Science Squad

A human eye contains Pain
more than 125 million We have receptors
in our bodies that
receptors. let us feel pain.

Heat
Receptors in the
skin let us feel heat.

Needing the toilet Other senses
Receptors deeper inside our
bodies let us know when it’s There are many other kinds
time to go to the toilet. of receptor in our bodies,
checking what’s happening
outside and inside us.

Echolocation

Hearing Bats have a special sense called echolocation, which
Sounds travel into the ears they use to catch flying insects at night. They make
and are sensed by receptors calls and listen for echoes as the calls bounce off the
in the inner ears, inside our insects. This tells the bats exactly where the insects
head. The inner ears also give are. In a similar way, submarines use technology
us our sense of balance. called SONAR to find other objects under the sea.

Bat Submarine

49

Technology

Technology uses science to create inventions.
Often the aim of these inventions is to make our
lives easier. Engineers use a series of steps to
come up with new and exciting products.

1 A problem Tubes make great
The first thing to do is to find the linking devices.
problem that needs solving. Ask
questions to find out as much as This tube looks like it will
you can so that you can properly be large enough to pick up
understand the whole problem.
tiny bits of dirt and big
pieces of paper.

Hmm, this cat makes so 2
much mess! I wish I had a
way of easily cleaning up...

50

3 4 Building Engineers
The first thing that you build is use lots of
Research called a prototype. You’ll be able different tools.
to see your idea coming to life
Once you’ve decided and be able to spot anything you
on your best idea, it’s can tweak to make it better.
time to research. Find out
what materials you will
need to build your design.

Wheels will make
it easier to move
a heavy object.

Building your
invention in stages
makes it easier.

5 Improving the design
After you’ve made your
invention, test it over and
over again. You might come
up with new ideas for how to
make an improved version!

Ideas Someone could trip Next time we could try
over a cord or wire. to design a vacuum
Think of as many
different ideas as cleaner without a cord.
you can at the start.
Write or draw them all
down so you can see
everything in front of
you. It’s great to work
in a team to come up
with as many ideas
as possible.

51

Smimaplce hines By pulling down,
I lift the weight up!
Machines help us to transport, fix, and
power things. We have designed lots of Clever, eh?
different types of machine to carry out
jobs, and many are surprisingly simple.

Wheel

These round parts help
machines to get about.
Different wheels are used for
different surfaces. Grooved
wheels suit slippery ground.

The grooves grip the ground.

Screw

Pointy metal screws hold
things together. They are
placed inside both parts
that you want to join. You
use a screwdriver to twist
and push them in.

The screw turns
into place.

52

Pulley Gears This wheel is
too heavy to
If an object is very move by hand.
heavy, you can use a
pulley to lift it. A rope is Gears are connected wheels
passed over the top of a with sticky-out bits called
wheel and attached to spokes. A smaller, lighter
the weight. You pull wheel is turned by hand.
on the rope to lift The spokes catch the heavier
the weight. wheel to push it round.

The weight is
hooked onto
the pulley.

You wouldn’t be Lever Wedge
able to lift these
weights by hand. You use a lever to A triangular wedge is
lift things. An example used to split things in
two. The wedge is
of a lever is a plank swung downwards
balanced on a single into the object.
point called a fulcrum.
An axe is a
If I push down type of wedge.
here, the weights

lift up!

The fulcrum is
near the middle.

A wheeled cart
carries the object.

Ramp

To raise or lower an object
that is too heavy to lift,
we can push it along
smooth ramps that slope
upwards or downwards.

53

01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00

Time zones

The world is divided into 24 different
time zones, one hour apart. When
you’re having your breakfast, someone
else in the world is having their dinner.
Russia is so big it has 11 time zones!

What’s the time? Well, that Travelling by plane Greenwich Meridian Line
depends on where you are on across different time
Earth. It can be midnight in one zones can confuse
place and midday in another! our bodies and cause
tiredness, headaches,
Time and problems sleeping.
This is called jet lag.
We use time to work out when things
happen – from dates in history to The Greenwich
what time you have to get up in the Meridian Line
morning. We measure time in seconds, is the centre of
minutes, hours, days, and years. all time zones.
It is where east
54 meets west.

Body clock

We, and other animals,
have a built-in, natural
body clock. This tells
us when we should be
awake and when we
should sleep. Our body
clock is linked to light
and darkness.

13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 24:00

If I walk from one time September Months and years
zone to another, am I 123456
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 One year on Earth is 365 days
time travelling? 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 long. This is the time it takes the
21 22 23 24 25 26 Earth to travel around the Sun.
27 28 29 30 One month is roughly how long
it takes for the Moon to travel
Calendars help us around the Earth.
to keep track of
days and months.

The International Date The International Date Line
Line is an imaginary line
in the middle of the Pacific
Ocean. It separates one

day from the next.

Day Night

Analogue clock How shall I tell the time? Telling time
Digital clock Sundials use shadows, analogue
People have been telling
clocks have faces and hands the time for thousands of
that tick, and digital clocks years. But it wasn’t until
display the time on a screen. quite recently – 1884
to be exact – that time
Sundial zones were established.

