoderm, 144, 184 Nodular melanoma, 452 Obturator externus muscle, 439
Neurofibrillary tangles, 220 Nodular non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 473 Obturator internus muscle, 439
Neurofibromatosis, 72 Nodular sclerosis, in Hodgkin disease, 472 Obturator nerve, 438, 439, 440
type 1, 73 Nominal scale, 36 Occipital lobe, 218, 219
type 2, 73 Nonbacterial chronic prostatitis, 398 Octreotide, 391
Neurofilament, 81 Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis, 259 Oculomotor nerve (III), 204, 430
Neurohistology, and pathology correlates, 198–199 Nonbacterial verrucous endocarditis, 259
Neuroleptanesthesia, 228 Noncommunicating hydrocephalus, 197 skeletal muscle innervated by, 428
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome, 368 Noncompetitive antagonist, 168 Oculomotor nucleus, 209
Neuromuscular blockers, 427 Noncompetitive inhibitor, 55 Oddi, sphincter of, 351
Neuron, 198 Noncytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction, 106 Odds ratio, 35, 36, 479
Neuron specific enolase stain, 150 Nondepolarizing blockers, 427 Ofloxacin, 121
Neurosyphilis, 208 Nondisjunction, during meiosis, 74 OH (hydroxyl) radical, 154
Neurotoxicity, anesthetics, 227 Nonessential amino acids, precursors, 48 1,25-(OH)2-vitamin D3, 383
Neurotransmitters, 46 Non-germ cell tumors, 402 Okazaki fragments, 63
Neurulation, 184 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 357, 473 Olanzapine, 20, 527
Neutral lipids, 53
Neutropenia, 470 as AIDS complication, 105 in bipolar disorder, 22
Neutrophils, 89, 469 Noninfiltrating intraductal carcinoma, 418 Olfactory bulb, 219
hypersegmental, anemia and, 466 Noninflammatory diarrhea, 365–366 Olfactory nerve (I), 204
margination and extravasation, 96 Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, 381 Olfactory tract, 219
migration/chemotaxis of, 97 Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, Oligoclonal bands, 198
Nevirapine, 105, 526 Oligodendrocytes, 198
Nevocellular nevus, 452 105 Oligodendroglia, 199
Nevus flammeus, 452 Nonpolar aliphatic side chains, 45 Oligohydramnios, 409
New drug application (NDA), 179 Non-selective β agonists, 294 Oligomycin, 40
Newborn, diseases in, 295 Nonsense point mutations, 64 Ollier disease, 442, 445
NF. See Neurofibromatosis Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, 448, 449 Omental bursa, 338
NF-1 gene, 161 Norepinephrine, 192 Omeprazole, 527
NF-2 gene, 161 Norethindrone, 410 Omphalocele, 357
NFT (neurofibrillary tangles), 220 Norgestrel, 410 Onchocerca spp., 127, 130, 131
NHL. See Non-Hodgkin lymphoma Normal pressure hydrocephalus, 197 Oncogenes, 160
Niacin, 41, 56, 272, 526 Normetanephrine, 192 Oncogenic viruses, 161
Nickel, as cancer risk, 159 Nortriptyline, 22, 194 Ondansetron, 174, 346, 527
Niclosamide, 476 Norwalk virus, 366 One-way ANOVA, 36
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Nose, infection of, 289 Oocyte, 405
Notochord, 184 Open-angle glaucoma, 206
See NADPH entries NPH (neutral protein Hagedorn) insulin, 382 Opening snap, 260
Nicotine, 15, 189 NRDS (neonatal respiratory distress syndrome), Operant conditioning, 4, 5
Nicotinic AChR, 450 Operculated eggs, 128
Nicotinic acid, 53 295 Ophthalmic artery, 223
Nicotinic agonists/antagonists, 189 NRTIs (nucleoside reverse transcriptase Ophthalmic nerve (V1), 204, 430
Nicotinic receptors, 189 Opioid poisoning, 170
Nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, 98 inhibitors), 105
NIDDM (noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus), NSAIDs, 57, 449, 450 antidote for, 172
Nucleic acids, 60 Opioid receptors, 226
381 Opioids, 14, 226–227
Niemann-Pick disease, 54, 490 structure of, 60
Nifedipine, 269, 271, 526 synthesis and salvage of, 61–62 characteristics, 227
Nifurtimox Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, 105 Opponens digiti minimi muscles, 436
Nucleosides, 60 Opponens pollicis muscles, 14, 437
in Chagas disease, 127 Nucleosomes, 60 Opportunistic infections
Night terrors, 11 N-Nucleotide addition, 90
Nightmares, 11 Nucleotides, 60, 62 in AIDS patients, 104
Nigrostriatal pathway, and antipsychotics, 19 synthesis of, 42 fungal, 139
Nitazoxanide, 123, 367 Nucleus, 78 Oprelvekin, 465
Nitrates, 85, 271 Nucleus ambiguus, 212 Opsonization, 98
Nitric oxide, 46, 84, 114, 187, 272, 344, 396 Null Hypothesis, 35 Optic canal, 205
Nutmeg liver, 258, 360 Optic chiasm, 206, 218, 430
drugs acting via, 269, 272 Nutrasweet®, 48 Optic nerve (II), 204
Nitric oxide receptors, 85 Nystatin, 140, 289, 290, 419 Optic tract, 206
Nitric oxide synthase, 46, 85 Oral cavitary disease, 289
Nitrofurantoin, 526 Oral contraceptives, 362
Nitrous oxide, 228 Ordinal scale, 36

561

INDEX Organ blood flow, control of, 252 PAG (plasma anion gap), 324, 484 Parasitic infections, 362
Organ of Corti, 211 Paget disease, 443 Parasympathetic autonomic nervous system, 187,
Organ systems, autonomic effects on, 187–188
Organ transplantation, immunology of, 107 of the breast, 418 200, 201, 207, 236
Organelles, subcellular, 59 extramammary, of the vulva, 412 Parasympathetic neurons, 200
Organophosphate, 191 PAH (para-aminohippuric acid), 305 Parasympathetic outflow, 201
Orgasm disorders, 29 Paired helical filaments, 220 Parasympathetic stimulation, for penile erection,
Orlistat, 368, 527 Palate, development of, 429
Ornithine,49 Palatine tonsil, 429 396
Ornithine transcarbamoylase deficiency, 401 Palatoglossus muscle, 275 Parathion, 205
Oropharynx, 275 Palatopharyngeus muscle, 275 Parathyroid gland, 383
Orotic acid, 49 Pale infarct, 224 Parathyroid hormone, 312, 383
Orthomyxovirus, 134 Palivizumab, 110 Paraumbilical veins, 340
Oseltamivir, 135, 292 Palm, innervation of, 433 Paraventricular nuclei, hypothalamic, 378
Osmotic diuresis, 317 Palmar interossei muscles, 436 Paraventricular nucleus, 214
Osmotic diuretics, 317, 325, 317 Palmitoylation, 80 Parietal cells, 336, 348
Osmotic laxatives, 368 Palmitoyl-CoA, 50 Parietal lobe, 218, 219
Osteitis fibrosa cystica, 385, 442 2-PAM (pralidoxime), 172 Parietooccipital sulcus, 218
Osteoarthritis, 446 PAM (primary amebic meningoencephalitis), 123 Parinaud syndrome, 213
Osteoarthropathy, hypertrophic, 442 Pamidronate, 385 Parkinson disease, 215, 216
Osteoblastic metastases, 398 Pampiniform plexus, 399 treatment of, 216
Osteoblastic tumors, 445 Panacinar emphysema, 293 Parkinsonism, 20
Osteoblastoma, 445 P-ANCA, 262, 263 Parotid salivary glands, 342
Osteochondromatosis, 442, 445 Pancoast tumor, 296, 490 Paroxetine, 22, 174, 527
Osteoclasts, in chronic inflammation, 100 Pancreas, 379–382 Paroxysmal hemolytic anemia, 461
Osteogenesis imperfecta, 68, 157, 442 annular, 360 Partial agonist, 168
Osteoid osteoma, 445 carcinoma of, 174 Partial mole, 415
Osteomalacia, 354, 442, 445 secretions of, 350
Osteomyelitis, 443 Pancreatic amylase, 352 versus complete mole, 415
Pancreatic duct, 350 Partial seizure, 224
microbiology of, 444 Pancreatic enzymes, 350 Partial thromboplastin time, 462
Salmonella, 468 Pancreatic polypeptide, 347 Parvovirus, 132
Osteopetrosis, 443 Pancreatic proteases, 353
Osteoporosis, 443 Pancreatic secretions, 350 B19, 409
Osteosarcoma, 161, 445 Pancreatitis infectious arthritis and, 447
Osler nodes, 259 acute hemorrhagic, 360 PAS (periodic acid-Schiff) stain, 158
Ostium primum defects, 254 chronic, 360 Passive-aggressive, 16
Ostium secundum defects, 254 Pancrelipase, 368 Pasteurella spp., 116
Otic ganglion, 186 Pancuronium, 427 Pasteurella multocida, 455
Otitis externa, 290 Paneth cells, 336 Patellar tendon, 438
malignant, 381 Panic disorder, 517 Patent ductus arteriosus, 232, 254
Outer cortical artery, 223 PANS (parasympathetic autonomic nervous Patent foramen ovale, 254
Outer membrane, 113 Patent urachus, 301, 332
Ovary, 384 system), 186, 187, 207 Paternity testing, 71
cancer of, 175 Pantoprazole, 349, 527 Pathogens
diseases of, 414 Pantothenic acid, 56 extracellular and intracellular, 88
fibroma of, 415 Papanicolaou (Pap) smear, 412 factors and diagnostic enzymes for, 116
Overdose. See also Poisoning Papez circuit, 214, 217 unusual growth requirements of, 116
of opioid analgesics, 227 Papillary carcinoma, 390 Pavlovian conditioning, 4
Oviduct, 395 Papillary hidradenoma, 412 PBPs (penicillin binding proteins), 113, 118
Ovulation, and folliculogenesis, 404 Papillary muscles, 233, 234 Pcap (capillary hydrostatic pressure), 250
Ovulatory phase, in menstrual cycle, 406 Papilloma, 539 PCL (posterior cruciate ligament), 440
Oxacillin, 118, 457 PCP (“angel dust”), 15
Oxaloacetate, 39, 41 intraductal, 416 PCR (polymerase chain reaction), 69, 71, 104
Oxazepam, 24, 527 Papilloma viruses, 358 PDA (patent ductus arteriosus), 232, 254
Oxazolidinones, 120 Papovavirus, 132 PDE (phosphodiesterase) inhibitors, 85, 397,
Oxidative phosphorylation, 40 Para-aminohippuric acid, 305
Oxybutynin, 527 Paracentral lobule, 218 530, 531
Oxycodone, 14, 226, 527 Paracortical hyperplasia, 471 PDE/adenosine uptake inhibitors, 464
Oxygen, as antidote, 172 Paragonimus spp., 127 PDGF. See Platelet-derived growth factor
Oxygen transport, 284 Paragonimus westermani, 128 Pearson correlation, 36
Oxygen-dependent killing, in phagocytosis, 112 Parainfluenza, 134 Pectineus muscle, 439
Oxygen-independent killing, in phagocytosis, 112 Parainfluenza virus, 290 Pectoral girdle, movements of, 434
Oxytocin, 408 Parallel circuits, 248, 481 Pectoralis major muscle, 432, 434
Paralytic ileus, 344 Pectoralis minor muscle, 434
P Paramedial pontine reticular formation, 209 Pedophilia, 28
Paramesonephric ducts, 300, 394 Peduncle(s)
P wave, 238 Paramyxovirus, 132
p16 gene, 161 Paraneoplastic syndromes, 162 cerebellar, 204, 213
p24 antigen, 104 Paranoid disorder, 26 cerebral, 204
p53, 83 Paraphilias, 28 inferior cerebellar, 212
p53 gene, 156, 161, 296 Paraphimosis, 397 middle cerebellar, 212
PA (protective antigen), 115 Parasites Pellagra, 56
Paclitaxel, 177 Pelvic diaphragm, 396
facultative intracellular, 122 Pelvic floor, and perineum, 396
obligate intracellular, 122 Pelvic inflammatory disease, 142, 412, 420
protozoan, 122. See also Protozoal infections Pelvic innervation, 396
Pelvic kidney, 301
Pelvic splanchnic nerves, 187, 335, 396

