SCES3253 BIOLOGICAL DIVERISTY NURSYAMIRA BINTI KHAIROL ANUAR 12V
PRACTICAL 2: EXAMINING THE MORPHOLOGY OF CONIFEROPHYTA AND ANTHOPHYTA
KINGDOM PLANTAE The kingdom Plantae is comprised of all plant life. These are organisms that are eukaryotic, multicellular, and autotrophic in nature. A stiff cell wall can be found within the plant cell. Chloroplasts and the chlorophyll pigment are essential components of plants for the process of photosynthesis.
PHYLUM CONIFEROPHYTA
UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS keep their leaves for the whole year. This lets them make food through photosynthesis even when it's cold outside. EVERGREEN PLANT They can hold more water, allowing the tree to survive the winter. The needle structure minimizes surface area, reducing water loss. NEEDLE-LIKE LEAVES Conifers produce reproductive cones. Pollen from male cones fertilizes female cones, producing seeds. CONE-BEARING Have shallow roots that let them get water from the ground, and the thick cuticle on their leaves keeps water from escaping. COLD-DRY ADAPTATION A strong central stem and branch tip growth create a growth pattern. GROWTH THAT IS TALL AND STRAIGHT
Kingdom Plantae Phylum Coniferophyta Class Pinopsida Order Araucariales Family Araucariaceae Genus Araucaria Species A. heterophylla TAXONOMY A. HETEROPHYLLA
Araucaria heterophylla has a straight, cylindrical trunk with scaly, grayish-brown bark. Mature trees can have a 1- meter trunk. Each Araucaria heterophylla whorl has 5-7 branches. Strong, horizontal or slightly upward-facing branches. Scaly leaves Flat, short scales are tightly packed. These fragile scales overlap in bright colors to form a strobilus, an immature cone with reproductive organs (ovules). Ovules are free.
REPRODUCTION AND LIFE CYCLE
Germination - it begin with seed germination. Depending on climatic conditions, big seeds can take months to germinate. Seedling stage - Upon germination, the seedling develops roots and shoots. This stage requires frequent watering and fertilizer. Maturation - It matures into a coneshaped crown with symmetrical whorls of branches. The tree may not produce cones for 10–15 years during this stage. 1. 2. 3. LIFE CYCLE
REPRODUCTION AND LIFE CYCLE
Phylum Conifers are gymnosperm trees and shrubs that reproduce through cones. Conifers reproduce both sexually and asexually. Sexual reproduction pollination : Wind carries pollen from male cones to female cones. fertilisation : Fertilization happens when pollen grains lodge on the female cones. This leads to the development of seeds, which are safeguarded inside the female cones. seed dispersal: The seeds are distributed by the wind or animals once the cones open. Asexual reproduction Layering: Bending a low-growing branch to the ground generates roots and a new plant. Stem cuttings from mature trees are rooted in soil or water to grow new plants. Grafting: . A stem cutting from one tree is attached to the rootstock of another. The cutting will grow into a new tree with the same genes.
Microsporangia are found in microsporophylls. Microsporangium makes haploid microspores. Some microspores grow into pollen grains, but the rest break down. Megasporophylls cluster into female cones. Megasporangiumcontaining ovules. It produces megaspore mother cells and haploid megaspores. Male cones Female cones
The pollen produced by the male cones is carried by the wind to the female cones. The female cones are located on the upper branches of the tree and have ovules, which are the female reproductive structures. When the pollen from the male cones reaches the female cones, it settles on the scales and begins to grow a tube down to the ovule. This process is known as pollination. Once the tube reaches the ovule, the sperm cells inside the pollen fertilize the egg cells in the ovule. After fertilization, the ovule develops into a seed. The seed is surrounded by a protective coating called the seed coat. The seed coat is usually hard and woody, and it protects the seed from damage and helps it to survive in harsh conditions. Once the seeds are mature, they are released from the cones. Some conifers have cones that open when they are mature, while others have cones that fall off the tree and break open to release the seeds. The seed may lie dormant before germinating. The seed absorbs water and sprouts. The shoot grows toward the light, while the root grows into the ground.
SPECIAL ADAPTATIONS Araucaria heterophylla conserves water with needlelike leaves. The waxy layer and limited leaf surface area decrease water loss through transpiration. Araucaria heterophylla's thick bark protects plant from flames, which are prevalent in its native area. After a fire, the tree can resprout from its root and grow swiftly.