55

Measuring

To find out how hot, how big, or how heavy Height
something is we have to measure it. Special
tools help us to get accurate measurements. How tall are you? Get
This is especially important when building someone to measure
a house or baking a cake! you with a tape measure.
Now measure a friend.
Who is the tallest?

Water boils at Temperature
100°C (212°F ).
We measure temperature
with thermometers. They Tape measures,
tell you exactly how hot rulers, and even
something is. digital lasers
measure height
Chefs must use and distance.
precise measurements
of temperature and

time when cooking.

We divide time Time
into seconds,
minutes, and hours. In the past, people told the
time using the Sun and
56 the Moon. Today, we use
clocks as our main
timekeeping device.

Graphs make it Keep a record
easy to see how
things are changing. Scientists note down measurements
regularly, so they can see how things
change over time. They use graphs
and charts to compare measurements.

Litres and In the USA,
millilitres people often
are used to use cups to
measure liquid. measure
volume.
Volume Kitchen scales
help us weigh
Volume is the amount of ingredients
space something takes up. for cooking.
Volume measures size, not
weight. Two objects might
have the same volume but
very different weights.

Weight

Weight tells us how heavy
something is. If you have
some scales at home you
can weigh yourself!

57

nUsuinmg bers A
B
We use numbers to count, measure, and C
compare amounts. Scientists and engineers
have to be good at maths – or their
experiments and inventions won’t work!

Counting Ladybirds’ spots
can vary in number.

Counting different things A Tally charts
allows us to compare them. have been
For example, you could used since
compare the number of spots the Stone Age!
on different ladybirds to see
which type is the most common. B C

This could take a while...

1st
2nd

3rd

58

Addition This plus sign means add + 4 This is the answer.
the two numbers together.
Addition is usually the first =6
type of maths we learn. 2
When adding numbers,
it doesn’t matter what The equals sign means
order they are in, the that the sum and the
answer will be the same. answer are the same.

The equals sign was
first used about
500 years ago.

Subtraction 5 This is called the This is the answer.
minus sign.
To subtract means to take away =2
or make smaller. You have −3
to take the second number
away from the first number
to get the answer.

2nd place The winner of
is the silver the race comes
medal position.
in 1st place. Positions
2nd 1st Ordinal numbers tell you

3rd about the position, order, or
sequence of something. 1st,
Sports events
reward 3rd place, too. 2nd, and 3rd are examples
of ordinal numbers.
59

Materials Plastic

Everything around us is made of materials. Plastic is a human-made
Different materials have different qualities. material that has many
Some, such as metals, are hard and strong. different qualities. It is
Others, such as plastics, can be easily light, waterproof, and
moulded, or shaped. Engineers, scientists, can be hard or soft.
and designers create and use materials in
lots of different ways.

Ceramics

Ceramics are hard but break
easily. They can cope with really
high temperatures – space
shuttles have ceramic tiles to
protect them from extreme heat.

People have been making Glass
ceramic pots and vases
for thousands of years. Glass is made from
sand. It’s useful in
At very high windows because it
temperatures, metals can keep the weather
become soft and can out but still allow us
to see through it.
be reshaped.

Metal

Metals are usually strong and easy
to shape when heated. They are
conductors, which means electricity
and heat can travel through them.
Some metals are magnetic.

60

Plastic is easy Fabrics can be Fabric
to mould into dyed or patterned
lots of different to make beautiful Fabrics can be made
shapes. clothes. from natural things, such
as sheep’s wool, or be
created in a factory.
Scientists have created
protective fabrics that
are waterproof or that
block the Sun’s rays.

Uh-oh! I’ll be in Carbon fibre
pain if I break is a very strong
composite used to
this pane! make surfboards.

Wood Composites

Wood is a natural material Combinations of two or more materials
that comes from trees. It is are called composites. They have the best
used to make homes and qualities of the materials used to make them.
furniture. Different types of
wood have different colours Wood is used to
and grains, or patterns. make paper and
toilet roll, too!

61

Bburiliddingg es Cantilever

Bridges are designed by engineers to get A cantilever is a structure
us from one place to another as quickly that is only supported
as possible. They can cross canyons, at one end. To create
rivers, roads, and train tracks. a cantilever bridge, lots
of these structures are
joined together.

The cables can make
interesting patterns.

Cable-stayed Suspension
bridges can span
A cable-stayed bridge has one great distances.
or two towers. Cables fan directly
down from these towers to the
bridge base, holding it up.

Suspension

In a suspension bridge, steel wires
connect two tall towers that are sunk
deep into the ground. The crossing
hangs from these towers.

Log bridge

A log bridge is the most ancient
form of bridge. It is made from
trees that have fallen or are cut
down on purpose.

62

Beam

A beam bridge is the simplest
sort of bridge, combining
a strong plank
with supports
at either end.