562

Pemphigus vulgaris, 452 Phenotypic mixing, 134 Plant alkaloids, 177 INDEX
Penciclovir, 135 Phenoxybenzamine, 193, 527 Plaques
Penicillamine, 216 Phentolamine, 193
Phenylalanine, 45, 48 complicated, 264
for heavy metal poisoning, 171, 172 Phenylalanine hydroxylase, 47 mature, 264
Penicillin G, 118 Phenylephrine, 193 senile, 220
Penicillin V, 118 Phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase, 46 Plasma, 149
Penicillin-binding proteins, 113, 118 Phenylketonuria, 47, 48, 72 Plasma anion gap, 324
Penicillins, 113, 118, 289, 421, 449, 454–455, Phenytoin, 528 Plasma cell dyscrasias, 475
Pheochromocytoma, 377, 381 Plasma cell mastitis, 418
457, 527 PHF (paired helical filaments), 220 Plasma cells, 90
Penile erection Philtrum, 429 Plasma flow, renal, 305
Phimosis, 397 Plasma membrane, 80
dysfunctional, 29, 397 Phobias, 23 Plasma osmolarity, regulation by ADH, 316
physiology of, 396 Phocomelia, 146 Plasminogen, 462
Penis, 394, 395 Phosphate regulation, 384 Plasminogen activator, 462
bulb of, 396 Plasmodium spp., 122 125
carcinoma, 397 disorders of, 384 hematologic changes caused by, 476
diseases of, 397 endocrine, 383–385 life cycle of, 124
Pentamidine, 127, 139, 456 Phosphofructokinase, 38 Plasmodium falciparum, 125
Pentazocine, 226 6-Phosphogluconate, 42 Plasmodium malariae, 125
Pentose phosphate shunt, 42 Phospholipases Plasmodium ovale, 125
Pepsin, 348, 353 A2, 54 Plasmodium vivax, 125
Pepsinogen, 348 A and B, 350 Platelet-derived growth factor, 157
Peptic ulcer disease, treatment of, 349 C, 169 Platelets, 460
Peptic ulcers, 356 Phospholipids, 54 disorders of, 461
Peptidoglycan, 113, 118 Phyllodes tumor, 416 Platyhelminthes, 127
Peptostreptococcus spp., 413 Physical injury, 154 Pleura, 276
Perforin, 93 Physician-patient relationships, 30–31 diseases of, 297
Pergolide, 174, 216 Physiologic dead space, 278, 482 tumors of, 296
Pericardial disease, 261 Physiologic jaundice, of newborn, 46 Pleural effusion, 297
Pericardial effusion, 261 Physostigmine, 190, 207, 528 Plummer-Vinson syndrome, 356, 490
Pericarditis, 261 as antidote, 172 PMN (polymorphonuclear leukocyte), 420
Perimetrium, 407 Pia mater, 195, 197 PNET (primitive neuroectodermal tumor), 199
Perimysium, 425 PICA (posterior inferior cerebellar artery), 212, Pneumocystis jiroveci (formerly carinii), 127, 139,
Perineal pouches, 396
Perineum, 395–396 222, 223 292
and pelvic floor, 396 Pick disease, 221 in AIDS patients, 104
Periodic acid-Schiff stain, 158 Picornavirus, 133 Pneumocystosis, 127
Peripheral nervous system, 184 PID (pelvic inflammatory disease), 142, 412 Pneumonia, 291–292
Peripheral proteins, 80 Pigment stones, 364 Pneumotaxic center, 288
Periplasmic space, 113 Pigmented villonodular synovitis, 449 Pneumothorax, 297
Peristalsis, 343–344 PIH (prolactin-inhibiting factor), 370 PNMT (phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase),
Peritoneal organs, 337 Pili, 116
Peritoneum, 395 Pilocarpine, 207, 528 46
Peritubular capillaries, 306 Pilocystic astrocytoma, 199 Podagra, 446
Permanent cells, 157 Pilosebaceous units, 451 Podocytes, 307
Permeability, selective, 151 Pindolol, 193, 528 Podophyllin, 420
Pernicious anemia, 56, 354, 356, 468 Pineal body, 204, 214, 218 Poiseuille’s equation, 248
Peroneus brevis muscle, 441 Pineal gland, 184 Poisoning. See also Intoxication
Peroneus longus muscle, 441 Pineal region tumor, 213
Peroxisomes, 78, 79 “Pink puffers,” 281 antidotes for, 172
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), Pinworms, 130 common toxic syndromes, 170
Pioglitazone, 382, 528 food, 367
53, 272, 382 Piperacillin, 118 heavy metal, 171
Persistent truncus arteriosus, 231, 255 Piriformis muscle, 439 management of the poisoned patient, 170–172
Personality disorders, 26 Piriformis syndrome, 438 Polio, 203
Pertussis toxin, 115 Piroxicam, 528 Polio virus, 133, 409
Petechiae, 457, 460 Poliomyositis, 450
Petit mal seizure, 224 Pityriasis rosea, 452 Polyarteritis nodosa, 262
Peyer patches, 336 Pituitary gland, 370–371, 430 Polycistronic mRNA, 112
Peyronie disease, 397 Polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia, 475
PFK-1 (phosphofructokinase), 38 anterior, hyperfunction of, 371 Polycystic disease
PGs. See Prostaglandins characteristics of, 370 in adults, 327
pH control mechanisms, 322 hypofunction, 371 in childhood, 327
Phagocytosis, 98 in hypothalamus-anterior pituitary system, ovarian, 414
Phallus, 394 Polycythemia, 162, 284, 465
Pharmacodynamics, 168 370–371 Polycythemia vera, 465
Pharmacokinetics, 166 Pituitary hyperthyroidism, 387 Poly-D-glutamate, 113, 454, 535
Pharyngeal arch, muscles derived from, 428 Pituitary hypothyroidism, 387 Polydipsia, 317
Pharyngeal pouches, 334, 429 Pityriasis, 137 primary, 378
Pharynx, 275 PKU (phenylketonuria), 72 Polyene antifungal agents, 118
Phencyclidine, 15 Placenta, 142, 145, 404, 408 Polyhydramnios, 274, 409
Phenelzine, 22, 174, 193, 527 Polymerase chain reaction, 69
Phenobarbital, 24, 225, 527 abnormalities, 409, 415 Polymorphonuclear leukocytes, 420
Phenothiazine, 346 infectious agents that cross, 409 Polymorphonuclear leukocytosis, 470
Phenotypic masking, 134 Placenta accreta, 409 Polyoma, 132
Placenta previa, 409
Placental transport, 95 563

