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INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKS eDICTIONARY

The dictionary was created with the intention of assisting students in comprehending the terminology frequently used in the Introduction to Networks course.

You'll be able to grasp this material more quickly as a result. It's no longer necessary to waste time and effort asking Uncle chat GPT where to discover reference resources.

With the help of this dictionary, hopefully, you will be able to comprehend this subject more quickly and efficiently. The dictionary was created with the intention of assisting students in comprehending the terminology frequently used in the Introduction to Networks course.

Prefix Length: Prefix length notation ("/") denoting the number of bits in the network portion, an alternative representation of subnet masks. Prefix Length: Notasi panjang awalan ("/") menunjukkan jumlah bit dalam bahagian rangkaian, merupakan perwakilan alternatif bagi subnet masks. 40


Network Ad ress: Address representing the entire network, typically the first address in a subnet range. Alamat Rangkaian: Alamat yang mewakili keseluruhan rangkaian, biasanya alamat pertama dalam julat subnet. 41


Host Ad ress: Specific address assigned to an individual device within a network. Alamat Hos: Alamat tertentu yang diberikan kepada suatu peranti individu dalam sebuah rangkaian. 42


Broadcast Ad ress: Address used to send data to all devices on a network, typically the last address in a subnet. Alamat Broadcast: Alamat yang digunakan untuk menghantar data ke semua peranti dalam suatu rangkaian. Ianya merupakan alamat terakhir dalam suatu subnet. 43


Legacy Classful Ad ressing: IP addresses initially divided into classes (A, B, C) with default subnet masks; proved inefficient for address allocation. Penetapan Alamat Klasik: Alamat IP awalnya dibahagikan kepada kelas (A, B, C) dengan default subnet mask; terbukti tidak cekap untuk peruntukan alamat. 44


VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Masking): VLSM allows subnetting of subnets, optimizing IP address use within an organization. VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Masking): VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Masking) membolehkan subnet dipecahkan kepada beberapa subnet dengan mengoptimumkan penggunaan alamat IP dalam sebuah organisasi. 45


C O M M U N I C A T I O N P R O T O C O L S A N D T E C H N O L O G I E S


Ping ............................................................................................................................................................................... Radio Frequency (RF) ............................................................................................................................................. Wi-Fi ............................................................................................................................................................................. Bluetooth .................................................................................................................................................................... WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) ..................................................................... Wireless Router ......................................................................................................................................................... Wireless Adapters ................................................................................................................................................... Wireless Phones ...................................................................................................................................................... Wireless Client (Station) ......................................................................................................................................... Access Point (Master) ............................................................................................................................................. Ad-Hoc Node (Mesh) .............................................................................................................................................. SSID .............................................................................................................................................................................. IEEE 802.11 ................................................................................................................................................................. Cellular Standards ................................................................................................................................................... Multiplexing ............................................................................................................................................................... Source Port ................................................................................................................................................................. Destination Port ........................................................................................................................................................ Netstat ......................................................................................................................................................................... Three-Way Handshake .......................................................................................................................................... Congestion Control ................................................................................................................................................. Flow Control .............................................................................................................................................................. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) ................................................................................................................. UDP (User Datagram Protocol) ............................................................................................................................ Client-Server Model ................................................................................................................................................ Peer-to-Peer Networks .......................................................................................................................................... HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) .................................................................................................................... HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure) ................................................................................................. Email Protocols ......................................................................................................................................................... SMTP Operation ....................................................................................................................................................... POP Operation .......................................................................................................................................................... IMAP Operation ........................................................................................................................................................ File Transfer Protocol (FTP) ................................................................................................................................... DNS (Domain Name System) ................................................................................................................................ DNS Hierarchy .......................................................................................................................................................... nslookup ..................................................................................................................................................................... DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) ................................................................................................ OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model .................................................................................................. Physical Layer (Layer 1) .......................................................................................................................................... Data Link Layer (Layer 2) ....................................................................................................................................... Network Layer (Layer 3) ......................................................................................................................................... Transport Layer (Layer 4) ....................................................................................................................................... Session Layer (Layer 5) .......................................................................................................................................... Presentation Layer (Layer 6) ................................................................................................................................. Application Layer (Layer 7) .................................................................................................................................... 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 TABLE OF CONTENTS