Arch These piers support
the bridge and go
deep into the water.

Arch bridges get These bridges Arch bridges became popular
stronger over time! take a long during the Roman Empire. The arch
time to build. transfers the weight of the bridge
to the supports at either end.

More than 50 designs
were suggested for

London’s Tower Bridge.

A bascule bridge
is sometimes called
a drawbridge.

Bascule

A bascule bridge has one
or two parts that can move
upwards to allow boats
and ships through.

63

Ttakheetoskies
In order to fly, you have to overcome the force
of gravity pulling you towards the ground.
Helicopters and aeroplanes use rotors,
wings, and engines to soar through the air.
In a hovering
helicopter,
all the forces
balance exactly.

Tail rotor

Drag Without a tail rotor ards!
Drag, or air resistance, is the the helicopter would
force that pulls the helicopter
backwards. Drag increases as turn in circles!
the helicopter moves faster.

Forces of flight backw

There are four main forces working on a Helicopters can fly
helicopter as it flies. Drag tries to slow it down,
gravity tries to bring it back to Earth, lift raises
it upwards, and thrust propels it forwards.

Dreams of flying Da Vinci’s wing design

The Italian artist and inventor
Leonardo da Vinci was fascinated
with flying. He studied birds and
drew many imaginary flying
devices, such as a wing-flapping
machine for humans.

64

Lift Planes use
Lift holds the helicopter in the their wings
air and is created by its rotors. to create lift.

It is the force that is the Main rotor
opposite of gravity. Search and rescue
Sycamore seeds helicopters have
are also called night-vision cameras.
“helicopter seeds”
because of the
way they spin.

Thrust
Thrust is the force that
pushes the helicopter
forwards. It is created by
the helicopter’s engine.

Gravity Cockpit
Gravity pulls the The cockpit
helicopter in a downward contains all of the
direction, towards the instruments and
centre of the Earth. controls that allow the
pilot to fly the helicopter.

65

The weight of the metal Why does the
ship, plus the air inside anchor sink while
it, is less than the upward the ship floats?
force of the water.

Floating The heavy, dense, metal
anchor is specially
A huge metal ship can designed to sink in water.
float because it’s full
of air. The amount of Water pushes against The upward force
space the ship takes up the weight of the ship. of the water is less
weighs less than the The upward force of than the weight
equivalent, or same, the water is greater of the anchor.
amount of water. than the ship’s weight,
so the ship floats. Sinking
66 Scuba divers use inflatable
jackets and weights to move Objects sink if their weight is
up or down, or stay at the greater than the force of the
same depth underwater. water pushing them upwards.
Dense materials, such as metal
and stone, usually sink, unless
they have air inside them.

Fslionatikngianndg Archimedes

Why is a massive ship able to float when Archimedes was a scientist
a small pebble quickly sinks? It depends in ancient Greece. He noticed
on which is greater – the weight of the that sinking objects push
object in the water or the upward force aside water. He worked out
of the water pushing against it. that an object will sink if it
weighs more than the water
it pushes aside. If it weighs
less, it will float.

Eureka!

Submarines can stay Archimedes figured out why things
underwater, with people float or sink while having a bath!

living on them, for
many months!
Tanks fill with
air to make the
submarine rise.

At the surface Tanks fill with The largest submarines
The submarine’s tanks are filled with water to make the are 175 m (575 ft) long and
air when it’s floating at the surface. submarine sink.
Going down have 160 crew members.
Changing When the submarine takes
weight water into its tanks, the extra 67
weight makes the submarine heavier
Submarines can change their weight. compared to the water around it.
They have tanks that can be filled with The submarine then sinks.
water to make the submarine heavier,
or filled with air to make it lighter. This
way, they can sink or rise.

Friction There’s friction between
your clothes and the
When two surfaces rub against seat. This stops you
each other it creates a force called from falling off!
friction. Let’s take a look at a Friction between the brake
bicycle to see friction in action. pads and the wheels slows
the bike down.
Rubbing your hands
together creates
friction, which
produces heat.

How friction works The wheel Rubber or metal
moves across pedals create friction
No surfaces are completely smooth – the ground. to stop your feet
up-close they are covered in tiny from sliding.
bumps. When these catch on each Bike chains are
other they slow down the moving greased with oil.
object, in this case a tyre, helping
it to grip the road. Friction with the ground Oil reduces friction so the
slows the wheel. chain moves smoothly.
68

As a parachute falls, the air Overcoming
pushes back up against it. friction
This is a type of friction
Skis are flat, smooth,
called air resistance. and lightweight. This
Handlebars are often allows them to slide over
textured to create icy surfaces easily, because
friction. This makes less friction occurs when
them easy to grip. surfaces are smooth.

The lighter the
bike, the quicker

it moves!

Tyres are now often made Mountain bikes have
from Kevlar® to stop punctures. thick, grooved tyres to
grip uneven trails. Racing
Kevlar® is a very strong and bikes have thin, smoother
light human-made material. tyres to move fast on roads.

