The Economist July 23rd 2022 Special report ESG investing 7
their own shares, taking the number up to $530bn, or 25% of its tech. Rising interest rates and war in Ukraine have hit such firms
passive equity funds. Mostly this is institutional money, but it hard this year. Though the energy crisis has exposed the need for
wants individuals to express voting preferences too. more renewables, especially in Europe, this year returns from fos
sil fuels and other oldeconomy stocks have outperformed those
For those keen to ensure that esg investment is not just box in clean energy. Sin stocks have made out like bandits.
ticking, more funds are available that offer returns which are more
than financial, such as lifesaving water, health and sanitation In reality, returns depend on how esg is measured. As Alex Ed
projects in poor countries. The average value of assets under man mans of London Business School points out, some strategies pay
agement at such “impact funds” was around $100m in 2020, says off over long time horizons, but others do not, especially if they
the Global Impact Investing Network. This is enough to attract big are not material to a company’s core business. This focus on mate
privateequity funds, such as kkr. The International Finance riality is important. In an Institutional Investor article in 2019,
Corp, a unit of the World Bank, says that under its strictest defini “Where esg fails”, some of sustainability’s strongest advocates
tion of impact investment, or “measured impact”, there were from Harvard Business School (hbs) made what looked like a he
$636bn of total assets in 2020, 45% of which came from private retical admission that companies rated highly on an array of esg
equity. But as the amount grows, fears of “impact washing” grow metrics did not in fact produce better shareholder returns. But
too. As with esg in general, it needs monitoring. they offset this by reprising a paper, cowritten by hbs’s George Se
rafiem in 2015, which showed that when companies focused their
How quickly the universe of esg will expand depends partly on sustainability efforts on esg issues material to the bottom line
how much investors’ appetite for adventure may suffer from high they outperformed impressively.
er interest rates and seemingly greater market turbulence. Paul
Bodnar and Eric Van Nostrand of BlackRock insist that the firm’s Linking esg to materiality makes intuitive sense. An energy
“bottom line” when it comes to sustainability funds remains their company’s carbon footprint is more material to its business than a
investment performance. They also say that, although many esg bank’s. The first is more likely to look at emissions from an eco
funds have underperformed recently, especially those weighted nomic perspective than a social one, encouraging it to manage
against fossil fuels, this is a healthy reminder that returns can go them better. Yet the conclusion remains controversial. In a paper
down as well as up. this year, Luca Berchicci of Erasmus University Rotterdam and An
drew King of Boston University recrunched the numbers from the
In the long run, changing investor preferences and the energy 2016 materiality study and found them to be a “statistical artefact”.
transition should mean that esg funds outperform, Mr Bodnar Mr King says this stands to reason. Efficientmarkets theory sug
and Mr Van Nostrand predict. “Let’s not confuse the shortterm vo gests that excess returns are always hard to find, especially when
latility for the longterm outperformance that is the principal ba information is widely available.
sis for our focus in this space,” Mr Van Nostrand says. That claim of
outperformance, though, is increasingly controversial. n No free lunch
Others have challenged the underlying idea that virtue could ever
Investors be a free lunch. In 2017 Cliff Asness, boss of aqr, a hedge fund, not
ed that investors in a portfolio that shuns sin stocks should not ex
The warm glow pect to do as well as those that have no such restrictions. That
should be the whole point of esg, he suggested. By selling out of
It’s a myth that esg investments inevitably outperform. sinful companies, virtuous investors push share prices down,
You can’t have it all which offers buyers the prospect of higher returns—even though
driving up polluting companies’ cost of capital should make it
David blood proudly holds up on a Webex screen a framed harder for them to make money. “Frankly, it sucks that the virtu
Economist article written in 2004 when the former Goldman ous have to accept a lower expected return to do good, and perhaps
Sachs banker, together with Al Gore, a former American vicepres
ident, set up a new investment firm, Generation Investment Man
agement. It includes the inevitable quip about men named Blood
and Gore launching a sustainableinvesting business. But he is
keener to point out the title, “Does it add value?” He says: “This
may be your question today.”
A lot has happened in 18 years. When the firm started, some of
Mr Blood’s former colleagues thought the idea was “completely
nutty”. Now sustainability has moved into the mainstream. But he
retains two beliefs. First, longterm investing is bestpractice, sus
tainability improves economies, and esg is a useful tool to under
stand business and management. Second, esg is hard. “When
somebody tells you it’s always a winwin, they’re not being truth
ful. Very often there are tradeoffs.” So he welcomes the increased
attention on the assetmanagement industry’s misuse of lan
guage, inconsistent data and greenwashing. And he is right that
the biggest question remains: does it add value?
It has been easy recently to say yes, not least since esg funds
broadly defined have outperformed the nonesg sort in America
and Europe since 2010. However, part of the outperformance was
because esg funds invested heavily in growth stocks, such as big
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8 Special report ESG investing The Economist July 23rd 2022
Closing the gap ESG† Non-ESG† Companies
Investment funds, excess returns*, % Internalising the
$ terms externalities
Worldwide United States Europe
2 2 21 6
6 6
4
2 44
0
-2 22 Can firms be made accountable for their carbon emissions?
-4
22‡ 00 Stretching as far back as the Middle Ages, businessmen have
tried to build up fabulous wealth then save their souls by giving
-2 -2 much of it away. Francesco Datini, the 14thcentury “Merchant of
-4 -4 Prato” left behind hundreds of thousands of business and per
2 2 21 22‡ 2 2 21 22‡ sonal letters, ledgers and documents showing how he had made
*Relative to benchmark indices his fortune trading arms, spices and wine. As James O’Toole, a re
†Environmental, social and governance ‡To May 31st
Source: Bernstein tired professor of business ethics, writes in his book “The Enlight
ened Capitalists”, they showed Datini to be an “astute, shrewd, am
bitious, ruthless and greedy entrepreneur…filled throughout his
sucks even more that they have to accept the sinful getting a high life with constant anxiety”. But his cares got the better of him and
er one. Well, embrace the suck as without it there is…no good deed
done at all,” he said. before his death he left a fortune to endow a foundation for the
More recently Aswath Damodaran of New York University’s benefit of the poor of Prato. It still exists over 600 years later.
Stern School of Business has come to a similar view when assess
ing whether esg bolsters corporate profits. He says that it may be Mr O’Toole chronicles many pioneers who set out to make
true that “bad” companies face higher funding costs, but points to
scant evidence that good esg firms generate higher income or business about more than just money, from Robert Owen, who
growth. He draws attention to the causation problem: do success
ful firms embrace esg or does esg make firms successful? When it turned his textile factory in Manchester into an experiment in
comes to outperformance, he says the best idea is to get ahead of
the curve and jump on stocks that show potential for improve worker development, via Anita Roddick, whose Body Shop be
ment. Wait too long and the effect will become priced in.
came a symbol of ecofriendliness in the 1980s, to Ben Cohen of
Some argue that it is rewarding to scour emerging markets for
“esg improvers”. Companies that turn their performance around Ben and Jerry’s ice cream. His conclusion is that however success
are an indicator of management quality. If investors want to have a
positive impact, it is better to back a dirty company that can be in ful such ventures can be under their founders, it is hard to keep
fluenced to cut its carbon emissions than one that already has a
negligible carbon footprint and so scores highly on esg. Even if the missionary zeal going—especially if they become publicly
esg does not guarantee bumper returns, there are other ways to at
tract investors. One is through riskadjusted returns. If investors traded entities. Investors seldom have the patience to stick with a
have long time horizons, it makes sense to have riskmanagement
mechanisms to screen companies for problems like climate commitment to virtue. “Difficile est bonum esse,” he writes.
change, regulatory or reputational damage.
Yet dogoodery has become all the rage. That is most obvious
Another is to give investors the “warm glow” of doing good by
not obsessing over shortterm returns. This may be more applica from the embrace of stakeholder capitalism, which redefines cor
ble to younger than to older investors. A study in 2019 by New York
Life Investments found that investors aged 2539 were most likely porate success as serving not just shareholders but employees,
to want to consider climate change in their portfolios, whereas
those aged 55 and over focused more on data fraud and theft. Lu suppliers and the wider community. Led by Jamie Dimon, the
kasz Pomorski of aqr says the desire to do good applies even in the
world of hedge funds, where he sees many investors now looking JPMorgan Chase ceo who chaired the Business Roundtable, a lob
for esg strategies. agr recently transformed some funds into esg
ones, but it first sought investors’ blessing. It made clear the by group, when it embraced the concept in 2019, company bosses
switch could hurt returns. “Most said ‘just do it’,” he says.
have used their commitment to social causes to speak out on is
S.P. Kothari of mit Sloan School of Management agrees that
people passionate about climate and other causes may want to sues ranging from racial inclusion to gay rights to climate change.
promote them through their investments. But he notes that even if
some put their preferences before profit, there is a limit to how far Sometimes, as when Disney protested against Florida’s “Don’t
they will go. He recalls a case in 2018 when Jason Perez, a police
sergeant in Corona, California, became fed up with the proesg say gay” bill, enraging the state’s governor, Ron DeSantis, this can
stance of Calpers, America’s biggest public pension fund. Its re
turns were having a financial impact on him, his family and public stir a backlash that is not good for the bottom line. But it has be
servants at large. He campaigned for a Calpers board seat, won
and ousted its sustainability guru. esg “all sounds good until it come mainstream enough that Alex Edmans, of London Business
starts to bite your bottom line,” concluded Mr Kothari. n
School, is incorporating stakeholder capitalism into the next edi
tion of “Principles of Corporate Finance”, a bible for financial prac
titioners. As he acknowledges in his book “Grow The Pie”, it is not
as radical a departure as its advocates suggest. Milton Friedman,
the economist often criticised for preaching shareholder primacy,
argued that the social responsibility of business was to reward
owners by increasing profits. But if those shareholders wanted the
company to have a more social purpose, so be it.
esg is often mixed up with stakeholderism—but there is an
other way to think about it. Part of its mis
sion is to measure and disclose things that
firms and their customers turn a blind eye
Company bosses to. The list includes the impact of commer
have used their cial activities on the atmosphere, oceans,
commitment to air, water and biodiversity, which are sup
social causes to posedly available to all but can be overex
ploited privately at high social cost. In
speak out strict esg terms, the aim is not altruistic. It
is rather a way of assessing the regulatory
or reputational risks that arise from “nega
tive externalities”. A company may also be
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The Economist July 23rd 2022 Special report ESG investing 9
expected to gauge how seriously at risk it is from climatechange may let a company charge more for its products. It may even at
related events, such as extreme weather. tract funding. Besides the interest of esg investors in the capital
markets, banks are under pressure to target lower emissions in
The measurements themselves, provided they are standar their loan portfolios.
dised and trustworthy, may be useful to everyone. Measuring car
bon emissions is critical for tackling climate change, either as a Target setting is not without its flaws, however. The danger, as
basis for carbon taxes, or for regulatory efforts to rein in emis London Business School’s Mr Edmans puts it, is that “You hit the
sions, or for giving investors the opportunity to create a “shadow target and miss the point.” He gives an example of an electricvehi
carbon price”, in which high emitters are penalised by the mar cle company with low carbon emissions, but a nasty footprint
kets. Better data make it clearer who is genuinely cutting emis through lithiummining.
sions and who is not.
The ideal would be to price negative externalities. Carbon taxes
Measure for measure are indeed on the rise. As of the end of 2021, more than a fifth of
The measurements are not easy, though. Companies may report global emissions were covered by carbon pricing, though at levels
greenhousegas emissions in their annual and sustainability re too low to cause meaningful changes in behaviour. Amir AmelZa
ports, as well as to nonfinancial standardsetters such as the Glo deh of Oxford University says that better disclosure should help
bal Reporting Initiative (gri), a standards group. But as Eelco van “internalise the externalities”. The next question is: can the arbi
der Enden, gri’s boss, sardonically points out: “What gets mea ters of disclosure, esg rating agencies, bring enough order to the
sured gets managed. But what gets measured also gets manipulat chaos to influence investment flows? n
ed.” That makes it a continuous challenge to improve data quality.
Rating agencies
The most straightforward emissions are those from a com
pany’s daytoday operations, called scope one, and those from its The signal and the noise
energy suppliers, such as electricity companies (scope two). Yet
even among listed firms, these are not widely available. The re Measurement of esg data needs a big overhaul
search arm of msci, an index provider, says that of almost 10,000
firms in its world index, less than 40% reported scopeone and When michael jantzi, founder of Sustainalytics, an esg re
two emissions. The share is likely to be smaller among private search firm, started analysing the responsibleinvesting
and stateowned firms, especially in emerging markets where field in 1990, it was a “curiosity, to put it nicely”, he says. To start
many emissions are generated. with, there were “a lot of lean years”. But the ball got rolling with
the collapse of Enron, an energy giant, in 2001. Along with other
Even trickier is the measurement of scopethree emissions, corporate scandals, it gave rise to the SarbanesOxley act, passed
which cover an entire supply chain, from extraction of raw materi in 2002, which overhauled audit and financial reporting for public
als through suppliers to end users, and account for as much as companies, boosting the g side of what is now esg.
90% of emissions in some industries. Supplier data may be hard to
find. Consumer data may depend on estimates. Responsibilities Growing concerns about climate change and rising inequality
may overlap: should an oil company be blamed for emissions after the 200709 financial crisis have increased demand for data
when its fuel is burned in a petrol tank, or should the car compa on the e and s sides as well. esg rating companies, which have
ny—or both? msci says less than a quarter of its constituents re grown to as many as 160 worldwide, have begun to consolidate. In
port scopethree data, and that the quality is poor. In a recent re
port, cdp, a datatracking firm, found that only 55% of European
oil and gas companies released scopethree information, even
though it accounts for the vast bulk of their carbon footprint.
Mandatory regulation of such disclosures, especially those
material to a company’s business, should tighten things up. But
misgivings about the quality of disclosures have given rise to a
new trend. Companies, under pressure from investors and lend
ers, are increasingly making commitments to sciencebased and
netzero targets, which aim to keep global warming within the 1.5
2.0°C limit of the 2015 Paris agreement, but do so over medium
and longterm time horizons. At last count, 1,503 firms had sci
encebased targets, and 1,194 had netzero ones, including parts of
CocaCola and General Motors.
The biggest pressure is on heavy industry, mining, energy and
transport firms. Climate Action 100+, a pressure group formed by
700 investment funds, aims to ensure that 166 of the world’s big
gest greenhousegas emitters align with the Paris targets. It said
this year that 69% of them were committed to reach net zero by
2050 or sooner. However, only 17% had set mediumterm targets
or produced quantified decarbonisation strategies. Almost two
thirds of oil and gas companies are still pursuing projects incon
sistent with limiting global warming below 2°C, it noted.
Such commitments sound like a burden on companies. Inves
tors appear not to take them seriously because it is rare that a com
pany’s netzero commitment has an impact on its share price. But
they may serve other purposes. Good behaviour, so long as it is in
service to a robust business model, may attract a higher calibre of
employees and board members, and a good sustainability record
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10 Special report ESG investing The Economist July 23rd 2022
2020 Sustainalytics became wholly owned by Morningstar, the The regulators
fundtracker firm. It now rates 14,000 companies globally.
Missionary creep
The idea behind esg ratings is to measure how exposed a com
pany is to nonfinancial risks, and drive its share price and cost of New disclosure rules aim to better measure climate risks.
capital accordingly, forcing laggards to shape up—or go out of Is that even possible?
business. But a lack of reliability, comparability and transparency
in what is being measured produce too much noise to provide ac From the outside, the Wilmington Club, a brownstone man
curate signals. The title of a recent paper on divergent esg ratings sion in Wilmington, Delaware, looks like a place where time
by Florian Berg, Julian Kölbel and Roberto Rigobon, from mit has stood still. It sits in an overgrown garden. The front door and
Sloan School of Management, sums it up. It is “Aggregate Confu windows let no light out from within. Step inside and the feeling
sion”. There are plenty of other criticisms of the business, and not is amplified: it is like entering a refuge from woke capitalism. At
only from the likes of Elon Musk (Tesla’s impact report of 2021 the bar are heavy ashtrays. A stag’s head is on the wall. A black
opens with a blistering attack on esg rating methodologies, call andwhite photo celebrates the 105 whiskies ordered at a legend
ing them “fundamentally flawed” because they do not assess the ary dinner many years ago. Until recently, says Charles Elson, a
scope of positive impact on the world, but only “the dollar value of corporategovernance expert formerly at the University of Dela
risk/return”). ware, terrapins were bred in the basement to be turned into stew.
The International Organisation of Securities Commissions In short, it is a convivial place for corporate lawyers in a city
(iosco), a regulatory body, says there is little clarity on what esg where the law is almost everyone’s bread and butter. Some 1.6m
raters intend to measure and what their methodologies are. It asks businesses are incorporated in Delaware, and cases decided in
whether they suffer conflicts of interest by providing consulting Wilmington quickly become the law of the land. But lately the
services to companies they rate, and whether they incorporate de club’s lawyers have been in as much of a stew as the terrapins. That
veloping as well as developedcountry firms. It notes that the mar is because esg threatens to replace the state’s longestablished in
ket is largely unregulated. Securities supervisors such as the eu’s fluence over American business with the long arm of government.
European Securities and Markets Authority hope to change that.
Mr Elson says the creep of federalism into the boardroom start
esg raters sometimes like to seem like creditrating agencies, ed with the SarbanesOxley act in 2002. Then came the Dodd
which have a long (albeit chequered) history. But there are differ Frank act of 2010, which mandated reporting on executive pay.
ences. The biggest is in the disparity of their ratings. Whereas the Now comes an esgrelated proposal from the Securities and Ex
creditrating arms of Moody’s, s&p Global and others produce re change Commission (sec) to force companies to disclose climate
sults that are close to 99% correlated, esg scores produced by related information. As Myron Steele, former chief justice of the
them and other firms such as Sustainalytics and msci tally barely state’s supreme court puts it, “Strictly from the Delaware perspec
more than 50% of the time. tive, the only thing worse than nuclear war is a federal mandate for
corporate governance.”
The “Aggregate Confusion” paper spells out how ratings differ
in what it calls scope, measurement and weightings. On scope, The business of risk
one rating agency may include corporatelobbying activities, but
another may not. They measure differently, with one assessing la It is not only American regulators. The International Sustainabil
bour practices based on employee turnover, and another counting
the labourrelated court cases against the firm. And they assign ity Standards Board (issb), a newly created arm of the ifrs Foun
different weights to their esg scores, such as putting more empha
sis on labour practices rather than lobbying. dation, aims to make nonfinancial disclosures as consistent as fi
For now, regulators put most attention on how the firms rate nancial ones in a company’s filings. The European Union is push
environmental practices. The oecd club of mostly rich countries
found that some esg rating agencies put less emphasis on e than ing for another set of standards, the corporatesustainability re
the other two bits of esg, so that investing in companies with high
esg scores does not necessarily imply they are managing carbon porting directive, to become law in its 27 member countries by the
emissions well. It noted companies with high esg scores also fre
quently had high emissions. Moreover, it found that the mere act end of this year. It is expected to force as many as 49,000 compa
of disclosing wellcrafted climate strategies determines the e
score more than the quality of interim targets or the steps actually nies who do business within the bloc to reveal sustainability in
taken to reach them.
formation, up from 11,600 now. S.P. Kothari of the mit Sloan
Asset managers say that for all the misgivings about e scores,
they are more trustworthy than s ones, which many would like to School of Management halfjokingly describes the global push as
exclude. One talks of them dismissively as “extracurricular activ
ities”. Another says that in some countries, such as France, too a “fullemployment act for accountants and consultants.”
much datamining on workers may violate privacy laws. He adds
that some rating firms push the ethical boundaries by seeking out Two forces are driving things forward. The first is a sense
employee data on socialmedia sites such as LinkedIn.
among regulatory bodies that climate change is too big a risk to
Thus numerous flaws exist in esg ratings. And though the rat
ing firms object to the idea that regulators may force them to har the financial system to deal with under the old rules. As Luiz Awa
monise what they measure, they also know that there is room for
improvement, especially to make ratings more forwardlooking. zu Pereira da Silva, deputy general manager of the Bank for Inter
“The last 1015 years have been about the impact of environmental
and social issues on a portfolio. The next ten years will be as much national Settlements (bis), the central
about the impact of investment on the environment,” says Mr
Jantzi. Conveniently, that is the direction that regulators want to bankers’ bank, puts it, financial markets
take the esg market as well. n
are aware of the risks of climate change,
Climate change but the current pricing of those risks is too
is too big a risk low, as if global warming can be reversed
to the financial by some miracle technology. “It’s not a tail
system to deal risk. It is something that is certain to occur
if we don’t do something about it.”
with under the The second is a strong conviction that
old rules shareholders want more information.
“What’s changed is that investors have be
come much more interested in seeing the
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The Economist July 23rd 2022 Special report ESG investing 11
full picture,” says Sue Lloyd, vicechair of the issb. Gary Gensler, May the Wall Street Journal reported that the cost of implementing
chair of the sec, launched the climatedisclosure proposals in the proposals was becoming a concern. It said the sec’s own esti
March saying that they had the support of investors “representing mates were that it would raise the cost to businesses to comply
literally tens of trillions of dollars”. with the rules from $3.9bn a year to $10.2bn. There are also criti
cisms that the sec has listened too much to big asset managers,
The transatlantic disclosure proposals are not identical. Both who reap fees from selling esg products, rather than to retail in
the issb and the sec are proposing climate disclosures, though the vestors, who may be less keen on all the new information.
issb also has proposals for more general disclosures. Ms Lloyd
says its main aim is to give investors the sustainability informa Perhaps most tangibly, critics foresee a backlash from both
tion that they need to make an assessment of a company’s value. sides of the political divide: from the right, on the grounds that it
She describes the current situation as confusing for both compa thinks Wall Street asset managers are pushing a political agenda
nies and investors, because firms do not know what information in the name of their clients; and from the left, where many think
to make available, and shareholders struggle to make sense of a fighting climate change is more important than fussing about fi
plethora of data. In one of the most difficult areas, the issb is seek nancial risks. Among the lawyers in Wilmington, the betting is
ing feedback on how companies should report greenhousegas that the courts will stop the sec in its tracks because its disclosure
(ghg) emissions, including the socalled scopethree emissions rules flout the limits to its authority. This view has been bolstered
generated by suppliers and users of their products. Disclosure will by a Supreme Court decision at the end of June to curb the power of
depend on how material such emissions are when assessing a the Environmental Protection Agency, an American regulator. It
company’s value, she says. could provide legal grounds for fighting the sec on climaterelated
risks and ghg emissions.