Ping: Purpose: Tests host reachability on an IP network; works by sending ICMP Echo Request messages and measuring round-trip time and packet loss; usage: ping <hostname or IP address>. Ping: Tujuan: Menguji kesampaian hos dalam rangkaian IP; berfungsi dengan menghantar mesej Permintaan Echo ICMP dan mengukur masa perjalanan pergi-balik serta kehilangan paket; penggunaan: ping <nama host atau alamat IP>. 46


Radio Frequency(RF): RF uses radio waves for wireless communication, encompassing technologies like Wi-Fi, cellular networks, AM, and FM radio. Frekuensi Radio (RF): RF (Radio Frequency) menggunakan gelombang radio untuk komunikasi tanpa wayar, merangkumi teknologi seperti Wi-Fi, rangkaian selular, radio AM, dan FM 47


Wi-Fi: Wi-Fi is wireless networking using radio frequencies in the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands for internet connection and device communication. Wi-Fi: Wi-Fi merupakan rangkaian tanpa wayar yang menggunakan frekuensi radio dalam jalur 2.4 GHz dan 5 GHz untuk sambungan internet dan komunikasi peranti. 48


Bluetooth: Bluetooth is short-range wireless technology for data exchange between devices, commonly used for smartphones, headphones, and speakers. Bluetooth: Bluetooth ialah teknologi tanpa wayar jarak dekat untuk pertukaran data antara peranti, biasanya digunakan untuk telefon pintar, alat dengar, dan pembesar suara. 49


WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperabilityfor Microwave Access): WiMAX is a wireless communication standard for highspeed broadband over long distances, providing alternatives to cable and DSL. WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperabilityfor Microwave Access): WiMAX adalah satu piawai komunikasi tanpa wayar untuk jalur lebar berkelajuan tinggi jarak jauh, menyediakan alternatif kepada kabel dan DSL. 50


Wireless Router: Wireless router connects to an internet modem, wirelessly distributing internet to devices within its range with built-in security features. Wireless Router: Router tanpa wayar menyambung kepada modem internet, secara tanpa wayar menyebarkan internet kepada peranti-peranti dalam julatnya dengan ciri keselamatan yang disertakan. 51


Wireless Adapters: Wireless adapters enable devices to connect to a wireless network, either integrated or added externally via USB or other interfaces. Wireless Adapters: Pemacu tanpa wayar membolehkan peranti menyambung kepada rangkaian tanpa wayar, sama ada terintegrasi atau ditambah secara luaran melalui USB atau antara muka lain. 52


Wireless Phones: Wireless phones use RF or DECT technology for wireless communication within a limited range in homes and offices. Telefon tanpa wayar: Telefon tanpa wayar menggunakan teknologi RF atau DECT untuk komunikasi tanpa wayar dalam julat yang terhad di rumah dan pejabat. 53


Wireless Client (Station): Device connecting to Wi-Fi to access the internet, joining existing networks without creating one. Pelang an Tanpa Wayar (Stesen): Peranti yang menyambung kepada Wi-Fi untuk mengakses internet, menyertai rangkaian yang sedia ada tanpa rangkaian tambahan. 54


Access Point (Master): Device creating a Wi-Fi network, serving as a hub for wireless clients to connect to the internet or a wired network. Access Point (Master): Peranti yang membuat rangkaian Wi-Fi, berfungsi sebagai pusat bagi pelanggan tanpa wayar untuk menyambung kepada internet atau rangkaian berkabel. 55


Ad-Hoc Node (Mesh): In a Mesh network, devices connect directly to create a decentralized wireless network without a central Access Point, useful in outdoor or impractical scenarios. Ad-Hoc Node (Mesh): Dalam rangkaian Mesh, peranti menyambung secara langsung untuk membentuk rangkaian tanpa wayar yang terdesentralisasi tanpa Titik Akses pusat, berguna dalam senario luar atau situasi yang tidak praktikal. 56


SSID: SSID is the name of a Wi-Fi network, visible when searching for available connections, aiding in network identification and connection. SSID: SSID (Service Set Identifier) ialah nama bagi satu rangkaian Wi-Fi, ianya akan kelihatan semasa mencari sambungan yang tersedia. Ianya turut membantu dalam pengenalpastian dan penyambungan rangkaian. 57


