PBL PROJECT 2022

MAKTAB RENDAH SAINS MARA,
KEPALA BATAS, PULAU PINANG.

CHEMISTRY:
MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES

IN INDUSTRY

CLASS:403
TEACHER: PN.ZURINA BT. ABU BAKAR

GROUP MENTOR:MUHAMMAD FIRDAUS WAFI B. ABDUL MANAF
(PK190089)

GROUP MEMBERS: 1) MUHAMMAD SYAHMI B. ISHAK (PK190045)
2)MUHAMMAD BADRUDDIN B. MUHAMMAT

BASRI (PK190013)
3) MUHAMMAD HASNUL IZHAR B. HASNUSI

(PK190087)
4)MUHAMMAD SYAKIRIN IFFAN MOHD

SUKRI (PK190003)

CONTENT:
1. APPRECIATION TO CHEMISTRY TEACHERS, PARENTS

AND FRIENDS
2. INTRODUCTIONS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

3. SHORT AND CREATIVE NOTES OF CHAPTER 8

4. DISCUSSION

5. ESTIMATED BUDGET AND COST

6. REFERENCE SOURCES

Appreciation to Chemistry teachers, parents and friends

Bismillahirahmanirahim.
Alhamdulillah, thanks to the divine with the abundance of grace and the

grace of time, life and energy bestowed upon us, we can complete this task
successfully.

First of all, we would like to dedicate this speech of appreciation to our
beloved chemistry teacher, Pn. Zurina Bt. Abu Bakar because with her
guidance, she opened the space for us to complete this assignment successfully.

We would also like to express our deepest gratitude to our parents who
facilitated us to complete this work. They have provided us with all the facilities
and moral support until we successfully completed this assignment.

This speech of appreciation is also from me, Firdaus Wafi as the leader of
the group to my friends who reminded me a lot about everything that I have
forgotten. They helped me by answering every question I asked them.

Finally, I would like to thank those who are involved directly or
otherwise in the creation of this work. Thank you.

Objectives of the project

1. To study alloy and Its importance
2. To study composition of glass and Its uses
3. To study composition of ceramics and Its uses
4. To study composite materials and its importance

8.1 Alloy and Its Importance

Meaning of Alloy:A mixture of two or more elements where the
main element is a metal.

Example of Alloy and Importance:-
• Duralumin=to make the body of an aeroplane

• Bronze=to make medals

• Brass=to make keys
• Steel=to make the body of car
• Stainless=to make cutlery
• Pewter=to make souvenirs

Comparison of Properties of Alloys and Pure

Metals

Alloys  Pure Metals
Shiny Surface Dull
Resistant to Corrosion Resistant to Corrosion
Hard Hardness Easily corroded
Less Hard

Justify the Uses of Alloys on Their Composition
and Properties

Alloy Composition Properties Uses

Duralumin • 93% Aluminium • Stronger than pure • Body of
• 3% Copper aluminium aeroplanes
Bronze • 3% Magnesium
• 1% Manganese • Low density • Eletric cables
• 90% Copper • Does not rust • Racing bicycles
• 10% Tin • Stronger than pure • Medals
• Monuments
Brass • 70% Copper aluminium • Trophies
• 30% Zinc • Does not rust
• Shiny • Musical
Steel • 98% Iron • Stronger than pure instruments
• 0.2-2% Carbon
copper • Doorknobs
Stainless • 73% Iron • Does not rust • Keys
steel • 18% Chromium • Shiny • Structure of
• 8% Nickel • Also known as
Pewter • 1% Carbon buildings
• 95% Tin carbon steel • Railway tracks
• 3.5% Antimony • Stronger and harder • Body of cars
• 1.5% Copper • Malleable
• There are carbon of • Cutlery
• Sinks
steel:-Low-carbon • Surgical
steel,Average-carbon
steel,High-carbon instruments
steel. • Decorative
• Stronger than pure
iron ornaments
• Resistant to corrosion • Trophies
• Souvenirs
• Stronger than Tin
• Does not rust
• Shiny

8.2 Composition of Glass and Its Uses

When silica is heated together with other chemicals, various types of glass with different
properties are obtained. However, all types of glass have the same basic properties.