PHYLUM ANTOPHYTA
UNIQUE CHARCTERISTICS Flowers are what set Anthophyta plants apart from other types. Flowers are complicated reproductive structures that are made to attract pollinators and make it easier for plants to get fertilized. Flowers usually have petals with bright colors, a receptacle in the middle, and parts that help them reproduce, like stamens and pistils. FLOWERS Anthophyta plants also produce fruit following fertilization. Fruits guard and disseminate plant seeds. These are berries, pods, and nuts. FRUIT The xylem and phloem of Anthophyta plants are well developed. Phloem carries sugars and other organic compounds from the leaves to the rest of the plant, while xylem is in charge of transferring water and nutrients from the roots to the rest of the plant. HAVE VASCULAR TISSUE Based on their embryos' cotyledons or seed leaves, Anthophyta plants are split into two broad groupings. Dicots have two cotyledons, monocots one. The leaf veins and flower petals are also affected by this division. HAVE MONOCOTS AND DICOTS
Kingdom Plantae Phylum Angiosperms Class Magnoliopsida Order Apocynaceae Family Apocynaceae Genus Plumeria Species P. pudica TAXONOMY Also known as frangipani flower. P. PUDICA
FLOWER Five petals unite at the base to produce a tube-like flower. The broad, flat petals are spiral-arranged and around 2-3 inches across. White, cream, pink, yellow, and orange petals are common. Plumeria pudica has five tiny, pointed sepals between its petals and base. Sepals are green or brown. The flower's stamens are inside the petal tube. Plumeria pudica blossoms alternate petals with five stamens. A filament supports an anther at the top of each stamen. Long pollen-bearing anthers. The flower's central pistil is its female reproductive element. The pistil has a long, slender style with a stigma. Pollen sticks to the stigma during pollination.
Plumeria pudica leaves are long and spoon shaped The leaves have smooth margins without teeth or lobes. Parallel lateral veins on either side of a strong midrib. Pinnate veins are feather-like The leaf's upper side is shiny and smooth, while the lower is slightly hairy or pubescent. Has bright green foliage and delicate yellow or white blossoms. LEAVES
Plumeria pudica's fibrous roots spread horizontally from the tree's base. Their roots grow barely a few feet deep. Plumeria pudica's slender roots have root hairs, which enhance their surface area and help them absorb water and nutrients. Thin, light-colored roots. They are shallow and weak, so excessive foot traffic or other interruptions might harm them. ROOT
It have greenish-gray, woody, semi-succulent stem. The stem is normally straight and cylindrical, up to 10 cm in diameter. Plumeria pudica's stem can branch out at different points along its length, making more than one stem or trunk. STEM
REPRODUCTION AND LIFE CYCLE
REPRODUCTION AND LIFE CYCLE Anthers, which are part of the stamen, are responsible for producing the male gametes or sperm cells in Plumeria pudica flowers. Ovules, found in the ovary near the flower's base, contain the female gametes, or egg cells. Pollen is transferred from the anthers to the stigma, the receptive surface of the pistil (female reproductive organ), when an insect visits a flowering Plumeria pudica. Once the pollen particle germinates, a pollen tube develops and travels down the style to the ovary. The two male gametes are delivered to the ovary via the pollen tube, and are then released. A zygote, which will later become the seed's embryo, is formed when a male gamete fertilizes an egg cell. The endosperm develops from a triploid nucleus formed when one male gamete combines with two polar nuclei in the ovule. Endosperm is a nutrient-dense tissue that supports embryonic growth. Plumeria pudica, like other flowering plants, reproduces via a process called double fertilization. What sets angiosperms apart from gymnosperms and other non-flowering plants is their ability to fertilize their eggs twice. Double fertilization is an essential part of the reproductive process in ensuring the survival of the Plumeria pudica species, as it is in all angiosperms.
Cinnavase Botanicals 2020 DISCUSSION Trees and shrubs including pines and spruces are examples of the phylum Coniferophyta, generally known as conifers. There are many reasons why conifers are a vital part of biological diversity which is in the habitat and maintaning the ecosystem. The several ecosystems, primarily temperate and boreal woods, are dominated by conifers. They support a wide range of animals, including insects, birds, and mammals. Conifers also play a significant function in soil moisture retention and nutrient cycling. It also help reducing the consequences of climate change. They absorb CO2 from the environment and store it in their wood and other tissues, so helping to lower the quantity of CO2 in the atmosphere.