69

Electricity

Electricity is a type of energy that is used to
power many everyday objects, from light bulbs
to TVs. Take a look around your home and see
how many electrical devices you can spot.

Power lines carry Electrical gadgets make my
electricity over long life easier at home! Although
distances – from
power stations I wish someone else would
into our homes. do the hoovering…

Without electricity,
vacuum cleaners
wouldn’t be able to
suck up dirt.

Batteries

Batteries are small
objects that can create
their own electricity.
They’re often used for
remote controls, radios,
and torches.

70

During storms, water particles in Solar panels absorb sunlight
clouds bump into each other. This to make electricity. This is
can create electricity in the form a renewable, or replaceable,
of lightning. source of energy.
The battery in my toothbrush
Switch can be recharged and used
many times, so my teeth are
Switches control most electrical always sparkling clean!
things around the home. Turn them
Lights should be on to start the flow of electricity,
turned off when or turn them off to stop it.
not needed!

Wires Light bulb

Metal is a conductor. This Can you imagine life
means that it lets electricity before the light bulb?
pass through it. Wires It wasn’t so long ago that
have metal inside them people used candles and
and plastic on the outside. oil lamps to work once it got
dark. Now we have light
The plastic is an insulator with the flick of a switch!
that stops electricity
from escaping. Tablets, computers,
and mobile phones
Metal give off light, too.

Plastic

71

TIhneternet A smartwatch links to
your smartphone using
The Internet is a worldwide network of the Internet and lets you
computers that are connected together. Using make calls, pay for things,
the Internet you can chat with friends in and play music.
faraway places, order a new pair of shoes,
watch the latest blockbuster, and much more! We can use the
Internet to make
Smartphones video calls – even
are computers to people in space!
that we carry in
our pockets.

Most smartphones
can tell you how
long it will take you
to get somewhere!

Social networking Webcams can be used to Maps
video chat with people,
Social networking is a way of using or can be set up to Smartphones have clever
your computer to talk to other people study areas, like nature systems that can tell exactly
all over the world. It’s important to reserves, for a long time. where you are on Earth.
stay safe online, so only connect with From this, they can tell you
people you know and never give out the best way to get from one
personal details, such as your place to another using maps.
address or phone number.

72

Speedy parcels Vans drive all over
the world with
Internet deliveries.

paSrpceeeldsy

You can buy Shopping You can even get
presents and get same-day delivery!
them delivered
straight to your Lots of people use the Internet to
friends and family. buy food, clothes, books, and more
without having to leave the house.
It can all be ordered, paid for, and
delivered straight to your front door!

Since its invention, the
Internet has completely
changed the way we live!

Streaming Research Pick a topic and
see how much you
We can use the Internet to watch The Internet lets can find out about
TV shows, films, and funny cat us find out more it online.
videos, or listen to music by our information on our
favourite singers or bands. favourite subjects and 73
learn more about the
things that interest us.

Viruses

When a computer
virus spreads it can
slow a computer down
or stop it working
altogether. One of
the main ways a
virus spreads is when
we download things
from the Internet.

Robots Humanoid robots

Robots are machines that can do jobs for Some robots are designed to
us. They can be programmed by a computer copy the way humans look,
to work alone, or they can be controlled move, and feel. These humanoid
by humans. Robotics is one of the most robots can do basic tasks and
exciting areas of technology, with new keep people company.
robots being invented all the time.

Entertainment Image courtesy of Softbank Robotics

Robots can entertain us. Some robots sing, Body parts
dance, or play musical instruments. Pet
robots are very popular, and some theme Robotic body parts are attached to
parks have huge robot dinosaurs. people with missing arms or legs.
This lets them carry out everyday
Robotic dogs act like activities that they might not have
real dogs. They wag been able to do before.
their tail and bark.

74

A drone is a flying robot Mobile robots
that can take photographs
Robots are perfect for working
and videos. in extreme conditions. They can
go down cracks in glaciers,
Security robots travel to the bottom of the sea,
and even work in space!
Security robots are fitted with
cameras and sensors. They can A robotic vacuum
patrol large areas, such as cleaner moves
shopping centres, on their own around by itself.
at any time of day or night.

If this roving security Domestic robots
robot detects an intruder,
it will alert its owner. Robots can carry out the boring chores
we don’t always enjoy doing. They can
wash floors, clean windows, iron shirts,
and even clean a cat’s litter box!