Types of Glass
Fused silica glass is made from silica (silicon dioxide, SiO2) without adding any other
chemical.
• Silica, SiO2 requires high temperature around 1800 °C to melt.

Hence, fused silica glass has a high melting point. This glass
does not expand nor contract much when there is a large
change in temperature. Fused silica glass is suitable to be used
in making telescope lens.

Soda-lime glass is made from silica, SiO2, soda (sodium carbonate, Na2CO3) and
limestone (calcium carbonate, CaCO3).
• Soda, Na2CO3 lowers the melting point of silica, SiO2. Hence,

soda glass has a low melting point, around 1000 °C. This glass
is easily moulded and used to make glass containers such as
bottles and jugs. However, this glass cannot withstand high
temperatures and can easily crack when subjected to sudden
temperature change.

Borosilicate glass is made from silica, SiO2, soda, Na2CO3, limestone, CaCO3, boron
oxide, B2O3 and aluminium oxide, Al2O3

Many laboratories glassware such as beakers and flasks are made
from borosilicate glass because of its resistance to heat. These
glassware does not crack easily when subjected to thermal stress
because of its low expansion coefficient. Borosilicate glass can
be removed from the refrigerator and heated immediately
without cracking.

Lead crystal glass is made from silica, SiO2, soda, Na2CO3 and lead(II) oxide, PbO.

Lead, Pb replaces calcium, Ca to produce glass that is softer
And denser. Lead glass is heavier and has a high
refractive index. This glass is suitable to be used in
making prisms.

8.3 :Composition of Ceramic and its uses

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Example of ceramic products:

All ceramics have the same basic properties such as:

TYPE OF CERAMICS
Ceramics can be classified into two group:

Traditional ceramics
Traditional ceramics are made from clay such as
kaolin, Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O.Clay is mixed with water to produce a soft, mouldable mixture. The
mixture is then heated at a very high temperature. Generally, traditional ceramics are used to

make bricks, pottery and crockery.

Advanced ceramics
Advanced ceramics are made from inorganic compounds such as oxides, carbides and nitrides.
Advanced ceramics have higher resistance to heat and abrasion, more chemically inert and
have superconductivity properties.Advanced ceramics such as silicon carbide are used to make
cutting discs due to its hard and strong properties. Silicon carbide is also used to make brake
discs because it can withstand thermal shocks and has high resistance to heat. Advanced
ceramics are also used to make tungsten carbide rings because it is hard and resistant to
abrasion

Example of ceramic Medicine • Zirconia ceramic is used in dental
uses implants.
• Alumina ceramic is used to make knee
bone.
• Ceramic is used in Magnetic
Resonance Imaging (MRI) machines
because it has superconductivity

Transportation properties.
Energy production
• Engine components in jet planes are
made from ceramics.

• Ceramic is used to make electrical
insulators in high voltage areas
such as power stations.

8.4 : Composite Materials and Its Importance
A composite material is a material made from combining two or more
non-homogeneous substances, that is matrix substance and strengthening
substance. The matrix substance surrounds and binds the strengthening

substance together. All glasses have the same basic properties such as:

➢ Example of matrix substance, strengthening substance and composite
material

➢ Both components of a composite material have different physical and
chemical properties. When combined, the composite material formed has
better properties than the original components.

Composite Materials and Their Uses

➢ Reinforced concrete is produced when steel bars or wire mesh (strengthening
substance) is immersed in concrete (matrix substance). Reinforced concrete is widely
used in the construction of bridges, dams and buildings. limestone (calcium carbonate,
CaCO3).

➢ Fibre glass is produced when plastic (matrix substance) is strengthened with glass
fibres (strengthening substance). This composite material is used to make helmets, car
bumpers and printed circuit boards.