Regulatory ambitions
The sec’s proposed rule is 490 pages long and hugely ambitious. In For the rules to have global impact, though, America needs to
a nutshell, it aims to mandate: disclosure on climaterelated risks play a part. The whole point of putting forward overlapping cli
to a firm’s current and future business; information on any sce materelated disclosures from the issb, the sec and the eu is that
nario plans or internal carbon prices it uses; the threat of climate they limit the burden of repetition on reporting companies, and
related events such as bad weather on each item in its financial spread the costs. As for their impact, granular and more standar
statements; its ghg emissions, including scope three, if material dised climaterisk disclosures could give investors a better handle
or part of an emissions goal; and details on other climaterelated on where the risks and opportunities lie. This could eventually
targets and whether it is meeting them. If it is a big firm, these dis help determine the risks affecting the value that they put on a
closures will need to be audited. company. As Mr Pereira da Silva of the bis says, such signals could
help to set a “shadow price” on carbon emissions even in the ab
The eu’s rules go beyond referring to in
formation about climate change that is
material for investors and aim to measure
the company’s impact on people and the
environment directly. This “double mater
iality” has given rise to what Ms Lloyd calls
“a bit of an emotional debate” about
whether other regulators go far enough.
But she thinks it is a red herring. The per
spectives do not have to be in conflict and
there is commonality in the information
required. For example, when a highemit
ting company assesses its ghg emissions,
it will have to gauge their impact on the
outside world because of the risk that a reg
ulatory, consumer or worker backlash will
affect its value, she says.
Yet if in Europe the concern is that the
new rules may not go far enough, in Amer
ica it is that they may exceed the sec’s re
mit and threaten to damage the credibility
of the entire financialreporting system.
That has led to some colourful dissent.
Hester Peirce, the only sec commissioner
to oppose the new proposals, set the tone
by declaring in March: “We are not the Se
curities and Environment Commission—
at least not yet.” She complains that some
disclosure rules will affect companies
whether their emissions are material or
not. She says measuring climate risks is
difficult to do, and that trying to drive cap
ital flows to the right firms is a “fool’s er
rand” because nobody knows what effec
tive climate solutions will emerge.
The criticisms do not stop with her. In
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12 Special report ESG investing The Economist July 23rd 2022
sence of a governmentmandated carbon price. KenanFlagler Business School have pointed out, esg measure
The information would have to be trustworthy. That is why so ment is mixed up with diametrically opposed views on the pur
pose of the company, as well as debates over whether shareholders
many accounting firms are hiring feverishly as the gravy train ap or stakeholders should prevail in decisionmaking. That amplifies
proaches. pwc, one of the big four, said last year that it would arguments over what is a “good” or “bad” company.
spend $12bn creating 100,000 jobs, a fair portion of which will be
working on esgrelated issues. It is also raising the skill levels of In contrast, the profitandloss accounting system that it aims
its existing staff to help handle these matters. Alan McGill, a sus to supplement is a model of clarity, eschewing moral judgments
tainability expert at pwc in Britain, gives a sense of the mission and political influence. Accounting boards have shown the value
driven zeal that the mandatory reporting now plays into. “Every of standardised, audited financial statements for the develop
six weeks that passes is 1% of the decade gone, so the time to act is ment of capital markets, economic growth and as checks on the
disappearing,” he says. way managers run companies. Sustainability disclosures should
try to follow a similar path.
Whether fearmongering helps is open to debate. Whether it is
even possible accurately to forecast the financial impact of some To make esg measurement more effective it must be stream
thing as unprecedented as the future effects of climate change lined. Standardsetters should not impose measurements to satis
also remains to be seen. But for all the misgivings, it is hard to see fy every interest group or asset manager’s pet social cause. In
this regulatory juggernaut stopping in its tracks. It may be better stead, they should try to ensure that nonfinancial disclosures are
to think of how the rules can be finessed to give investors better required only if they are material to an industry. Measures of more
information not just about the future of the companies they own, general relevance can be disclosed voluntarily, as they are via the
but also how to mitigate their impact on the planet. n Global Reporting Initiative.
The future of ESG The assetmanagement industry should customise its offer
ings. It should make products better tailored to particular investor
Measure less, but better constituencies: climate funds for people who want to reduce car
bon emissions, social funds for those interested in human capital;
It’s the environment, stupid and governance funds for those worried about mismanagement.
If it wants to sell products that put sustainability ahead of all other
Last year Vivek Ramaswamy, a healthcare entrepreneur, pub considerations, they should be marketed as “impact” funds, with
lished “Woke Inc”, a rollicking polemic against the passion of out reckless promises of high returns. If investment managers
American ceos to pat themselves on the back for tackling such is persist in introducing esg criteria across the span of their portfoli
sues as climate change, racism and workers’ rights. He argued os, they should surrender voting rights to ordinary shareholders
that, however fractured governments are, such problems are the to make them more representative. That should steer them away
job of politicians to fix. In the hands of business elites, a concept from dangerous forays into the culture wars.
like esg might be wellintentioned. But it threatens to subvert the
integrity of democracy, Mr Ramaswamy suggested. Streamlining need not mean shrinkage. In fact, more focused
metrics could be promoted globally to encompass private compa
Other critics of esg make a similar point about carbon taxes. nies and government entities, especially in emerging markets
They say that offering a feelgood alternative to investors, finan which have the most to do in cutting carbon emissions. It may be
ciers, big business and regulators, aka, “the climateindustrial better to focus on the e side of esg, and not the s or the g. In many
complex”, may give an excuse to governments not to charge for nonAngloSaxon countries, there are impediments to basing in
carbon emissions. It is a legitimate concern. Carbon taxes would vestment decisions on the latter two, given information controls.
be the best way to direct investment to the most promising decar Regulators, including the sec, are for now focused exclusively on
bonising technologies. Yet nobody should be fooled. The main climaterelated disclosures.
reason the taxes are both low and insufficiently coordinated
across the world is not because of esg or woke capitalism. It is be Ideally, the term esg should be scrapped. As an amalgam of
cause politicians are too timid to foist them on voters. three words, environmental, social and governance, which sound
more like a pious mantra than a force for change, its reputation is
In fact it is worth doubling down on privatesector and bureau now tarnished. That may worsen if outflows continue as returns
cratic efforts to get companies to measure and reduce their carbon deteriorate. Yet sustainable investing is not about to disappear.
emissions. It may be a secondbest solution. But with the right More regulation may make it more credible. So would more polic
disclosure requirements and regulatory scrutiny, it could help di ing of netzero commitments. Investors will continue to care not
rect capital where it is best needed. And if governments ever mus just about returns but about the world they live in. With a suitable
ter up the courage to beef up carbon levies, good measurement new name—say, naturalcapital investing—there is no reason why
would make them more effective. a blend of climate and capitalism should not prove useful. Provid
ed it is not hyped far beyond what it can actually achieve. n
As this special report has argued, esg has too often been nei
ther a good measurement tool nor an effective riskmanagement A list of acknowledgments and sources is included in the online version
one. It aims to satisfy so many stakeholders that the information it of this special report
elicits often bears little relevance to what a company actually
does. It is too imprecise to be a shadow tax on a company’s nega Reprints of this special report are available, with a minimum order
tive externalities. It has created confusion for companies. And it is
hard for investors to work out what it means for asset prices. of five copies. For academic institutions the minimum order is and for companies .
Moreover, it is infected with moral judgments that change with We also offer a customisation service. To order, contact Foster Printing Service:
the weather. As researchers at the University of North Carolina’s
Tel: + ; email: [email protected]
For information on reusing the articles featured in this special report, or for copyright queries,
contact The Economist Rights and Syndication Department: Tel: + ( ) ;
email: [email protected]
Previous special reports can be found at
Economist.com/specialreports
012
Europe The Economist July 23rd 2022 45
Italy straightforwardly conservative agenda.
Ironically, Mr Draghi won the confi
Game over
dence vote in the Senate, but with the back
ROME ing of only 95 of the 321 senators; far short
of an absolute majority. The Five Stars did
Mario Draghi, Italy’s reformist prime minister, resigns after being deserted by his not vote. Neither did the League or Forza
allies. An early election looks likely Italia. The opposition Brothers of Italy
(fdi) party voted against.
Beset by partners turned adversaries, the prime minister. Having begun it lack
his coalition in tatters and his govern ing the support of one of the biggest parties The likely outcome, an early general
ment facing extinction, Mario Draghi ne in his coalition, the antiestablishment election, could scarcely come at a less op
vertheless managed to retain his wry sense Five Star Movement (m5s), Mr Draghi end portune moment, amid at least three inter
of humour. As passions flared in a debate ed it without the backing of two more. connected crises: over the invasion of Uk
in the Senate on July 20th on a motion of Meeting in a villa on the outskirts of Rome raine, energy and inflation. And, because
confidence in his government, one of the as the proceedings unfolded, the leaders of of the lengthy procedures required to elect
speakers took aim at Mr Draghi’s status as the Northern League, Matteo Salvini, and and install a new government in Italy, deci
an unelected technocrat. “Enough of ap of Forza Italia, Silvio Berlusconi, issued a sionmaking in the eu’s third biggest econ
pointed prime ministers,” the senator statement that ostensibly gave Mr Draghi omy will be paralysed until at least lateOc
cried. “True,” exclaimed Mr Draghi, shortly their continued support. But it contained tober. That, in turn, will jeopardise parlia
before getting up to leave the chamber. conditions that he had already ruled out— ment’s ability to approve a budget for 2023
Asked if he was going to see the president, the expulsion from government of the Five on schedule. It also raises concerns for the
Sergio Mattarella, to confirm his resigna Stars and a radical overhaul of the govern rest of Europe.
tion, Mr Draghi replied, “For now, I’m just ment’s programme. In effect, the two lead
taking the lift.” ers were demanding that Mr Draghi’s broad Ready for the right?
coalition, delicately balanced between Polls indicate a victory for an electoral alli
But the following day, Mr Draghi, who right and left, be turned into one with a ance of the right that includes the radical,
had already offered to go the week before, nativist fdi. And since they also suggest
went to see Mr Mattarella and reaffirmed → Also in this section the Brothers would gain most votes, the
his resignation and that of his govern probability is that Mr Draghi, a former
ment. A statement from the president’s 46 Reopening Odessa president of the European Central Bank,
palace merely said that Mr Mattarella had will soon be replaced as prime minister by
taken note of the prime minister’s deci 47 Belarusians fighting Russians the leader of the fdi, Giorgia Meloni. An
sion. But an early election is now expected, erstwhile neofascist, Ms Meloni’s last and
in September or early October; Mr Draghi 47 NATO, Russia and Greece only government experience was as youth
may stay on as caretaker till then. minister in the three years to 2011.
49 Charlemagne: Germany’s dream
The Senate debate on July 20th doomed Such an administration would raise
grave doubts about Italy’s readiness to pass
the reforms the European Commission is
012
46 Europe The Economist July 23rd 2022
demanding in exchange for disbursing the percentage points. An election offers Mr reached on July 13th. The un’s secretary
€200bn ($205bn) or so in grants and low Salvini, an effective campaigner, an oppor general, António Guterres, spoke of “a ray
cost loans that have been earmarked for It tunity to narrow the gap. It also holds out of hope”. This week a Turkish official said,
aly from the eu’s recovery fund. The the prospect of being able to govern the “The Russians seem to be on board.”
League has vigorously resisted deregula country with likeminded allies after
tion in a range of sectors from private sea wards. Mr Berlusconi, whose party is a The proposed deal would create two
side bathing concessions to ridehailing. It shadow of its oncepowerful self, is pre “coordination centres” staffed by officials
has also raised objections to Mr Draghi’s ef sumably thinking along similar lines. from Russia, Ukraine, Turkey and the un.
forts to improve tax collection and shift They would inspect and oversee the pas
the balance of taxation away from employ At the outset, Mr Draghi succeeded in sage of cargo ships in and out of Ukrainian
ment to property. Crucial parts of Mr bringing out the best in Italy’s politicians, ports. The centres would be in Istanbul and
Draghi’s euapproved plan—civiljustice enthusing many with a sense of duty, a perhaps in Odessa, which raises the ques
reform; an overhaul of competition laws readiness to compromise and a belief in tion of who would represent Russia there.
and a similar overhaul of tax laws—have the need for national unity. But after just 17 Another stickingpoint is Ukraine’s de
been stuck in parliament, and will now die months he is now falling victim to their re mand for a commitment that Russia stop
with his government. Italy may well lose asserted worst: their ambition, narrow attacking its ports. Ukraine will open only
further tranches of the cash. selfinterest and failure to understand, or narrow sea corridors, to prevent a Russian
perhaps care, that events in their troubled attack from the sea. Many questions re
The drama inside and outside parlia country have unfortunate implications far main: who would do the demining; how
ment was the culmination of weeks of in beyond its borders. n much repair do the ports require; will ship
tensifying political turbulence. It first ping firms trust assurances that they will
broke into the open in June when the for Unblocking the Black Sea be safe; and will Ukrainian cargo need to be
eign minister, Luigi Di Maio, stormed out transshipped in Istanbul?
of the m5s in protest at the party’s reluc When will Odessa’s
tance to back the supply of arms to Uk Markiyan Dmitrasevych, Ukraine’s dep
raine. Since then, more than 60 other law port be reopened? uty agriculture minister, says about 18m
makers have left the m5s to join him. tonnes of grain await export. In the first
ISTANBUL, KYIV AND WASHINGTON four months of the war, Ukraine shifted
Battling to stem the flow of defectors, 5.2m tonnes—roughly the amount it used
the Five Stars’ leader, Giuseppe Conte, has Vladimir Putin sends positive signals, to ship in just a month—via alternative
adopted an increasingly strident stand on but Ukrainians remain sceptical routes, mainly through ports on the Da
other issues. He has focused particularly nube river but also by rail and road. A Rus
on measures to offset for the poorest the Recep tayyip erdogan walks a geopo sian missile damaged a bridge at Zatoka on
effects of the rise in the cost of living. And litical tightrope. In late June Turkey’s July 20th, which may curb exports further.
it was largely because of dissatisfaction president rubbed shoulders with leaders of With 60m tonnes expected from this au
with a €26bn government aid package that Western democracies at a nato summit in tumn’s harvest, Mr Dmitrasevych says Uk
the m5s withheld its support in the confi Madrid. Three weeks later he gladhanded raine will lack storage for 15m18m tonnes.
dence vote on July 14th that prompted Mr the rulers of Russia and Iran at a summit of If the Black Sea ports remain closed, much
Draghi to first tender his resignation. autocracies in Tehran. It could end in em food will be left to rot. Meanwhile, Ukraine
barrassing failure, but his balancing act accuses Russia of stealing grain from land
Those close to the prime minister say may also produce a deal to reopen it occupies; it also chides Turkey for allow
that among his reasons for resigning was Ukraine’s ports and ship out its grain. ing Russia to ship the cargo through the
the fear that, were the Five Stars permitted Bosporus or sell it in Turkey.
to periodically withdraw their support, the One of the world’s leading agricultural
League would soon start to exercise the exporters, Ukraine has been unable to ship Mr Putin says he is ready to end the
same privilege. Ever since entering Mr most of its crops since the start of the war blockade if “all restrictions related to the
Draghi’s coalition, Mr Salvini has watched in February, raising world food prices and supply of Russian grain will be lifted”. The
impotently as support for his party has exacerbating hunger in poor countries. West says sanctions against Russia do not
drained away to the fdi, which opted to Russia has blockaded Odessa and other apply to food or fertilisers. But in an at
stay out of government and has therefore Black Sea ports; Ukraine has mined its own tempt to ease indirect restrictions the
been free to snipe at it from the sidelines. waters to prevent an amphibious invasion. European Union seems set to release some
The League, currently below 15% in the frozen Russian assets to facilitate agricul
polls, trails the Brothers by around eight Negotiators from the un, Ukraine and tural trade. Some think that Russia may
Russia are due back in Istanbul before the also be hoping to end Lithuania’s restric
Too good to last end of July to try to finalise an accord. tions on the transport of goods by rail to
“With your mediation, we have moved for the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad.
Italy, seats in parliament by party, at July 20th 2022 ward,” Mr Putin told Mr Erdogan in Tehran.
“Not all issues have yet been resolved, but Scepticism abounds. Will Mr Putin real
Senate, 321 seats Opposition the fact that there is movement is already ly throw Ukraine an economic lifeline
Government coalition External support good.” Mr Erdogan’s funambulism helps while he struggles to advance on the battle
him to intercede. Turkey is selling Bayrak field and threatens to widen the war? “I still
MS Lega Forza PD tar drones to Ukraine, yet declines to join don't believe Russia,” Oleksii Reznikov,
Italia Western sanctions against Russia. More Ukraine’s defence minister, told an online
over, it bestrides the straits that link the event hosted by the Atlantic Council, a
Chamber of Deputies, 63 seats Mediterranean and Black seas. thinktank in Washington. Kurt Volker, a
Opposition former American special envoy to Ukraine,
Early in the war Turkey played up the argues, “The talks in Turkey are not talking
Government coalition External support idea that it might broker a peace agreement turkey. They are a way for the Russians to
between the warring sides. Those talks try to deflect any blame. A solution will
MS Lega Forza PD came to naught. This time the signals are have to be engineered by the West, through
Italia stronger. Ukrainian officials sounded up some form of convoy system, rather than
beat after an outline agreement was negotiated with Russia.” n
*SLoiukreclye:tIotasloiaonnPfararlgiammeennttor leave coalition
012
The Economist July 23rd 2022 Europe 47
Ukraine and Belarus The Belarusian’s emotions were not, folk like you,” he said.
however, shared by the Ukrainian official Belarusian observers are sceptical
Common enemies guarding the border. "Purpose of journey?"
she asked, barely disguising a sarcastic about the prospect of Mr Lukashenko join
KYIV smile. "I've come to fight for Ukraine," Mr ing the war overtly. “The posture of the
Naukovich answered. The response was Belarusian army on the border remains a
Why a regiment of Belarusian sharp. "No entry to Belarusians. Coaggres defensive one, and it isn’t capable of doing
dissidents is fighting for Ukraine sors." No amount of pleading, begging or much else,” says Anton Motolko, a journal
argument would change her decision. De ist and the founder of the Gajun project, an
The russians were in front of them. The flated, Mr Naukovich wrote about his expe earlywarning system that publishes
Russians were behind them. It was, rience on Instagram. It was a reply to that crowdsourced information about military
says Aliaksandr Naukovich, as if “the war post that made him aware of a battalion activity in Belarus. War remains a “fright
[were] saying, ‘What the fuck are you doing that was being developed for men like him. ening word” in Belarus, given the huge
here?’" His unit, a ragtag battalion of Bela He applied and, on March 6th, was cheerily losses the country suffered in the second
rusian dissidents, had lived a charmed ex waved through the crossing with a busload world war, he continues. “You need to un
istence until then, surviving four months of fellow Belarusian warriors. derstand our mentality. When the Rus
of fighting with only a few casualties. But sians say, ‘We can do it again,’ we say ‘Never
the news coming through was not good. Speaking in a café in Kyiv in June, just again.’” But the intentions of the military
The battalion's charismatic leader, Ivan before the illfated Lysychansk deploy elite, and of the country’s erratic leader, are
Marchuk, was dead following an operation ment, his hair shaved Cossackstyle, the harder to gauge. n
to stop an incursion by Russian tanks near soldier recalled the unit’s early days as cha
Lysychansk, in the Donbas region. Two otic to the point of comedy. Some of the NATO, Russia and Greece
men were in Russian captivity, three men had military experience, but the vast
others missing in action. majority were green: journalists, it spe Red-hot in Alex
cialists, welders, lorry drivers. They re
Four months earlier, the 33yearold ceived only a minimum of training. Mr ALEXANDROUPOLIS
former children's entertainer had been liv Naukovich remembers how he trembled as
ing in Poland. He had fled there, like many he dismantled a Kalashnikov; he had no A previously sleepy Greek port has
fellow dissidents, after Alexander Lukash idea where the bullets went. become strategically important
enko, Belarus’s despot, rigged a presiden
tial election in 2020 and crushed the re The Belarusian volunteers took only a The small Greek city of Alexandroupo
sulting protests by rounding up and tortur limited part in fighting around Kyiv. But lis, 15km from the border with Turkey,
ing the protesters. they earned their spurs during the spring briefly ran short of eggs and chicken this
months in dangerous operations near My summer. The reason was a threeday influx
Mr Naukovich’s new life was comfort kolaiv in the south, and more recently have of hungry American marines who had ar
able and safe, if a bit boring. But the out been routinely called in to support Ukrai rived on the uss Arlington. Alexandroupo
break of war changed everything. Feelings nian operations in eastern hotspots such lis has turned into something of a boom
of shame and guilt pulsed through him: as Lysychansk. There are approximately town of late, no longer reliant on selling
Russian tanks, planes and missiles were 400 fighters in the unit, which now grand coffee, cake and souvenirs to tourists from
swooping from his country into Ukraine, ly calls itself a regiment. Turkey and the Balkans. For that it can
killing people—and only because men like thank Vladimir Putin’s invasion of Uk
him had been unable to drive Mr Lukash Sergei Bezpalov, a prominent Belaru raine, which has caused activity at the
enko from office. Mr Naukovich had no sian journalist also serving in the unit, city’s port to explode.
military experience, but his instincts told helped finetune the recruitment process.
him he should go. So he packed a rucksack First, prospective applicants send details The port’s geography makes it attractive
and left for the border. via an anonymous socialmedia bot. These to nato’s logistics planners. It is on the Ae
are then vetted by "Belarusian CyberParti gean Sea, with good road and rail links
From exile to battle sans", a hacktivist group better known for north through the alliance’s eastern flank.
sabotaging Russian digital logistics. The In particular, it provides access to Ukraine
successful applicants then head to a re via Bulgaria and Romania. Using it as a
cruitment station in Warsaw, where they waystation skirts the Black Sea, which
are put on buses to Ukraine. They complete Russia patrols, and the Bosporus, a choke
the formalities—army contract, military point controlled by Turkey, a member of
id, guns—once they reach Kyiv. It is a big nato but a capricious one. Better still, the
commitment for all of them. Besides the port has plenty of spare capacity, unlike
danger of war, Belarus has promised to the two larger Greek ports of Thessaloniki
prosecute soldiers as “terrorists” and is in and Piraeus (which also happen to be run
timidating their families. by firms with links to, respectively, the
Russian and Chinese governments).