IEEE 802.11: Foundational Wi-Fi standard with versions like 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n, 802.11ac, and 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6), each offering improvements in speed, range, and features. IEEE 802.11: Standard Wi-Fi asas dengan versi seperti 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n, 802.11ac, dan 802.11ax (Wi-Fi 6), setiap satu menawarkan peningkatan dalam kelajuan, julat, dan ciri-ciri. 58


Cellular Standards: Standards like 3G, 4G LTE, and 5G govern wireless communication in mobile networks, providing internet access and voice services to mobile devices. Piawaian Selular: Piawai seperti 3G, 4G LTE, dan 5G mengawal komunikasi tanpa wayar dalam rangkaian mudah alih, menyediakan akses internet dan perkhidmatan suara kepada peranti mudah alih. 59


Multiplexing: Multiplexing combines multiple signals or data streams into a single channel for transmission, allowing efficient use of network resources. Peng andaan: Multiplexing menggabungkan beberapa isyarat atau aliran data menjadi satu saluran untuk penghantaran, membolehkan penggunaan sumber rangkaian secara cekap. 60


Source Port: A 16-bit number in a communication protocol's header identifying the sender's application. Pelabuhan Sumber: Nombor 16-bit dalam hujung protokol komunikasi yang mengenal pasti aplikasi pengirim. 61


Destination Port: Another 16-bit number in the protocol's header, identifying the intended recipient application. Pelabuhan destinasi: Nombor 16-bit dalam hujung protokol, ia mengenal pasti aplikasi penerima yang diinginkan. 62


Netstat: Netstat is a command-line tool displaying network connections, routing tables, and other information on a computer. Netstat: Netstat adalah alat baris arahan yang memaparkan sambungan rangkaian, jadual laluan, dan maklumat lain pada komputer. 63


Three-Way Handshake: The three-way handshake in networking involves SYN, SYN-ACK, and ACK messages to establish a reliable connection. Jabat Tangan Tiga Hala: Sambungan tiga langkah dalam rangkaian melibatkan mesej SYN, SYN-ACK, dan ACK untuk menetapkan sambungan yang boleh dipercayai. 64


Congestion Control: Techniques preventing network congestion to ensure efficient operation without overwhelming capacity. Kawalan Kesesakan: Teknik-teknik yang mencegah kesesakan rangkaian untuk memastikan operasi yang cekap tanpa membebani kapasiti. 65


Flow Control: A mechanism managing data flow between devices to prevent a fast sender from overwhelming a slow receiver. Kawalan Aliran: Mekanisme yang mengurus aliran data antara peranti untuk menghalang penghantar cepat daripada mengatasi penerima yang lambat. 66


TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): Connection-oriented protocol ensuring reliable and ordered data delivery between applications. TCP (Protokol Kawalan Penghantaran): Protokol berasaskan sambungan yang memastikan penghantaran data yang boleh dipercayai dan teratur antara aplikasi. 67


UDP (User Datagram Protocol): Connectionless protocol enabling fast but unreliable communication between applications. UDP (Protokol Datagram Peng una): Protokol tanpa sambungan yang membolehkan komunikasi yang cepat tetapi tidak boleh dipercayai antara aplikasi. 68


Client-Server Model: Network architecture with a central server providing resources and multiple clients requesting and using them. Model Pelayan Pelang an: Senibina rangkaian dengan server pusat yang menyediakan sumber dan pelbagai pelanggan yang meminta dan menggunakannya. 69


Peer-to-Peer Networks: Decentralized network model where devices (peers) communicate directly without a central server. Rangkaian Peer-to-Peer: Model rangkaian terdesentralisasi di mana peranti (rakan sebaya) berkomunikasi secara langsung tanpa menggunakan server pusat. 70


HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): Protocol for transferring hypertext documents on the World Wide Web. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): Protokol untuk memindahkan dokumen hiperteks di World Wide Web ialah HTTP, yang merujuk kepada Hypertext Transfer Protocol. 71


HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure): Secure version of HTTP using encryption (SSL/TLS) for secure data transfer over the internet. HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure): Versi selamat HTTP menggunakan enkripsi (SSL/TLS) untuk pemindahan data yang selamat melalui internet. 72