INDEX Polyps, 358 Premature ejaculation, 29 Propionibacterium acnes, 453
Polysaccharidase, 350 Premature infants, and jaundice, 46 Propionyl-CoA carboxylase, 47, 56
Polysome, 66, 78 Premature ventricular contraction, 240 Propionyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency, 48
POMC (proopiomelanocortin), 372 Premenstrual phase, in uterine cycle, 405 Propofol, 228
Pompe disease, 43 Premenstruation, 405 Propranolol, 24, 193, 267, 269, 389, 528
Pons, 184, 201, 204 212, 218 Premotor cortex, 219 Propylthiouracil, 528
Popliteus ligament, 440 Prenylation, 80 Prostaglandins, 54, 448
Popliteus muscle, 440 Preoptic nucleus, 214, 403 PGE1, 397
Population genetics, 77 Pressure gradient equation, 248, 481 PGE2, 54
Pork tapeworm, 129 Presynthetic gap phase, in cell cycle, 83 PGF2α, 54
Porphobilinogen deaminase, 46 Pretectal nuclei, 207 PGI2, 54
Porphyria, acute intermittent, 46 Prevalence, 34 Prostate, 395, 396
Porphyria cutanea tarda, 46 Prevotella spp., 114
Port wine stain, 263, 452 Priapism, 397 cancer of, 162, 398
Portacaval anastomoses, 340 Primary active transport, 148 diseases of, 398
Portal hypertension, 340, 361 Primary adrenocortical insufficiency, 376 Prostate-specific antigen, 158, 162
Portal vein, 337 Primary amebic meningoencephalitis, 123 Prostatic acid phosphatase, 162
Positive feedback, 148 Primary amyloidosis, 158 Prostatic urethra, 300
Positive predictive value, 34, 479 Primary auditory cortex, 219 Prostatitis, 398
Positive-sense RNA viruses, 133 Primary bile acids, 351 acute, 398, 418
Postcentral gyrus, 218 Primary biliary cirrhosis, 361 chronic, 398
Postcoital contraceptives, 410 Primary cell type variable, acute myelogenous Protamine, 464
Postductal coarctation, 255 as antidote, 172
Posterior cerebral arteries, 222, 223 leukemia and, 474 Protease inhibitors
Posterior communicating artery, 223 Primary follicle, 404 in AIDS treatment, 104
Posterior cricoarytenoid, 275 Primary hyperaldosteronism, 375 as anti-HIV therapy, 105, 476
Posterior cruciate ligament, 440 Primary hyperparathyroidism, 384, 385 Proteases, IgA, 116
Posterior fornix, 395 Primary hypoparathyroidism, 384 Proteasome, 78
Posterior funiculus, 200 Primary hypothyroidism, 387 Protein translation, 66
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery, 222, 223 Primary motor cortex, 219 modifications after, 67
Posterior interventricular artery, 233 Primary palate, 429 Protein(s), 67
Posterior mediastinum, 232 Primary polydipsia, 378 apoproteins, 53
Posterior nucleus, 214 Primary premotor cortex, 219 C type, 462, 463
Posterior pituitary, 370–371 Primary sclerosing cholangitis, 362 cell cycle and, 160
Postganglionic sympathetic terminal blockers, Primary somatosensory cortex, 219 CFTR, 360
Primary spermatocyte, 400 chronic inflammation and, 100
194, 269 Primary tumors, CNS and PNS, 199 digestion of, 353
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, 327 Primary union, in wound healing, 157 integral, 80
Postsynthetic gap phase, in cell cycle, 83 Primary visual cortex, 206, 219 M type, 116
Post-translational modifications, 67 Primary yolk sac, 143 in plasma membrane, 80
Potassium. See K+ entries Primitive atrium, 230 post-translational modifications to, 67
Potassium iodide, 389 Primitive gut tube, 334, 335 S type, 462, 463
Potency, drug, 168 Primitive neuroectodermal tumor, 199 structure of, 67
Pott disease, 443 Primitive streak, 144 synthesis inhibition, 120
Potter sequence, 301 Primitive ventricle, 230 tau, 220
Pouch of Douglas, 395 Primordial follicle, 404 A type, 116
Poxvirus, 131 Prinzmetal angina, 256 Proteins, peripheral, 80
PP (pulse pressure), 248 Prion protein, 221 Proteoglycans, 82
PPRF (paramedial pontine reticular formation), Probenecid, 449 Proteosomes, 67
Procainamide, 60, 267, 528 Proteus spp., 290
209 Procaine, 227 in urolithiasis, 330
PR interval, 239 Processus vaginalis, 398 Prothrombin (factor II), 462
Prader-Willi syndrome, 77 Prochlorperazine, 19, 528 Prothrombin gene mutation, 463
Pralidoxime, 172 Progesterone, 405, 406, 408 Prothrombin time, 462
Pramipexole, 216 Progestins, 410 Proto-oncogenes, 160
Pramlintide, 382 Proglottid, 129 Protozoal infections, 122, 127, 126
Pravastatin, 52, 272, 528 Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, 198 major, 127
Praziquantel, 131 Progressive systemic sclerosis. See Scleroderma Proximal convoluted tubule, 300
Prazosin, 193, 269 Projection, 16 Proximal nephron, 300
Precentral gyrus, 218 Prokaryotic cells, 112 Proximal penile urethra, 300
Prechordal plate, 143 Prokaryotic chromosomes, 63 Proximal tubule, 300, 309–310
Predictive value, 34 Prolactin, 370, 408 Prozone phenomenon, 95
Prednisolone, 294 Prolactin-inhibiting factor, 370 PRPP aminotransferase, 62
Prednisone, 294, 528 Proliferative phase, in uterine cycle, 405 Prussian blue stain, 158
Preductal coarctation, 255 Proline, 45, 68 PSA (prostate specific antigen) stain, 162
Preeclampsia, 409 Prolonyl CoA carboxylase deficiency, 47 Psammoma bodies, 199,
Prefrontal cortex, 219 Promethazine, 173 P-selectin, 97
Pregabalin, 528 Pronator quadratus muscles, 435 Pseudoephedrine, 194
Pregnancy Pronator teres muscle, 435 Pseudogout, 446
Pronator teres syndrome, 433 Pseudohyperparathyroidism, 385
diseases of, 409 Proopiomelanocortin, 372 Pseudohypertrophy, of the calves, 493
ectopic, 142 Propafenone, 267 Pseudointersexuality
and implantation, 408 Propamidine, 123 female, 394
molar, 415 Prophase, in mitosis, 83 male, 394
Prekallikrein, 97
Preload, cardiac, 242