Despite all this, Mr Bezpalov says Bela
rusian soldiers struggle to win the trust of Since Russia’s invasion of Ukraine,
Ukrainians, especially those working in America’s armed forces have stepped up
the security services. Few understand the their use of Alexandroupolis to deliver
difference between Mr Lukashenko and his weapons, including tanks, armoured per
opponents, he says. Recent murmuring sonnel carriers and helicopters. At one re
that the Belarusian dictator might be about cent point, more than 2,400 pieces of mil
to send in his own ground troops has itary equipment sat on the dock. When
raised suspicions further. On June 24th Vo your correspondent visited on July 12th,
lodymyr Zelensky, Ukraine's president, ap they had just been shipped out to seven
pealed to ordinary Belarusians in a video
address. "You aren't slaves and you aren't
cannon fodder. A lot depends on ordinary
012
48 Europe The Economist July 23rd 2022
other nato countries, according to Andre Budapest UKRAINE thinktank. He was part of the consortium
Cameron, the head of the American armed that revamped the airport in St Petersburg.
forces’ local logistics team. Some 630 HUNGARY
truck and trainloads of equipment have Mr Copelouzos was one of two Greek
left the port so far, he says, though he de ROMANIA Crimea business bigwigs whom Mr Putin met
clines to say how much was Ukraine Bucharest when visiting Greece in 2001. He has host
bound. The next batch of hardware is due ed dinners at his home in Athens for Gaz
within a fortnight. Britain and Italy, among SERBIA prom’s top brass and Russian officials. The
others, are also planning to use the port for csd report calls him “the most influential
military shipments, says Mr Cameron. BULGARIA Black Sea businessman who has been closely linked
with Russia’s interests in Greece for at least
The port’s chairman, Konstantinos Sofia Bosporus four decades”, and his holding company,
Chatzimichail, believes it could also be Copelouzos Group, “an intermediary for
come a big transshipment point for ex Thessaloniki Alexandroupolis Ankara Russian interests in Greece”. The company
ports of Ukrainian grain and other com was closely involved in developing two
modities—though it is not currently deep Aegean TURKEY Russianled pipelines (one of which was
enough to host the largest bulkcarriers. shelved) to bring Russian gas and oil into
The port may soon be an energy hub, too, G R E E CE Sea Greece and neighbouring countries, notes
with plans for two floating liquefied natu the thinktank. A leaked American dip
ral gas (lng) terminals a few miles off Piraeus Athens lomatic cable about Copelouzos Group,
shore. These will bring mostly American from 2007, was titled “Gazprom by any
lng to Greece, Bulgaria and other parts of NATO members 300 km other name?” and said that Prometheus
southeastern Europe, helping them to re “operates as an extension of Gazprom’s
duce reliance on Russian gas. an mp with United Russia, the party unoffi network”. Copelouzos Group did not re
cially led by Mr Putin. Mr Savvidis’s chanc spond to three requests for comment.
With support from the Greek govern es of winning seem remote. Were he to of
ment, the port authority (currently housed fer the most, the bid could be blocked on Supporters of the Copelouzos bid say he
in a modest dockside building with a cor competition grounds: he already holds the is no Russian stooge. “He’s not inherently
rugatediron roof) has drawn up an ambi concession at Thessaloniki. proRussian or proWestern. He’ll work
tious expansion plan. This would add a lot with anyone. He just wants to make mon
more dock space, a new cargo terminal, an The final consortium bidding is widely ey,” says one. In recent years he has stepped
extra 500metre pier and a bypass to the lo seen as the frontrunner. It is led by an en up his business dealings with America. A
cal motorway. A €1.1bn ($1.1bn) upgrade will tity controlled by the family of Dimitris firm he owns is one of the main contrac
add an extra track and electrify the railway Coupelouzos. He is one of Greece’s best tors renovating the American embassy in
that links the port to the eu’s TransEuro known billionaires, with interests span Athens. His group is also the lead investor
pean Transport Network. Thanks to Uk ning energy, construction, property and in the floating lng terminals that will re
raine, says Mr Chatzimichail, “We are pre media. A former Greek mp, and reportedly ceive American gas.
paring for a world with different corridors. a donor to multiple political parties, he is
It will last long after the war ends.” also one of its bestconnected. These recent deals have helped to con
vince some in Washington that a Copelou
Greece’s foreign minister has described The Copelouzos empire has longstand zosowned Alexandroupolis would not be
Alexandroupolis as “one of the most im ing business links to Russia. For over 30 a strategic disaster. Nevertheless, America
portant elements” of the country’s mutual years it has been a 50/50 partner in Prome has made it clear to the Greek government
defence pact with America. James Stavri theus, a joint venture with Gazprom, Rus that it would greatly prefer to see an Amer
dis, a former nato supreme allied com sia’s statecontrolled gas giant, which cur icanbacked consortium win. Some West
mander for Europe, says the port is “locat rently provides Greece with around a third ern officials are said to be worried that,
ed at a strategic crossroads between the Ae of its natural gas. Mr Copelouzos is “one of were the Copelouzosled bunch to win, it
gean and Black seas, and will be of the few Greek entrepreneurs who have de might give Russia a better view of the go
increasing potential value as events unfold veloped business activities in Russia, espe ingson at the port or, even worse, slow
in Ukraine.” He says nato could also “for cially in the field of infrastructure,” accord down its development. The terms of the
wardbase warships there temporarily and ing to a report in 2020 by the Centre for the tender do not stipulate a minimum level of
have them positioned to move rapidly into Study of Democracy (csd), an independent investment.
the Black Sea in a crisis, with the permis
sion of Turkey.” This riles Russia: the Ships full of war chariots For its part, the government in Athens
Kremlin’s spokesman, Dmitry Peskov, has led by Kyriakos Mitsotakis—loyal to nato
described nato’s increased use of the port and very friendly with America—will not
as a “sticky” issue that “makes us nervous”. want to irk its allies by handing the port to
anyone seen as close to their geopolitical
All of which makes it a sensitive time to rivals. A spokesman for the state fund sell
privatise the port. The Greek government, ing the port plays down the risks, saying
perennially impecunious, is pushing that, while the aim of the sale is to “maxi
ahead with plans to sell a 67% stake in mise the economic return”, it will be sub
Alexandroupolis via a 40year concession. ject to “screening…as regards safeguarding
Offers are due on July 29th. Two of the four national security and defence”.
consortia that have prequalified to bid are
backed by American investors and are Mr Cameron, the Americans’ logistics
therefore seen as friendly to nato. The al director at the port, is not distracted by the
legiances of the other two are less clear. question of ownership. He says his team is
already getting ready for the next shipment
One of those consortia is led by Ivan of military equipment, which could be in
Savvidis, a GreekRussian tycoon who is place to defend nato’s eastern border and
based in Russia and is reported to be on Ukraine by midAugust. “And there will be
good terms with the Kremlin: he used to be plenty more after that.” n
012
The Economist July 23rd 2022 Europe 49
Charlemagne Let the sleeper awaken
Germans have been living in a dream wilful blindness have hardly been explored. No one seems to want
to talk about what happened “in the cave”.
The story is old and takes many forms. A fairy-tale version, re-
corded two centuries ago by the Brothers Grimm, tells of a cer- Consider Germany’s woeful dependence on Russian fuels. This
tain Karl Katz, a goatherd in the Harz Mountains of central Germa- came about not only because Mr Putin seduced businesses and
ny. One night a straying goat leads Katz deep into a cave. Tempted politicians with low prices, so boosting Russia’s share of Ger-
by strange men, he drinks a potion and falls asleep. On waking he many’s natural-gas consumption from 30% two decades ago to a
finds that not hours, but years have passed. The world around him 55% chokehold. Decisions were also taken to shrink the supply of
has changed. energy from other sources. Among numerous examples of such
foolishness, the best-known concerns nuclear power. When a tsu-
The bewilderment felt by Katz is now shared by many Ger- nami hit the Japanese nuclear reactors at Fukushima in 2011, the
mans. Some years ago Europe’s richest country slipped into a state government of then-chancellor Angela Merkel flippte aus, shut-
not quite of slumber, but of sleep-walking. Newly reunited and ting down half of Germany’s nuclear generation capacity virtually
lulled by their own economic and diplomatic success, Germans overnight. It set a closing date for the last three plants of December
settled into a comfortable belief that their system was working 2022, a target that is only now being questioned, as crippling pow-
near-perfectly. Governmental policies came to be guided less by er shortages loom. Reflecting the peculiar absence of urgency in
pragmatism than by self-deception, as leaders plied voters with German politics, one mooted compromise calls on the Greens to
intoxicating talk of perpetual prosperity with minimal friction drop their insistence on closing the reactors in exchange for their
and, of course, zero emissions. liberal coalition partners dropping objections to speed limits on
the Autobahn.
The awakening, to the sound of Russian tanks grinding into
nearby Ukraine, has been rude. In some ways Germany finds itself Yet perhaps Germany’s biggest own goal was scored against its
not, like Katz, years in the future, but decades in the past. Instead own natural-gas industry. Germans lack the luck of the neighbour-
of cruising on an Autobahn towards liberal democracy, much of ing Dutch, whose giant Groningen field, a mere bicycle-ride from
the wider world has skidded into ugly kinds of populism that Ger- the border, has gushed out some $500bn worth of gas since 1959
mans recall all too well. Rather than enjoying an era of peaceful (allowing this newspaper in 1977 to coin the term “Dutch Dis-
co-operation, Germany is finding that guns and soldiers—includ- ease”). But neither are Germany’s own reserves puny. At the turn of
ing American ones—are suddenly back in demand. German pros- the millennium Germany was pumping out some 20bn cubic me-
perity turns out to rely not solely on the industriousness of its tres (bcm) of natural gas a year, enough to meet close to a quarter
people, as in the cheering fairy-tale version, but also on cheap im- of national demand. But although geologists think that Germany
ported energy and manpower. And of course that nice Vladimir holds at least 800bcm of exploitable gas, production has not
Putin, who gift-wrapped whole pipelines full of natural gas, turns grown but rather collapsed, to a mere 5-6bcm, equivalent to just
out to be a wolf. 10% of imports from Russia.
Put simply, years of complacency have landed Germany in a Fear of fracking
pickle. Yet even as the establishment comes to terms with the The reason is simple. Geology dictates that nearly all Germany’s
scale of its dilemma, and with the immense challenge of changing gas can only be extracted using hydraulic fracturing, but the Ger-
course, Germany’s conversation with itself remains strangely pa- man public holds an irrational fear of fracking. Not just a fear: in
rochial and lacking in urgency. Even more odd, in a country that 2017 Ms Merkel’s government passed a law that essentially bans
prides itself on the openness of its democracy, is the failure to ac- commercial fracking, even though German firms have been using
count for what went awry. Yes, some public figures have rightly the technique in the country since the 1950s, with not a single re-
been scolded for looking at Russia through rose-tinted lenses. But ported incident of serious environmental damage.
the systemic nature of Mr Putin’s deceptions and of Germany’s
The causes of the public’s fear are not hard to find. In 2008
Exxon, a big American oil firm, proposed expanding the use of
fracking at a site in northern Germany. As environmentalists piled
in to protest, the increasingly influential Green party joined the
fray. So did Russia Today, a pro-Kremlin channel, blaring warnings
that fracking causes radiation, birth defects, hormone imbal-
ances, the release of immense volumes of methane and toxic
waste, and the poisoning of fish stocks. No less an expert than Mr
Putin himself declared, before an international conference, that
fracking makes black goop spew out of kitchen taps.
Germans do seem to like fairy tales. “Eventually we gave up try-
ing to explain that fracking is absolutely safe,” sighs Hans-Joach-
im Kümpel, a former head of the main government advisory body
on geoscience. ”I can’t really blame people who have no under-
standing of subsurface geology, if all they hear is horror stories.”
German gas producers say that given a chance, with today’s
even cleaner and safer new fracking methods they could double
their output in as little as 18-24 months. At that level Germany
could be pumping gas well into the next century. That would trim
imports by some $15bn a year. And that is no fairy tale. n
012
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012
Britain The Economist July 23rd 2022 51
The golden triangle home to four of the ten best universities in
the world for health care: Oxford, Cam
Bio Britannia bridge, Imperial College London and Uni
versity College London (ucl). Strong clus
CAMBRIDGE, OXFORD AND STEVENAGE ters have developed around all three verti
ces of the triangle (see map on next page).
The life-sciences industry is a jewel in the economy. It needs help to sparkle The biggest is in Cambridge; at its heart is
the Cambridge Biomedical Campus, the
britain’s to become party leader, they will be asked largest centre of medical research and
growth over and again about their plans to revive health science in Europe. It is the site of As
crisis Britain’s sagging economy. traZeneca’s new global headquarters,
which will house 2,000 employees when
Tree-lined lawns and historic build Few industries have greater growth po finished. The Wellcome Sanger Institute,
ings provide the backdrop for high tential than life sciences. Although the sec home to the bulk of Britain’s genomicse
tech wizardry at the Babraham Research tor employs people throughout the coun quencing capacity, is 13km farther south.
Campus in Cambridge. Alchemab, a three try, the country’s most vibrant collection of
yearold company housed in its laborato lifesciences researchers, entrepreneurs The Oxford cluster is centred on the Old
ries, is built on the idea that a person’s re and funders are, like those at Alchemab, in Road Campus in Headington, and includes
sponse to chronic diseases may stem from the “golden triangle” that contains Oxford, the Jenner Institute, which developed the
differences in the antibodies they produce. Cambridge and London. If the Tory candi OxfordAstraZeneca vaccine. Harwell, a
Jane Osbourn, the firm’s chief scientist, dates are serious about growth, they will be sprawling science park south of the city, is
says they have already found a set of anti thinking hard about what makes this me built on 280 hectares of land reclaimed
bodies common to survivors of pancreatic gacluster work, and what holds it back. from the Atomic Energy Authority. It is the
cancer. The firm raised £60m ($82m) in home of Oxford Nanopore, which makes
2021 on the back of such discoveries. According to the Times Higher Education whizzy genesequencing equipment and is
supplement’s 2022 ranking, the region is one of the largest firms to emerge from the
The painstaking collaboration of the British lifesciences ecosystem.
scientists in Cambridge stands in striking → Also in this section
contrast to the noisy combativeness of the London’s cluster includes the Francis
Conservative Party leadership contest, 53 Stockmarket woes Crick Institute in Kings Cross, with ucl
which was winnowed down to two con and the Wellcome Trust close by. It also
tenders on July 20th (see following article). 54 Sunak v Truss serves as the main connection between
But these two worlds are linked. As Rishi Oxford and Cambridge, since there are no
Sunak and Liz Truss spend the next few 54 Levelling up: over and out? direct motorway or rail links. Right in the
weeks taking lumps out of each in their bid middle of the triangle is Stevenage, the
55 A motorway for drones British home for r&d of GlaxoSmithKline
(gsk), another pharma giant.
56 Bagehot: The Stupid Party
This network of nerds and nous is
yielding results. According to the BioIn
012
52 Britain The Economist July 23rd 2022
dustry Association, a trade body, British nhs tends to focus on cost control when Outsider perspective
lifesciences firms raised £4.5bn in 2021, buying in new products. And instead of op
compared with just £261m in 2012. It was erating cohesively, bits of the system tend Britain, venture-capital deals involving
not always thus. Andrew Williamson, the to move at their own pace. None of these overseas investors, by stage, %
boss of Cambridge Innovation Capital, a smaller chunks of the network is big
venturecapital fund, says Cambridge was enough to be a really decent market. Venture Growth 50
an “academic ivorytower town” 25 years (rapid sales growth) (substantial revenue) 40
ago. The best graduates from the universi This is not a trivial problem. The Amer 30
ty’s biology doctorate programmes would ican healthcare system may be a lot less All stages 20
make for the City of London and wellpaid centralised than the British one, but its
jobs in finance. Now they want to join wealth, scale and competitiveness make it 10
startups. “There’s a complete cultural a magnet for new technology. nhs infra
shift,” says Mr Williamson. When he re structure and data may help young British Seed (pre-revenue)
turned from Silicon Valley in 2017 it was firms to develop products, but often the
because he could “see going on here exact first market they deploy it in is America. 0
ly what was going on there 20 years ago”.
Another factor also pushes promising 2011 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
In theory one of the great advantages British lifescience firms abroad: inves
that British lifesciences startups have is tors. Lifesciences companies are capital Source: British Business Bank analysis of Beauhurst data
the National Health Service (nhs). A uni intensive: it takes a lot of cash to build lab
fied health system, in which every patient oratories and run expensive clinical trials. a good thing for the company, but it is now
is assigned a single number that follows They also tend to grow slowly, as their pro on a path where much of its growth is like
them from birth to death, is particularly ducts are complex and highly regulated. ly to happen in America.
useful for running clinical trials. Adrian The relatively small pools of capital avail
Hill, who runs the biotechnology cluster at able through Britainbased investors are A firm called Artios, on the other side of
Harwell, notes that the trials done on the simply insufficient for the winding path to the Babraham campus, has a similar story.
covid19 vaccines in Britain were both very viability. “Our venturecapital (vc) guys It specialises in a technology called dna
large and done very fast. tend to have small funds, between £100m Damage Response, creating compounds
and £200m,” says Sir John Bell, a professor that inhibit processes which let cancers
Its unified nature should make the nhs of medicine at the University of Oxford. spread. Niall Martin, its boss, says that the
a fast adopter of innovative products, as $153m he raised from American investors
well as the cleanest, largest pool of medical Cash is not the only thing that startups last year comes with a plan to float the firm
data in the world. “The basic narrative is need from investors. They want access to on the Nasdaq stockmarket in New York in
‘we are a sample set of 60m people, you can networks—of people sitting on the boards a few years’ time. Artios banks with Bank of
come and prove your technology here’,” of large companies that might one day buy America as a result, and in order to meet
says Alexis Dormandy, the boss of Oxford their own firm; of bankers and lawyers Nasdaq’s requirements, the firm must base
Science Enterprises, an investment firm who can marshal the next attempt to raise its chief financial officer in America.
that has just raised £250m and counts arms capital; of people who know biotech inside
of Alphabet and the Singaporean govern out. And the investors with these kinds of In both cases the lack of growth capital
ment as shareholders. Optimists envisage networks tend not to be based in Britain. from investors with British networks (see
a virtuous cycle: data feeding into the gold chart) nudges them towards placing more
en triangle’s firms, fuelling innovations That is partly because of the dearth of resources in America. Britain is left with a
that feed back into a more productive nhs. large firms that might snap up a successful strong commercial researchanddevelop
startup. American investors have links to ment base, but without sales forces or
This vision is only slowly emerging, tens of companies with the resources to manufacturing hubs. “We don’t want more
however. Many nhs data are a mess: the make acquisitions. Britain has only two prerevenue companies,” says Sir John.
systems which house them need an over obvious buyers: AstraZeneca and gsk. “They don’t pay tax or add to growth.” “Cap
haul for which no one is keen to pay. The ital is definitely part of the problem,” says
It is partly because of the state of the Sir Jonathan Symonds, chairman of Glax
25 km Oxford- Cambridge public markets. The London Stock Ex oSmithKline. “There is no uk source; we
Cambridge change is seen as a hostile place for firms are totally dependent on us funds coming
Arc to float. “The lse isn’t the Nasdaq. It’s not to pick on British tech.”
even the Hang Seng,” says Fred Cohen, a
Milton Keynes biotech investor who now divides his time The obvious policy fix, changing regu
between the Bay Area and London. “The lations so that British pension funds are
Oxford SStteevveennaaggee stock exchange needs to decide if it wants able to invest in venturecapital firms, is
London to be a source of capital and liquidity for not imminent. One glimmer of light is that
the innovative companies that don’t fol some foreign venture capitalists are now
Infrastructure and life-sciences institutions*, 2022 low the pricetoearnings metrics that the seeing the wisdom of putting down roots
Motorways/main roads Railways Institutions lse was designed around.” On July 20th Ab in London, building out new networks of
cam, a Cambridgebased biotech firm, an contacts to grab opportunities in the trian
Proposed infrastructure projects nounced that it was abandoning plans to gle. Sir John says he knows of between six
join the lse’s growth market and would and eight “really highclass investors” who
Oxford-Cambridge motorway† corridor maintain a sole listing on Nasdaq. are joining Mr Cohen in putting together a
British base.
East-West Rail Western section Central section Alchemab is a good worked example of
these issues. The vast majority of its £60m The dearth of lab space across the gold
Sources: Department for Transport; *Selected in funding was raised from American in en triangle also puts a cap on domestic
Highways England †Cancelled in 202 vestors, most of it from ra Capital Manage growth. Mr Martin of Artios says his 100
ment, in Boston, Massachusetts. One of person company can find absolutely no
the conditions of funding was that a new where to expand into (another reason to go
chief executive should be appointed in to America, where lab space is plentiful).