Email Protocols: SMTP, POP, IMAP - protocols for sending, receiving, and accessing emails. Protokol E-mel: SMTP, POP, IMAP - protokol untuk menghantar, menerima, dan mengakses e-mel. 73


SMTP Operation: SMTP sends outgoing emails between clients and servers for delivery. SMTP Operation: SMTP menghantar e-mel keluar antara pelanggan dan pelayan untuk penghantaran. 74


POP Operation: POP retrieves emails from a server to a client, typically deleting them after retrieval. POP Operation: Mengambil e-mel dari seorang pelayan kepada seorang pelanggan, dan kebiasaannya e-mel akan dipadam dari pelayan setelah diambil. 75


IMAP Operation: IMAP allows storing emails on a server for access and synchronization from multiple devices. OperasiIMAP: Membolehkan e-mel disimpan di atas sebuaḥ pelayan, memungkinkan akses dan penyelarasan dari pelbagai peranti. 76


File Transfer Protocol (FTP): Standard network protocol for file transfer between a client and server on a computer network. Protokol Pemindahan Fail (FTP): Protokol rangkaian standard untuk pemindahan fail antara seorang pelanggan dan seorang pelayan dalam rangkaian komputer. 77


DNS (Domain Name System): Translates human-readable domain names into IP addresses, facilitating internet communication. DNS (Sistem Nama Domain): Menterjemahkan nama domain yang boleh dibaca oleh manusia kepada alamat IP, memudahkan komunikasi internet. 78


DNS Hierarchy: DNS organized hierarchically with root servers, TLD servers, authoritative name servers, and local DNS servers. DNS Hierarki: DNS tersusun dalam struktur berhirarki, termasuk pelayan root, pelayan domain teratas (TLD), pelayan nama yang berwibawa, dan pelayan DNS tempatan. 79


Nslookup: Command-line tool querying DNS for domain name or IP address information. Nslookup: Alat baris arahan yang digunakan untuk menyiasat DNS bagi mendapatkan maklumat nama domain atau alamat IP. 80


DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol): Network protocol dynamically assigning IP addresses and other configuration to devices on a network. DHCP (Protokol Konfigurasi Hos Dinamik): Protokol rangkaian yang secara dinamik memberikan alamat IP dan maklumat konfigurasi rangkaian lain kepada peranti-peranti dalam suatu rangkaian. 81


OSI(Open SystemsInterconnection) model : Conceptual framework defining the functions of a telecommunication or computing system into seven abstraction layers. OSI(Open SystemsInterconnection) model : Merupakan rangka kerja konsep yang menyeragamkan dan mentakrifkan fungsi sistem telekomunikasi atau pengkomputeran kepada tujuh lapisan abstraksi. 82


Physical Layer (Layer 1): Concerned with the physical connection between devices, dealing with raw data bit transmission. Lapisan Fizikal (Lapisan 1): Mengenai hubungan fizikal antara peranti, terlibat dalam transmisi bit data mentah. 83


Data Link Layer (Layer 2): Creates a reliable link between connected nodes, providing error detection and correction at the frame level. Lapisan Pautan Data (Lapisan 2): Mencipta pautan yang boleh dipercayai antara nod yang bersambung, menyediakan pengesanan dan pembetulan ralat pada peringkat rangka. 84


Network Layer (Layer 3): Focuses on routing and forwarding data packets across networks, dealing with logical addressing and path determination. Lapisan Rangkaian (Lapisan 3): Menumpukan pada penghalaan dan penghantaran paket data antara peranti-peranti melintasi rangkaian yang berbeza. Ia melibatkan alamat logik dan penentuan laluan. 85


Transport Layer (Layer 4): Manages end-to-end communication, ensuring reliable data delivery with flow control and error correction. Lapisan Pengangkutan (Lapisan 4): Menguruskan komunikasi hujung ke hujung, memastikan penghantaran data yang boleh dipercayai dengan kawalan aliran dan pembetulan ralat. 86


Session Layer (Layer 5): Manages sessions or connections between applications, establishing, maintaining, and terminating communication. Lapisan Sesi (Lapisan 5): Menguruskan sesi atau hubungan antara aplikasi, menubuhkan, mengekalkan, dan mengakhiri sesi komunikasi. 87


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