564

Pseudomonas spp., 290, 291 QRS duration, 239 5α-Reductase 2 gene, 394 INDEX
in osteomyelitis, 443 QT interval, 239 5α-Reductase inhibitor, 398
Quadratus femoris muscle, 439, 440 Reduviid bug, 126
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 115, 290, 359, 453, Quadratus plantae muscles, 441 Reed-Sternberg cells, 472
454, 455 Quantal does-response curve, 168 Reflex tests
Quaternary amines, 190
Pseudomyxoma peritonei, 414 Quetiapine, 20, 528 brachial plexus, 432
Pseudopolyps, 359 Quinidine, 267, 529 lumbosacral plexus, 438
Psilocybin, 15 Quinine, 125 Reflex(es)
Psoriasis, and antimalarial drugs, 452 cremasteric, 399
Psoriatic arthritis, 446 R deep tendon, 202
Psychopathology, 17–27 defecation, 345
Psyllium, 368 R Groups, 45 gastrocolic, 345
PT (prothrombin time), 462 R (reabsorption), 304 gastroileac, 344
PT (proximal tubule), 306, 309–310 p-value, 35 muscle stretch, 202
PTH (parathyroid hormone), 312, 383 using for decision-making, 35 myotatic, 202
PTT (partial thromboplastin time), 462 Rabeprazole, 349, 529 pupillary light, 207
PTU (propylthiouracil), 389 Rabies, 196 Reflexes, vestibuloocular, 210
Pudendal nerve, 345, 396 Radial dilator muscles, 207 Reflux nephropathy, 329
Pulmonary arteries, 276 Radial nerve, 236, 431, 432, 433, 435, 436, 437 Refractory periods, 238
Pulmonary blood flow, 285 Radiation, ionizing, as cancer risk, 159 absolute and relative, 152
Pulmonary capillary, 283 Radioactive iodine, 389 Regression, 16
Pulmonary circulation, 249 Radioulnar joints, movement at, 435 Regular insulin, 382
Pulmonary edema, 297 Raloxifene, 411, 529 Reinforcement, 4
Pulmonary emboli, 297 Ramipril, 269, 529 Reiter syndrome, 446
Pulmonary hypertension, 297 Ranitidine, 173, 349, 529 Rejection
Pulmonary trunk, 231 Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, idiopathic, acute, 107
Pulmonary veins, 276 chronic, 107
Pulmonic valve, 246 328 Relative afferent pupil, 208
Rasagiline, 194, 216 Relative polycythemia, 465
stenosis or atresia of, 255 Rashes, 457–458 Relative refractory periods, 152, 238
Pulse pressure, 248 Rathke pouch, 199 Relative risk, 35, 479
Pulvinar nucleus, 214 Ratio scale, 36 Relaxation
Pupillary light reflex pathway, 207 Rationalization, 16 isovolumic, 245
Pupillary light-near dissociation, 208 Raynaud disease, 264 receptive, 343
Pupillary sphincter, 207 Raynaud phenomenon, 85 Remelteon, 24
Pupils Rb gene, 161 Remifentanil, 228
RBC (red blood cell), 38 Renal agenesis, 301
abnormalities of, 208 RBF. See Renal blood flow Renal blood flow, 305, 483
constriction of, 14, 208 Reabsorption, 304 autoregulation of, 308
Purine, 60 Reaction formation, 16 filtration regulation and, 308
analogs of, 61 Recall bias, 35 Renal caliculi, 301
synthesis of, 61–62 Receptive relaxation, 343 Renal cell carcinoma, 331
Puromycin, 367 Receptors. See also individual receptor types Renal failure, 263, 327–330
Purkinje cells, 213 Renal pelvis, 300
Purpura, 461 by name Renal plasma flow, 305
Purulent meningitis, acute, 195 in cell signaling, 85 Renal sympathetic nerves, 316
Pustule, malignant, 454 in cholinergic transmission, 189 Renal system
Putamen, 215 diversity of, 90 acid/base regulation and, 319
PV loops (cardiac pressure-volume loops), enzyme-linked, 85 embryology and anatomy of, 300–301
within ion channels, 169 pathology of, 309–332
245–246 in parasympathetic autonomic nervous system, pharmacology of, 325–326
PVC (premature ventricular contraction), 240 physiology of, 302–325
Pyelonephritis, 329, 419 187–188 water and solutes regulation in, 312
Pyknosis, 155 in sympathetic autonomic nervous system, Renal vein, 340
Pylorus, 336, 343 thrombosis of, 330
187–188 Renin, 175, 374
stenosis of, 356 T cell, 88 Renin inhibitor, 175
Pyogenic liver abscesses, 362 transmembrane, tyrokinase activation and, 169 Renin secretion, autoregulation of, 307
Pyramidal decussation, 201 Reciprocal translocations, chromosomal, 75 Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone, 316
Pyramids, 201, 212 Recombinant cytokines, clinical uses, 109 blood pressure control by, 374
Pyrantel pamoate, 131 Recombinant DNA, 69–70 Reovirus, 133
Pyridostigmine, 190 Recombination Repaglinide, 382
Pyridoxine, 56 homologous, 117 Repeated measures ANOVA, 36
Pyrimethamine, 61, 118, 121, 127 site-specific, 117 Replication fork, 63
Pyrimidine, 60 Rectouterine pouch, 395 Repolarization, 152
Rectovesical pouch, 395 Repression, 16
analogs of, 61, 63 Rectum, 345 Reproductive system
synthesis of, 60 Rectus femoris muscle, 439, 440 female. See Female reproductive system
Pyruvate carboxylase, 41, 44, 56 Recurrent laryngeal branch, 275 male. See Male reproductive system
Pyruvate dehydrogenase, 41, 56 Recurrent laryngeal nerve, 296 RER (rough endoplasmic reticulum), 78
Pyruvate kinase, 38, 44 Red blood cells, 38 Reserpine, 194, 269, 270
Pyruvate kinase deficiency, 39 disorders of, 465–468 Residual volume, 277
Pyruvate metabolism, 41 Red man syndrome, 119
Red muscle fibers, 425
Q Red nucleus, 213
5α-Reductase 2 deficiency, 394
22q11 syndromes, 77, 255
Q waves, 240
QRS complex, 238

565

INDEX Resistance, 248, 481 Rickettsia spp., 122 SAD (seasonal affective disorder), 21
Respiratory acidosis, 323 Rickettsia prowazekii, 457 Saddle nose, 442
Respiratory alkalosis, 323 Rickettsia rickettsii, 457 Sadism, 28
Respiratory bronchioles, 274 Riedel thyroiditis, 388 Salicylates, 40, 448, 514
Respiratory depression, 13 Rifampin, 529
Respiratory distress syndromes, 278, 295 Right and left bundle branches, 236 poisoning by, 170
Respiratory syncytial virus, 132, 290 Right atrium, 233 Saliva, 342
Respiratory system Right axis deviation, 241
Right coronary artery, 233 amylase in, 352
anatomy of, 275–276 Right testicular vein, 399 Salivary glands, 342
embryology of, 274 Right ventricle, 233 Salmeterol, 193, 294, 529
histology of, 274 Ring-enhancing lesions, 127 Salmonella spp., 365
pathology of, 289–297 Ringworm, 456
physiology of, 277–288 Rinne test, 211 in osteomyelitis, 443
Respiratory zone, 274 Risedronate, 385, 529 Salmonella osteomyelitis, 468
Respondent conditioning, 4 Risperidone, 20, 529 Salmonella typhi, 122
Responses, cellular (adaptive), 156 Ritonavir, 105 Salvage pathways, 61–62
Resting membrane potential, 151 Rituximab, 110 SAM (S-adenosylhomocysteine), 47
Restless legs syndrome, 216 Rivastigmine, 190 SAM (S-adenosylmethionine), 47
Restriction endonucleases, 69, 70 RM (resting membrane) potential, 151 San Joaquin Valley fever, 138
Restriction fragment length polymorphisms, 71 RNA, 60, 112 Sandfly, and leishmaniasis transmission, 126
Restrictive (infiltrative) myopathy, 260 SANS (sympathetic autonomic nervous
Restrictive lung disease, 281, 295 processing and transcription of, 65
ret oncogene, 160 types of, 65 system),186–187, 189, 207
Retarded ejaculation, 29 RNA viruses Saphenous nerve, 439
Rete ovarii, 394 double-stranded, 133 Saquinavir, 105
Rete testes, 394 negative-sense, 134 Sarcoidosis, 293
Reteplase, 464 positive-sense, 133 Sarcoma
Reticular lamina, 82 RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, 133
Reticulin stain, 158 Robertsonian translocations, 76 defined, 159
Retinoblastoma, 83, 159, 161, 199 formation and consequences of, 76 Kaposi. See Kaposi sarcoma
Retinoblastoma susceptibility protein, 83 Robin sequence, 428 Sarcoma botryoides, 412, 450
Retrolental fibroplasia, 295 Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 457 Sarcomeres, 425
Retroperitoneal organs, 337 Rocuronium, 427 Sarcoplasmic reticulum, 79
Retrovirus, 133 Rolando sulcus, 219 Sargramostim. See Granulocyte-macrophage
Reuptake, adrenergic transmission and, 192 Romaña sign, 126
Reuptake inhibitors, 194 Romberg sign, 202 colony-stimulating factor
Reverse transcriptase inhibitors Ropinirole, 216, 529 Sarin, 191
in AIDS treatment, 104 Ropivacaine, 227 SARS virus, 133, 292
as anti-HIV therapy, 105, 476 Rose gardener’s disease, 137 Sartorius muscle, 439, 440
Reye syndrome, 361 Rosenthal fibers, 199 Satiety center, 342
RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphisms), Rosiglitazone, 382, 529 Saturday night palsy, 432
Rosuvastatin, 529 Saw palmetto, 178
71 Rotator cuff, 435 Scalded skin disease, 457
Rh disease, of newborn, 46 Rotatores muscle, 434 Scales, statistical, 36
Rhabdomyoma, 261 Rotaviruses, 133, 366 Scarlatina, 457
Rhabdomyosarcoma, 412, 450 Roth spots, 259 Scarlet fever, 457
embryonal, 412, 450 Rotor syndrome, 360 Scarpa fascia, 396
Rhabdovirus, 132 Rough endoplasmic reticulum, 78 Schatzki rings, 356
RhD immune globulin, 109 Roundworms, 127 Schaumann bodies, 293
Rheumatic fever, 106 transmitted by eggs, 130 Schistosoma spp., 127
transmitted by larvae, 131 Schistosoma haematobium, 128
acute, 257 RPF (renal plasma flow), 305 Schistosoma japonicum, 128
Rheumatic heart disease, 257 RPGN (rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis), Schistosoma mansoni, 128
Rheumatoid arthritis, 446 Schistosomiasis, 128, 362
idiopathic, 328 Schizogony, 124
treatment of, 448 rRNA, 65 Schizoid disorder, 26
Rheumatoid factor, 446 RS (Reed-Sternberg) cells, 472 Schizophrenia, 18
Rhinoviruses, 289 RSV (respiratory syncytial virus), 290 Schizotypal disorder, 26
Rhizopus spp., 139 RT-PCR (reverse transcriptase PCR), 69, 104 Schwann cells, 198
RhoGAM™, 109 RU-486 (mifepristone), 410, 411 Schwannoma, 199
Rhomboid major muscle, 434 Rubella, 133
Rhomboid minor muscle, 434 bilateral acoustic, 199
Ribavirin, 133, 290, 292 infectious arthritis and, 447 Sci-70 (anti-DNA topoisomerase I antibodies), 107
Riboflavin (B2), 56 Rubeola, 458 Sciatic nerve, 438, 439, 440
Ribonuclease, 334 Rugae, 336 Scleroderma, 107
Ribonucleic acid, 60, 112 Russell bodies, 475
Ribonucleotidase, 61 diffuse, 107
Ribonucleotide reductase, 61 S limited, 107
Ribonucleotides, 61 Sclerosing adenosis, 416
Ribose, 60 S cells, 346 Sclerosing cholangitis, 361
Ribose-5-phosphate, 61 S phase, in cell cycle, 83 Sclerosis
Ribosomal RNA, 65 S-100, 162 amyotrophic lateral, 203
Ribosomes, 66 S-100 stain, 158 Mönckeberg medial calcific, 250
Ribosylation, 115 Saccule, 210 multiple, 198
Ribulose-5-P, 42 Sacrococcygeal teratoma, 144 nodular, in Hodgkin disease, 451
Rickets, 57, 354, 442 tuberous, 261
Scolex, 129
hypophosphatemic, 72 SCP (superior cerebellar peduncle), 213
Scrotum, 394
Scurvy, 56, 68, 157