Boston; its current hiring is split evenly be Commercialproperty investors seem to
tween Boston and Cambridge. This may be have got the message, at least. In Steven
012
The Economist July 23rd 2022 Britain 53
age, gsk has sold 12 hectares of land to de ised a streamlined domestic system of golden triangle, too. Boris Johnson’s gov
velopers as part of a £900m deal to build clinicaltrials approval to replace the one ernment shelved the OxfordCambridge
130,000 sq metres of laboratory and office in operation in the bloc. But scale matters. Arc project out of fears that it would under
space; last year BioMed Realty, a Califor In 2019 the British pharmaceutical market mine his “levelling up” agenda, which was
nian property developer, paid £850m for was worth £36.7bn, according to the Asso supposed to stimulate economic activity
two Cambridge sites. ciation of the British Pharmaceutical In outside London and the South East, and
dustry, a trade body; the eu’s was worth spark a revolt among Tory voters in affect
Finding a place to work is one part of €227bn ($232bn). Research from James Bar ed constituencies. “There’s a tendency in
the puzzle. Improving the connections be low at Imperial College Business School politics to think pulling down the golden
tween the various bits of the golden trian has found that the British medical regula triangle will help build up other things,”
gle, and opening up affordable new places tor approved fewer novel medicines in says Mr Naismith. “That’s not true.”
for lifesciences employees to live, are 2021 than its equivalents in either the eu or
others. A study prepared by the Oxford America, in part because firms are priori The lifesciences industry in Britain is
shire Local Enterprise Partnership in 2020 tising bigger markets. A standoff between healthy in many ways. Capital pools are ex
found that the region between Oxford and Britain and Brussels over the trade arrange panding. An array of bodies, such as nhsx,
Cambridge contributed £111bn in gross val ments governing Northern Ireland has a government unit devoted to innovation,
ue added to the economy every year; the jeopardised British participation in Hori has made progress in creating a more fer
government reckoned that could rise to be zon Europe, the world’s largest research tile environment for new technologies.
tween £191bn and £274bn a year if a pro anddevelopment funding programme. The strengths of the golden triangle are ve
gramme of building created new homes ry hard to replicate. But it needs help to
and linked up towns by rail and motorway. A sense of grievance against highly edu achieve its potential. The next occupant of
cated elites may sand away the edges of the Downing Street must provide it. n
“People can’t afford the housing here or
in Cambridge,” says Jim Naismith, director Haleon’s listing
of the Rosalind Franklin Institute near Ox
ford. “That is where the government can Don’t gloat about the float
make a big difference.” But planning rules
remain a big barrier to growth. The hous A big debut casts unflattering light on the London Stock Exchange
ing stock in Oxford has grown by just 1,440
net homes in the past five years, a slower The london stock exchange wel may be just as well: Britain’s stockmarket
growth rate than the English average, due comed its largest new entrant in over has accounted for less than 1% of the
largely to the lush “green belt” of land that a decade on July 18th. GlaxoSmithKline capital raised in global initial public
surrounds it. In 2021 the government can (gsk), a pharmaceuticals giant included offerings so far this year. The largest
celled a proposed motorway between Ox in the ftse 100 index of leading shares, firms that have listed in London in recent
ford and Cambridge; plans for an eastwest spun out its consumer healthcare divi years have been dwarfed by those choos
rail link still just about survive. sion in order to focus on new drugs and ing New York or Hong Kong (see chart).
vaccines. Each of gsk’s shareholders
Strengthening the cluster of lifesci received one share in Haleon, the new One big reason for the City’s dimming
ences companies in the golden triangle firm, for every gsk share they owned. appeal is the departure of longterm
could have profound effects on its culture, Haleon started trading at a market capi capital. Twenty years ago British defined
too. Although academics at Britain’s best talisation of £30.5bn ($36.4bn). benefit pension funds had around half
universities are shaking off their ivory their assets in Londonlisted equities;
tower mindset, they have not yet devel The listing is emblematic of the tra today the share is less than 3%. Another
oped the appetite for risk that their Ameri vails of a stockmarket whose best days is that tech firms worry City investors are
can counterparts often possess. Being part are behind it. Haleon is not a fastgrow too focused on shortterm profits to take
of a large network helps to encourage all ing technology or lifesciences firm. It is their businesses seriously. A new Fi
ornothing bets. If it succeeds, then the a longstanding business selling Senso nancial Services Bill includes tweaks to
company is on a fast track to growth. If it dyne toothpaste and smartly packaged the rules to make the lse more attractive,
fails then the firm’s founders and employ ibuprofen. Haleon is not attempting to but it can do little about the attitudes of
ees can just walk across the road to another raise any new funding by listing, which those trading on it. Pass the Advil.
firm, bringing their valuable experience
with them. The whole ecosystem benefits. Diminutive debuts
By recycling people through different Britain, initial public offerings by value New listings, opening value†, $bn
firms, “fast failure” also helps to ease the % of world total
talent shortage that afflicts expanding life
sciences firms in Britain. Some of this 20 0 50 100 150 200
shortage relates to specific skills. Lab tech
nicians and biological scientists have been Kuaishou Technology
labelled “shortage occupations”: the gov
ernment has dropped the minimum salary 15 Coinbase
requirement for visa applications for peo
ple in these jobs. But some of it is about Uber
characteristics. Katya Smirnyagina, a life
sciences partner at Oxford Science Enter 10 Didi Global
prises, says its portfolio companies partic
ularly need people who combine scientific Meituan Dianping
knowledge with entrepreneurial ability.
5 Xiaomi Corp Listed in:
Britain’s political climate is another Haleon Hong Kong
problem. Brexit might have freed British 1995 2000 05 10 15 0 Wise New York
regulators from the burdens of alignment 22* The Hut Group London
with the eu: on July 16th Mr Sunak prom Source: Dealogic
*Year to July 1 th †Top three on each bourse in past five years
012
54 Britain The Economist July 23rd 2022
The Tory race There is one alternative legislation that will renounce some of Brit
ain’s treaty obligations to the eu; that de
Sunak v Truss in his parents’ shop and who was blown off lights the section of the party which thinks
course only by the pandemic. In an address Thatcher’s handbagging of European lead
Two children of Thatcher vie to in February, he approvingly quoted Nigel ers at Fontainebleau in 1984 marked the
succeed Boris Johnson Lawson, a Thatcherera chancellor, who re high point of British diplomacy. The fact
jected the notion that unfunded tax cuts that Mr Sunak campaigned to leave the
The conservative party has spent would pay for themselves through eco bloc, and is now cast as a Europhile, under
three decades seeking an heir to Marga nomic stimulus as a “spurious kind of vir scores the ideological brittleness of the
ret Thatcher. It now has two pretenders to tuous circle”. “This somethingfornothing Brexit project.
choose from. On July 20th, after nearly a economics isn’t conservative, it’s social
fortnight of often vicious campaigning, ism,” he told Ms Truss in the debate. In truth neither arouses genuine enthu
the field of wouldbe Conservative leaders siasm among mps. Mr Sunak’s colleagues
was reduced to Rishi Sunak and Liz Truss. Ms Truss more strongly echoes Thatch agree he is a diligent administrator who
One resigned as chancellor, helping pre er in her monetary policy. She has suggest will impose order after Mr Johnson’s cha
cipitate Boris Johnson’s fall; the other is his ed that she would revise the mandate of the otic reign. Some fear he risks resembling
outwardly loyal foreign secretary, who Bank of England to tackle inflation. “We Theresa May or Gordon Brown, workahol
made up ground among mps as other con have not been tough enough on monetary ics who commanded their departments
tenders dropped out. supply,” she said, voicing a widespread but were overwhelmed in the top job. “At
concern that quantitative easing has dri the Treasury you have the luxury of staged,
Conservative Party members will have ven spiralling prices. Setting moneysup wellplanned interventions,” says a former
the final say in a ballot over the summer; a ply targets would mimic an unsuccessful colleague. “The reaction to immediate
new party leader and prime minister will Thatcher experiment in the early 1980s. Mr events he has not done so much.”
be installed in early September. Mr Sunak Sunak defends the central bank’s record
won the support of more mps and goes and has said he is “worried” by the direc Ms Truss’s record as a minister divides
down better with swing voters, according tion of the debate. those who think her quietly effective from
to Opinium, a pollster. Ms Truss is more those who dub her “the human hand gre
popular with members by a distance, and The two candidates agree on a Thatche nade”. The ideological rectitude that party
is therefore the bookmakers’ favourite. rite agenda of postBrexit deregulation, al members seem to admire may prove an ob
though Mr Sunak’s plans are more fleshed stacle to the imperfect business of govern
Both seek to harness Thatcher as they out. He promises a “Big Bang 2.0” for the ment. “I’m a pragmatic Conservative and
battle to follow her into Downing Street. City (in truth, his proposals to date are more tax cuts are not the answer to every
Ms Truss was raised by nucleardisarma more like a balloon pop). And both have thing,” says a cabinet minister.
ment activists before turning to the right at Thatcherite instincts on the climate; the
university. Her critics see in her a bizarre former prime minister was hostile to gov These tepid reactions bode ill for party
tribute act to the party’s most deified fig ernment subsidies but increasingly agitat unity. The contest is bitter and personal.
ure: she flecks her speech with Thatcherite ed by the state of the planet. Both have said Whoever wins, their share of mp endorse
aphorisms, dresses like the former prime they support the target of reducing Brit ments will be the lowest of anyone who
minister and lauds Ronald Reagan. Mr Su ain’s carbon emissions to net zero by 2050. went on to lead the party since Iain Duncan
nak is a Stanford mba graduate who speaks But Mr Sunak says it must be done “in a Smith in 2001. Thatcher clocked up more
with the sunny inflections of Silicon Val way that carries people with us”; Ms Truss than 11 years in office. On that, at least, she
ley; no 1980sstyle pinstripes here. But he thinks it can be “more marketfriendly”. will go unimitated. n
is an emblem of the era of globalisation
that Thatcher helped usher in: he made a Ms Truss comes over most Maggie on Levelling up
small fortune in the City and married the foreign policy. She talks of a civilisational
daughter of an Indian tech billionaire. struggle between autocracies and the “free What was that,
world”. Such language once appeared ec
The two draw different lessons from the centric to many Conservatives, somewhat again?
Thatcher era. Ms Truss, like much of her less so after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.
party, remembers Thatcherism as a tax She accuses Mr Sunak of being soft on Chi E D LI N GTO N
cutting project. This is the legend that is na. Once a Remainer, she is the author of
told on teatowels at the annual party con The Tories seem to be cooling on Boris
ference. She promises to reverse tax rises Johnson’s big idea
implemented or planned during Mr Su
nak’s time as chancellor. (These hikes are Few places need levelling up more than
worth 2% of gdp, compared with a reduc the Royal housing estate in Edlington, a
tion in the tax take of 4.7% of gdp under town in South Yorkshire once dominated
Thatcher.) “We are predicted to have a re by coal mining. Houses have been aban
cession because you have raised tax,” she doned and boarded up; local children ter
told Mr Sunak in one debate. rorise some of the remaining residents.
The local Conservative mp, Nick Fletcher,
For Mr Sunak this is a partial telling. He has a plan for the estate. He wants to lock
recalls Thatcherism as a project to tame in up criminals, hold community meetings,
flation, which he regards as “the ultimate tidy people’s front gardens and use govern
enemy” and which tax cuts now would risk ment funds to spruce up the high street.
fuelling. Prices rose by 9.4% in the year to But his party seems to be losing interest.
June, the highest rate since 1982. Mr Sunak
styles himself as a fiscal disciplinarian, “Levelling up”, a catchall term for eco
who, like Thatcher, helped with the books nomic development, infrastructure and
beautification projects in the poorer parts
of Britain, was Boris Johnson’s big domes
tic idea. The assumption was that in 2019
012
The Economist July 23rd 2022 Britain 55
Conservatives such as Mr Fletcher won Crumbling Kwarteng, the business secretary, at the
election in traditionally Labour “red wall” opening of the Farnborough air show on
seats in the north of England because the Britain, “red wall” voters*, level of trust in the July 18th, as part of a series of measures to
Tories promised to get Brexit done and be Conservatives to deliver in selected areas, % boost aerospace innovations. Known as
cause Labour was led by Jeremy Corbyn. In Project Skyway, the 265km (165mile) drone
order to hold such seats, however, Tories Significantly trust Fairly trust superhighway will connect airspace above
must demonstrate that they can quickly Slightly trust Do not trust Reading, Oxford, Milton Keynes, Cam
improve people’s lives. Hence levelling up. bridge, Coventry and Rugby over the
0 25 50 75 100 course of the next two years. This corridor
It is now hardly spoken of. The race for Pandemic could later be expanded down to South
the Conservative Party leadership has fea ampton and east to Ipswich.
tured obsessive talk of tax cuts and trans Defence
gender issues, but not levelling up or the As useful as they are, commercial
red wall. Some of the candidates briefed Education drones are currently not supposed to be
that levelling up seemed rather expensive flown beyond an operator’s visual lineof
and narrowly focused on the north. “Con Economy sight, or bvlos as it is known. For long
servatives need to win in lots of different flights this pushes up costs, since ground
places,” said Rishi Sunak, one of the final Environment pilots and observers are required along the
two candidates. A hustings on levelling up route. Britain’s Civil Aviation Authority
on July 19th was held behind closed doors. Crime/policing (caa) has authorised some bvlos flights
without such restrictions, but the proce
Northern Conservatives are incredu NHS dures can be tortuous and may involve the
lous. “Levelling up is an amazing phrase,” closing of nearby airspace. In recent trials
says Andrew Isaacs, a Doncaster lawyer Immigration the Royal Mail has carried letters to the
and prominent local Tory. Politicians in Isles of Scilly and the Orkney Islands, and
the red wall have begged the candidates to Levelling up the nhs has flown chemotherapy drugs
commit themselves wholeheartedly to Mr from Portsmouth to the Isle of Wight.
Johnson’s agenda, lest they (and the Con Source: Redfield & Wilton *1,500 eligible voters
servative Party as a whole) be defeated at polled on July 11th 0 As in other countries, the caa takes the
the next general election. Perhaps electoral line that if firms want to operate regular
logic will eventually draw Westminster’s estate well remember previous efforts, bvlos flights, their drones must be able to
attention back to the north. But Mr John which had little effect. They say its pro detect and avoid both planes and each
son’s wouldbe successors have good rea blems are caused by stubbornly trouble other, just as crewed aircraft do. Specialist
son to try to change the tune. some families, some of whom moved from gear is being developed to equip drones to
other estates that were being regenerated. do this, but it will add cost and weight to
Levelling up has always been vague and what are often small machines. The idea of
messy, like the man who pushed it as Perhaps the worst thing about Johnso a designated superhighway is that instead
prime minister. It is a mixture of serious nian levelling up is the assumptions it of putting such kit in the drones, it can be
analysis about regional productivity gaps, makes about northern voters. They have installed on the ground; this equipment
worthy but uncertain ideas about devolv been treated as selfinterested and transac would monitor and communicate with the
ing power to mayors and assorted griev tional, willing to trade votes for local in machines, and automate flights so that
ances about the wealth of big cities, partic vestment. In fact, opinion polls show, they they are completed safely.
ularly London. It is a story as much as a worry about the same things as everyone
policy programme—saying that you are else: inflation, the state of the nhs, climate Project Skyway is backed by a consorti
levelling up is at least as important as actu change and so on. “Is levelling up that im um of firms, including Altitude Angel, a
ally doing it. Mr Johnson is an accom portant?” asks Chris Bonnett, a Torylean specialist in automated airtraffic manage
plished storyteller who could disguise the ing electrician from Tickhill, south of ment, which has been testing the idea with
holes in his agenda. Neither of the candi Edlington. “We’re at war with Russia.” n an 8km drone corridor in the Thames Val
dates to replace him is as skilled. ley. Another partner is bt, which aims to
Unmanned aviation use its telecoms network to link the super
Even Mr Johnson was not adept enough highway to drone operators, who often use
to sell levelling up to the public. Opinion A motorway for apps on mobile devices to fly their ma
polls of redwall voters find that the Con drones chines. bt will also fit the ground sensors
servative Party is distrusted on his signa to some of its mobilephone masts.
ture policy (see chart). Some Tories believe New freedom to fly between cities
that people are impatient for signs that Drone operators would need to be regis
headway is being made. Doncaster council, Since they began to whirr and hover ov tered to use the superhighway. It would be
which covers Edlington, succeeded last er a decade ago, small autonomous set at low altitude, below Britain’s busy
year in a bid for money to improve the city drones have turned from the plaything of flight corridors where airliners zoom. But
centre. Jane Cox, the Conservative group hobbyists into the stuff of venture capital it would be designed to detect general avia
leader, says people have yet to see progress. ists’ dreams. Drones now carry out many tion, so that light aircraft and helicopters
commercial tasks: inspecting infrastruc could pass through the superhighway safe
It is also possible, however, that the de ture, surveying crops, filming videos, ly. If a potential conflict is detected, the
sire for rapid results is part of the problem. transporting medical supplies and, in drone would be instructed to change its
Not all Mr Johnson’s levellingup policies some places, dropping off shopping and flight path or even land. Operators would
emphasise speed, but many do. As he delivering pizzas. But such flights are be notified and would be able to take man
scaled back plans for highspeed rail in strictly limited by aviation regulators in ual control of their drone if required. On
Yorkshire last year, for example, he argued order to prevent accidents, especially colli some estimates, nearly 900,000 commer
that a revised plan would improve public sions with manned aircraft. The British cial drones could be buzzing around Brit
transport more quickly. In a similar vein, government has decided that it is time to ain by 2030; if so, the superhighway could
Mr Fletcher hopes that the Royal estate’s give drones the freedom of the sky with the be as busy as the m25 on a Friday after
problems will soon begin to dissipate if his world’s biggest “superhighway”. noon. Without the queues. n
plan is followed. But people who know the
The scheme was announced by Kwasi
012
56 Britain The Economist July 23rd 2022
Bagehot The battle for the Stupid Party
Cleverness or soundness? The choice between Rishi Sunak and Liz Truss
Prejudice may stop Rishi Sunak from becoming prime minis ceive little thanks for it. Stupid policies are needed to win support
ter. For Mr Sunak, the grandson of Indian immigrants, comes from the stupid party. Mr Sunak has called for a ban on onshore
from a demographic that has long gone unrepresented at the very wind turbines (“Yeeeyeeeyeeeyeee”). Britain needs more carbon
top of British politics: Old Wykehamists. free electricity. Practically all polling shows wind turbines to be
popular among the general public. It is smart to support onshore
Winchester, the posh school that Mr Sunak attended, churns wind. It is, however, unsound.
out clever clogs who never quite make it to become prime minis
ter. Two former Labour chancellors, Stafford Cripps and Hugh A hawkish foreign policy is sound indeed. That suits Ms Truss,
Gaitskell, both attended the school, which now charges £45,936 who has taken a tough line on everyone from Brussels to Beijing.
($55,000) in annual fees. Geoffrey Howe, a former Conservative In contrast, Mr Sunak has been linked with a less confrontational
chancellor who, like Mr Sunak, helped bring down a prime minis approach to the eu. A letter leaked during the contest from Mr Su
ter, is another alumnus. In total Winchester boasts six chancellors nak’s team at the Treasury warned against the wholesale shred
but just one prime minister (from more than two centuries ago). ding of eu legislation on vat, which would result in years of litiga
In contrast, Eton, a posher school that extols the virtue of leading tion. A calmer relationship with the eu will help Britain’s enor
over reading, has managed 20, including two of the past three. mous domestic problems. But it is not sound.
John Stuart Mill once labelled the Conservatives “the stupid Being sound does not always come naturally to Ms Truss (who,
party”. That is unfair. But it is true that Tories are suspicious of to be clear, is also clever). There is a pantomime element to her
cleverness. They prefer a different characteristic: soundness. This politics. Ms Truss has appeared so often in strikingly similar out
trait is difficult to define. But, like pornography, Conservatives fits to those worn by Margaret Thatcher that people no longer as
know it when they see it. Roger Scruton, a rightwing thinker, sume it is coincidence. When speaking about foreign policy Ms
wrote that conservatism’s “essence is inarticulate”. To put it an Truss uses a nearparody of Thatcher’s tone. When speaking about
other way: anything that can be greeted with the guttural baying economic policy the foreign secretary reverts to a chattier man
Conservative mps use to show approval (“Yeeeyeeeyeeeyeee”) is ner. It may be odd. But it is sound.
sound. The choice that party members must now make as they
weigh up whom to pick as their leader is between cleverness or Mr Sunak may be helped by the fact that he is an intelligent
soundness. Mr Sunak is clever. Liz Truss, the foreign secretary and man with a taste for bad ideas. Ms Truss, once a Remainer, is now a
his opponent in the runoff, is sound. hardliner on Brexit due to a mixture of democracy (17m people vot
ed for it) and cynicism (it is impossible to criticise Brexit and rise
Desperate times mean that many Conservative mps have swal in the Conservative Party). Mr Sunak simply thought leaving the
lowed their aversion to intelligence and prefer the idea of a nerdy eu was a fabulous idea from the off. As a backbencher he champi
prime minister. During the rounds of voting to whittle the field oned free ports, which, at best, shuffle wealth around rather than
down to two candidates, Mr Sunak won the support of more mps create it. He is blessed that when he is stupid, he is sound.
(137) than Ms Truss did (113). When asked to run down the reasons
he was supporting Mr Sunak, one senior Tory highlights his ten Penny Mordaunt, who came third in the voting among mps,
dency to actually read policy briefings. Applauding a cabinet min was neither smart enough nor sound enough. “Greater”, her mag
ister for doing the reading might sound like praising someone for num opus on the state of Britain, is thrillingly insane. In a list of
putting on their trousers before they leave the house. But it would examples of plucky defeat she listed both Frank Spencer, a hapless
be an improvement on the current occupant of Downing Street. television character, and the battle of the Somme. Finishing the
book leaves the reader wondering whether, like a footballer’s auto
To win over the party members, however, cleverness must be biography, its lead author even read it, never mind wrote it.
hidden. Mr Sunak was early to the threat of inflation but will re
The Portsmouth mp pitched herself as the soundest candidate.
Naturally, she supported the new royal yacht, which would sail the
oceans extolling British free trade (“Yeeeyeeeyeeeyeee”). Sadly for
Ms Mordaunt, an unsound past was discovered. As equalities
minister she was seen as a staunch ally of transgender activists. As
a candidate Ms Mordaunt distanced herself from such views.
Voters may not care. But Conservative mps did. Anything that
smells of wokery is not welcome in the current Tory party.
Too clever by half
Yet Mr Sunak and Ms Truss were part of an extraordinarily diverse
cast of leadership candidates. Half were women; half were ethnic
minorities. The best a straight white male managed was fifth and
that was despite a career engaged in the soundest of all possible
activities: shooting foreigners. Although the contest was explicit
ly unwoke, it was accidentally intersectional, with race, class and
gender all tangled together and often discussed in a more nuanced
way than usual for British politics.
Ideological questions ended up trumping ones of identity. But
in one important way, there is little difference between the clever
choice and the sound choice. Both Mr Sunak and Ms Truss poll far
behind Labour. With the Conservatives wandering towards defeat,
even the cleverest, soundest politician would struggle. n
012
International The Economist July 23rd 2022 57
Women’s sport figure was 3%. Far fewer women are paid
enough to play sport fulltime than men.