75

Glossary

absorb black hole gills

To soak up or take in Object in space with such Organs of fish and some
a strong force of gravity amphibians that lets them
asteroid that nothing can escape it, breathe underwater
not even light
Small, rocky object that travels glacier
around, or orbits, the Sun calendar
Large mass of ice that moves
astronaut Chart showing the days, weeks, slowly down a slope
and months of a year
Someone who is trained to laser
travel and work in a spacecraft comet
Narrow beam of strong light
atoms Object made of dust and ice
that orbits the Sun, developing magnetic
Tiny particles that make up a tail as it gets near to the Sun
everything around us Word used to describe the
dwarf planet force created by magnets,
which can pull certain metals
Small type of planet, such towards them
as Pluto
magnetic field
electrical storm
Force field surrounding a
Storm with thunder and planet, star, or galaxy
lightning
marine
galaxy
Word used to describe
Huge group of stars, gas, animals or plants that live
and dust in or near the sea

axis

Imaginary line that passes
through the centre of a
planet or star, around which
the planet or star turns

76

molecule prey space probe

Group of atoms stuck together Animal that is hunted Unmanned spacecraft designed
for food to study objects in space and
moon send information back to
receptor the Earth
Object made of rock, or rock
and ice, that travels around Part of the body that picks star
a planet up information
Huge glowing ball of gas
mould satellite
submarine
Type of fungus that grows Any object that moves around
in damp places the Earth, often a human-made Boat that can sail on top
machine that collects scientific of the sea or dive deep
online information underwater

Connected to the Internet scuba telescope

organ Equipment worn by divers that Instrument used to look at
lets them breathe underwater distant objects
Part of the body that does
a particular job, such as the turbine
heart or the stomach
Wheel or rotor that is turned
planet to make power, used in places
such as wind farms
Huge round object that orbits
a star sensor webcam

pollution Part of a machine or robot A camera that sends
that picks up information photographs or images
Waste that has been dumped from the surroundings over the Internet
in water, in the air, or on land.
Pollution usually harms the
environment

predator space

Animal that lives by hunting Place beyond Earth’s
and eating other animals atmosphere

77

Index

Aa brain 46–47 earthquakes 26 graphs 57
addition 59 breeding 33 echinoderms 29 gravity 64, 65
aeroplanes 16, 64, 65 bridges 62–63 echolocation 49 Hh
air resistance 69 building 51 eclipses, solar 13 habitats 34–39
amphibians 28 Cc ecosystems 36–37 hair lice 42
animals 28–39 cable-stayed bridges electric cars 41 hearing 49
Apollo spacecraft electricity 70–71 height 56
62 energy 13, 70–71 helicopters 64–65
18–19 calendars 55 engineering 6, 50 Hubble Space
arachnids 29 cantilever bridges 62 entertainment 74
arch bridges 63 carbon dioxide 40, 41 equator 14 Telescope 9, 17
Archimedes 67 cells 43, 44 evaporation 20, 23 human body 44–49
Arctic 34–35, 41 ceramics 60 evolution 32–33 humanoid robots 74
art 7 climate 14–15 exosphere 17 Ii
artificial intelligence climate change 40–41 Ff ideas 51
clouds 20, 21, 24 fabric 61 insects 29, 31
47 composites 61 farming 30 International Space
asteroid belt 10 computers 47, 72–73 fish 28
astronauts 18–19 condensation 20, 23 flight 64–65 Station 17
astronomers 8–9 conductors 60, 71 floating 66–67 Internet 72–73
atmosphere 16–17 coral reefs 36–37 floods 41 invertebrates 28, 29
atoms 22 counting 58 fog 25 Jj
auroras 16 crustaceans 29 food webs 34–35 Jupiter 11
axis 14, 15 Dd forces 64–69 Kk
Bb dams 21 fossil fuels 40, 41 Kuiper belt 11
bacteria 43 Darwin, Charles 32 freezing 23 Ll
bascule bridges 63 deserts 36 friction 68–69 land 15
bats 49 domestic robots 75 fruit 31 lava 27
batteries 70, 71 drag 64 fungi 31 Leonardo da Vinci 64
beam bridges 63 drones 75 Gg levers 53
bicycles 68–69 dust mites 42 galaxies 8, 11 life 13, 14, 28–39,
Big Bang 8 Ee gases 22–23
birds 28 Earth 10, 13, 14–17, gears 53 42–49
blood 45 glass 60 lift 64, 65
body 44–49 20–21, 24–27, 55
body clock 54
bones 45