566

Seasonal affective disorder, 21 Sexual arousal disorders, 29 Small intestine, 336, 344, 353 INDEX
Seborrheic keratosis, 452 Sexual aversion, 29 Small nuclear RNA, 65
Second messengers, 84 Sexual desire disorders, 29 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, 78, 79
Secondary active transport, 148 Sexual disorders, 28–29 Smooth muscle
Secondary amyloidosis, 158 Sexual pain disorders, 29
Secondary bile acids, 351 Sexually transmitted diseases, 419–420 characteristics of, 424
Secondary biliary cirrhosis, 361 Sézary syndrome, 474 contraction of, 426
Secondary hyperaldosteronism, 375 SGLUT 1 (Na+ -dependent coporter), 352 function of, 426
Secondary hyperparathyroidism, 384, 385 Shaping, 5 snRNA, 65
Secondary oocyte, 404 Sheehan syndrome, 371 Social phobia, 24
Secondary palate, 429 Shiga toxin, 115 Sodium. See Na+ entries
Secondary (pituitary) adrenocortical insufficiency, Shigella spp., 365 Soleus muscle, 441
Shigella dysenteriae, 115 Solubility, 228
376 Shock, 258, 266 Solute balance, 315
Secondary polycythemia, 465 Short-acting AChE inhibitor, 190 Solute regulation
Secondary spermatocyte, 400 Short tandem repeats (STRs), 71 disorders of, 317
Secondary syphilis, 458 Shoulder movement renal, 312
Secondary union, in wound healing, 157 Somatic hypermutation, 90
Secretin, 346, 350, 352 effect on trunk, 434 Somatic nervous system, 186
Secretion, in urine formation, 304 glenohumeral joint, 434 Somatization, 16
Secretory phase, in uterine cycle, 405 Shunt, 286 Somatoform disorders, 25
Secundum-type atrial septal defects, 230 SIADH. See Syndrome of inappropriate ADH Somatoform pain disorder, 25
Sedative-hypnotics, 24 Somatomedins, 390
secretion Somatosensory association cortex, 210
poisoning by, 170 Sickle cell anemia, 62, 72, 444 Somatostatin, 347, 370, 379
Segmentation contractions, 344, 345 Sickle cell crisis, 46 Somatrem, 391
Seizures, 224 Sickle cell disease, 443, 468, 512 Somatropin, 391
genetic testing in, 71 Somnambulism, 11
anticonvulsants and, 224–225 “Sickle prep,” 468 Sore throat, 289
Selectins, 96 Sideroblastic anemia, 46, 56 Sotalol, 268
Selection bias, 35 SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome), 11 Southern blot technique, 71
Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), Sigmoid colon, 335 SP (septum primum), 230
Sigmoid sinus, 197 SP (superior parathyroid gland), 429
177, 411 Signal transduction, 169 Spare receptors, 168
Selective permeability, 151 Sildenafil, 85, 397, 530 Sparganosis, 129
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), Silent point mutations, 64 Sparganum, 129
Simple cysts, of the kidney, 327 Spasmolytics, 427
22, 174 Simple diffusion, 80, 148 Specific phobias, 23
poisoning by, 170 Simple seizure, 224 Specificity, biostatistical, 34, 479
Selegiline, 194, 216, 529 Simvastatin, 272, 524, 530 Spermatic cord, 399
Sella turcica, 197 Single-gene disorders, 73 Spermatic fascia, 399
Semicircular ducts, 210 Sinoatrial node, 236 Spermatids, 400
Semimembranosus muscle, 439, 440 Sinus histiocytosis, 471 Spermatocele, 399
Seminal vesicles, 394, 395, 396 Sinus mucormycosis, 381 Spermatogenesis, 400
Seminiferous tubules, 394 Sinus rhythm, 240 hormonal control of, 401
Seminoma, 402 Sinus venarum, 230, 233 Spermatogonium, 400
Semispinalis muscle, 434 Sinus venosus, 230, 254 Spermatozoa, 396, 400
Semitendinosus muscle, 439, 440 Sinusitis, 289 Spermiogenesis, 401
Senna, 368 Sirenomelia, 144 S-phase promoting factor, 83
Sensitivity, statistical, 34, 479 Sirolimus, 109 Sphenoidal sinus, 430
Sensorineural deafness, 211 sis oncogene, 160 Spherocytosis, hereditary, 467
Separation anxiety, 7 Sitagliptin, 382 Spherules, 136
Septal nuclei, 217 SITS (subscapularis) tendons, 435 Sphincter of Oddi, 346, 351
Septic shock, 266 Sjögren syndrome, 106 Sphincter urethrae muscle, 396
Septum pellucidum, 218 Skeletal disorders, 442 Sphingomyelinase, 54
Septum primum, 230 Skeletal muscle, 424 Spider angiomata, 361
Septum secundum, 230 Spina bifida, 184, 185
Sequestrum, 443 cholinergic transmission and, 189 Spinal cord, 185, 200–203
SER (smooth endoplasmic reticulum), 78, 79 cranial nerves innervated by, 428 lesions of, 203
Stercobilins, 352 morphology and function of, 425 Spinal cord tracts, 200
Series circuits, 248, 481 Skeletal muscle relaxants, 427 Spinal nerve, 200
Serine, 45 Skin, 451–458 in lateral medullary syndrome, 212
SERM (selective estrogen receptor modulator), infectious diseases of, 453–456 Spinal trigeminal nucleus/tract, 212
pathology of, 505 Spinalis muscle, 434
177, 411 rashes on, 457–458 Spinothalamic tract, 202, 203, 212
Serosal layer, digestive tract, 335 Skull base, anatomy of, 205 Spiral artery, 405
Serotonin, 46, 174 SLE (systemic lupus erythematosus), 106 Spiral ganglion, 211
Sleep Spironolactone, 270, 326, 398, 530
as inflammation mediator, 97 deprivation, 11 Splenic artery, 338
receptors, 174 disorders of, 11, 12 Splenium, 218
Serotonin syndrome, 174 physiology of, 10 Splenius capitis muscle, 434
Serous pericarditis, 261 Sleep apnea syndromes, 11 Splenius cervicis muscle, 434
Serratus anterior, 432 Sleeping sickness, 126, 127 Splinter hemorrhage, 259
Serratus anterior muscle, 434 Sleepwalking, 11
Sertoli cell, 400, 401, 402 Slime, capsular, 113 567
Sertoli-Leydig cell tumor, 415 Small cell carcinoma, 296
Sertraline, 22, 174, 529 of lung, 162
Serum sickness, 106
Severe combined deficiencies, 102
Sevoflurane, 228