Cinnavase Botanicals 2020 DISCUSSION Phylum Antophyta consisting the flowering plants or known as angiosperm. It is the world's largest and most diversified group of plants. They are important in biological diversity for various reasons which they support a diverse range of animals, including insects, birds, and mammals. Many flowering plants also help with soil conservation, erosion management, and nitrogen cycling.Moreover, flowering plants have been used medicinally for millennia. Aspirin and taxol are plant-derived medicines. Blooming plants are also attractive. Landscapers, gardeners, and florists use them to create beauty, joy, and celebration.
CONCLUSION Based on this practical, I have discovered that each plant belonging to a particular species have its own unique traits, and those characteristics are used to categorize the plants. All the phlum in the kingdom plantae have their own unique characteristics. PRECAUTION Wear a plastic gloves or using the plastic bag to handle the specimen. Handle the plant gently to avoid the stem,flower and leaves from broken.
REFERENCES
PRACTICAL 2: EXAMINING THE MORPHOLOGY OF ARTHROPODA, ANNELIDA, MOLLUSCA AND ANTHOPHYTA
KINGDOM ANIMALIA All animals are part of the Kingdom Animalia. The largest of the five kingdoms is the kingdom of animals. Animals are multicellular eukaryotes. But they don 't have chlorophyll or a cell wall like plants do. So, members of the animal kingdom get their food from different sources. Based on how their bodies are made or how they are different, the kingdom Animalia has been divided into ten different subphyla.
PHYLUM ATHROPODA
Triloblastic, segmented, and bilaterally symmetrical body. body is divided into head, thorax, and abdomen. Their body has jointed appendages which help in locomotion. Coelomic cavity is filled with blood and have an open circulatory system. Exoskeleton is made of chitin. Unisexual and fertilization is either external or internal UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Arthropoda Class Insecta Order Coleoptera family Lampyridae Genus Pyractomena Species P. angulata TAXONOMY Fireflies, often known as lightning bugs, live in warm, humid climates. Forests, farm and wetlands and are examples. HABITAT P. ANGULATA
Antennae Last segment of abdoment Cover head legs Abdomen Thorax
STRUCTURE Fireflies have small heads with two big, light-sensitive compound eyes. The firefly's eyes have numerous photoreceptor cells for low-light vision. Fireflies perceive their environment using two tiny antennas. Head : Thorax : Abdomen: Light producing organ : Fireflies have wings and legs in their thoraxes. Long, membranous wings are folded over the back when not in use. Fireflies have two pairs of wings, the front pair being longer. Fireflies climb and cling using long, slender legs and sharp claws. Fireflies have extended abdomens with bioluminescent organs. The last two or three abdominal segments contain lightproducing organs. Fireflies glow brightly in the last two or three abdominal segments. Photocytes with luciferin make up these organs. Oxygen, luciferin, and luciferase make light.
UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS EXPERTLY DESIGNED Presentations are communication tools that can be demonstrations. EXPRESSIVE Presentations are communication tools that can be demonstrations. NOSTALGIC Presentations are communication tools that can be demonstrations. BIOLUMINESECES The capacity of fireflies to generate light through a chemical process within their bodies is one of their most defining qualities. An enzyme called luciferase combines with a substance called luciferin in the presence of oxygen to produce light. This results in the emission of yellow or greenish-yellow light. APPEREANCE The size of fireflies ranges from 5 to 25 millimeters, and they have a flattened body and hard shell. Typically, they are black or brown in hue, with yellow or green patterns. The larvae are worm-like and elongated, with a tough exterior shell.
LIFE CYCLE AND REPRODUCTION
Egg stage : Fireflies start their life cycle when the female lays her eggs in damp soil or vegetation near water. Depending on temperature and humidity, the eggs hatch after weeks. Larva stage Glowworms—wingless firefly larvae—resemble little worms. they eat snails, slugs, and insects. Larvae use a special enzyme to breakdown prey. The larvae grow and molt for several months. Pupa stage : Firefly larvae repose at the pupa stage after reaching full size. Firefly pupas metamorphose into adult fireflies during this period. A cocoon-like structure protects the wingless pupa during its transition. Adult stage: after metamorphosis is complete, a winged firefly emerges from the pupa after transformation. Fireflies have two wings and a strong exoskeleton as adults. The firefly's membranous wings fold neatly over its body when not in use. Depending on species and climate, adult fireflies survive for weeks or months. Male fireflies use bioluminescence to lure females for mating, and females lay eggs to restart the life cycle.
