Prefix Length: Prefix length notation ("/") denoting the number of bits in the network portion, an alternative representation of subnet masks. Prefix Length: Notasi panjang awalan ("/") menunjukkan jumlah bit dalam bahagian rangkaian, merupakan perwakilan alternatif bagi subnet masks. 40
Network Ad ress: Address representing the entire network, typically the first address in a subnet range. Alamat Rangkaian: Alamat yang mewakili keseluruhan rangkaian, biasanya alamat pertama dalam julat subnet. 41
Host Ad ress: Specific address assigned to an individual device within a network. Alamat Hos: Alamat tertentu yang diberikan kepada suatu peranti individu dalam sebuah rangkaian. 42
Broadcast Ad ress: Address used to send data to all devices on a network, typically the last address in a subnet. Alamat Broadcast: Alamat yang digunakan untuk menghantar data ke semua peranti dalam suatu rangkaian. Ianya merupakan alamat terakhir dalam suatu subnet. 43
Legacy Classful Ad ressing: IP addresses initially divided into classes (A, B, C) with default subnet masks; proved inefficient for address allocation. Penetapan Alamat Klasik: Alamat IP awalnya dibahagikan kepada kelas (A, B, C) dengan default subnet mask; terbukti tidak cekap untuk peruntukan alamat. 44
VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Masking): VLSM allows subnetting of subnets, optimizing IP address use within an organization. VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Masking): VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Masking) membolehkan subnet dipecahkan kepada beberapa subnet dengan mengoptimumkan penggunaan alamat IP dalam sebuah organisasi. 45
C O M M U N I C A T I O N P R O T O C O L S A N D T E C H N O L O G I E S
Ping ............................................................................................................................................................................... Radio Frequency (RF) ............................................................................................................................................. Wi-Fi ............................................................................................................................................................................. Bluetooth .................................................................................................................................................................... WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) ..................................................................... Wireless Router ......................................................................................................................................................... Wireless Adapters ................................................................................................................................................... Wireless Phones ...................................................................................................................................................... Wireless Client (Station) ......................................................................................................................................... Access Point (Master) ............................................................................................................................................. Ad-Hoc Node (Mesh) .............................................................................................................................................. SSID .............................................................................................................................................................................. IEEE 802.11 ................................................................................................................................................................. Cellular Standards ................................................................................................................................................... Multiplexing ............................................................................................................................................................... Source Port ................................................................................................................................................................. Destination Port ........................................................................................................................................................ Netstat ......................................................................................................................................................................... Three-Way Handshake .......................................................................................................................................... Congestion Control ................................................................................................................................................. Flow Control .............................................................................................................................................................. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) ................................................................................................................. UDP (User Datagram Protocol) ............................................................................................................................ Client-Server Model ................................................................................................................................................ Peer-to-Peer Networks .......................................................................................................................................... HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) .................................................................................................................... HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure) ................................................................................................. Email Protocols ......................................................................................................................................................... SMTP Operation ....................................................................................................................................................... POP Operation .......................................................................................................................................................... IMAP Operation ........................................................................................................................................................ File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ................................................................................................................................... DNS (Domain Name System) ................................................................................................................................ DNS Hierarchy .......................................................................................................................................................... nslookup ..................................................................................................................................................................... DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) ................................................................................................ OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model .................................................................................................. Physical Layer (Layer 1) .......................................................................................................................................... Data Link Layer (Layer 2) ....................................................................................................................................... Network Layer (Layer 3) ......................................................................................................................................... Transport Layer (Layer 4) ....................................................................................................................................... Session Layer (Layer 5) .......................................................................................................................................... Presentation Layer (Layer 6) ................................................................................................................................. Application Layer (Layer 7) .................................................................................................................................... 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Ping: Purpose: Tests host reachability on an IP network; works by sending ICMP Echo Request messages and measuring round-trip time and packet loss; usage: ping <hostname or IP address>. Ping: Tujuan: Menguji kesampaian hos dalam rangkaian IP; berfungsi dengan menghantar mesej Permintaan Echo ICMP dan mengukur masa perjalanan pergi-balik serta kehilangan paket; penggunaan: ping <nama host atau alamat IP>. 46
Radio Frequency(RF): RF uses radio waves for wireless communication, encompassing technologies like Wi-Fi, cellular networks, AM, and FM radio. Frekuensi Radio (RF): RF (Radio Frequency) menggunakan gelombang radio untuk komunikasi tanpa wayar, merangkumi teknologi seperti Wi-Fi, rangkaian selular, radio AM, dan FM 47
Wi-Fi: Wi-Fi is wireless networking using radio frequencies in the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands for internet connection and device communication. Wi-Fi: Wi-Fi merupakan rangkaian tanpa wayar yang menggunakan frekuensi radio dalam jalur 2.4 GHz dan 5 GHz untuk sambungan internet dan komunikasi peranti. 48
Bluetooth: Bluetooth is short-range wireless technology for data exchange between devices, commonly used for smartphones, headphones, and speakers. Bluetooth: Bluetooth ialah teknologi tanpa wayar jarak dekat untuk pertukaran data antara peranti, biasanya digunakan untuk telefon pintar, alat dengar, dan pembesar suara. 49
WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperabilityfor Microwave Access): WiMAX is a wireless communication standard for highspeed broadband over long distances, providing alternatives to cable and DSL. WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperabilityfor Microwave Access): WiMAX adalah satu piawai komunikasi tanpa wayar untuk jalur lebar berkelajuan tinggi jarak jauh, menyediakan alternatif kepada kabel dan DSL. 50