INDEX Spongiform change, 221 Streptokinase, 453, 462, 464 Superior rectus muscle, 204, 209
Spores, 137 Streptomycin, 66, 120 Superior sagittal sinus, 197
Sporogony, 124 Stretch reflex, 202 Superior temporal gyrus, 211, 218
Sporothrix schenckii, 137, 140, 454 Striatum, 215 Superior vena cava syndrome, 296
Sporotrichosis, 137 String sign, 359 Supinator muscle, 435
Sporozoites, 124 Stroke volume, 242, 481 Suppression, 16
Spousal abuse, 9 Stroke work, 245 Suppurative arthritis, 446
Squamous cell carcinoma, 296, 355, 358, 453 Strong agonists, 226 Suppurative pericarditis, 261
Strongyloides spp., 127, 130 Suprachiasmatic nucleus, 214
penile, 397 Sturge Weber syndrome, 263 Supramarginal gyrus, 218
“Squamous pearls,” 296 Subacute bacterial endocarditis, 259 Supraoptic nuclei, hypothalamic, 378
SR (superior rectus) muscle, 204, 209 Subacute combined degeneration, 203 Supraoptic nucleus, 214
SS (septum secundum), 230 Subarachnoid hemorrhage, 195, 224 Suprascapular nerve, 432, 434
SSRIs. See Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Subarachnoid space, 195, 196 Supraspinatus tendon, 435
St. John’s wort, 167, 174, 178 Subcellular organelles, 42–43 Sural nerve, 439
ST elevation, 256 Subcutaneous granulomas, 454 Suramin, 126, 127
ST segment, 238 Subcutaneous nodules, 257 Surface tension, 279
Subcutaneous tissue, infectious diseases of, 454 Surfactant, 274, 279
depression of, 256 Subdural hematoma, 195, 224
Stable angina pectoris, 256 Subdural space, 195 deficiency of, 295
Stable cells, 157 Subendothelial deposits, 327 Suspensory ligament, 395
Stage, of tumor, 163 Subepithelial humps and spikes, 327 SV (stroke volume), 242
Staining methods, 158 Subfalcine herniation, 221 Swallowing, 343
Standard limb leads, 239 Sublimation, 16 Swarming motility, 290, 419, 537
Staphylococci, coagulase-negative, infectious Sublingual salivary glands, 342 Sweat glands, 451
Submandibular salivary glands, 342 Sweating, fluid and electrolyte abnormalities in,
arthritis and, 447 Submandibular VI ganglion, 186
Staphylococcus spp., 446 Submucosal layer, digestive tract, 335 303
Staphylococcus aureus, 114, 115, 116, 290, 418, Submucosal plexus, 335 Swelling
Subscapularis muscle, 434
455, 457 Subscapularis tendons, 435 hydropic, cell injury and, 155
infectious arthritis and, 447 Substance abuse, 13–16, 33 labioscrotal, 394
methicillin-resistant, 453 Substantia nigra, 213, 215 Sydenham chorea, 257
in osteomyelitis, 443 Subtalar joint, movements at, 441 Sylvius, aqueduct of. See Cerebral aqueduct
Staphylococcus epidermidis, 114 Subthalamus, 184, 214 Sympathetic autonomic nervous system, 186,
Staphylococcus saprophyticus, 332, 362, 419 Succimer, for heavy metal poisoning, 171, 172
“Starry sky” pattern, in non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Succinyl CoA, 39 187–188, 207
Succinylcholine, 228, 427, 530 Sympathetic chain, 186
473 Sucralfate, 349 Sympathetic innervation, 335
Starvation, and osmotic diuresis, 317 Sucrase, 352 Sympathetic neurons, 186
Statins, and cholesterol synthesis, 52 Sudden acute respiratory syndromes, 292 Sympathetic regulation, of heart and circulation,
Stationary phase, bacterial, 112 Sudden infant death syndrome, 11
Statistical scales and tests, 36 Sulci, 218 252
Statistical power, 35 Sulcus limitans, 184 Sympathetic (thoracolumbar) outflow, 187
Status epilepticus seizure, 224 Sulfasalazine, 448, 530 Sympathomimetics, indirect-acting, 194
Stavudine, 105, 530 Sulfinpyrazone, 449 Syncytiotrophoblast, 142, 143, 145, 408, 415
STDs (sexually transmitted diseases), 419–421 Sulfonamides, 121, 449, 454 Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion
Steady state, 148, 166 Sulfonylureas, 382
Stein-Leventhal syndrome, 414 Sumatriptan, 174, 530 (SIADH), 150, 162, 317, 378
Steroid receptors, 169 Superantigens, 92, 115, 289, 457 Synoviosarcoma, 449
Steroidogenesis, hormonal control of, 401 Superficial inguinal nodes, 402 Syphilis, 401
Superficial inguinal ring, 399
female, 403 Superficial perineal (Colles) fascia, 396 primary, 421
Stibogluconate, 126 Superficial perineal pouch, 396 secondary, 421
Still disease, 446 Superficial peroneal nerve, 439, 441 tertiary, 421
Stimulant laxatives, 368 Superficial transverse perineal muscle, 395 Syringomyelia, 185, 203
Stimulants, CNS, 14 Superior cerebellar artery, 223 Syrup of ipecac, 170, 346
Stimulus control, 5 Superior cerebellar peduncle, 213 Systematic desensitization, 5
Stomach, 334, 343, 353 Superior cerebral artery, 222 Systemic circulation, 249
Superior colliculus/pretectal area, 213 Systemic lupus erythematosus, 106
body and fundus of, 336 Superior frontal gyrus, 218 Systole, 244
Stool-softener, 368 Superior gluteal nerve, 438, 439
Straight sinus, 197 Superior mediastinum, 232 T
Stranger anxiety, 7 Superior mesenteric artery, 357
Stratum basale, 451 Superior mesenteric veins, 340 T cells, 88, 460
Stratum corneum, 431 Superior oblique muscle, 209 antigen receptor, characteristics of, 90
Stratum granulosum, 451 Superior olivary nucleus, 211 cytotoxic (CD8+), 91
Stratum lucidum, 451 Superior orbital fissure, 205 defects, 102
Stratum spinosum, 451 Superior parathyroid gland, 429 receptor diversity, 90
Streptobacillus moniliformis, 455 Superior parietal lobule, 218, 219 receptors, 88
Streptococcus spp., 418, 446 Superior petrosal sinus, 197
Superior rectal veins, 340 T tubules, 424
group A, 116 T wave, 238
group B, 195, 413 T3. See Triiodothyronine
Streptococcus mutans, 114 T4 (thyroxine), 46, 386
Streptococcus pneumoniae, 289, 291 Tabes dorsalis, 203
in bacterial meningitis, 195 Tachycardia, ventricular, 381
Streptococcus pyogenes, 115, 289, 453. 457 Tacrine, 190, 220
erythrogenic toxin of, 118 Tacrolimus, 109
Streptococcus viridans, 114, 259 Tadalafil, 397, 530
Streptogramins, 118 Taenia spp., 127

568

Taenia solium, 129 Theca interna, 404 Tiagabine, 225 INDEX
Takayasu arteritis, 263 T-helper cells, 92–94 Tibial collateral ligament, 440
TAL. See Thick ascending loop of Henle Theophylline, 294, 531 Tibial nerves, 438, 439, 440, 441
Tamoxifen, 177, 411, 530 Tibial tuberosity, 440
Tamsulosin, 193, 530 poisoning by, antidote for, 172 Tibialis anterior muscle, 441
Tanner stages of development, 9 Therapeutic index, 168, 481 Tibialis posterior muscle, 441
Tapeworms, 127, 129 Thiamine, 41, 56 Ticarcillin, 118
Tarasoff case, 33 Thiamine pyrophosphate, 41 Ticlopidine, 464
Tardive dyskinesia, 20 Thiazide diuretics, 270, 311, 317, 325, 326 Tidal volume, 277
Tarsal joints, movements at, 441 Tight junction (zonula occludens), 82
Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, 158, 474, 475 electrolyte changes caused by, 326 Timolol, 193, 207, 531
tau protein, 220 Thiazolidinediones, 382 Tinea barbae, 137
Taxol, 81 Thick ascending loop of Henle, 306, 310, 311 Tinea capitis, 137
Tay-Sachs disease, 54 Thioamides, 389 Tinea corporis, 137
Tazobactam, 118 6-thioguanine, 61 Tinea cruris, 137
TB (tuberculosis), 448 Thiopental, 24, 228 Tinea pedis, 137
TBW (total body water), 149 Thioridazine, 19 Tinea versicolor, 137
3TC (lamivudine), 105 Third degree atrioventricular conduction block, 240 Tiotropium, 294
TCA (tricarboxylic acid), 39 Third ventricle, 184, 196, 215, 218 Tirofiban, 464
T-cell leukemia / lymphoma, 161, 474 Tissue hydrostatic pressure, 250
TCR (T cell receptor), 88 cerebral aqueduct of, 196 Tissue oncotic pressure, 250
TD (tardive dyskinesia), 20 Thoracic splanchnic nerves, 187 Tissue plasminogen activator, 462
Tectorial membrane, 211 Thoracodorsalis nerve, 434
Teeth grinding, 11 Thorax, cross-sectional anatomy of, 235 inhibitor, 464
Teichoic acids, 113 Threadworm, 131 Tizanidine, 427
Telencephalon,184 Threonine, 45 Tmax. See Transport maximum
Telithromycin, 120 Threshold, 152 TMP-SMX (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole), 127
Telophase, in mitosis, 83 Throat, infection of, 289 TNF. See Tumor necrosis factor
Temazepam, 24, 530 Thrombasthenia, Glanzmann, 460 TNM staging, 163
Temporal arteritis, 263 Thrombin (factor IIa), 462 Tobramycin, 120
Temporal lobe, 218, 219 Thrombin time, 462 Tocainide, 267
Teniae coli muscle bands, 345 Thromboangiitis obliterans, 262 Toes, movements of, 441
Tensor fasciae latae muscle, 439 Thrombocythemia, essential, 461 Togavirus, 133
Tentorium cerebelli, 197 Thrombocytopenia, 461 Tolbutamide, 382
Teratogens, 146 Thrombocytosis, 461 Tolcapone, 194
Teratoma, 402 Thrombolytics, 464 Tolterodine, 531
Thrombophlebitis, migratory, 359 Tonic-clonic seizure, 224
immature, 414 Thrombopoietin, 109 Tooth enamel dysplasia, 120
sacrococcygeal, 144 Thrombosis Topiramate, 224, 225, 531
Terazosin, 193, 269, 530 Topoisomerase, 60
Terbinafine, 140, 530 cavernous sinus, 430 TORCH syndrome, 409
Terbutaline, 193, 294, 411 renal vein, 330 Torsemide, 326
Teres major muscle, 434 Thrombotic cerebral infarcts, 224 Torsion, 399
Teres minor muscle, 434 Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, 461 Total body water, 149
Teres minor tendon, 435 Thromboxanes, 54 Total lung capacity, 277
Terminal bronchioles, 274 Thumb, movements of, 437 Total peripheral resistance, 248, 481
Termination, in protein translation, 66 Thymidine kinase, 133 Tourette syndrome, 216
Tertiary amines, 190 Thymidylate synthase, 56 Toxic epidermal necrolysis, 453
Testes, 394 Thymoma, 450 Toxic shock syndrome, 457
inflammatory lesions of, 401 Thymus, 429 Toxic syndromes, common, 170
neoplasms of, 402 abnormalities of, 450 Toxicity, cardiovascular, 227
Testicle, 395 Thyroarytenoid, 275 Toxicology, 170–172
Testicular artery, 399 Thyroepiglotticus, 275 Toxins, bacterial, 114, 115
Testicular feminization syndrome, 394 Thyroglobulin, 386 Toxocara spp., 127
Testosterone, 375, 394, 397, 398, 401, 403 Thyroglossal duct, 429 Toxocara canis, 130
Tetanus toxin, 115 Thyroglossal duct cyst, 388 Toxocara cati, 130
Tetracaine, 227 Thyroid gland, 366–369, 429 Toxoplasma spp., 122
Tetracycline, 292, 530 activity regulation in, 387 Toxoplasma gondii, 122, 127
Tetracyclines, 66, 120, 118, 146, 419, 420, 421 disorders of, 387–388
Tetraiodothyronine, 386 medullary carcinoma of, 158, 381 in AIDS patients, 104
Tetralogy of Fallot, 231, 254, 255, 287 neoplasms of, 389 Toxoplasmosis, 127
Tetrodotoxin, 152 treatment options and, 389 t-PA. See Tissue plasminogen activator
TGF-α (transforming growth factor α), 157 Thyroid hormones, 380. TPP (thiamine pyrophosphate), 41
TH1 cells, 88, 92, 94, 106, 476 TPR (total peripheral resistance), 248, 481
TH2 cells, 88, 92, 94 See also Thyroxine; Triiodothyronine Trabeculae carneae, 233, 234
TH17 cells, 92, 94 control, 386 Tracheobronchial nodes, 276
Thalamus, 184, 214, 215, 217, 218 physiologic actions of, 386 Tracheoesophageal fistula, 274, 356
Thalassemia-α, 466 secretion of, 387 Tracheoesophageal septum, 274
Thalassemia-β, 466 synthesis and storage of, 386 Traction diverticula, 355
Thalidomide, 146 Thyroid receptors, 169 Tracts, spinal cord, 200
Thayer-Martin agar, 419 Thyroiditis Tramadol, 531
Theca cell, 403 de Quervain granulomatous subacute, 388 Tranexamic acid, 465
Theca externa, 404 Hashimoto, 388 Trans (maturing) face, Golgi apparatus, 79
Thyroid-stimulating hormone, 370, 386 Transaminase, 41
Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins, 387
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone, 370, 386
Thyroxine, 386
TI (therapeutic index), 161, 431