The fireflies reproduce sexually.Both firefly species and geographical region affect when and how often they mate. Adult fireflies of some species may only mate once in their lives, whereas those of others may mate several times. Temperature and humidity are two examples of environmental cues known to stimulate mating activity in fireflies. During courtship, male and female fireflies will flash light patterns at one another. Bioluminescent flashes of a specific pattern are used by males to attract females as they fly about. In response, female fireflies will flash their own light in an entirely different pattern, indicating that they are open to mating. Male and female fireflies will use their unique flashing patterns to locate one another and eventually mate. To fertilize female fireflies, males use organs called aedeagi. The reproductive system of a female includes the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and oviducts. The male will deposit his sperm into the female's spermatheca during the mating process. Upon fertilization, female fireflies deposit their eggs in soil or vegetation close to a food supply for the growing larvae. Snails, slugs, and other small insects make up the majority of the diet of a firefly larva. Larvae will develop from eggs and go through various phases of growth before becoming adult firefly.
PHYLUM ANNELIDA
Annelids are triloblastic and coelomate. They are organized at the level of the organ system. They have a segmented body. They breathe via the surface of their bodies. Nephridia are the organs of excretion. They have a healthy circulatory system and digestive system. The haemoglobin in their bodies gives them a crimson color. Regeneration is an extremely common trait among Annelids. Setae aid in their mobility. UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Annelida Class Clitellata Order Opisthopora Family Lumbricidae Genus Lumbricus Species L. terretris L. terretris Earthworms live in damp soil and dead plant material. Earthworms are most prevalent in rainy forests but are found in many land and freshwater habitats. All earthworms require damp soil. HABITAT
Head Mouth Clithellium Segment Anus STRUCTURE Setae
STRUCTURE Earthworms' segmented bodies are long, slender, and cylindrical. Septa or walls split the body into "annuli." Species have 100–150 segments. The earthworm's head is undifferentiated from its body. The head has light-sensitive cells, touch sensors, and a mouth on the underside. Earthworms' bodily segments are organized. The mouth's "prostomium" has sensory structures. The earthworm's "peristomium" has muscular structures that help it eat. "Posterior segments" move and reproduce. Each part of an earthworm's body has a few pairs of setae, which look like small bristles. These setae assist the earthworm hold on to the soil and move through it. Body : Head : Segment : Setae :
REPRODUCTION AND LIFE CYCLE
REPRODUCTION AND LIFE CYCLE Egg stage : The first step in a worm's life cycle is when its eggs hatch. Earthworms have both male and female reproductive organs, making them hermaphrodites. They mate with another earthworm, and both of them make cocoons with many eggs inside. The cocoons are put in the ground, where they will hatch in three to four weeks. Juvenile stage: Juvenile earthworms hatch. They resemble microscopic earthworms but lack reproductive organs. Juvenile earthworms grow swiftly and lose their skin multiple times before maturing. Subadult stage: Subadult earthworms are sexually mature. Earthworms reach this stage between three and six months old. Adult stage: The earthworms have grown up and can have babies. Adult earthworms mate, and the eggs that are made are put into cocoons. When the cocoons are broken open, the cycle begins again.
SPECIAL ADAPTATIONS Muscular body Moist skin Senses Complete digestive system Earthworms' muscular bodies enable them to move through dirt by tightening and relaxing their muscles. They may dig through the dirt by expanding and contracting their bodies in an irregular pattern. The wet skin of earthworms allows them to breathe and collect moisture from the soil. Their skin is mucuscovered, which keeps it damp and enables oxygen to enter their bodies. Their skin has light-sensitive cells, mostly near the ends. Earthworms can detect light intensity and fluctuations. They consume oxygen from skin moisture and the surroundings. It feel vibrations but cannot hear. Earthworms eat through their mouths and excrete through their anus. They break down and take nutrients from soil organic materials.
PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
They can be found in both saltwater and freshwater. Few are terrestrial and live on damp soil. They are organized at the organ system level. Their body has a hole in it. The body is divided into four sections: the head, the visceral mass, the muscular foot, and the mantle. Tentacles and complex eyes make up the head. The muscular foot aids with movement. Mollusks breathe through the general body surface, gills, or pulmonary sac. The open circulatory system allows blood to circulate. . UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS
Kingdom Animalia Phylum Mollusca Class Cephalopoda Order Myopsida Family Loginidae Genus Uroteuthis Species U.duvaucelii U. duvaucelii Squid inhabit oceans worldwide. No species lives everywhere. Squid can be found practically anywhere, but some favor tropical waters and others cold seas with krill and other food. HABITAT
Eye Long feeding tentacle Fin Head Siphon Trunk Mantle Cromatophore STRUCTURE