Wireless Router: Wireless router connects to an internet modem, wirelessly distributing internet to devices within its range with built-in security features. Wireless Router: Router tanpa wayar menyambung kepada modem internet, secara tanpa wayar menyebarkan internet kepada peranti-peranti dalam julatnya dengan ciri keselamatan yang disertakan. 51
Wireless Adapters: Wireless adapters enable devices to connect to a wireless network, either integrated or added externally via USB or other interfaces. Wireless Adapters: Pemacu tanpa wayar membolehkan peranti menyambung kepada rangkaian tanpa wayar, sama ada terintegrasi atau ditambah secara luaran melalui USB atau antara muka lain. 52
Wireless Phones: Wireless phones use RF or DECT technology for wireless communication within a limited range in homes and offices. Telefon tanpa wayar: Telefon tanpa wayar menggunakan teknologi RF atau DECT untuk komunikasi tanpa wayar dalam julat yang terhad di rumah dan pejabat. 53
Wireless Client (Station): Device connecting to Wi-Fi to access the internet, joining existing networks without creating one. Pelang an Tanpa Wayar (Stesen): Peranti yang menyambung kepada Wi-Fi untuk mengakses internet, menyertai rangkaian yang sedia ada tanpa rangkaian tambahan. 54
Access Point (Master): Device creating a Wi-Fi network, serving as a hub for wireless clients to connect to the internet or a wired network. Access Point (Master): Peranti yang membuat rangkaian Wi-Fi, berfungsi sebagai pusat bagi pelanggan tanpa wayar untuk menyambung kepada internet atau rangkaian berkabel. 55
Ad-Hoc Node (Mesh): In a Mesh network, devices connect directly to create a decentralized wireless network without a central Access Point, useful in outdoor or impractical scenarios. Ad-Hoc Node (Mesh): Dalam rangkaian Mesh, peranti menyambung secara langsung untuk membentuk rangkaian tanpa wayar yang terdesentralisasi tanpa Titik Akses pusat, berguna dalam senario luar atau situasi yang tidak praktikal. 56
SSID: SSID is the name of a Wi-Fi network, visible when searching for available connections, aiding in network identification and connection. SSID: SSID (Service Set Identifier) ialah nama bagi satu rangkaian Wi-Fi, ianya akan kelihatan semasa mencari sambungan yang tersedia. Ianya turut membantu dalam pengenalpastian dan penyambungan rangkaian. 57
IEEE 802.11: Foundational Wi-Fi standard with versions like 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n, 802.11ac, and 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6), each offering improvements in speed, range, and features. IEEE 802.11: Standard Wi-Fi asas dengan versi seperti 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n, 802.11ac, dan 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6), setiap satu menawarkan peningkatan dalam kelajuan, julat, dan ciri-ciri. 58
Cellular Standards: Standards like 3G, 4G LTE, and 5G govern wireless communication in mobile networks, providing internet access and voice services to mobile devices. Piawaian Selular: Piawai seperti 3G, 4G LTE, dan 5G mengawal komunikasi tanpa wayar dalam rangkaian mudah alih, menyediakan akses internet dan perkhidmatan suara kepada peranti mudah alih. 59
Multiplexing: Multiplexing combines multiple signals or data streams into a single channel for transmission, allowing efficient use of network resources. Peng andaan: Multiplexing menggabungkan beberapa isyarat atau aliran data menjadi satu saluran untuk penghantaran, membolehkan penggunaan sumber rangkaian secara cekap. 60
Source Port: A 16-bit number in a communication protocol's header identifying the sender's application. Pelabuhan Sumber: Nombor 16-bit dalam hujung protokol komunikasi yang mengenal pasti aplikasi pengirim. 61
Destination Port: Another 16-bit number in the protocol's header, identifying the intended recipient application. Pelabuhan destinasi: Nombor 16-bit dalam hujung protokol, ia mengenal pasti aplikasi penerima yang diinginkan. 62
Netstat: Netstat is a command-line tool displaying network connections, routing tables, and other information on a computer. Netstat: Netstat adalah alat baris arahan yang memaparkan sambungan rangkaian, jadual laluan, dan maklumat lain pada komputer. 63
Three-Way Handshake: The three-way handshake in networking involves SYN, SYN-ACK, and ACK messages to establish a reliable connection. Jabat Tangan Tiga Hala: Sambungan tiga langkah dalam rangkaian melibatkan mesej SYN, SYN-ACK, dan ACK untuk menetapkan sambungan yang boleh dipercayai. 64
Congestion Control: Techniques preventing network congestion to ensure efficient operation without overwhelming capacity. Kawalan Kesesakan: Teknik-teknik yang mencegah kesesakan rangkaian untuk memastikan operasi yang cekap tanpa membebani kapasiti. 65
Flow Control: A mechanism managing data flow between devices to prevent a fast sender from overwhelming a slow receiver. Kawalan Aliran: Mekanisme yang mengurus aliran data antara peranti untuk menghalang penghantar cepat daripada mengatasi penerima yang lambat. 66
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): Connection-oriented protocol ensuring reliable and ordered data delivery between applications. TCP (Protokol Kawalan Penghantaran): Protokol berasaskan sambungan yang memastikan penghantaran data yang boleh dipercayai dan teratur antara aplikasi. 67