Raising the game
But interest from sponsors, broadcast
A packed year for women’s sport could boost its growth ers and startups is growing. “Until a few
years ago investing in women’s football
It was just the sort of start a host nation has sold viewing rights in 195 countries. It was seen as something you have to do be
hopes for. On July 6th the opening game hopes viewership for the tournament will cause if you don’t you’ll get criticised,” says
of the 2022 European Women’s Football hit 250m, up from 178m in 2017. one analyst who prefers to remain anony
Championship saw England beat Austria mous. Attitudes are changing, he says, in
10. Blowout victories against Norway (80) This is a banner year for women’s pro part because even that token investment
and Northern Ireland (50) propelled the fessional sport, with many big events. The has boosted viewership and recognition.
team into the tournament’s knockout stag Women’s Cricket World Cup was held in Even sports science is beginning to pay at
es. A harderfought 21 win over Spain put New Zealand between March and April, tention to the specific requirements of fe
them through to the semifinals. and broke viewing records of its own. The male athletes (see Science section).
firstever Tour de France Femmes will start
As is traditional whenever England’s in Paris on July 24th, the same day that the Indeed, says Patrick Massey of Portas
footballers do well, the country’s newspa men’s race finishes there. Consulting, which advises clients on the
pers have begun to speculate excitedly that women’s game, some advertisers and
the team could even win the whole tourna Disruption from covid19 has helped sponsors think that women’s sports offer
ment (it is equally traditional that it never pack the calendar. The delayed 2021 Rugby better returns than the expensive, over
actually does). World Cup begins in New Zealand in Octo subscribed male version. Mr Massey be
ber. (In pursuit of parity with the men’s lieves that, in Europe, women’s football
uefa, European football’s governing game the “women’s” prefix has been will grow faster than any other sport over
body, will be happier still. The opening dropped from the name.) The Euros have the coming decade. By 2030, he says, it
game packed Old Trafford, the home of likewise been rescheduled from 2021. could have more fans than most men’s
Manchester United, with 68,871 spectators. sports. In 2019 the Women’s World Cup at
That was a record for the tournament, beat Women’s professional sport remains tracted a billion viewers.
ing the 41,301 who watched Germany beat far behind men’s when it comes to cover
Norway in the 2013 final in Sweden. This age, prize money and exposure. More peo Spinning up
year’s final will be at the 90,000seat Wem ple watched the final of the men’s Euros Men’s sport has for decades benefited from
bley Stadium, Britain’s biggest. Tickets are (328m) than are expected to watch the en what investors call a “flywheel effect”. Big
sold out. Television audiences have been tire women’s tournament. A study in 2019 broadcast and sponsorship deals pump
strong, too. Around 4.5m people watched found that only 5.4% of television sports money into the game. That attracts more
the opening game in Britain alone. uefa news in America mentioned women’s players, raises the level of play and im
events. In British newspapers last year the proves the quality of the coverage, which
helps attract more spectators and viewers.
That, in turn, generates even more money
the next time around.
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58 International The Economist July 23rd 2022
Women’s sport has long suffered the Star power 2 Jon Patricof, a former boss of New York City
opposite phenomenon, says Tammy Par 40 Football Club and one of its founders, says
lour, who runs the Women’s Sport Trust Global awareness of female athletes he was inspired by the mismatch between
(wst), a charity. Broadcasters have been re 2021, % of respondents the popularity of America’s women’s foot
luctant to show it without being sure that ball team—which, unlike the reliably
people will watch. With few games avail Tennis Alpine skiing Football thirdrate men’s squad, has four World
able, viewers cannot tune in, and few view Golf Other Cups to its name—and the struggles of the
ers means little money. National Women’s Soccer League. “Wom
0 10 20 30 en’s professional leagues [in America] had
The flywheel may, at last, be starting to not really succeeded by copying what the
spin. Start with viewing figures. Numbers Serena Williams men’s leagues were doing,” he says.
are not always easy to find. But the wst has
been collecting statistics in Britain for a Maria Sharapova A change of tactics
decade. The first quarter of 2022 saw the Modern fans often feel more loyalty to in
highest viewership by some distance, up Naomi Osaka dividual players than to citybased teams,
by around 50% on 2019, the last full year says Mr Patricof: “A really strong trend that
before the pandemic (see chart 1). Women’s Simone Biles Gymnastics we see in fans of all kinds of sports.” au
sport, says Ms Parlour, is bucking a general seasons are limited to five weeks, and the
trend for people to watch less television. Lindsey Vonn action takes place in a single host city
Streaming, meanwhile, offers a way to (which keeps costs down). Teams are not
show games without expensive deals with Megan Rapinoe fixed; captains trade players at the end of
broadcasters, helping to build fanbases. every week. The system is partly inspired
Alex Morgan by fantasysports games, says Mr Patricof,
Lynsey Douglas, an analyst at Nielsen, a which are growing fast around the world.
mediaresearch firm, says audiences for Michelle Wie Players accrue individual points, both for
women’s football are split almost 50/50 be being part of winning teams and for play
tween men and women. The figures fre Simona Halep ing well themselves. The one with the most
quently contradict the stereotypes. An points at the end of the season is crowned
Australian survey, published in 2020, Samantha Kerr the champion.
found that more men watched women’s
Aussierules football than women, and Angelique Kerber Matches are broadcast on television
that the biggest age group was 5064year (the firm has signed a contract with espn, a
olds. Figures from the wst suggest some Kim Sei-young big American broadcaster) as well as being
fans of women’s sport do not watch the streamed over the internet. Viewers can
men’s game, giving advertisers a way to Sofia Goggia bet on games and exchange trading cards
reach an entirely new audience. or nfts, a kind of trendy digital collectable.
Bethany Hamilton Surfing Audience numbers are growing, with view
Money is starting to follow eyeballs. er numbers for the firm’s most recent soft
Viewership of the Women’s National Bas Amanda Nunes Mixed martial arts ball season rising by 70%. Limiting match
ketball Association (wnba) in America es to a single location helps au put more
rose by 50% in 2021 compared with 2020. Source: YouGov money into slick production, says Mr Pa
In February the wnba felt confident tricof. “The idea is to signal that this is a
enough to close its firstever funding ers and sellers to think about exactly how professional league, not amateur hour.”
round, raising $75m and valuing it at $1bn. much such rights might be worth, she says. Many players come back for further sea
The prize pool for this year’s women’s Eu sons. The firm has signed sponsorship
ros is $16m, double the value in 2017. One of the biggest deals was in 2021, deals with Nike, a sportswear firm, and
when Barclays, a bank, paid £30m (then Gatorade, a maker of soft drinks.
One big change, says Ms Douglas, is that $41m) to sponsor the Women’s Super
several big rightsholders, including uefa, League, the top level of women’s club soc Optimists point out that there already
fifa (which runs the football World Cup) cer in England, for three years. (For com exists a sport where women have similar
and World Rugby, now sell sponsorship parison Barclays paid £48m for a three star power to the men: tennis. Prize money
rights for women’s events separately, rath year deal with the men’s Premier League in at the biggest tournaments has been equal
er than bundled with the men’s tourna 2001.) In 2018 Aon, a financialservices for both sexes since 2007; women’s games
ments as an afterthought. That forces buy firm, sponsored men’s and women’s pro are sometimes more popular than men’s.
fessional golf at the same time. “Fewer and In 2021 YouGov, a pollster, found that the
Tuning in 1 fewer brands are spending solely on men’s three bestknown sportswomen in the
15 sports, says Ms Douglas. “Increasingly, world were all tennis players (see chart 2).
Britain, TV viewership for women’s sport they want a balanced portfolio.”
programming*, January-March, millions Why women’s tennis has done so well is
Some think sponsors get a better deal unclear. Some point to the individual,
10 with women’s sports. An Australian study sponsorfriendly nature of the sport. Some
last year found that fans of women’s sports argue shorter matches (women play best
5 were 25% more likely to buy a sponsor’s ofthree sets; the men bestoffive) make a
product than those who follow men’s more enjoyable spectacle. But most asked
0 sport. Research from the Sports Research by The Economist cited the lobbying efforts
Institute, an American nonprofit, sug of players like Billie Jean King in the 1960s
2012 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 gests that fans of women’s sport are more and the founding of the Women’s Tennis
engaged than those who follow the men. Association in 1973. On that view, the only
Source: Women’s Sport Trust *At least three minutes thing special about tennis is that the fly
Still, the gulf remains vast. The wnba’s wheels now starting to spin in other sports
billiondollar valuation is around a sixth of have been going for longer. n
the estimated value of the New York
Knicks, just one of 30 teams in the Ameri
can men’s basketball league. Carli Lloyd
was the world’s bestpaid female footballer
until her retirement last year. Her reported
annual salary of $518,000 is a sum that
many male professionals make in a week.
Investors are not betting that gap will
shrink to nothing. But they see plenty of
opportunity for women’s sports to grow.
One idea is that, rather than copying men’s
leagues, which were mostly established in
the 20th century, women’s sport offers an
opportunity to experiment with what a
21stcentury league might look like.
Athletes Unlimited (au) is an American
firm founded in 2020 that runs women’s
softball, basketball and volleyball leagues.
012
Business The Economist July 23rd 2022 59
American business cfos have at least one eye permanently
fixed on a firm’s mix of debt and equity.
A juggling act They must constantly weigh the benefits of
debt over equity (interest payments are
How to manage a balance-sheet in troubled times typically tax deductible; dividends owed to
the holders of equity are not) against the
Few teenagers dream of becoming a tions on sales and earnings, below the av risk of financial distress (angry creditors
chief financial officer (cfo) when they erage in recent quarters. On July 19th the are worse than irate shareholders).
grow up. If things are going well, ceos take share price of Lockheed Martin slid after
the credit (and a fatter slice of the spoils) the armsmaker announced an earnings A decade of cheap credit has fuelled a
instead. cfos seldom make the news and, miss and trimmed its guidance. The same borrowing binge. The market for American
when they do, it is usually preceded by a day a similar fate befell Johnson & John investmentgrade corporate bonds has tri
crisis. Corporate historians and markets son, a drugmaker. Wall Street analysts are pled in size since 2009, to nearly $5trn. Av
alike judge finance chiefs by their ability to revising down profit forecasts. At the same erage indebtedness for members of an in
juggle the competing demands of capital time, debt issuance has slowed and yields dex of investmentgrade bonds (excluding
structure, investor returns and invest on American corporate bonds rated bbb, those issued by financial firms) compiled
ment. The imperfect scorecard for this the lowest and most common investment by Bloomberg, a financialdata firm, has
game is the balancesheet, the statement grade rating, have risen to 5.1%, up from an risen to three times earnings before inter
of what a firm owns and owes. Today’s average of 2.4% in 2021. All this turns the est, tax, depreciation and amortisation
topsyturvy economic conditions, with calculus for what firms should save, spend (ebitda), from 1.6 times in 2010. Corporate
soaring inflation and subsiding gdp or return to shareholders on its head. America is increasingly funded by debt, es
growth, make managing it far trickier. pecially if you exclude cashrich technolo
Start with capital structure. Prudent gy giants (see chart 1 on next page).
Since the financial crisis, historically
low interest rates have allowed firms to → Also in this section As central banks raise interest rates, the
borrow cheaply and plentifully. High pro cost of borrowing is rising for the first time
fits have been returned to shareholders 60 Carbon accounting is cool in years, and sharply. Even so, big busi
instead of being used to boost investment. nesses’ cfos remain relaxed about debt,
Now the rules are changing. A new eco 62 Bartleby: Work from hotel with good reason. Companies had a golden
nomic chapter has begun, marked by opportunity to fortify their balancesheets
squeezed profits and pricier debt. 63 The jobs graduates most want during the covid19 pandemic, riding a
wave of huge issuance at low interest rates.
Less than half of big American firms in 64 Luxury hyperinflation Many grabbed it, locking in low rates on
the s&p 500 index that reported their latest $1trnplus of investmentgrade bonds in
quarterly results last week beat expecta 65 Schumpeter: The robot consultant 2020. Most firms are still finding it easy to
pay interest on those borrowings. At the
end of the first quarter of 2022, firms in the
Bloomberg bond index had ebitda equal to
15.4 times their interest payments, com
012
60 Business The Economist July 23rd 2022
pared with 11.5 times in 2018. investment. The share of operating cash Business and the climate
With the maturity of corporate debt flows reinvested by American firms in new
capital expenditure and research and de Watershed’s
pushed into the future by all the pandemic velopment has declined over the past de
fundraising, and with interest payments cade to 27%, from over 40% in 2009. Com moment
within the bounds of comfort, profits panies, investors and governments are all
would need to take a hammering before expecting it to rise as businesses meet the The rise of a carbon bean-counter
cfos begin to lose sleep over debt. Accord demands of the postpandemic world.
ing to a survey of American cfos conduct The hottest thing in business depends
ed in May and June by Duke University and In the short term, firms are spending on where you are. Bars in San Francisco
the Federal Reserve Banks of Richmond more today to avert supplychain chaos to tend to be abuzz with talk of enterprise
and Atlanta, tighter monetary policy ranks morrow. The inventories of the largest software. Regulars at City of London pubs
eighth on the list of respondents’ worries, 3,000 firms globally, excluding realestate may discuss sustainable investing, and in
behind a litany of operational challenges, firms, increased from 5.2% to 6.2% of glo particular concern for environmental,
from labour shortages to cost pressures. bal gdp between 2019 and 2021. This social and governance (esg) factors (see
creates additional cash demands as com Special report). Combine the two subjects
These worries—and corporate senti panies increase working capital (calculat and you have a winner—both as a topic of
ment at its glummest since the early in ed by subtracting what firms owe suppliers conversation and, hopes Watershed, a fast
nings of covid19—have not stopped com from the value of their inventories plus growing climatesoftware startup, as a
panies from forking money over to share what they are owed by customers). business proposition.
holders. s&p 500 firms paid out $141bn in
dividends to investors in the second quar Businesses are also investing for the Watershed seems an unlikely subject of
ter of 2022, compared with $119bn in the future. Capital spending for s&p 500 firms animated discussion. It helps companies
same period in prepandemic 2019. In the rose by 20% in the first quarter of 2022, measure and report their carbon emis
three months before, they bought back year on year. Mentions of “reshoring” and sions. It is, in other words, a firm of carbon
$281bnworth of their own shares, con “onshoring” have spiked in earnings calls, accountants—not usually a profession to
tinuing an explosive growth in such pay amid a deepening rift between the West set pulses racing. What makes it titillating
outs (see chart 2). All told, big American and China, on whose supply chains West is its potentially vast market. Over a third
firms may spend $1trn this year on their ern firms have come to depend. Ambitious of the world’s investable assets, or some
own stock. So long as markets stay stormy, pledges to cut greenhousegas emissions $35trnworth, falls under the esg umbrel
ceos will be reluctant to rein such pay will require energy firms, which are among la, and a large chunk of that is chiefly about
ments in, lest this be interpreted as signal the most generous with shareholder the e. Someone has to count the emissions
ling distress. payouts, to raise their capital spending from all those assets. And Watershed could
dramatically. The total bill will be huge: be that someone, reckons a clutch of wor
For some firms, this is a nobrainer. Goldman Sachs, a bank, estimates that thies from Silicon Valley (John Doerr of
Technology giants, which executed more $2.8trn of additional “green capex” is need Kleiner Perkins and Michael Moritz of Se
than 25% of American buybacks in the ed each year over the next decade. quoia Capital, veteran venture capitalists,
first quarter of 2022, remain flush with coled its last funding round) and beyond
cash. Apple spent more than $92bn repur Finance chiefs who dust off their fi (Mark Carney, former governor of the Bank
chasing shares in the 12 months to March. nance textbooks will be reminded that re of England turned climate warrior, is an
Less deeppocketed companies have also turning capital to shareholders and invest adviser). In January the firm raised $70m at
been lavishing money on shareholders. In ing it are two sides of the same coin: capital a valuation of $1bn.
2021 more than 80 members of the s&p 500 which cannot be invested at a rate exceed
spent more on dividends and buybacks ing its cost should be handed to share Businesses spew some carbon directly
than their free cashflow (money left over holders, who can put it to better use else (by operating a vehicle fleet, say). Most also
after operating expenses and capital where. Dividends and share buybacks are buy some electricity from the grid, which
spending are accounted for). As borrowing not, on this view, backwardlooking cele may be fossilfuelled. And they are at least
gets pricier, growth slows and margins are brations of high profits. They are a for
crimped, their cfos may need to make wardlooking pursuit of shareholder value.
their capitalreturns plans stingier. Even so, shifting from capital returns to in
vestment, while keeping a beady eye on
If the current run of blockbuster share profits and interest rates, will require cfos
holder payouts is to end, though, the big to show off those juggling skills. n
gest culprit will almost certainly be higher
Bales of bonds
Non-financial companies 120 S&P 5 companies 1.0
Net debt as % of equity Share buy-backs, $trn 0.8
United States 100 0.6
Europe (excl. tech) 1990 95 2000 05 10 15 0.4
0.2
80
0
60 21
United States 40
Japan 20
2000 05 10 15 0
22
Source: Goldman Sachs
012
012
62 Business The Economist July 23rd 2022
in part responsible for the emissions pro technology could get a regulatory boost. In in on the action. As for demand, regulators
duced up and down their value chain. This America the Securities and Exchange Com could get cold feet or, in America, be forced
particular indirect kind, known as “scope mission has proposed a rule that would re to relax disclosure rules by the Supreme
three”, makes up the bulk of most firms’ quire some firms to report their scope Court, whose conservative majority spies
carbon impact. It is also devilishly hard to three emissions. The European Union has executivebranch overreach in climatic
measure, especially across a complex web issued broader rules that, when imple matters. For now, though, Europe is mov
of suppliers and customers. Watershed’s mented, could make nearly 50,000 firms ing fullsteam ahead and American inves
algorithms ingest information about line subject to reporting requirements. Some tors are demanding more details on firms’
items in its clients’ books and match them firms will try to do this on their own. Many carbon footprints, whatever the justices
with data on the carbon cost of those activ will enlist specialists like Watershed. think. Mr Francis says that Watershed’s
ities. The result is a granular picture of a client list includes big names in tech (for
firm’s carbon footprint, says Taylor Fran The company is already facing competi example, Stripe and Spotify) and, more
cis, the firm’s cofounder. tion. Persefoni ai, a startup in Arizona, is recently, in retail (Walmart). How’s that for
popular with finance firms. Businesssoft a conversation starter? n
The market for carbonaccounting ware giants like Salesforce and ibm may get
Bartleby The latest in WFH
Can “work from hotel” become a thing? Your columnist investigates
As summer descends with a ven grants access to a room with floorto The second problem is: how produc
geance on the northern hemisphere, ceiling windows looking out on central tive can workers be with all the dis
you may be fantasising about the prom London, and to Western Europe’s highest tractions that are designed to make work
ise of “working from anywhere”. A col infinity pool. It is aimed at those wishing not feel like work? The spectacular view
league’s PowerPoint presentation would to work and relax by offering a “change of from the Shard is less conducive to
go down better by the poolside, washed scenery to inspire and invigorate”. dreaming up a sales pitch (or a column)
down with a mojito. For most office than it is to daydreaming. At Birch,
grunts such fantasies remain just that— Both Birch and the ShangriLa have boardgames occupy every horizontal
“anywhere” boils down to the discomfort their virtues. Birch’s WiFi was excellent surface, ready to draw out the procrasti
of the sweaty kitchen table, a noisy café and the workspaces had enough sockets to nator in you. And once you are done
or the office hot desk. avoid undignified tussles for the last place stretching, that sourdoughbaking class
to plug in your chargers. The “Gentle is a recipe to keep putting work on the
That has not stopped venues offering Flow” stretch class in which Bartleby back burner.
to combine the liberty of the home office enrolled, in the spirit of going native, was
(minus the offspring and the dirty dish perfectly pleasant (notwithstanding the Third, if you resist the temptation to
es) with the climate control of the cor instructor’s insistence on starting with an temporise and get down to business, you
porate hq (minus the boss looking over astrological update and reciting a poem at may as well be at home or the office. The
your shoulder). “Third spaces”, neither the end). So were laps in the ShangriLa’s kibbutzlike camaraderie which Birch
office nor home, are not a new idea. Soho infinity pool and the view of St Paul’s (and other places like it cropping up
House, a chain of fashionable clubs, Cathedral from her room on the 38th floor. everywhere) try so hard to evoke is,
pioneered 30 years ago the concept of ironically, the very thing you miss by
work while mingling with other profes Yet problems soon became apparent. staying away from your office mates.
sionals in an elegant setting. Now hotels The first is price. An overnight stay at While you are updating that spreadsheet
are getting in on the action. Your col Birch sets you—or, if you are lucky like or answering emails, luxury hotels’
umnist, a guest Bartleby, tried out two Bartleby, your employer—back £160 ($192). creature comforts scarcely register. As
recent London offerings. The ShangriLa charges £350 for a stan with most material indulgences, a sense
dard room. Cities have plenty of cheaper of vacuity descends once the novelty of
She first headed to Birch, a hotel in a “third spaces” these days; a coworking the marble floors and stacks of fluffy
Georgian manor on 55 acres of Hertford space costs a fraction of that. towels wears off.
shire just north of the city. The venue
invites you to “come work miracles” at its The millennials and Genzs mean
Hub coworking area, “set strategies” in dering around Birch suggest that de
spaces “ready to fit 5 or 50” or “connect mand for its hip offerings exists. And
and create” with classes in pottery, sour hoteliers are wise to work their assets in
dough baking, “foraging with our farm new ways as they cope with changes to
er” and other structured activities. Men, their industry: business travel is, after
women and genderfluid people in their all, unlikely to return to prepandemic
20s and early 30s hunch over laptops and patterns for a while, if ever.
glasses of red wine on the terrace. Some
digital nomads pay a monthly member Just do not expect whitecollar types
ship fee and enjoy special discounts to to flock to hotels en masse for a hard
stay in the property and work remotely, day’s work. Most of the ShangriLa’s
but you can, like Bartleby, come as an daytime residents seemed to be couples
overnight guest. seeking privacy, not executives keen to
inspire and invigorate their pitches. As
Her second destination was the Shan for Bartleby, you will find her at The
griLa hotel in the Shard, which now Economist’s London head office or, failing
offers stays from 10am to 6pm. The pass that, her kitchen table.
012
The Economist July 23rd 2022 Business 63
Gen Z and work Job-hopping 2
What graduates want United States, top employers
of business graduates
Consulting/accounting Banking
Tech Media Sportswear
More flexibility, more security—and more money Rank 2008 2021
1 Ernst & Young Google
Generation z is different. As a whole, search for cheaper or larger homes. 2 Google Apple
Americans born between the late 1990s In Microsoft’s latest Work Trend Index, 3 PwC Tesla
and early 2000s are less likely to have work 4 Deloitte JPMorgan Chase
or look for it: their labourforceparticipa which polled more than 30,000 workers in 5 Goldman Sachs Walt Disney
tion rate is 71%, compared with 75% for 31 countries in January and February, more 6 KPMG Amazon
millennials (born between 1980 and the than half of Genz hybrid workers said they 7 Walt Disney Nike
late 1990s) and 78% for Generation x (born were relocating thanks to remote work, 8 JPMorgan Chase Netflix
in the decade or so to 1980) when each compared with 38% of people overall. The 9 Apple Goldman Sachs
came of age. As a result, they make up a option to work remotely is increasingly 1 Merrill Lynch Spotify
smaller share of the workforce. On the nonnegotiable. Workers aged 18 to 34 are
other hand, they are better educated: 66% nearly 60% more willing to quit than their Source: Universum
of American Genzs have at least some col older peers if the choice is taken away, ac
lege (see chart 1). The trend is similar in cording to research by McKinsey, a consul kpmg and pwc). By 2021 seven of the ten
other rich countries. With graduation cere tancy. They are also more likely to engage highest spots were occupied by tech and
monies behind them, the latest batch of di with job listings that mention flexibility. media giants (see chart 2).
plomaholders are entering the job market.