569

INDEX Transamination, of amino groups, 47–48 Tropheryma whippelii, 357 Tympanic membrane, 211, 429
Transcription, and RNA processing, 65 Trophoblast, 142 Type I error, 35
Transfer RNA, 65, 66 Trophoblastic tumors, 162 Type II error, 35
Transforming growth factor α, 157 Trophozoite, 123 Typhus, epidemic, 457
Transitional cell carcinoma, of the bladder, 332 Tropical sprue, 357 Tyramine, 174
Transitional cell carcinoma, of the kidney, 331 Tropicamide, 190 Tyrosine, 45, 46
Transketolase, 56 Troponins, 257, 424 Tyrosine hydroxylase, 46
Translation, of protein. See Protein translation Trousseau syndrome, 359 Tyrosine kinase, 169
Translocations Truncoconal septum, 255
Truncus arteriosus, 230 receptor, 84
chromosomal, 75 Trypanosoma spp., 122 transmembrane receptors activating, 169
Robertsonian. See Robertsonian translocations Trypanosoma b. rhodesiense, 126 Tyrosine transporter, 45, 46
Transmembrane receptors, tyrosine kinase Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, 126 Tzanck smear, 419
Trypanosoma cruzi, 122, 126, 355
activation and, 169 Trypanosomiasis, 127 U
Transplantation immunology, 107 Trypomastigotes, 126
Transport, 148, 304 Trypsin, 350 UAG (urinary anion gap), 324, 484
Tryptophan, 45, 46 UB (ultimobranchial body), 429
types of, 80 Tryptophan hydroxylase, 46, 174 Ubiquitin, 67
Transport maximum (Tmax), 308 Tsetse fly, 126 UDP-glucose, 43
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone), 370, 386 UDP-glucuronyl transferase, 46
estimation of, 309 TSI (thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin), 387 UDP-glucuronyl transferase deficiency, 46
Transposition of the great vessels, 231, 255 TSST-1, 115 UES (upper esophageal sphincter), 343
Transtentorial (uncal) herniation, 208, 221 TT (thrombin time), 462 Ulceration, 454
Transversalis fascia, 399 t-test, 36 Ulcers, 349, 356, 454
Transverse colon, 345 TTP (thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura), 461
Transverse sinuses, 197 Tuber cinereum, 218 curling, 356
Transversospinalis muscle, 434 Tuberculin test, 106 Cushing, 356
Transvestite fetishism, 28 Tuberculosis, 293, 401, 448 esophageal, 385
Tranylcypromine, 22, 174, 193, 194 Tuberoinfundibular pathways, and antipsychotics, peptic, 349, 356
TRAP (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase), 158, Ulnar artery, 236
19 Ulnar nerve, 236, 431, 432, 433, 436, 437
474, 475 Tuberous sclerosis, 261 Ultimobranchial body, 429
Trapezius muscle, 434 Tubocurarine, 427 Ultrafiltration coefficient, 250
Trapezoid body, 211 Tubular adenoma, 358 Ultraviolet exposure, as cancer risk, 159
Trastuzumab, 110 Tubulin, 81 Umbilical artery, 145, 408
Trauma, to central nervous system, 221 Tubuloglomerular feedback, 308 Umbilical cord, 145
Trazodone, 22, 531 Tubulointerstitial diseases, renal, 329 Umbilical vein, 145, 232, 408
Treacher-Collins syndrome, 428 Tubulovillous adenomas, 358 UMN. See Upper motor neuron
Treg cells, 92 Tumor markers, 162 Uncal herniation, 208, 221
Trematodes, 127 Tumor necrosis factor, 156, 448 Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, 360
Undoing (defense mechanism), 16
diseases caused by, 128 TNF-α, 92, 114, 157 Union, in wound healing, 157
Treponema pallidum, 421, 458 TNF-β, 92, 93 Unipolar depression, 21
Tretinoin, 531 Tumor suppressor genes, 161 Unithiol, for heavy metal poisoning, 172
TRH (thyroid-releasing hormone), 370, 386 breast cancer and, 417 Unstable angina, 256
Triacylglycerol lipases, 350 Tumors Upper esophageal sphincter, 343
Triacylglycerols, 50, 53 benign, 355 Upper extremities, musculoskeletal anatomy,
Triamterene, 326, 531 borderline, 414
Triazolam, 24 of breast, 416 432–438
Tricarboxylic acid cycle, 39 of CNS and PNS, 199 Upper medulla, 201, 204
Triceps muscle, 431 epithelial, 414 Upper motor neuron, 201
Triceps tendon, 431 germ cell, 402, 414
Trichinella spp., 127, 130 giant cell, 445 facial nerve lesion and, 210
Trichinosis, 131 grade and stage of, 163 Upper respiratory system infections, 289–290
Trichomonas vaginalis, 123, 420 hepatic, 362 Urachus, 145, 300
Trichomoniasis, 123, 127 of joint space, 449
Trichophyton spp., 137 of lung and pleura, 296 patent, 301, 332
Trichrome stain, 158 malignant. See Malignant tumors Uracil, 49, 60, 64
Trichuris spp., 127, 130 metastatic, 199 Urate nephropathy, acute, 329
musculoskeletal, 443, 445 Urea cycle, 49
hematologic changes caused by, 476 non-germ cell, 402 Ureaplasma spp., 413
Tricuspid valve, 233, 246 osteoblastic, 445 Ureaplasma urealyticum, 419
Tricyclic antidepressants, 22, 190, 194 Pancoast, 296 Urease, 116
in paraneoplastic syndromes, 162 Ureteric bud, 300
poisoning by, 170 pineal region, 213 Ureters, 395
Trigeminal nerves (V), 204, 210 renal, 331
suppressor genes, 161 anomalies of, 331
skeletal muscle innervated by, 428 trophoblastic, 162 development of, 300
Triglyceride metabolism and regulation, 50 vascular, 266 double, 301, 331
Trihexyphenidyl, 190, 216, 531 Tunica vaginalis, 398 obstruction of, 331
Triiodothyronine, 386 Turner syndrome, 74, 255 Urethra, 395
T-wave inversion, 256 congenital abnormalities of, 301
reversal, 387 Twinning, 145 development of, 300
Trimethoprim, 61, 121 TX (thromboxanes), 54, 61, 460 Urethritis, 419
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 127, 292, 531 Uric acid, 61
Trinucleotide repeat, 450 Uric acid stones, 330
Trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome), 74 Uricosuric agents, 449
Trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome), 74 Uridine diphosphate. See UDP entries
Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), 74, 254, 255
tRNA, 65, 66
Trochlear nerve (IV), 204, 430