➢ Optical fibre consists of three layers. The innermost layer is the core that is made up
of silica glass fibres (strengthening substance). The core is encased in a second layer
or cladding that is made up of glass or plastic (matrix substance). The outermost layer
is made of plastic that acts as a protective jacket (matrix substance). Optical fibres are
used to transmit information and data in the form of light. Light moves through the
optical fibre (core section) in a series of total internal reflection. The core and cladding
have different refractive indexes to enable them to carry data in large capacity and to
not be influenced by electromagnetic disturbances. This composite material has
replaced copper wires in video cameras and connects computers in Local Area
Network (LAN).

➢ Photochromic glass is formed when glass (matrix substance) is combined with silver
chloride, AgCl and copper(I) chloride, CuCl (strengthening substance). When exposed
to sunlight, photochromic glass darkens. This is due to the formation of silver atoms,
Ag that prevents the passage of light. In dim light, copper(I) chloride, CuCl in
photochromic glass catalyses the reverse process so that glass becomes transparent
again. Photochromic glass protects the user from UV rays and is suitable for use in car
windows, building windows and camera lenses.

➢ Superconductors such as yttrium barium copper oxide, YBCO ceramic is a
composite material that has superconductivity properties other than alloys. This
superconductor is used to make electromagnets, that are superconductor magnets or
supermagnets. Superconductor magnets are light and have strong magnetic force.
Superconductor magnets are used in particle accelerators and involved in Nuclear
Magnetic Resonance (NMR) machines and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
machines.

Comparison and Difference in Properties of Composite
Materials and Their Original Components

Composite materials are substances which contain 2 or more materials that combine to
produce new substances with different physical properties from the original substances.

REINFORCED CONCRETE

Component: Concrete (cement, sand, stones), steel

1. Ordinary concrete is strong but heavy. Concrete pillars must be big to support the
weight. They take up space and cannot withstand stress for example from
earthquakes.

2. Steel pillars are too expensive and can rust.
3. Reinforced concrete, containing steel rods in the concrete pillars, can make them

stronger and able to support larger loads. It also does not rust.

OPTICAL FIBRE

Component: SiO2, Na2CO3, CaO

1. This is a fine transparent glass tube that is made of molten glass.
2. In telecommunications, light has replaced electrons as the transmitter of signals.

This light transmits signals through optical fibre.
3. Optical fibre is also used in the medical field as

a. laser to do operation
b. endoscope to examine the internal organs of patients

PHOTOCHROMIC GLASS

Component: glass, AgCl (or AgBr)

1. Photochromic glass is very sensitive to light.
2. It darkens in the presence of bright light and lightens when the amount of sunlight

lessens.

FIBREGLASS

Component: Fibreglass and polyster resin

1. Fibre glass is obtained by adding a polyester resin to molten glass. It cannot be
compressed easily and is more tensile than the original materials.

2. Fibre glass is light, withstands corrosion, can be cast into different shapes, is
impervious to water, not very flammable, not brittle and stronger than even steel.

3. It is used to make racquets, construction panels, electrical appliances, pipes, and
water tanks.

SUPERCONDUCTOR

Component: Ytrium oxide (Y2O3), BaCO3, CuO

1. Superconductors are electrical conductors which have almost zero (0) electrical
resistance. Therefore, this conductor minimises the loss of electrical energy
through heat.

2. Yttrium barium copper oxide is a type of ceramic superconductor
3. Superconductors are used to make magnets which are light but thousands of times

stronger than the normal magnet.

DISCUSSION

1. What new knowledge have you learned in Manufactured Substances in Industry?
2. Which is the most interesting subtopic in Manufactured Substances in Industry?
Why?
3. Give several examples of application of Manufactured Substances in Industry in
daily life.
yourself at that level?
4. What can you do to improve your mastery in Manufactured
Substances in Industry?

REFERENCES

Chemistry text book form 4

https://www.bumigemilang.com/buku-teks-digital-kimia-kssm-tingkatan-4-dalam-
bahasa-inggeris/

https://question.pandai.org/note/list/kssm-f4/kssm-ch

https://spmchemistry.blog.onlinetuition.com.my/2010/10/spm-form-4form-5-
chemistry-revision-notes.html