What they want from employers is also not This has big implications. Industries There are signs that Genzs’ love affair
quite the same as in generations past. And with jobs that cannot be done from home with tech may be losing some of its ardour.
as the economy sours following a pandem are falling out of favour with recent gradu After a decade of frantic hiring, tech is sud
ic jobs boom, those wants are in flux. ates. A study by ManpowerGroup, a re denly looking like a less secure earlyca
cruitment company, suggests an inverse reer bet for the ambitious graduate. Having
Start with their broad preferences. Al relationship between talent shortages and taken a battering from nervy investors this
though Genz recruits felt more lonely and flexible working policies. The sectors year, companies such as Alphabet, Meta,
isolated than their older colleagues at the which are either less able to offer remote Microsoft and Uber have slowed hiring.
start of the pandemic, the ability to work work or have been slower to embrace it— Twitter has revoked recently made job of
remotely has unearthed new possibilities. including construction, finance, hospitali fers. Netflix has laid off hundreds of work
The benefits go beyond working in your ty and manufacturing—have faced some of ers. So have newer tech darlings such as
pyjamas. Many are taking calls from beach the biggest skills gaps for all types of job. Coinbase and Robinhood. Elon Musk,
chairs and hammocks in more exotic lo The same is almost certainly true for their Tesla’s chief executive, has announced a
cales (see Bartleby) or fleeing big cities in universityeducated workers. hiring freeze and cuts of about a tenth of
the electriccar maker’s staff. More than
The Z variable 1 That in turn has accelerated a preexist 28,000 workers in America’s tech sector
ing trend of young recruits trading Wall have lost their jobs so far in 2022, accord
United States, comparisons at 25 years Street for Silicon Valley. Ever since thou ing to Crunchbase, a data provider. Those
since generation began sands of banking jobs were axed—and the graduates who do choose tech are likelier
industry’s reputation tarnished—in the to pick an established firm over a sexy
Recent* high-school graduates Number, m wake of the financial crisis of 200709, big startup with hazier prospects.
enrolled in college, % tech has looked more attractive to gradu
2.4 ates than big banks have. In Britain, the Experimenting with drugs
Gen X (1990) 60.1 2.7 number of young people studying comput Some graduates may instead opt for other
3.2 er science rose by almost 50% between 2011 hightech sectors that seem less vulnerable
Millennials (2006) 66.0 and 2020, to over 30,000. More than 31,000 to economic swings. Drugmakers at the
took up an engineering course in 2020, up forefront of the covid19vaccine rollout
Gen Z (2019†) 66.2 by 21% from 2011. are finding particular favour. AstraZeneca
and Pfizer, each of which has produced an
Labour-force participation rate Employed, m Now technology bosses are more will effective jab, shot up in the rankings of
20- to 2 -year-olds, % ing than their opposite numbers in finance Britain’s most attractive employers last
13.4 to let employees work from home (or any year. AstraZeneca doubled its intake of
Gen X (1990) 77. 13.9 where else). Bank ceos such as Jamie Di highschool and university graduates in
13.7 mon of JPMorgan Chase or James Gorman 2021. The war in Ukraine, meanwhile, may
Millennials (2006) 74.6 of Morgan Stanley have urged employees boost the appeal of armsmakers—shunned
back to the office. By contrast, Mark Zuck by some millennials and Genxers as irre
Gen Z (2022†) 70.7 erberg has allowed workers at Meta, his so deemably unethical but now able to por
cialmedia giant, to work from anywhere if tray themselves as producers of the “arse
Unemployment rate Unemployed, m their role allows it even after the firm re nal of democracy”.
20- to 2 -year-olds, % opened its American offices in March.
1.3 Graduates’ sharpening focus on job se
Gen X (1990) .7 1.2 Annual rankings of employer desirabil curity also boosts the appeal of the public
1.1 ity by Universum, a graduatestaffing con sector, notes Dan Hawes, cofounder of
Millennials (2006) .2 sultancy, bear this out. In 2008 the list of
*Graduated in the same year best employers as graded by American
Gen Z (2022†) 7.4 †Jan-Jun 2022 or latest available graduates was dominated by big banks and
the Big Four consulting firms (Deloitte, ey,
Sources: Bureau of Labour
Statistics; NCES
012
64 Business The Economist July 23rd 2022
Graduate Recruitment Bureau, a British The microeconomics of luxury
firm. In Britain, applications for govern
ment jobs rose by nearly a third at the start Puttin’ it up at the Ritz
of the pandemic. In March there were an
estimated 67,000 more publicsector em LONDON, PARIS AND SAN FRANCISCO
ployees in the country than a year earlier.
Around 1.4m Chinese vied for just over Vacationing plutocrats are the true victims of inflation
31,000 government positions by sitting the
notoriously tough national civilservice Pity those looking for a slice of luxury Life is suite
exam in November 2021, up by more than this summer. Consumer prices are
40% compared with the previous year. rising fast the world over but at the fanci Hotels, worldwide average daily rate per room*
est hotels they are soaring. Last year you June 2020=100, $ terms
If graduates keep gravitating towards could book a night at Le Bristol, Paris’s
safe government jobs, that will leave a best, for less than €1,000 ($1,170) a night, Luxury 225
smaller talent pool for private employers if you looked hard enough. Now rooms 200
to fish in. Despite signs of a slowing econ are going for hundreds of euros more.
omy, labour markets remain tight. Many The price of a gin martini at London’s 175
older professionals quit their jobs during Dukes hotel (straight from the freezer,
the pandemic. Others retired early. and hands down the city’s best) is shoot 150
ing up faster than the tippler’s blood Non-luxury 125
Britain’s labour force has lost more than alcohol level after the first sip. A basic
250,000 people since covid19 first struck. room on a Monday night in November at 100
America has 3.3m fewer people wor a new Four Seasons in California’s wine
king. The latest official figures there show country is going for about $2,000. 2019 20 75
11.3m job openings but only 6m unem 21 22
ployed Americans. It will take at least four The cost of staying at a posh hotel Sources: STR; The Economist
years for the American labour market to re crashed amid the first wave of covid19 *Three-month moving average
turn to its prepandemic employment but has roared back. str, an analytics
rates, according to the oecd, a club of firm specialising in the hospitality in services are automated (or, increasingly,
mostly rich countries. dustry, finds that the typical worldwide dispensed with entirely). The latest data
daily rate for a luxury hotel has more suggest that richworld pay is currently
How far will companies go to entice than doubled in the past two years (see rising by about 4.5% a year in nominal
younger workers—and keep them happy? chart). Prices for rooms at lesser estab terms, the highest rate in decades, and it
For the time being the short answer seems lishments are up, but by nowhere near as is surging even faster in America.
to be: quite far. To burnish its flexible much. Hotel accommodation, as mea
working credentials Citigroup, a bank, has sured by America’s consumerprice The second factor has to do with
opened a new hub in the Spanish coastal index, has risen by 27% in that period, profit margins. Luxury hotels find it
city of Málaga, luring over 3,000 applicants twice as fast as the index as a whole. easier than others to pass on higher costs
for just 30 analyst roles. In addition to pro to customers. Business travellers using
viding gourmet meals, roundtheclock Two factors explain why the very corporate cards do not study prices on
massages and nap pods, Google recently swankiest hotels are raising their prices menus very closely. The rich are probably
hired Lizzo, a pop star, to perform for staff. the most. The first relates to labour costs. even less pricesensitive than usual
Fancy places employ a lot of people, from while on holiday. After a couple of years
The best thing firms can do to attract porters to carparking valets, in order to of less or no travel, and with their savings
young talent is to cough up more money. satisfy their guests’ every whim. As a pots even fuller, they are ready for a good
According to Universum, some earlier consequence, they are more exposed to time. To a microeconomist that all makes
Genz hobby horses such as an employer’s wage rises than are regular hotels, where sense—even if it doesn’t make the price
commitment to diversity and inclusion or guests wait longer to be served and more of a glass of champagne at the Ritz any
corporate social responsibility have edged easier to swallow.
down the list of American graduates’ prior
ities. A competitive base salary and high
future earnings have edged up. Banks such
as JPMorgan Chase, Goldman Sachs and
Citigroup, and management consultancies
including McKinsey and bcg have bumped
firstyear analysts’ annual pay up to
$100,000. Law firms have been raising
their starting salaries. bp, a British energy
giant, offers recent graduates signon
bonuses of as much as £5,000 ($6,000) and
discounts on cars. Money isn’t everything.
But it’s something. n
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012
The Economist July 23rd 2022 Business 65
Schumpeter Unlocking Keyence’s secret
A Japanese consultant to the world’s factories is an unlikely profit machine
Keyence is not exactly a household name, even by the lowkey pany employs no specialised sales team and its offerings cannot
standards of corporate Japan. Ask most people, including be bought from anyone else. These sales engineers, if you will, are
some professional marketwatchers, and the odds are they will also akin to consultants by being embedded within a client firm
struggle to say much about it. Put the same question to the world’s for a time to see how it ticks—and how it might tick better.
factoryowners, and they will recognise it instantly. Founded in
1974 by Takizaki Takemitsu, a young entrepreneur without a uni McKinsey, though, must fight for clients with rivals such as
versity degree, the company has for decades been helping manu Bain or bcg; Accenture, a rare listed consultancy among what are
facturers get the most out of their factories with sensors and ro mostly opaque private partnerships, reports net profits equal to
botics. Its clients include giants from just about every industry, roughly 10% of sales. Keyence, by contrast, faces no real competi
from aerospace (Boeing) to semiconductors (Samsung and tsmc). tion. Firms that have tried to enter its market, such as Basler of
Germany and Omron, a fellow Japanese company, are about a
As automation takes hold of industrial bosses’ imagination, quarter as lucrative and have not competed away its margins. If
they are willing to pay handsomely for Keyence’s services, which anything, Keyence’s have been edging up in recent years. So how
include designing clever kit and helping clients integrate it into does a company that does not make anything and invests next to
their operations. Its revenues have nearly trebled since the early nothing pull this off? And can it keeping doing so?
2010s, to $6.7bn. Profits have grown faster still: the firm’s operat
ing margin now exceeds 50%; net margin has averaged 36% over Explanations of Keyence’s remarkable run usually start with its
the past decade, 13 percentage points higher than that of famously focus on its clients. People who have witnessed up close the rela
profitable Apple. Today it is Japan’s fourthmostvaluable compa tionship between the company’s engineers and those who employ
ny, worth more than $90bn. Even after the recent stockmarket their services describe a painstaking process of optimisation.
slump its share price is nearly ten times higher than a decade ago. Without Keyence’s engineers to ensure that all possible efficien
Last year Mr Takizaki briefly became the richest person in Japan. cies are eked out, factories risk a bit more downtime and a bit less
productivity, which can prove crippling in markets more compet
This riproaring success is something of a riddle. Few compa itive than the Japanese firm’s, which is to say most of them. Engag
nies of any size enjoy that sort of profitability. Especially among ing with analysts, investors and the odd journalist is an after
big firms like Keyence, those that do tend to belong to one of three thought: a distraction that is best kept to a minimum.
groups: regulated champions (think Saudi National Bank), domi
nant firms in industries with large barriers to entry (such as tsmc, Keyence’s second trump card is its approach to personnel. Even
whose chip factories cost $20bn a pop, or its Dutch supplier of by Japanese standards, working for the company is regarded as a
chipmaking gear, asml), or unregulated de facto monopolies in relentless slog. But the sales engineers are compensated hand
technology markets (Alphabet in online search, for example). somely for their dual roles. The average salary it paid in the last fi
nancial year was ¥22m ($196,000). It regularly ranks as the coun
Keyence is none of these. Regulators mostly ignore its market. try’s highestpaying large company, above banks and other finan
It is “fabless”, dreaming up its gizmos but outsourcing their pro cial firms. This draws in ambitious youngsters who, also like
duction to contract manufacturers; its capital spending is negligi many management consultants, put in a few years of hard graft
ble and it devotes barely 23% of revenue to research and develop before moving on. The average age of its employees is 36, far below
ment, compared with around 9% for tsmc. And its designs are be the Japanese median age of 49.
spoke, and as such would seem to benefit less from economies of
scale. You can think of it as the management consultant to the The third factor behind the company’s success is the breadth of
world’s factories. Like McKinseyites, its engineers act as its only its order book. It works for almost every large global manufacturer
sales reps, tasked with bringing in business to the firm; the com of note, ranging from aliments to aeroplanes. When a client brings
in Keyence consultants, it is benefiting from their accumulated
knowledge of best practice across most manufacturing subsec
tors. That may include insights from the client’s direct rivals,
which are also likely to rely on Keyence’s services.
McKeyence & Company
This is yet another similarity to management consultancies,
which likewise enjoy access to the inner workings of their clients’
rivals. Where Keyence has an edge over the McKinseys and Bains is
in its more specialised offerings. That makes the selfreinforcing
stockpile of institutional knowledge harder for rivals to replicate.
This phenomenon of scale begetting more scale is reminiscent of
big tech’s vaunted networkeffect “flywheels”.
Keyence is not without challenges. This year’s global tech
crunch has shaved around $60bn from its market capitalisation.
As onceplacid investors in Japan become more assertive they may
press the company to do something with its large cash holdings of
around $8bn. And even tech flywheels with seemingly unstoppa
ble inertia can be disrupted—just ask Meta, whose socialmedia
dominance is under threat from TikTok, a Chinese upstart. Until
that happens, though, manufacturing bosses around the world
will happily keep enlisting platoons of Keyence sales engineers
with a tacit understanding of what their competitors are up to. n
012
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012
Finance & economics The Economist July 23rd 2022 67
Emerging economies inflation and, eventually, soaring interest
rates in the rich world pushed many heavi
The fragile 53 ly indebted poor economies over the fiscal
cliff. In August 1982 Mexico’s government
WASHINGTON, DC announced that it could no longer service
its foreign debt. More than three dozen
The contours of a debt crisis are starting to become clear countries had fallen behind on their debts
before the year was out. By 1990 roughly 6%
For a fleeting moment, the protesters mies are entering an era of intense macro of the world’s public debt was in default.
seemed to be having a good time. On Ju economic pain. Some countries face years
ly 9th some of the thousands of Sri Lankans of difficult budget choices and weak Much has changed since. Many govern
who had taken to the streets to express growth. Others may sink into economic ments opened up to trade, liberalised their
frustration at the country’s economic cri and political crisis. All told, 53 countries economies and pursued more disciplined
sis stormed into the president’s residence, look most vulnerable: they either are macroeconomic policy. Faster growth and
where they cooked, took selfies and swam judged by the imf to have unsustainable better policy led to broad improvements in
in the pool. Not long after, word came that debts (or to be at high risk of having them); the fiscal health of emerging economies.
the president, Gotabaya Rajapaksa, had have defaulted on some debts already; or By 2008, as rich countries sank into an in
fled and would resign. His successor, Ranil have bonds trading at distressed levels. tense financial crisis of their own, the level
Wickremesinghe, until recently the prime of public debt across poorer economies
minister, inherits a mess. In April Sri Lan Today’s bleak situation has an analogue stood at just 33% of gdp.
ka declared that it could no longer service in the desperate years of the 1980s and
its foreign debt. Its government has sought 1990s. Then, as now, a long period of robust This allowed them to engage with the
aid from India and Russia to pay for essen growth and easy financial conditions was global financial system in a manner more
tial imports. The economy is likely to followed by leaner times and rising debt like the rich world. Most emergingmarket
shrink dramatically this year. In June an burdens. Macroeconomic shocks, rising governments hoping to tap global capital
nual inflation climbed to 55%. If the gov used to have little choice but to borrow in a
ernment is unable to stabilise the situa → Also in this section foreign currency, a risky step that could
tion, the country may yet succumb to quickly transform homecurrency depre
hyperinflation and further political chaos. 69 Banks’ bittersweet earnings ciation into a fullblown crisis. Around the
turn of the millennium, about 85% of new
The scenes in Sri Lanka may be a sign of 70 Of Big Macs and euro-dollar parity debt issued outside America, Europe and
things to come elsewhere. Debt loads Japan was not denominated in the borrow
across poorer countries stand at the high 71 China’s energy crunch... er’s currency. But by 2019 roughly 80% of
est levels in decades. Squeezed by the high outstanding bonds across the emerging
cost of food and energy, a slowing global 71 ...and its mortgage boycotts world were denominated in local currency.
economy and a sharp increase in interest
rates around the world, emerging econo 72 Buttonwood: The Fed call As emerging economies’ financial sys
tems matured, their governments became
74 Free exchange: Inflation targets better able to tap domestic capital markets.
The crises of the 1980s and 1990s also
taught them the value of stockpiling for
012
68 Finance & economics The Economist July 23rd 2022
eignexchange reserves; global reserves Distress signals 1
rose from less than 10% of world gdp in
2005 to 15% in 2020. It was thanks largely Selected emerging markets, measures of financial vulnerability
to these adjustments that most emerging
markets weathered the slow growth of the Egypt General gov’t gross debt Short-term external debt Gov’t bond yields, spread
2010s and the shock of the pandemic. Only Angola 202 , % of GDP 2020, % of total reserves* over US Treasuries†, %-points
six governments defaulted in 2020—in El Salvador
cluding Argentina (for the ninth time), Ec Tunisia 3.5 30.7 11.6
uador and Lebanon—equivalent to just Ghana 86.3 46.3 10.3
0.5% of outstanding global public debt. Argentina 83.6 60.7 33.3
Pakistan 82.0 108.4 31.1
But this greater resilience also allowed Gabon 81.8 65.2 17.3
governments to rack up more borrowing. Kenya 80.6 108.1 20.8
In 2019 public debt stood at 54% of gdp Ecuador 74.0 81.3 22.7
across the emerging world. The pandemic Ethiopia 6 .5 26.2 10.8
then led to an explosion in borrowing. In Ukraine 68.1 27.6 13.5
2020 emerging economies ran an average Nigeria 62.2 12.3
budget deficit of 9.3% of gdp, not far off the 53.0 13.2 38.1
10.5% run by rich economies. 4 .0 13.4 78.3
37.0 82.6 10.3
Borrowing stabilised in 2021 as econo Nil
mies rebounded. But the picture has grown
darker this year. The jump in food and en Sources: IMF; World Bank; *Foreign-exchange reserves including gold †Based on bonds in Bloomberg
ergy prices that followed Russia’s invasion Bloomberg; The Economist emerging-markets index, weighted average yield to maturity, July 20th 2022
of Ukraine is depressing growth across
most of the world, increasing debt bur and another 30 are at high risk of falling rest of the world, depends on whether big
dens. Rising import bills have drained hard into such a situation. Debt problems in ger economies, like Brazil and Turkey, are
currency from many vulnerable places— these countries pose little threat to the glo ensnared by crisis. Both have muddled
including Sri Lanka—eroding their capaci bal economy; together, their gdp is roughly through so far, despite some vulnerabili
ty to service foreign debts. Conditions will equivalent to that of Belgium. Yet they are ties, but poor policy could push them to
probably deteriorate as richworld central home to nearly 500m people, whose fates wards the brink.
banks continue to raise interest rates. depend on whether their governments can
Hawkish turns by the Federal Reserve tend afford to invest in basic infrastructure and As a commodity exporter, Brazil has
to diminish risk appetite and draw capital public services. benefited from higher food and energy
out of emerging markets, leaving over prices. Its hefty pile of foreignexchange
extended borrowers high and dry. Then there are the troubled middlein reserves has so far reassured markets. The
come economies in the mould of Sri Lanka, president, Jair Bolsonaro, trails in the polls
And Fed policy has not been this hawk which are more integrated into the global ahead of an election due in October,
ish for some time. The federalfunds rate is financial system, and which through poli though, and has loosened the country’s
expected to approach 3.5% by the end of cy missteps and bad luck have found them purse strings in an attempt to win support,
this year, which, along with the unwinding selves exposed. Overall, 15 countries are ei adding to the country’s heavy debt load. He
of some recent asset purchases, would ther in default or have sovereign bonds has also suggested that he may not obey
constitute the Fed’s sharpest tightening trading at distressed levels. They include voters should they decide to toss him out.
since the early 1980s. The emerging world Egypt, El Salvador, Pakistan and Tunisia. If he spooks markets, an outflow of capital
has thus experienced net capital outflows could at the very least leave the economy
every month since March, according to the Home discomforts facing a severe fiscal crunch and recession.
Institute of International Finance, an in More middleincome countries may be
dustry group. The dollar has risen by over better insulated against deteriorating glo Turkey has a dynamic economy and a
12% against a basket of currencies since the bal conditions than they were in the past. modest level of public debt. But it owes a
start of the year, and is up by far more Still, the imf reckons that about 16% of lot to foreigners relative to its available
against many emergingmarket curren emergingmarket public debt is denomi currency reserves. And its president, Recep
cies. As funding conditions have wors nated in foreign currencies. And the places Tayyip Erdogan, insists that the central
ened, borrowing costs for some govern that are more insulated have in many cases bank keeps interest rates unduly low in the
ments have soared. About a quarter of the become so by funding borrowing through face of soaring inflation—which has
low and middleincome issuers of debt local banks. That, however, raises the pos climbed to near 80%. The lira has crashed
face yield spreads over American Treasur sibility that any credit stress experienced in value over the past four years. Without a
ies of ten percentage points or more—a lev by a government also feeds through to its policy change, the government could face a
el considered distressed (see chart 1). banking system, which could in turn im balanceofpayments crisis (see Briefing).
pair lending or even lead to outright crisis.