78

light 8, 13 Pp skin 45 troposphere 17
light bulbs 71 palaeontologists 33 smartphones 72 tsunamis 26
lightning 24, 71 parachutes 69 smell 48 tyres 69
liquids 22–23 planes 16, 64, 65 snow 20, 21, 24 Uu
log bridges 62 planets 10–11 social networking 72 Universe 8–9
Mm plankton 35, 43 solar flares 12 Uranus 11
machines 52–53 plants 30–31, 32, 36, solar panels 13, 41, Vv
magma 27 Venus 10, 17
magnetism 13, 60 37, 38, 41 71 vertebrates 28
mammals 28, 29 plastic 60 solar prominences 13 viruses 43
maps 72 plate tectonics 26 Solar System 9, 10–11, viruses (computer) 73
Mars 10 Pluto 11 volcanoes 26, 27
materials 60–61 pollution 40 12 volume 57
maths 7, 58–59 predators 34, 36, 38 solids 22–23 Ww
matter 22–23 problems 50 SONAR 49 water 66–67
measurements 56–57 prototypes 51 space 8–9, 75 water cycle 20–21
melting 23 pulleys 53 stardust 15 weather 24–25, 40
memory 46 Rr stars 8 weather balloons 16
Mercury 10 rain 20, 21, 24 stratosphere 17 weather satellites 25
mesosphere 17 rainforests 38–39 streaming 73 wedges 53
metal 60, 71 ramps 53 submarines 49, 67 weight 57, 66–67
meteorites 16 receptors 48, 49 subtraction 59 whales 32–33, 34
microlife 42–43 renewable energy the Sun 10, 12–13, 20, wheels 52, 68
Milky Way 11 wind 25
molecules 22, 23 41, 71 24, 55 wind farms 41
molluscs 29 reptiles 28 sundials 55 wires 71
months 55 research 51, 73 sunlight 39 wood 61
the Moon 13, 18–19, robots 74–75 sunshine 14, 15, 25 Xx
rockets 19 sunspots 12 X-rays 44
55 Ss surfaces 68–69
mountains 37 satellites 25 suspension bridges 62
muscles 45 Saturn 11 switches 71
Nn science 6 Tt
Neptune 11 screws 52 tardigrades 42
nervous system 47 sea ice 41 taste 48
numbers 58–59 seasons 14 technology 6, 50–51
Oo security robots 75 temperature 56
oceans 15, 20, 21, 37 senses 48–49 thermosphere 17
orbits 10, 17, 19 shopping, Internet 73 thrust 64, 65
organs 44 sight 48 thunder 24
sinking 66–67 time 54–55, 56
skiing 69 time zones 54, 75
touch 48
trees 40, 41

