KLONING TERAPEUTIK

KLONING
TERAPEUTIK



What is “therapeutic cloning” ?

Therapeutic cloning involves the use of cloned cells for
medical treatment of an existing person.

It is not …

production of new human beings !
(which is called “reproductive cloning”)

Therapeutic Cloning: Organogenesis

Not This

WHY IS A THERAPEUTIC CLONING
APPROACH IMPORTANT?

 By growing new body parts from existing ones from the
same person we can avoid transplant rejection problems.

 By using cells re-engineered or “cloned” from ourselves we
can become our own transplant source - similar to banking
blood for ourselves before a surgical operation.

THERAPEUTIC CLONING

Therapeutic cloning uses the
cloning procedure to produce a
clonal embryo, but instead of
being implanted in a womb and
brought to term it is used to
generate stem cells.

WHAT ARE STEM CELLS?

 Cells that have the ability to divide for long periods of
time.

 Cells that are developmentally “plastic”: they can take
different pathways and develop different cell types.

Stem cell atau sel
punca menurut situs
Lembaga Kesehatan
Nasional AS merupakan
sel yang memiliki
kemampuan untuk
membelah dalam jangka
waktu tak terbatas dan
mampu membentuk
220 jenis sel penyusun
tubuh manusia.







WHERE ARE THE Two choices – Embryo & Adult
STEM CELLS ?
KLASIFIKASI SEL Embryo
PUNCA
BERDASARKAN • Start with one single cell - the fertilized egg or cloned
SUMBER embryo

• Most flexible - can become any cell type
• Two choices of embryo source

• Fertilized in the usual way (Man & Woman)
• Cloned (use your own cells)

Adult

• Present in normal tissues, including brain
• Poorly understood limitations



GETTING
EMBRYONIC STEM
CELLS

 Need an embryo
 Old fashioned way - With egg &

sperm

 In Vitro Fertilization

 Most common
 Never implanted, so not aborted

 Fetal (Abortion) – Used for some
R&D

Cloned embryo

 Therapeutic Cloning

 More exciting – allows
use of own cells

 Needed to eliminate
rejection







 Zygote  totipotent stem cells
 Inner cell mass blastocyst  pluripotent stem cells



DERIVATION AND USE OF EMBRYONIC STEM CELL LINES

Outer cells Isolate inner cell mass
(forms placenta) (destroys embryo)

Inner cells Culture cells
(forms fetus)

Day 5-6 “Special sauce”
Blastocyst (largely unknown)

Liver Heart
Kidney Heart muscle repaired





Adult Stem Cells

 Bone Marrow Stem Cells
 Peripheral Blood Stem Cells
 Neuronal Stem Cells (from olfactory bulb, spinal

cord)
 Muscle Stem Cells
 Liver Stem Cells
 Pancreatic Stem Cells
 Corneal Limbal Stem Cells
 Umbilical Cord Blood



Summary: Embryonic vs. Somatic Stem Cells

Embryonic Stem Cells Somatic Stem Cells

 Called ES cells • Also called adult stem
cells
 Derived from the inner cell mass of
the developing blastocyst • Derived from a specific
tissue, such as the
 High plasticity and developmental epidermis
unlimited potential
• Developmental
 Unlimited lifespan in culture limited potential

 High ethical controversy • Limited lifespan in
 Uncertain legal status culture

• Less moral controversy
• Less legal controversy

PRO & KONTRA

Issue Moral

• Beberapa pandangan agama: embrio dianggap sebagai
kehidupan baru yang harus dihormati.

• Penggunaan embrio untuk stem cell dapat disamakan dengan
tindakan membunuh dan aborsi.

 Beberapa kategori untuk menentukan status moral dari
embrio manusia yaitu:

 adanya genom manusia secara lengkap
 adanya potensi untuk berkembang menjadi manusia
 adanya kemampuan kognitif seperti kesadaran,

kemampuan nalar

• Kategori pertama dan kedua yang menyebabkan embrio
memiliki status sama dengan anak maupun manusia
dewasa.

ETHICS – WHAT’S Hal itu menimbulkan berbagai masalah etika
WRONG ? seperti:

1. Apakah penelitian embrio manusia secara
moral dapat dipertanggungjawabkan ?

2. Apakah penelitian embrio yang menyebabkan
kematian embrio itu akan mendorong
pelanggaran hak azasi manusia (HAM) dan
merupakan tindakan yang menunjukkan
berkurangnya penghormatan terhadap mahluk
hidup ?