The combination of heavy debt bur Across the emerging world, reckons the Neither of the world’s largest emerging
dens, slowing global growth and tighten imf, the share of public debt held by do markets, China and India, is at high risk of
ing financial conditions will be more than mestic banks has climbed over the past an external crisis. Both have intimidating
some governments can bear. One set of po two decades to about 17% of gdp, more than piles of foreignexchange reserves. China’s
tential victims comprises the poorest twice the level in rich economies. Sover government wields close control over both
economies, which have been less able to eigndebt holdings as a share of total bank capital flows and the domestic financial
borrow in relatively safe ways—in their assets stand at 26% in Brazil and 29% in In system, which should allow it to contain
own currencies, for example—and which, dia, and above 40% in Egypt and Pakistan. panic, while India’s is only minimally reli
because of the pandemic, were already vul ant on foreign funding. Both, however, car
nerable. Among 73 lowincome countries Just how big this group eventually gets, ry enormous publicdebt loads by histori
eligible for debt relief under a g20 initia and how serious the spillovers are to the cal standards. And both matter enough to
tive, eight carry publicdebt loads which the global economy that a period of deleve
the imf has deemed to be unsustainable,
012
The Economist July 23rd 2022 Finance & economics 69
raging that depressed growth and invest Indeed, work by Sebastian Horn and gdp, and by Laos a staggering 28%. China is
ment could have big knockon effects. Christoph Trebesch of the Kiel Institute also a big creditor of Sri Lanka (which owed
and Carmen Reinhart of Harvard Universi it the equivalent of 8% of gdp in 2017) and
Taken together, then, 53 low and mid ty helps illustrate how massive and murky Pakistan (9%). Many indebted economies
dleincome countries are already experi a force Chinese lending has become. They are loth to ask for debt relief from China,
encing debt troubles, or are at high risk of reckon that almost half of China’s lending fearing the wrath of its leadership or a loss
doing so. Their economic size is modest— abroad is unreported, such that their esti of access to future funding, and Chinese
their combined output amounts to 5% of mates of China’s claims on foreign govern institutions have tended to prefer reprofil
world gdp—but they are home to 1.4bn ments probably understate the true fig ing debts to outright relief. Deteriorating
people, or 18% of the world’s population ures. Even so, they reckon that from 1998 to relations between China and the West,
(see chart 2). And worryingly, there are few 2018 China’s foreign lending, the bulk of meanwhile, have reduced the scope for co
options available to ward off crisis. An end which has gone to low and middlein operation in handling debt problems.
to the war in Ukraine seems a distant pros come economies, rose from almost noth
pect. A growth rebound in China or else ing to the equivalent of nearly 2% of world In the 1980s, emergingmarket defaults
where could be a doubleedged sword: it gdp. And among the 50 economies most in on loans owed to American banks pushed
would boost growth but also contribute to hock to China, obligations to Chinese in some financial institutions to the brink of
inflation, leading to further rate rises in stitutions amount to 15% of gdp on aver insolvency. Residents of rich economies
the rich world. age, or about 40% of external debt. may take some comfort from the fact that
their lenders are less exposed today. But for
Debt relief would help. Roughly a third More than a third of the world’s most the billion or more people living in coun
of the massive debts owed by middlein debtdistressed countries also number tries at risk of distress, the pain will be only
come economies in the 1980s was forgiven among those most indebted to Chinese too drawn out, both as fiscal woes infect lo
under a plan put together by Nicholas Bra lenders. As of 2017, the debt owed to China cal banks and as negotiations over external
dy, then America’s Treasury secretary, in by Kenya amounted to 10% of the latter’s debt prove intractable. n
1989. Additional relief was provided to 37
very poor countries through an initiative Wall Street
organised by the imf and World Bank in
1996. The g20 took similar steps during the Bittersweet
pandemic, first with the Debt Service Sus
pension Initiative, through which more WASHINGTON, DC
than 70 countries were eligible to defer
debt payments, and then through the Com American banks reveal the impact of interest-rate rises so far
mon Framework, which was intended to
provide a blueprint for broader relief. In january investors expected the Fed Investment banks’ trading businesses
eral Reserve to raise interest rates to just fared better. These are often volatile, and
Yet the framework has failed to gain 0.75% by the end of the year. Expectations tend to do well during periods of chaos and
traction. Only three countries have so far have shifted dramatically since: by late poorly in times of calm. Markets revenues
sought help under it, and none has com June markets were expecting rates to hit climbed by 21% on the year at Morgan Stan
pleted the process. Prospects for improv 3.5% by the end of 2022. This change in ex ley and 32% at Goldman, benefiting from
ing the scheme, or for reaching agreement pectations is far bigger than the actual bondmarket turmoil as investors braced
on debt relief, have been dimmed by the move in interest rates, which have climbed themselves for higher rates.
fact that lending by Paris Club countries— by 1.5 percentage points. The impact of this
rich economies that have agreed to coop duality—that expectations have leapt But it was the usually staid business of
erate in dealing with unsustainable while reality has only hopped—was plain retail banking that really boomed. In the
debts—has become less important, while to see on July 14th, 15th and 18th as Ameri early phase of a tightening cycle bankers
loans from private creditors and big ca’s six largest banks, Bank of America, Ci see the net interest income they earn on
emerging markets, China in particular, tigroup, Goldman Sachs, JPMorgan Chase, things like business and creditcard loans
have become more so. In 2006 Paris Club Morgan Stanley and Wells Fargo, reported rise, as appetite for them is still robust. But
economies and multilateral bodies ac earnings for the second quarter. last quarter was unusually good: demand
counted for more than 80% of poor coun for loans roared, even in the face of mod
tries’ foreign obligations. Today they ac The activities of the lenders that run on estly higher rates. Swelling loan portfolios
count for less than 60% of poorcountry expectations—conducted by the slick in and higher rates led to a jump in net inter
debt. Nearly a fifth is owed to China alone. vestment bankers who advise on big cor est income (nii). Bank of America’s nii
porate investments, like mergers and ac rose by 22% on the year; Citi’s, by 14%.
Money troubles 2 quisitions, and help firms go public or is
sue debt—had a tumultuous quarter. Consumer spending on credit cards
Emerging markets in, or at risk of, debt distress* Investmentbanking revenues plunged by leapt by 18% at Citi and 28% at Wells, driv
41%, year on year, at Goldman, by 61% at ing card balances up. Customers have been
2021 or latest available, % of total JPMorgan and by 55% at Morgan Stanley. “revenge spending” on travel and dining—
Investment bankers who underwrite loans expenditure in those categories climbed by
All emerging markets World 15 20 for deals have had a particularly rough 34% on the year at JPMorgan—and reduc
05 10 time. All banks took losses on their “bridge ing spending on goods, like clothing and
books”, the portfolios of loans they have home improvements, which dropped by
Population yet to sell to investors but have agreed to is double digits at Wells. Commercial bank
sue for privateequity deals or mergers. ers did well, too. “We have never seen busi
GDP These writedowns added up to more than ness credit be better, ever, in our lifetimes,”
$1bn in losses across the big banks. said Jamie Dimon, the boss of JPMorgan,
Public debt on the firm’s earnings call.
*5 countries that have experienced trouble servicing debt,
are judged likely to experience trouble by the IMF,
or have bonds trading at distressed levels
Sources: IMF; The Economist
012
70 Finance & economics The Economist July 23rd 2022
The result of this mixed bag—bumper The Big Mac index At last, vindication 1.6
loan growth, vigorous consumer card 1.4
spending, robust trading revenues but a A tale of three Exchange rates, $ per € 1.2
slump in issuance and dealmaking—made 1.0
for a mediocre quarter at Goldman and parities Market 0.8
Morgan Stanley, where total revenues fell 0.6
by 23% and 11% on the year, respectively. Dollar-euro parity may be justified. Big Mac index*
Results were better at banks where retail The yen looks cheap as chips GDP-adjusted
banking makes up a big share of business. Big Mac index*
Revenues at Bank of America went up by Imagine you are a Parisian investor try
6%, and at Citi by 11%, on the year. ing to decide whether to buy American or 2001 05 10 15 20 22
European bonds. You compare the yields
The question is what happens as expec on offer. A tenyear bond issued by Ameri Sources: Refinitiv Datastream; The Economist *Predicted
tations become reality. It is hard to see the ca’s Treasury today offers 3%; German
retail bonanza continuing: high inflation bunds return only 1.2%. But buying Ameri 11% more expensive stateside. But because
and rising rates will bite consumers even can means taking a gamble on the euro America is richer than Europe, such a dif
tually. Bankers at both JPMorgan and Wells dollar exchange rate. You are interested in ference in prices could make sense.
pointed out that lowerincome house the return in euros. The bond issued in
holds were starting to look constrained. Washington will be attractive only if the For the euro, then, the two theories of
Charlie Scharf, the chief executive of Wells, extra yield exceeds any expected loss ow currency valuation look aligned. Not so for
noted that debitcard spending was up by ing to swings in currency markets. the yen, which is more than 40% under
just 3% on the year for customers who had valued against the dollar on both Big Mac
received stimulus cheques (ie, those who This thinking, known as “uncovered in indices. (Book that flight to Tokyo, Ameri
earned less than $75,000). terest parity” (uip), explains why the dollar can burgerlovers.) The yen has become
has recently soared against the euro. On Ju more undervalued since January, both be
Rapid corporateloan growth sounds ly 12th the greenback reached a onefor cause the dollar has surged and because in
less like an indication of business health, one exchange rate with the euro for the flation is much higher in America. A Big
considering that it seems to have been dri first time since 2002. (It has since fallen Mac in Japan, including taxes, costs ¥390, a
ven by chaotic debt markets. Jane Fraser, slightly.) uip posits that changes in inter price that has not changed since 2018. The
the boss of Citi, told investors that “clients est rates drive currency movements. If American price, $5.15, has gone up by 11.5%
have been less inclined to obtain financing yields on Treasuries rise relative to those in that time, and by 2.2% since January.
through the debt markets.” At Wells aver on bunds, then the dollar should strength
age loan balances were up by 22% year on en until investors expect it to fall over the That uip is explaining recent move
year; Mr Scharf attributed this to the “dis lifetime of the bonds, so that there is no ments better than ppp is no surprise. When
ruption” in capital markets, which in longer any extra return from buying Trea exchange rates get out of whack with inter
creased demand for bank financing. Inter suries. The Federal Reserve is expected to est rates, traders can make a profit at the
est rates in bond markets have risen more raise interest rates above 3.5% in 2023, touch of a button. To the extent that vary
quickly than bankloan rates, but those more than twice the rate expected to be ing purchasing power presents opportuni
will probably catch up. reached by the European Central Bank. The ties, it is to people and firms who might
dollar has also risen by 20% against the yen change the site of production or ship goods
Still, rising interest rates and strong in 2022 so far. That is probably because the across borders. That takes time. And it is
loan demand are, for now, a happy combi Bank of Japan is not expected to raise rates not always possible: the international de
nation for retail bankers. For central bank above 0.2% in the next three years. livery of Big Macs would be illadvised.
ers, though, they may be less welcome. As
Brian Moynihan, the boss of Bank of Amer Yet there is more to currency valuation ppp can fail even within currency
ica, put it, all this activity, together with than monetary policy. Another theory, pur zones. Our new index incorporates a
low unemployment, “clearly makes the chasingpower parity (ppp), says curren change to the source for American Big Mac
Fed’s job tougher”. n cies and prices should adjust until a basket prices. We used to collect an average price
of goods and services costs the same every from restaurants in four cities: Atlanta,
Spending with a vengeance—for now where. The Economist has its own light Chicago, New York and San Francisco.
hearted measure of ppp: the Big Mac index, These are relatively expensive places. Now
which was updated on July 20th. Instead of we use a median price for the whole coun
a basket of goods and services, it uses dif try, provided by McDonald’s, which is low
ferences in the price of the ubiquitous Mc er. The result is that the dollar does not
Donald’s burger to judge whether curren look quite as strong. The change has been
cies are over or undervalued. made for the whole history of the index,
though the previous version is available
Our measure suggests the weak euro online. We have also refined our method
may be justified (see chart). The headline for calculating the gdpadjusted index.
index, which assumes Big Macs should Fans of burgernomics should tuck in. n
cost the same everywhere, predicts an ex
change rate of 1.11 dollars per euro. But a Take a bigger bite
secondary index, which adjusts for differ
ences in gdp, says the euro should trade To view an interactive visualisation of
just below dollar parity. The gdpadjusted The Economist’s Big Mac index, go to
index takes into account differences in the economist.com/bigmacindex
prices of inputs, such as land and labour,
that are hard or impossible to trade across
borders, and therefore reflect local in
comes. At dollareuro parity, a Big Mac is
012
The Economist July 23rd 2022 Finance & economics 71
Energy in Asia European countries have reduced their re Housing in China
liance on Russian natural gas. China has
Power play this time loosened restrictions on mine No delivery,
production to increase domestic supplies.
SHANGHAI It has also been loading up on Russian coal, no payment
which is being shunned by the West.
How China is coping with the SHANGHAI
global crunch The National Development and Reform
Commission, the state planning agency, Fresh woe for the property sector:
Airconditioners are running full has pressed power companies to lock in mortgage boycotts
blast in central China as much as they longterm contracts with miners and to
are in Texas or on the Iberian peninsula. As stockpile at least 15 days’ worth of coal. Mr peng is still paying the mortgage
many as 900m Chinese people have expe Still, with market prices elevated and state on the flat he bought in northern
rienced record temperatures in recent caps on electricity prices for endusers in Shanghai last year—for now. The proper
days; more than 80 cities have issued heat place, generators that are continuing to ty’s developer, Kaisa Group, began con
alerts. In Zhejiang province, an important buy on spot markets could be squeezed if struction on the site in July 2021 but halted
manufacturing centre in the east, some en coal prices continue to shoot up. work just three months later, presumably
ergyintensive factories have been subject because it could no longer pay for labour
to power rationing. Thermometers in the China is highly dependent on foreign and supplies. Mr Peng’s new home, which
region hit about 42°C on July 13th. Given oil and gas, importing about 75% and 40% was scheduled for delivery in September
the humidity, that feels more like 54°C. of its consumption of each fuel, respec next year, has become a lanweilou—one of
tively. Prices of both commodities surged thousands of housing projects sitting un
For China’s leaders the sweltering tem after Russia invaded Ukraine, though oil finished and abandoned.
peratures raise fears of a repeat of the ener has fallen a little recently. Chinese import
gy crunch of last year. As power suppliers ers have stocked up on crude from Iran, This has been a common phenomenon
struggled to meet demand, factories were which is under American sanctions, caus for years. But for the first time ever people
forced to shut down, and some households ing inventories to build up in January and across China are halting mortgage pay
experienced blackouts. The authorities April, according to research by Michal Mei ments on such homes in protest. Buyers
have vowed to avoid shortages this time. dan of the Oxford Institute for Energy Stud have stopped payments on at least 319 pro
But turmoil in global energy markets and ies. China is also buying more oil from jects in 93 cities, according to documents
the Chinese government’s own lofty emis Russia, which in May overtook Saudi Ara that have been collected by volunteers and
sions targets present complications. bia as its biggest supplier of crude. published online.
The events of this year and last lay bare China’s naturalgas imports are largely The boycotts add more trouble to a
the contradictions between the desire for locked into longterm contracts, which for property market that was already in tur
clean and secure energy and vigorous eco now has kept prices down. The domestic moil. Regulators have put strict limits on
nomic activity. In response, China’s lead price of petrol and diesel, like that of coal, the amount of debt developers can take on,
ers have tried interventions with varying is capped. High global crude prices mean leading many firms to miss interest pay
degrees of heavyhandedness. The experi refiners make a loss on domestic sales; ments. Evergrande, the most indebted of
ence might prove instructive as govern quotas stop them increasing exports when them all, defaulted last year. Many others
ments elsewhere mull marketmeddling to prices are high. One Western oil trader says have followed. While panic swept over off
counter surging commodity prices. that planners have been leaning on state shore bond markets, the onshore financial
oil firms to sell even less abroad. Refiners system had, before the boycotts, been rela
Last year supply disruptions, together thus have an incentive to do fewer runs tively shielded. Now the risks might be
with poor policy, led to China’s worst pow when prices are high, and to stockpile shifted onto China’s banks.
er cuts in a decade. Officials had restricted crude instead. “Export controls are a strat
the output of many of its coal mines, in egy to keep oil in the country in case there’s Prepayments are one of the most im
line with their climate goals. Then the re a shortage,” says Zhou Xizhou of s&p Glo portant sources of liquidity for homebuil
covery from the early phase of the pan bal, a rating agency. ders. About 90% of new properties in Chi
demic pushed up the demand for energy. na were presold in 2021, up from just 58%
But instead of letting prices rise, state plan At present there are no shortages. But
ners maintained strict caps on electricity that does not mean the government’s sup
and some coal prices. Power generators be plyside measures have had resounding
gan losing money and some stopped oper success. A big factor in keeping shortages
ating. Many miners halted work, too. The at bay has been the sorry state of the econ
resulting power cuts took a severe toll on omy and the muted demand for energy.
industrial output. Some economists believe China’s oil de
mand could be flat this year compared with
This time the economy has been bat last year, or even lower. Optimistic fore
tered by the government’s “zero covid” casters see the economy recovering later in
policy. Nonetheless, surging commodity the year, even as growth slows in America
prices and the scorching heat have revived and Europe. This could lower global energy
concerns about the adequacy of energy prices just as China needs to import more.
supply. Officials are seeking to allay those
fears ahead of a Communist Party congress If factories come roaring back to life
in the autumn. Their approach includes at earlier than expected, however, then Chi
tempts to boost supply and build up stock na’s energy policy would face a real test.
piles, as well as some market reforms. Miners, refiners and generators could re
spond to price caps and export bans by re
Take coal, which produces 60% of Chi ducing supply. A particularly cold winter
na’s power. Global thermalcoal prices could force buyers of gas into the spot mar
have reached record highs, partly because ket, where prices have rocketed. And offi
cials would start to feel the heat. n
012
72 Finance & economics The Economist July 23rd 2022
Buttonwood Wakeup call
The once-benevolent Fed now looks vengeful for markets
When stocks boomed early in the denied that it targets asset prices in setting ing with the bigger weights assigned to
pandemic, an internet meme cap monetary policy. Narrowly, its denials are credit markets. But stocks reflect these
tured the madness of the moment. On credible. Central bankers look at oodles of other metrics. This is especially true at
the lefthand side of the image, a worried data, from realtime growth figures to times of stress. Share prices have fallen
man exclaims that simply creating mon surveys of inflation expectations. They this year as indices of financial condi
ey cannot save the economy; on the cannot afford to be swayed by swings in tions have tightened, and they have risen
right, a man representing the Federal stocks. Moreover, share prices reflect when these indices have eased.
Reserve replies “Haha money printer go many factors ranging from the overall
brrr” while cranking out dollars. Joseph economic outlook to corporate idiosyn Concerns about inflation only add to
Politano, author of Apricitas, an econom crasies. Why would the Fed target some the market’s importance. When share
ics newsletter, recently tweaked the thing that is so volatile and only partially prices rise, consumers, feeling flush,
meme to better fit the present situation. responsive to its actions? tend to spend more money and compa
On the left, the worried man laments that nies, feeling confident, tend to hire more
excessive monetary tightening is in In a broader sense, however, the stock workers. A paper in 2019 by Gabriel Cho
creasing the risk of a recession; to the market clearly matters to the Fed. Jerome dorowReich of Harvard University and
right, the Fed representative retorts Powell, its current chairman, has repeat colleagues concluded that each dollar of
“Haha money vacuum go brrr”, while edly said that its policies are transmitted increased stockmarket wealth lifted
hoovering up dollars. to the real economy through financial consumer spending by about three cents
conditions—a term that refers to the annually, while also boosting employ
In more analytical, if less humorous, availability and cost of funding for busi ment and wages. For a central bank fight
terms, another way of framing this shift nesses and consumers. Stockmarkets play ing inflation, a large rise in share prices
is to ask whether the Fed put has become a crucial role in both shaping and gauging would therefore cut against its efforts.
a Fed call. The concept of a Fed put dates financial conditions. Admittedly, they
back to the era of Alan Greenspan, a play a small part in a formal sense: for This makes for borderline hypocrisy
former chairman of the central bank. instance, in one index of financial condi in Fedspeak. Sober central bankers can
Starting with the stockmarket crash in tions created by the Fed’s Chicago branch, explain that they want “appropriate
1987 and continuing for more than three equity and other asset markets account for firming of monetary policy and associat
decades, the Fed earned a reputation for just ten of its 105 separate inputs, contrast ed tighter financial conditions” to help
easing policy, notably by cutting interest rectify the supplyanddemand imbal
rates, whenever share prices plunged. To ances that are fuelling inflation (as the
traders this looks a bit like a put option, a Fed did indeed say in the minutes of its
basic hedging tool that sets a price floor ratesetting meeting in June). Yet it
for investments. would be beyond the pale for them to
declare that they want “appropriate
A Fed call would imply just the oppo firming of monetary policy and associat
site: namely, that the central bank is in ed weakness in the stockmarket”—even
effect capping the market (similar to if their meanings are closely aligned.
traders who sell call options on their
stock holdings). Steve Englander of In a market crash that impairs the
Standard Chartered, a bank, laid out this financial system, the Fed put would
provocative idea in a recent note to cli come back into focus. For now, though,
ents: “The Fed may push back against the selloff has been mostly orderly. A
equity market gains until it is comfort sustained rebound in stocks would be
able that disinflation is a lock—in other unwelcome for the Fed, and might well
words, [there is] a Fed call.” tilt it towards more hawkishness. In
vestors accustomed to viewing the cen
This argument may, at first glance, tral bank as a friendly force must instead
seem rather crude. The Fed has long confront the harsh reality of a Fed call.
in 2005. The funds are virtually interest banks to keep lending to developers. bank. A fall in cement output suggests that
free and are used to pay for construction. A bigger concern is that the boycotts de building at up to 20% of sites may have
But they have also been poorly regulated slowed or stopped since the start of 2021.
and often misused. Many homebuyers fear liver yet another blow to sentiment, and
the money they have put up for flats has could further sap liquidity from the sector. Should the boycotts spread, some
been squandered and will be irrecoverable. Housing sales were already down by about banks, especially smaller ones, could expe
35%, year on year, in the first five months rience distress. Mr Peng is part of a group of
Analysts at Deutsche Bank put the size of 2022. News of the boycotts, though buyers that has sent a letter to Kaisa Group
of mortgages affected so far by the boycotts heavily censored, has spread via social me demanding a resumption of construction
at 1.8trn2trn yuan ($270bn300bn), or dia and may put potential buyers off, starv and asking how the developer has spent
45% of the stock of mortgage lending. If ing developers of new presales funds. their money. He says he is prepared to pay
that is the full extent of the crisis, then his mortgage as he awaits the scheduled
banks can absorb it. The government has More buyers could also stop paying delivery date for his flat. The fate of the
reportedly considered giving grace periods mortgages. Just 60% of homes that were property market could hang on what he,
on mortgage payments while also pressing presold between 2013 and 2020 have been and others in his situation, do next. n
delivered, reckon analysts at Nomura, a
012
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74 Finance & economics The Economist July 23rd 2022
Free exchange Aiming high
Should central banks’ inflation targets be raised? The last in our series on the central-bank pivot
When new zealand’s parliament decided in December 1989 relative damage done by extremely high or accelerating price
on a 2% inflation target for the country’s central bank, none growth may be easily visible, but economists have struggled to
of the lawmakers dissented, perhaps because they were keen to identify differences in the costs to an economy from different
head home for the Christmas break. Rather than being the out stable, lowsingledigit inflation rates. The 20year period of very
come of intense economic debate, the figure—which was the first low inflation that recently came to an end brought no positive leap
formal target to be adopted by a central bank—owes its origin to an forward in productivity nor any change in savings behaviour, ex
offhand remark by a former finance minister, who suggested that cept in reaction to the global financial crisis, points out Adam Po
the soontobeindependent central bank should aim for either sen of the Peterson Institute for International Economics, a think
zero or 1% inflation. The centralbank chief and incumbent fi tank in Washington.
nance minister used that as a startingpoint, before plumping for
02%. Over time, 2% became the standard across the rich world. If the costs of a slightly higher inflation target are small, the
benefits are potentially sizeable. Chiefly, it could help central
Should the somewhat arbitrary goal of 2% be changed? The bankers avoid the socalled zero lower bound on nominal interest
question may seem a little churlish when central banks are so fla rates. Interest rates cannot go too far into negative territory, be
grantly missing their existing targets: annual inflation in Amer cause they risk destabilising the banking system: depositors could
ica, Britain and the euro area, for instance, is running at around always choose to empty their bank accounts and hold cash, which
9%. The Federal Reserve’s experiment with “flexible averageinfla in effect carries an interest rate of zero, instead. That also limits
tion targeting” has coincided with the central bank allowing infla the efficacy of negative interest rates. After the financial crisis
tion to get out of hand. Yet it is possible that raising the target some central banks set slightly negative rates on commercial
might help prevent rich countries from returning to the lowinfla banks’ reserves, but lenders had little ability to pass them on to
tion, lowgrowth malaise that was the rule for the decade after the their retail clients. The impotence of negative interest rates en
global financial crisis. The idea therefore warrants consideration. couraged central banks to adopt unconventional policies, such as
quantitative easing.