UDP (User Datagram Protocol): Connectionless protocol enabling fast but unreliable communication between applications. UDP (Protokol Datagram Peng una): Protokol tanpa sambungan yang membolehkan komunikasi yang cepat tetapi tidak boleh dipercayai antara aplikasi. 68
Client-Server Model: Network architecture with a central server providing resources and multiple clients requesting and using them. Model Pelayan Pelang an: Senibina rangkaian dengan server pusat yang menyediakan sumber dan pelbagai pelanggan yang meminta dan menggunakannya. 69
Peer-to-Peer Networks: Decentralized network model where devices (peers) communicate directly without a central server. Rangkaian Peer-to-Peer: Model rangkaian terdesentralisasi di mana peranti (rakan sebaya) berkomunikasi secara langsung tanpa menggunakan server pusat. 70
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): Protocol for transferring hypertext documents on the World Wide Web. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): Protokol untuk memindahkan dokumen hiperteks di World Wide Web ialah HTTP, yang merujuk kepada Hypertext Transfer Protocol. 71
HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure): Secure version of HTTP using encryption (SSL/TLS) for secure data transfer over the internet. HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure): Versi selamat HTTP menggunakan enkripsi (SSL/TLS) untuk pemindahan data yang selamat melalui internet. 72
Email Protocols: SMTP, POP, IMAP - protocols for sending, receiving, and accessing emails. Protokol E-mel: SMTP, POP, IMAP - protokol untuk menghantar, menerima, dan mengakses e-mel. 73
SMTP Operation: SMTP sends outgoing emails between clients and servers for delivery. SMTP Operation: SMTP menghantar e-mel keluar antara pelanggan dan pelayan untuk penghantaran. 74
POP Operation: POP retrieves emails from a server to a client, typically deleting them after retrieval. POP Operation: Mengambil e-mel dari seorang pelayan kepada seorang pelanggan, dan kebiasaannya e-mel akan dipadam dari pelayan setelah diambil. 75
IMAP Operation: IMAP allows storing emails on a server for access and synchronization from multiple devices. OperasiIMAP: Membolehkan e-mel disimpan di atas sebuaḥ pelayan, memungkinkan akses dan penyelarasan dari pelbagai peranti. 76
File Transfer Protocol (FTP): Standard network protocol for file transfer between a client and server on a computer network. Protokol Pemindahan Fail (FTP): Protokol rangkaian standard untuk pemindahan fail antara seorang pelanggan dan seorang pelayan dalam rangkaian komputer. 77
DNS (Domain Name System): Translates human-readable domain names into IP addresses, facilitating internet communication. DNS (Sistem Nama Domain): Menterjemahkan nama domain yang boleh dibaca oleh manusia kepada alamat IP, memudahkan komunikasi internet. 78
DNS Hierarchy: DNS organized hierarchically with root servers, TLD servers, authoritative name servers, and local DNS servers. DNS Hierarki: DNS tersusun dalam struktur berhirarki, termasuk pelayan root, pelayan domain teratas (TLD), pelayan nama yang berwibawa, dan pelayan DNS tempatan. 79
Nslookup: Command-line tool querying DNS for domain name or IP address information. Nslookup: Alat baris arahan yang digunakan untuk menyiasat DNS bagi mendapatkan maklumat nama domain atau alamat IP. 80
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol): Network protocol dynamically assigning IP addresses and other configuration to devices on a network. DHCP (Protokol Konfigurasi Hos Dinamik): Protokol rangkaian yang secara dinamik memberikan alamat IP dan maklumat konfigurasi rangkaian lain kepada peranti-peranti dalam suatu rangkaian. 81
OSI(Open SystemsInterconnection) model : Conceptual framework defining the functions of a telecommunication or computing system into seven abstraction layers. OSI(Open SystemsInterconnection) model : Merupakan rangka kerja konsep yang menyeragamkan dan mentakrifkan fungsi sistem telekomunikasi atau pengkomputeran kepada tujuh lapisan abstraksi. 82
Physical Layer (Layer 1): Concerned with the physical connection between devices, dealing with raw data bit transmission. Lapisan Fizikal (Lapisan 1): Mengenai hubungan fizikal antara peranti, terlibat dalam transmisi bit data mentah. 83
Data Link Layer (Layer 2): Creates a reliable link between connected nodes, providing error detection and correction at the frame level. Lapisan Pautan Data (Lapisan 2): Mencipta pautan yang boleh dipercayai antara nod yang bersambung, menyediakan pengesanan dan pembetulan ralat pada peringkat rangka. 84
Network Layer (Layer 3): Focuses on routing and forwarding data packets across networks, dealing with logical addressing and path determination. Lapisan Rangkaian (Lapisan 3): Menumpukan pada penghalaan dan penghantaran paket data antara peranti-peranti melintasi rangkaian yang berbeza. Ia melibatkan alamat logik dan penentuan laluan. 85
Transport Layer (Layer 4): Manages end-to-end communication, ensuring reliable data delivery with flow control and error correction. Lapisan Pengangkutan (Lapisan 4): Menguruskan komunikasi hujung ke hujung, memastikan penghantaran data yang boleh dipercayai dengan kawalan aliran dan pembetulan ralat. 86
Session Layer (Layer 5): Manages sessions or connections between applications, establishing, maintaining, and terminating communication. Lapisan Sesi (Lapisan 5): Menguruskan sesi atau hubungan antara aplikasi, menubuhkan, mengekalkan, dan mengakhiri sesi komunikasi. 87