skeletal muscle innervated by, 428

570

Urinary anion gap, 324 Vasodilators, 269, 272 Vinblastine, 81, 177, 532 INDEX
Urinary bladder, 395 Vasopressin, 378. See also Antidiuretic hormone Vincristine, 81, 177, 532
Urine receptors, 85 Vinyl chloride, as cancer risk, 159
Vastus intermedius muscle, 440 VIP (vasoactive inhibitory peptide), 343, 344, 347
extravasation of, 396 Vastus lateralis muscle, 440 VIPoma, 347
formation processes, 304 Vastus medialis muscle, 440 V/Q mismatch, 287
Urine flow, 313 VATER congenital anomalies, 144 Viral algorithms, Appendix F, 539
Urine osmolarity, 313, 316 VA/VL thalamic nuclei, 215 Viral encephalitis, 196
Urobilinogens, 352 VDJ recombination, 90 Viral genetics, 134
Urodilatin, 316 VDRL test, 421 Viral myocarditis, 259
Urogenital diaphragm, 395, 396 Vector cardiogram, 241 Viral vectors, 134
Urogenital folds, 394 Vectors Virchow node, 356
Urogenital sinus, 300 Viridans streptococci, 114, 259
Urokinase, 462, 464 DNA, 69 Virology, 132–136
Urolithiasis, 330 viral, 132 Viruses, 132. See also individually named viruses
Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase deficiency, 46 Veillonella, 114, 534
Urorectal septum, 300 Veins. See individual veins by name DNA, 132
Urothelia, 28 Velocardial facial syndrome, 255 oncogenic, 161
Ursodiol, 368 Venlafaxine, 22, 532 RNA, 133, 134
Urticaria, 453 Venous disease, 266 structure and morphology, 132
Uterine cycle, 405 Venous drainage, 195–197 Visceral larva migrans, 130
Uterine tubes, 394 of lungs, 276 Visceral leishmaniasis, 126
fertilization in, 142 ventricular system and, 195–197 Visual association cortex, 219
Uterus, 394, 395, 407 Ventilation, 277–278 Visual field defects, 206, 225
diseases of, 413 control of, 288 Visual system, 209
Utricle, 210 Ventilation-perfusion relationships, 286 lesions of, 206
Ventral anterior nucleus, 214 Vital capacity, 277, 279
V Ventral gray horn, 200 Vitamin A, 57
Ventral horn synapse, 201 Vitamin B1, 41, 56
V receptors, in cell signaling, 85 Ventral lateral nucleus, 213, 214 Vitamin B2, 56
VA (ventral anterior nucleus), 214 Ventral pancreatic bud, 334 Vitamin B3, 41, 56
Vaccines Ventral root, 200 Vitamin B6, 56
Ventral white commissure, 203 Vitamin B12, 56, 468
bacterial, 101 Ventricular fibrillation, 240 Vitamin C, 56, 68, 354
viral, 101 Ventricular septal defect, 231, 254 Vitamin D, 57, 354
Vaccinia, 132 Ventricular septum, 231 in regulation of calcium and phosphate, 383
VACTERL congenital anomalies, 144 Ventricular system, 195–197 Vitamin D deficiency, 384, 443
Vagina, 394, 395, 407 and CSF circulation, 196 Vitamin D excess, 384
and venous drainage, 196–197 Vitamin D3, 383
diseases of, 412 ventricles in, 184, 233 Vitamin E, 57
Vaginal adenosis, 146, 412 Ventricular tachycardia, 240 Vitamin K, 57, 354
Vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma, 146, 412 Ventromedial nucleus, 214, 342 as antidote, 172
Vaginismus, 29 Ventroposterolateral nucleus, 202, 203, 214 coagulation and, 462, 464, 465
Vaginosis, bacterial, 420 Ventroposteromedial nucleus, 210, 214 Vitamin K deficiency, 463
Vagus nerve (X), 205 Verapamil, 268, 269, 270, 271, 532 Vitamins. See also individually named vitamins
Vermis, 213 deficiencies in, 154
skeletal muscle innervated by, 428 lesions of, 213 lipid soluble, 57
Valacyclovir, 135, 419, 420, 454, 458, 531 Verotoxin, 115, 366 water-soluble, 56
Valine, 45 Vertebrae, 185 Vitelline duct, 334
Valproic acid, 531 Vertebral arteries, 222, 223 Vitelline fistula, 357
Valsalva maneuver, 345 Vertigo, 210 Vitiligo, 453
Valsartan, 175, 269, 531 Very low density lipoprotein, 50, 53 VL (ventral lateral nucleus), 214
Valvular disorders, 247–253 Vesamicol, 191 VLDL (very low density lipoprotein), 50, 53
Valvular heart disease, 260 Vecuronium, 427 VMA (vanillylmandelic acid), 192, 377
Vancomycin, 117, 119, 444, 447, 453, 454, 455, Vesicouterine pouch, 395 Voltage-gated channels, Na+, 152
Vesicular lesions, 454 Volume
457, 531 Vesicular stomatitis virus, 134 drug distribution, 166, 480
Vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE), 66, 119 Vessel damage, associated with fractures, 236 fluid distribution, 149, 480
Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Vestibular bulb, 395, 396 Voluntary contralateral horizontal gaze, 219
Vestibular nuclei, 210, 212 Voluntary motor system, 201
(VRSA), 66, 119 Vestibular system, 210, 240 Vomiting, 345
Vanillylmandelic acid, 178, 377 Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII), 205 von Gierke disease, 43, 44
Vardenafil, 397 Vestibulo-ocular reflex, 210 von Hippel-Lindau disease, 72, 73, 161, 331
Varenicline, 15 VFC. See Vascular function curve von Recklinghausen disease, 73
Variant CJD, 221 VHL gene, 161 of bone, 385
Varicella-zoster virus, 132 Vibrio cholerae, 115, 366 von Willebrand disease, 460, 461
Varicocele, 399 Vibrio parahaemolyticus, 366 treatment of, 465
Varicose veins, 265 Vibrio vulnificus, 454 von Willebrand factor, 460
Variola, 131 Vigabatrin, 225 Voriconazole, 140
Vas deferens, 396 Villous adenoma, 358 Voyeurism, 28
Vasa recta, 306, 314, 315 Villus/Villi, 336, 344, 408 VPL (ventroposterolateral nucleus), 202, 214
Vascular diseases, renal, 330 Vimentin, 81 VPM (ventroposteromedial nucleus), 210, 214
Vascular disorders, pulmonary, 297 Vimentin stain, 158 VSD (ventricular septal defect), 231, 254
Vascular function curve, 242

examples of, 243
Vascular tumors, 266
Vasculitides, 262–264
Vasoactive inhibitory peptide, 343
Vasodilation, metabolic, 252

571

INDEX VSV (vesicular stomatitis virus), 134 Western blot technique, 71 Y
Vulva, diseases of, 412 in AIDS diagnosis, 104
Vulvovaginitis, 420 Yeasts, 136
Whipple disease, 357 Yersinia enterocolitica, 365
Candida, 412 Whipworm, 130 Yersinia pestis, 122
vWF (von Willebrand factor), 460 White blood cell disorders, 470 Yohimbine, 193
VZV (varicella-zoster virus), 132 nonneoplastic, 470 Yolk sac, 334
White blood cells, 469
W White matter, 200 primary, 143
White muscle fibers, 425 tumor of, 402
Waiter’s tip sign 432 Wigger’s diagram, 244 Yolk stalk, 334
Waldenström macroglobulinemia, 475 Wilms tumor, 77, 161
“Walking pneumonia,” 291 Wilson disease, 216, 361 Z
Wall tension, 251
Wallenberg syndrome, 212 antidote for, 172 Z lines, 425
Warfarin, 464, 532 Window period, in Ab-Ag complexes, 95 Zafirlukast, 294, 532
poisoning by, antidote for,172 Winged scapula, 433 Zalcitabine, 105
Warm hemolytic anemia, 467 Withdrawal, 13, 227 Zaleplon, 24
Warts, 456 Worms. See individual types of worm Zanamivir, 135, 292
Wound healing, 157 ZDV (zidovudine), 105
genital, 412, 420 Wrist Zenker diverticula, 355
Water deprivation, 317 Zero-order elimination, 166
Water regulation extensor muscles of, 432 Zidovudine, 105, 532
flexor muscles of, 432 Zileuton, 54, 294, 532
disorders of, 317 movement at, 436 Ziprasidone, 20
renal, 312 WT-1 gene, 161 Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 173, 347, 349,
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome, 376 WT-2 gene, 161
Water-induced diuresis, 315 Wuchereria spp., 127, 130, 131 356, 381
Watershed areas, 224 Zolmitriptan, 532
Water-soluble vitamins, 56. See also individually X Zolpidem, 24, 532
poisoning by, antidote for, 172
named vitamins Xanthine oxidase, 62, 449 Zona fasciculata, 372
Weak agonists, 226 Xenografts, 107 Zona glomerulosa, 372
Weber syndrome, 213 Xeroderma pigmentosum, 64 Zona pellucida, 404, 407
Weber test, 211 Xerostomia, 106 Zona reticularis, 372
Wegener granulomatosis, 262 XII nucleus, 212 Zonal reaction, 400
Wernicke encephalopathy, 217 X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome, 102 Zoophilia, 28
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, 13, 214 X-linked inheritance patterns, 72 Zygote, 142
Wernicke aphasia, 219 XYY syndrome, 74
Wernicke area, 219
West Nile virus, 133

572