3. Apakah penyalahgunaan dapat diketahui dan
dikendalikan?

4. Apakah secara moral dapat dibedakan antara penelitian yang menggunakan embrio sisa proses

bayi tabung dan penelitian khusus membuat embrio untuk digunakan, sehingga yang pertama
dibolehkan tetapi yang ke dua dilarang ?

5. Apakah yang disebut embrio ?

When is start of Life??? At what stage is the
embryo considered a human being?

Dr William Hurlbt argue: humazation life
begins with fertilization and ends with deatd

Others argue ‘you are not creating new life,
you are not causing conception to happen

Does research justify the destruction of human embryos?

Do embryos have rights???

Bishop of the Catholic church have openly expressed their
total disapproval of stem cell research. They have concluded
that stem cell research is gravely immoral & unnecessary
To the bishop, at the embryonic stage, human life begins and
full rights as human beings are given to them

EMBRYO IS NOT A PERSON

 “Persons . . . are members of a social community that
shapes and values them, and personhood must be defined
in terms of interactions and relationships with others.”

 Susan Sherwin. 1999. Ethical Issues: Perspectives for
Canadians. Ed. Soifer, Eldon. Peterborough, Ontario:
Broadview Press, p. 267

EMBRYO IS NOT A PERSON – REBUTTAL

 The lack of certain personality traits would remove from personhood (humanlife):
 Those who are in a coma
 Elderly with degenerative disorders (Alzheimer's, etc.)
 Mentally deficient

 Genetic
 Neurological disease
 Mental illness

 Is it okay to consider these human beings as non-persons?

IMPLICATIONS OF FUNCTIONALLY-
DEFINED PERSONHOOD

 Newborns lack the ability to perform personal functions – in
fact, newborn humans are less capable physically and
mentally than virtually all other mammals

 Therefore, on the basis of functionally-defined personhood,
newborns fail the test could be killed on the basis of “non-
personhood”

ONLY A SMALL PERCENTAGE OF EMBRYOS IMPLANT

Claim:
 Embryos are only potential life. Most do not result in births

Rebuttal:
 25-33% of women become pregnant in the first month
 33% of implanted embryos die before birth
 There are countries in which over 25% of children die before age 5. Should we allow

killing of children?

MURDER DEFINED BY THE BIBLE

 People are not to be murdered because they are created in
the image of God. (Genesis 9:6)

 Murder must be intentional, with premeditation (Joshua
20:3)

 Killing of embryos is intentional (disengaja), and
premeditated (direncanakan)

BIBLICAL ARGUMENTS

 Bible defines murder as being intentional and
premeditated

 ESC research destroys embryos that are considered
as ensouled human beings

AGAMA LAIN ???

CLONED EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS –
ADVANTAGES/PROBLEMS

 Advantages

 No rejection
 “Prefect match”

 Problems

 Only 10% of cloned oocytes became embryos
 Genetic donor was same as egg donor (i.e., won’t work for males!)
 Cost is high (health insurance probably won't pay)

THE 1ST ETHICAL HOT SPOT OF STEM CELL RESEARCH

Human embryonic stem cells isolated from blastocyst
stage human embryos

“In the case of embryonic stem cell research, the end that scientists

hope to achieve is the relief of human suffering. That this is a
humanitarian and worthy end is not in dispute. The controversy is
about the means, namely, the consumption of donated embryos.” --
ISSCR website on stem cell ethics

THE 2ND ETHICAL HOT SPOT OF STEM CELL RESEARCH
 Cloning by somatic nuclear transfer

International Guideline for Stem Cell Research (by
ISSCR Stem Cell Ethics Committee):

Reproductive cloning is prohibited!!!



THE 3RD ETHICAL HOT SPOT OF STEM CELL RESEARCH

 Induced pluripotent stem cells derived from human
skin cells.

 Protection of human subjects
 Informed consent
 Protection of genetic identity.

INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS (IPS)

• iPS are a type of pluripotent stem cell artificially
derived from a non-pluripotent cell, typically an adult
somatic cell.

• iPS were first produced in 2006 from mouse cells and
in 2007 from human cells.

• iPS are not totipotent and do not involve the
destruction of an embryo.





James Thomson Shinya Yamanaka