79

Acknowledgements

DK would like to thank the following: Dave Ball and / Romanenkoalexey (bc). 46-47 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 47 Dreamstime.
Katie Knutton for design assistance; Yamini Panwar for com: Tuulijumala (cra). 48-49 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 48 123RF.com: Peter
hi-res co-ordination; Caroline Hunt for proofreading; Lewis (c). Dreamstime.com: Bjørn Hovdal (cra). 49 123RF.com: Evgeny Atamanenko (ca);
and Helen Peters for the index. Peter Lewis (cl). Dreamstime.com: Cebas1 (cra). 50-51 Dreamstime.com: Shakila
Malavige. 50 123RF.com: Aleksandr Belugin (cra); Andriy Popov (clb). Dreamstime.com:
The publisher would like to thank the following for their kind permission to reproduce their Petr Jilek (clb/Mud). 51 Dreamstime.com: Daniel Ryan Burch (ca); Petr Jilek (bc).
photographs: 52-53 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 52 123RF.com: Dejan Lazarevic (r). Dorling
(Key: a-above; b-below/bottom; c-centre; f-far; l-left; r-right; t-top) Kindersley: A. Hardesty (cl). 53 Dreamstime.com: Daniela Pelazza (clb); Jannoon028
(clb/wood); Santos06 (cb). Getty Images: Andrew Harrer / Bloomberg (cb/Object).
1 123RF.com: Andrzej Tokarski / ajt (clb); Mariusz Blach (crb); Imagehit Limited | Exclusive 54-55 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 54 Dreamstime.com: Lars Christensen / C-foto
Contributor (cb). Alamy Stock Photo: Samyak Kaninde (br). Dorling Kindersley: Wildlife (cra). 55 123RF.com: belchonock (clb/Clock); yarruta (cla); Tim Markley (bc).
Heritage Foundation, Kent, UK (crb/Leopard). Dreamstime.com: Diosmirnov (c); Shakila Depositphotos Inc: tangjans (clb). Dreamstime.com: Georgii Dolgykh (ca); Marilyn Gould
Malavige; Santos06 (bl); Okea (crb/Coffee); Dragoneye (bc). Fotolia: Auris (cla). (cl); Vladvitek (cr). 56-57 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 56 123RF.com: tobi (cl).
2-3 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 4-5 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. Dreamstime.com: Diosmirnov (ca); Winai Tepsuttinun (r). 57 Dreamstime.com: Diosmirnov
4 Dreamstime.com: Tuulijumala (br). 5 Dreamstime.com: Jaroslaw Grudzinski / jarek78 (c); Travelling-light (cla). 58 Dorling Kindersley: Jerry Young (c, crb/Snail). Dreamstime.
(bc, br). 6-7 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 8 Alamy Stock Photo: Granger Historical com: Brad Calkins (crb); Travelling-light (bc); Elena Schweitzer / Egal (cra); Olga Popova /
Picture Archive (clb). 8-9 NASA: ESA; G. Illingworth, D. Magee, and P. Oesch, University of Popovaphoto (cra/Marker); Jannekespr (br). 58-59 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige.
California, Santa Cruz; R. Bouwens, Leiden University; and the HUDF09 Team. 9 NASA: 59 123RF.com: Andrzej Tokarski / ajt (cb). Dorling Kindersley: Booth Museum of Natural
(ca). 10-11 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 11 NASA: JPL-Caltech (ca). PunchStock: History, Brighton (ca, ftr). Dreamstime.com: Andrey Burmakin / Andreyuu (c/Shield bug);
Westend61 / Rainer Dittrich (cla). 12-13 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 13 NASA: Svetlana Larina / Blair_witch (ca/Butterfly, ftr/Butterfly); Cosmin Manci / Cosmin (ca/
Carla Thomas (tr). 14-15 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 15 Dreamstime.com: Beetle, c/Beetle); Isselee (ca/Firebug, c/Firebug); Sutisa Kangvansap / Mathisa (cl, cr).
Jacglad (clb). NASA: MPIA / Calar Alto Observatory (br). 16 Dreamstime.com: Fotolia: Auris (ca/Flask). 60 123RF.com: Natthapon Ngamnithiporn (cb). 60-61
Clearviewstock (crb); Lars Christensen / C-foto (bc). 16-17 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 61 123RF.com: Steve Collender (cr); Antonio Balaguer
Malavige. 17 Dorling Kindersley: Andy Crawford (tr). 18 123RF.com: Boris Stromar / Soler (fcr). Dreamstime.com: Minaret2010 (bc). 62 Alamy Stock Photo: Maurice Savage
astrobobo. Dreamstime.com: Loren File / Lffile (Flag). 18-19 Dreamstime.com: Shakila (c); Mihai Andritoiu - Creative (cb); oroch (br). 62-63 Alamy Stock Photo: Arch White (t).
Malavige. 19 NASA: (c). 20 123RF.com: luisrsphoto (bl). Dreamstime.com: Melonstone Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 63 Alamy Stock Photo: Clair Dunn (ca); Xinxin Cheng
(crb). 20-21 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 21 123RF.com: Andrzej Tokarski / ajt (c); Mark Davidson (crb). 64-65 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige; Zhanghaobeibei (c).
(cla); klotz (crb); Vitalii Artiushenko (ca). Dreamstime.com: Terracestudio (ca/Hat). 64 Alamy Stock Photo: Granger Historical Picture Archive (crb). 65 123RF.com: spaxia (c).
22 123RF.com: Imagehit Limited | Exclusive Contributor (cb); Pongsak Polbubpha (cl); Dorling Kindersley: Stephen Oliver (cl). Dreamstime.com: Gv1961 (tr); Luis Louro (bc);
Mariusz Blach (cb/Coffee cup). Dreamstime.com: Okea (br); Shakila Malavige (t). Nadezhda1906 (br). 66 Alamy Stock Photo: Dariusz Kuzminski (tl); studiomode (cra).
23 123RF.com: Mariusz Blach (clb). Dreamstime.com: Bigphoto (cb); Grafner (cr). 66-67 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 67 Dorling Kindersley: Fleet Air Arm Museum
24-25 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 24 123RF.com: Gino Santa Maria / (c, br). Dreamstime.com: Chris Brignell (fcra, cra). 68-69 Dreamstime.com: Shakila
ginosphotos (cr); lurin (cb). Dreamstime.com: Mangojuicy (bl). 25 123RF.com: Andrew Malavige. 69 Dreamstime.com: Maksym Gorpenyuk / Tass (cra); Yudesign (tl). 70-71
Barker (cb); Stanislav Pepeliaev (bl); mreco99 (crb). Getty Images: Erik Simonsen (t). Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 70 123RF.com: Pablo Scapinachis Armstrong (bc).
26 Alamy Stock Photo: Hideo Kurihara (cra). U.S. Geological Survey: (b). 26-27 Dreamstime.com: Kitchner Bain (bc/TV). 71 123RF.com: Kanoksak Tameeraksa (cla).
Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 27 Dorling Kindersley: Stephen Oliver (cr). US Dreamstime.com: Dary423 (cr); Juan Moyano (cra); Milkos (crb). 72 Dreamstime.com: Ali
Geological Survey. 28 123RF.com: / Ermolaev Alexandr Mustafa Pi kin (cra); Tuulijumala (cl); Axstokes (clb, crb); Erol Berberovic (cb). iStockphoto.
Alexandrovich / photodeti (ca). Alamy Stock Photo: Benny Marty (cl). Dorling Kindersley: com: Luca di Filippo (cr). 72-73 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 73 Dorling
Jerry Young (ftl, tc). 29 Dorling Kindersley: Gyuri Csoka Cyorgy (fcr). Dreamstime.com: Kindersley: Peter Minister (cra/T.Rex). Dreamstime.com: Ali Mustafa Pi kin (tl);
Cosmin Manci / Cosmin (cr); Johnfoto (tl). 30-31 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. Robwilson39 (tc); Angelo Gilardelli (cra); Profyart (cr); Badboo (crb); Axstokes (fcrb).
30 Dreamstime.com: Alisali (c). 31 123RF.com: ccat82 (crb). Dreamstime.com: Alle (clb, c). Fotolia: Maxim Kazmin (tl/Computer). 74-75 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 74
iStockphoto.com: thawats (cl). 32 Dreamstime.com: Christophe Testi (c); Travelling-light (c/ 123RF.com: Kanoksak Tameeraksa (c). Dorling Kindersley: John Rigg, The Robot Hut (clb).
Pad). 32-33 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 33 Dreamstime.com: Guido Nardacci Getty Images: John B. Carnett / Bonnier Corporation (br). Humanoid robot created by
(cr). 34 Dreamstime.com: Iakov Filimonov / Jackf (cl). Getty Images: Rhinie van Meurs / Softbank Robotics: (cra). 75 123RF.com: chris brignell (cb); goodluz (cra); Thomas Hecker
NIS / Minden Pictures (cr). 34-35 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 35 Dreamstime. (clb, cb/Frame); Vadym Andrushchenko (fcrb). Dreamstime.com: Alex Scott / Alexjpscott
com: Jlcst (br); Travelling-light (cb). 36 123RF.com: Steve Byland (clb). Alamy Stock Photo: (clb/Garden); Nikolai Sorokin (crb). iStockphoto.com: ernie decker (tc). Knightscope, Inc.:
B Christopher (cb). 37 123RF.com: Ten Theeralerttham / rawangtak (cl, fcra). Alamy Stock (bl). 76 Alamy Stock Photo: Roberto Nistri (bc). Dreamstime.com: Kevin Panizza /
Photo: blickwinkel (c); imageBROKER (cra); Roberto Nistri (fcl, cr); Samyak Kaninde (br). Kpanizza (br). 76-77 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 77 NASA: JPL-Caltech (tc).
Dorling Kindersley: Wildlife Heritage Foundation, Kent, UK (cb). Dreamstime.com: 78-79 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. 80 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige
Dragoneye (bl); Kevin Panizza / Kpanizza (ca); Fenkie Sumolang / Fenkieandreas (tr). Endpaper images: Front: Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige; Back: Dreamstime.com:
Getty Images: Paul Kay (c/Green sponge). 38-39 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. Shakila Malavige.
38 Dorling Kindersley: Thomas Marent (cr). Fotolia: Eric Isselee (c). 39 Alamy Stock Cover images: Front and Back: Dreamstime.com: Diosmirnov (chef hats); Front: 123RF.
Photo: Amazon-Images (bc); Life on White (br). Dorling Kindersley: Jerry Young (crb, bl); com: alisali cl/ (flowers), Andrzej Tokarski / ajt crb/ (snail), Mariusz Blach br/ (cup), tobi
Natural History Museum, London (cla/Butterfly); Andrew Beckett (Illustration Ltd) (cl). tr/ (pot); Alamy Stock Photo: Samyak Kaninde bl/ (pika); Dorling Kindersley: Booth
Dreamstime.com: Travelling-light (c). Getty Images: Gravity Images (cla). 40 123RF.com: Museum of Natural History, Brighton cra/ (beetle), Wildlife Heritage Foundation, Kent, UK
Ekasit Wangprasert (cl); rawpixel (crb). Dreamstime.com: ArchitectureVIZ (clb); Whilerests bl/ (leopard); Dreamstime.com: Alle fcl/ (bees), Andrey Burmakin / Andreyuu cra/ (bug),
(cb); Haiyin (fcl); Maksim Toome / Mtoome (c). 40-41 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. Cosmin Manci / Cosmin cr/ (beetle), Torian Dixon / Mrincredible tl/ (planets), Dragoneye
41 123RF.com: Andrey Kryuchkov / varunalight (c); jezper (cb). Dreamstime.com: Radha bl/ (goat), Isselee cra/ (firebug), Okea br/ (coffee splash), Santos06 bc/ (cart), Shakila
Karuppannan / Radhuvenki (cla); Jan Martin Will (br). Getty Images: Jeff J Mitchell / Staff Malavige br/ (background), Sutisa Kangvansap / Mathisa cr/ (butterfly), Svetlana Larina /
(crb); Miles Willis / Stringer (cra). 42-43 Dreamstime.com: Shakila Malavige. Science Blair_witch fclb/ (butterfly), Travelling-light tr/ (note pad); NASA: cla/ (Voyager); Back:
Photo Library: Steve Gscmeissner (c/Dust mite). 42 Dreamstime.com: Sebastian Kaulitzki / 123RF.com: tobi cra/ (pot); Dreamstime.com: Jannoon028 crb/ (plank), Tommy Schultz /
Eraxion (cb). Science Photo Library: Steve Gscmeissner (c). 43 Getty Images: Kateryna Tommyschultz clb/ (coral); iStockphoto.com: thawats fclb/ (butterfly); Spine: 123RF.com:
Kon / Science Photo Library (clb); Science Photo Library (b). 44-45 123RF.com: Natallia goodluz b/ (remote control).
Yeumenenka (cb). 45 Depositphotos Inc: chaoss (ca). Dreamstime.com: Alexey Romanenko
All other images © Dorling Kindersley
For further information see: www.dkimages.com

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