High inflation is painful. Even if wages keep pace with price
growth, thereby preserving workers’ incomes in real terms, it un Higher inflation targets are a different solution to the problem
dermines the function of money both as a unit of account and as a of the lower bound. If the public expects the central bank to gener
store of value. Contracts agreed at one point in time lose their ate more inflation in future then the interest rate, in real terms,
worth rapidly, redistributing income and wealth arbitrarily be can still be sharply negative, stimulating the economy even with
tween buyers and sellers or between creditors and debtors. Long out nominal interest rates needing to venture below zero. Allow
term investment and saving decisions become more of a gamble, ing moderately higher inflation in normal times could therefore
as the case of Turkey illustrates. Inflation there is in the region of make it easier for the central bank to give a boost to the economy
80% (see Briefing). when trouble hits.
Yet deflation carries its own costs, too. Worryingly for mort The opportunity to escape the lower bound on interest rates is
gageholders and governments alike, it raises the value of debts in no small thing. The current spell of monetarypolicy tightening
real terms, which can generate a selfsustaining depression as in notwithstanding, the risk remains that interest rates will stay rel
comes keep falling relative to debt payments. That explains why atively low. The longterm factors that were weighing on interest
central banks aim for a low but positive rate of inflation. rates before the pandemic, such as an ageing population and low
productivity growth, are still in place. There may be a benefit in
Deciding which low but positive number is desirable is trick the short term, too, to raising targets now. Reducing stubbornly
ier. Is a target of 2% actually superior to one of 3% or 4%, for in high inflation requires cooling the economy, which generally in
stance, or does it merely owe its exalted status to tradition? The volves raising the unemployment rate. The lower the inflation tar
get, the more unemployment central banks need to generate to get
there. If the costs of inflation at 3% really are not much different
from inflation at 2%, central banks will be generating additional
unemployment for little benefit.
Seizing the inflationary moment
Set against this, however, are the consequences of reneging on a
30year promise. The experience of the past year has made clear
that the public detests inflation; both finance ministries and cen
tral banks are being excoriated for losing control of price growth.
To shift the goalposts now could give the impression of giving up
the fight entirely. Inflation targeting was meant to anchor the pub
lic’s expectations of price growth. Changing the target could un
dermine that objective altogether, by creating expectations that it
will be raised again the next time inflation roars.
As long as inflation is so far offtarget, such considerations
seem likely to stay the hand of any wouldbe monetary reformers.
Yet once it peaks, restoring a degree of central banks’ credibility,
the pain of further disinflation, together with the promise of well
and truly escaping the zero lower bound, could just start to make
the idea of higher targets more alluring. n
012
Science & technology The Economist July 23rd 2022 75
Conflict analysis connaissance, decision-making and abil-
ity to sequence and synchronise opera-
Predict and survive tions. Keen judgment is needed, for the
value of such things is often unknown, or
Better software aspires to forecast who will win a battle—or a war miscalculated, in advance.
Warfare is complex—and, as those 24th, the model predicted, on a scale of one The French army that collapsed in May
who start wars often discover to their to seven, “operational success” scores for 1940 was, for example, widely thought of
chagrin, unpredictable. Anything which the attacker and defender, respectively, of beforehand as one of the finest in Europe,
promises to reduce that unpredictability is two and five. just as Russia’s armed forces were thought
thus likely to attract both interest and to have undergone thorough reform since
money. Add the ability of modern comput- That pretty much nailed it. On March 2008. Nevertheless, Dr Czarnecki, who was
ers to absorb and crunch unprecedented 25th Russia’s forces gave up the idea of tak- a colonel in America’s army before he
amounts of data, and throw in a live, data- ing Kyiv and narrowed their objectives to joined nps, assigned Russia a dismal value
generating war in the form of the conflict Ukraine’s east and south, marking the end of “one” as its Decisions score. That turned
now being slugged out between Ukraine of what has come to be seen as phase one of out to reflect well the Kremlin’s overambi-
and Russia, not to mention the high level the war. Nor was mcosm’s forecast a fluke. tious attempt to imitate American shock-
of tension across the Taiwan Strait, and In the hands of knowledgeable users, says and-awe tactics by storming Kyiv rapidly
you might assume that the business of try- Jon Czarnecki, who created it, it gets seven from several directions.
ing to forecast the outcomes of conflicts is out of ten forecasts broadly right.
going into overdrive. Which it is. Other models are available. Roger Smith
Crunch time of in[3], a consultancy in Orlando, Florida
One piece of software dedicated to this To run an mcosm forecast requires users to that advises developers of military fore-
end is the Major Combat Operations Statis- estimate 30 values. These cover things like casting models, was once chief technolo-
tical Model, mcosm, developed by engin- the levels and expected importance, given gist at the American army’s simulation of-
eers at the Naval Postgraduate School (nps) the fight in question, of each belligerent’s fice, also in Orlando. He reckons its team is
in Monterey, California. mcosm runs algo- training, firepower, mobility, logistics, re- currently developing or upgrading roughly
rithms based on data about 96 battles and 100 predictive models, small and large.
military campaigns fought between the → Also in this section
closing year of the first world war and the Some, like mcosm, are deterministic—
present day. When fed information about 77 Depression and serotonin meaning the same inputs always produce
Russia’s initial push to seize Kyiv and sub- the same forecast. Others are probabilistic.
jugate Ukraine, which began on February 78 Menstruation and sport Consider the matter of, say, a 600-metre ri-
fle shot, taken at dusk against a target who
is both walking and wearing a bulletproof
vest, with the trigger being pulled by a fa-
tigued, poorly trained sniper. To model an
event like this, developers estimate the
likelihoods, expressed as percentages, that
012
76 Science & technology The Economist July 23rd 2022
the shot in question will miss, injure or Korea and Taiwan have acquired this. pays about 600 people to operate it. A user
kill. This typically involves things such as An even bigger probabilistic model, first loads the software with engineering
studying past battles, reviewing shooting specifications for an aircraft, vehicle or
range data and taking into account the Pioneer, is being developed by Bohemia In boat. If the maker’s files are available, this
specifications of the kit involved. teractive Simulations (bisim), another can be done in less than a month. Other
firm in Orlando, which was bought in wise, it may take a year. Marianne Kunkel,
A good example of a probabilistic mod March by bae Systems, a British weapons ajem’s manager at the American army’s
el is brawler, a simulator of aerial combat giant. Peder Jungck, head of simulation at Combat Capabilities Development Com
produced by ManTech, a defence firm in bae, calls the model, on which more than mand Analysis Centre, dac, in Maryland,
Herndon, Virginia which is used by Amer 400 developers are working, a “defence says users then employ “kill tables” of the
ica’s navy and air force. brawler crunches metaverse”. America’s Marine Corps hope velocities and masses of different projec
hard engineering data on the performance to take delivery of it late next year. tiles to run “shot lines through the target”.
of warplanes, including their numerous
subsystems, and also the capabilities of As with commercial metaverses, Pio This lets ajem spit out probabilities re
things like ground radar and missile bat neer requires serious computing power lated to hypothetical attacks. Were 300
teries. During a simulation, the virtual rep and is run on cloud servers. It can simulate mortar shells fired at two dozen Bradley
resentations of this hardware can be con the actions and fates of a staggering num fighting vehicles moving in a given forma
trolled either by people or by the software ber of entities around the world. These tion at a certain speed 4km away, ajem
itself. Running the software many times range from soldiers, tanks, ships and air would calculate probable tallies for types
produces probabilities for all manner of craft to buildings, cars, mobilephone tow of damage. These range from “catastrophic
outcomes. How much would certain eva ers, hills, vegetation, weapons and even in kills” to loss of mobility, communications
sive manoeuvres increase an f16’s chanc dividual rounds of ammunition. For areas and the ability to shoot. Those estimates
es of dodging a Russian s400 missile? of special military importance, Pioneer’s are also useful for weapons companies
What about the effects of altitude? Of rain? terrain data include details such as the po that wish to engineer greater survivability
Of chaff or other countermeasures? sitions of particular trees, as recorded by into hardware and lethality into warheads.
spy planes and satellites.
Bar-room brawl Linked in
Simulating the physics of all these things is The system also employs realtime me The next step, according to Ashley Bom
daunting enough. But brawler also in teorological data. If a tank entering a field boy, a simulations chief at dac, is to lash
cludes algorithms that claim to approxi would thereby sink into mud, Pioneer has different models together. Ms Bomboy’s
mate mental and cultural factors. Karen it do just that. It also “deforms” terrain as team plans to arrange for yetbigger (and
Childers, a retired captain in America’s air virtual battles unfold. If an artillery bar asyetunnamable) simulators to tap into
force who now works at ManTech, where rage blocks a street, Pioneer reroutes traffic ajem “on the fly, as needed”, for greater fi
she is in charge of updating brawler, de appropriately. According to Pete Morrison, delity. Another goal is to forecast events
scribes this part of the endeavour as “ex a former head of bisim who now leads beyond the immediate battlespace. darpa,
plicit modelling of the pilot’s brain”. commercial operations there, Pioneer sim one of the American defence department’s
ulates “the flight path of every single bul research agencies, hopes to do this by us
Take, for example, iff (identification, let, including ricochets”. It also takes ac ing naturallanguage processing to comb
friend or foe) transponders on warplanes. count of a fighting force’s training, level of through the texts of hundreds of thou
brawler models both the propagation of fatigue and “doctrine” (the principles, de sands of reports from thinktanks, com
iff signals and how their calls on a pilot’s rived from military handbooks and intelli mercial media and the department itself,
attention distract or slow reaction times. gence assessments, that guide an army’s looking for correlations human readers
In this, a pilot’s overall cognitive load at a actions). Run a few hundred simulations would probably miss.
given moment matters. So, Ms Childers of troops crossing a stretch of enemy terri
says, does the level of skill attributed to tory, Mr Morrison says, and casualty esti Causal Exploration, or CausX, as the
each simulated pilot. Beyond that, brawl mates will teach you, without bloodshed, software in question has been dubbed, is
er’s users enter values for each pilot’s so how not to do it. not yet ready for full deployment. But it is,
ciopolitical background. This requires according to Joshua Elliott, the pro
some leaps of analytical faith. Real pilots Another probabilistic software package gramme’s manager, already producing
from democracies are assumed to be more is the Advanced Joint Effectiveness Model
creative that those from authoritarian re (ajem). America’s defence department
gimes that discourage personal initiative.
brawler simulations are typically run
with no more than 20 aircraft, but the mod
el can handle thrice that number if needed.
Distribution of the full version of the soft
ware is tightly restricted, with Britain’s de
fence ministry the only known foreign re
cipient. ManTech does, however, sell a ver
sion called cobra, from which classified
algorithms have been removed. Both South
Awards: Economist journalists collected two prizes Onwards to victory
at the Association of British Science Writers awards
ceremony, in London, on July 14th. Alok Jha took the
laurels for news analysis or explanatory reporting
for his piece on how covid-19 is spread by aerosols:
economist.com/aerosols. Babbage won podcast of
the year for its episode on how constellations of
satellites cause problems for astronomers:
economist.com/darkskies
012
The Economist July 23rd 2022 Science & technology 77
“aha moments”. It extracts “really rich and Depression and serotonin
interconnected behaviour”, as he puts it,
that encompasses economic activity, pub Wrong turning
lic sentiment, crime, and political deci
sions relevant to war and peace. One goal A popular hypothesis about the cause of depression is rebuffed
has been to find links between sanctions
on Russia and cyberattacks. When fully de How most medicines work their Maybe
veloped, CausX will be folded into a soft magic is understood. But for some it
ware suite called Joint Planning Services remains a mystery. Among the most serotonin levels are lowered by depriving
that the defence department uses to pre mysterious are a group of widely used them of tryptophan. Dr Moncrieff’s team
pare military operations. antidepressants called selective seroto concluded that lowering serotonin in
nin reuptake inhibitors (ssris), the this way did not produce depression in
What all this means for Ukraine is an bestknown of which is Prozac. hundreds of healthy volunteers.
other matter. A colonel in Kyiv, who asked
to not be named, laments that requests for For decades, doctors believed ssris Last, the researchers looked at big
advanced American forecasting models operated by boosting levels of serotonin, genetic analyses. These found no differ
have produced little. Such software would a chemical which carries signals between ences between genes that regulate the
help the country plan missions, he says. As neurons in the brain. This supposition serotonin transporter in those with
for what American forecasters are learning was based on the hypothesis that a lack depression and those without it.
about the war, most are staying mum. But of serotonin causes depression. But a
Pamela Blechinger, director of the army’s growing number of investigations sug If serotonin is not the cause of de
Research and Analysis Centre at Fort Leav gest that theory does not hold water—a pression, that raises questions about
enworth, in Kansas, notes one insight. conclusion hammered home by a round ssris. These do help some new patients,
Ukraine’s strong will to fight, she says, is up of reviews of such work just pub but not others. And they come at a cost.
playing a bigger role in that country’s mili lished in Molecular Psychiatry. Possible sideeffects include loss of
tary successes than her team of about 290 libido and inability to reach an orgasm.
forecasters had expected. This uberstudy, led by Joanna Mon They can also be hard to stop taking,
crieff of University College, London, leaving some who recover from depres
Models they use include CombatXXI covers several strands of research on the sion dependent on them for life.
(for brigade engagements) and Advanced link between serotonin and depression.
Warfighting Simulation (when more One looks at levels of serotonin and its Already, clinical practice is changing
troops are involved). Neither was designed breakdown products in blood and spinal to emphasise dealing with environ
specifically to forecast the will to fight. But cord fluid, taking these as proxies for the mental triggers of depression, such as
software developed at rand, an American amount in the brain, which it is unsafe to adversity and poor coping skills, rather
thinktank, does focus on that. measure directly in living people. Work than deploying drugs. But it would still
in this strand, the review concludes, be good to understand upfront who will
rand’s researchers have identified a shows no difference between the clin benefit from ssris and who won’t. With
list of things that influence the will to ically depressed and the healthy. out the serotonin hypothesis, doctors
fight. These include the obvious, such as are, in this regard, back to square one.
the quality of a soldier’s diet, sleep and kit, Neurons reabsorb serotonin after it
and also more subtle matters like the rea has done its job. ssris block this, leaving
sons he or she is fighting, what horrors are more of the molecule available. Another
unfolding, and whether the enemy has body of work thus examined the receptor
demoralising air superiority, or chemical proteins which respond to serotonin,
or incendiary weapons. Battlefield success and the transporters through which it is
tends to boost morale, a component of will reabsorbed. This occasionally found
to fight that typically improves marksman indications of higher serotonin activity
ship. But that benefit fades with time. More in people with depression, the opposite
broadly, an army’s will to fight is weakened of what might be expected. Dr Moncrieff
by corruption, unemployment, a rising reckons that may actually result from
cost of living and political polarisation. antidepressant use, something not al
ways taken account of when those with
No plan survives enemy contact and without depression are compared.
Equations developed by rand that approx
imate correlations between such factors A third line of research depends on
and a force’s will to fight have been folded the fact that serotonin is made from
into defencedepartment combat simula tryptophan, a substance the body cannot
tors called Onesaf and iwars. Without synthesise, and so must ingest from
these upgrades, says Henry Hargrove, a food. In these experiments participants’
statistician at rand, those simulators
would assume soldiers are fearless auto to human psychology and military know es in areas which include information pro
matons. Failing to account for the will to how is subjective at best and fanciful at cessing, operational sequencing and mili
fight skews results, he opines, because worst. As an old saw has it, all models are tary judgment. Ukraine, he assessed, has
“Humans are not Terminators.” wrong, but some are useful. held on to a number of qualitative edges,
but these have shrunk. And Ukraine re
Running forecasts can be a thrill. As An With this caveat in mind, The Economist mains heavily outgunned. Dr Czarnecki
drew Ilachinski, a veteran modeller at the asked Dr Czarnecki to use mcosm to pred typed in the data and let the model rip. It
Centre for Naval Analyses, in Virginia, puts ict an outcome for the RussiaUkraine forecast “operational success” scores of
it, “You sit back and watch the system do its war’s current, artillerybased phase two. five for both Russia and Ukraine—in other
thing,” as patterns of behaviour emerge. He determined new values for variables words, a grinding stalemate. n
Caveats are in order, though, and surprises that reflect improvements by Russian forc
are common. Assigning numerical scores
012
78 Science & technology The Economist July 23rd 2022
Menstruation and athletics tensity, volume and type of an athlete’s
workouts based on where she is in her cy
Cycle races cle. Stacy Sims, a researcher at Auckland
University of Technology, in New Zealand,
Menstrual-cycle coaching may help sportswomen improve their performances recommends athletes increase intensity in
the lowhormone follicular phase of the
Just 0.63 seconds separated first from Given the wide physiological effects of cycle, when the body is primed to bear hea
fourth place in the women’s 100 metres that cycle, the neglect of its consequences vy loads. Later, during the luteal phase,
freestyle at the recent Tokyo Olympic for sport is stark. The intricate monthly when bodies are less able to adapt to stress,
Games—a race where the winning time tango of oestrogen and progesterone, the she recommends focusing on steadystate
was 51.96 seconds. In light of this and simi main hormones which regulate it, has con aerobic training to allow proper bodily re
lar facts, it is not surprising that elite ath sequences far beyond preparing the body covery. This pattern of training, she be
letes are constantly searching for ways to to reproduce. The complexity of this dance, lieves, allows female athletes to push
get even 1% better. To that end, they hire compared with the hormonal stability of themselves in the most efficient manner.
strength coaches, nutritionists and sports men, is one reason for that neglect. But
psychologists. And lately, some female others are that sport is studied largely by Such a onesizefitsall approach may,
athletes have been trying a new tack: work male researchers, and male sport is cur though, be overly simple. Kirsty Elliott
ing with menstrualcycle coaches. rently more prominent and better paid. Sale, a professor at Manchester Metropoli
tan University, in Britain, thinks there is,
Good data concerning the effects of A dance to the music of time as yet, no conclusive scientific evidence to
menstruation on athletic performance are The menstrual dance is, indeed, complex. back phasebased training. However, while
scant. However, according to four studies For a start, oestrogen is anabolic, building wary of general guidelines, Dr ElliottSale
conducted in 2020 on more than 250 ath up muscle, while progesterone is catabol sees the merits of an individualised ap
letes from a range of sports, more than half ic, breaking it down. Then, at the begin proach which takes account both of
of sportswomen believe their performance ning of the cycle, body cells prefer to meta monthly variation within an individual
fluctuates with the phase of their menstru bolise carbohydrates. Later on, they prefer and interindividual variability.
al cycle. In particular, many said they suf fats. During the luteal phase, immediately
fered in the weeks immediately before and after ovulation, when both hormones are This latter source of variety may also
during menstruation. Worldclass per high, the body is less resilient to stress and help explain why conclusive population
formers like Fu Yuanhui, a Chinese swim more prone to inflammation. level scientific evidence is hard to come by.
mer, have spoken openly about this, too. A regular cycle can last between 21 and 40
And female athletes also report distraction At this point women have increased ap days, and the hormonal details—how fast
and worry about bleeding while actively petites, higher internal temperatures, concentrations change, when they peak
menstruating, a matter which made the higher resting heart rates and higher respi and how high they peak—vary. Also, differ
news recently when a group of activists ratory drive. They also retain water and ent women experience different sensitiv
protested about the allwhite dress code at salt, causing them to put on weight. Their ities to hormonal changes. Some have no
the Wimbledon tennis championships. heat tolerance is reduced, too. And their symptoms. For others, the effects may in
moods and emotional regulation suffer. clude debilitating cramps, bloating, mi
There is, as well, the question of safety. Here, then, is fertile ground for quite a few graines and depression.
Again, this is poorly researched. An excep of those percentagepoint improvements.
tion, though, is damage to the anterior cru And that is where menstrualcyclesavvy Maddy Cope, a professional climber
ciate ligament (acl) of the knee. Women coaches come in. and coach in Britain, emphasises the need
are much more prone to acl injuries than to bridge the gap between where research
men and some studies suggest the level of One possible tactic is phasebased stands and how athletes feel. She notes, for
risk is related to the menstrual cycle. training, in which a coach adjusts the in example, that most research does not
translate well to her own discipline.
Every millisecond counts
Climbing is a supremely technical mat
ter, and the tests used in research compare
poorly with the actual demands of the
sport. Even here, though, a little menstrua
tiondriven thinking may help. Most good
training plans for climbers include exer
cises of a range of intensities and incorpo
rate a “deload” week, to allow the body to
recover. Menstrualcycleinformed train
ing in this case might be as simple as ar
ranging for the deload week to coincide
with the stresssensitive luteal phase.
Menstrualcycle coaching is, then, in
its infancy. But, as women’s sports jostle
more and more with men’s for the lime
light (see International section), and the
sums of money involved increase, many
more athletes are giving it a go. In this and
other areas, female sportsscience is a pro
mising field of research, as the fiction that
men are the baseline and women an anom
aly—a rib, as it were, pulled from the chest
of research on men—is put to rest. In sport,
as in other areas, it is time for women to
unlock their full potential. Period. n
012
Culture The Economist July 23rd 2022 79
Kissinger on statecraft Congress for cutting off military aid to the
Cambodian government. (Watergate, too,
The vision thing is downplayed.) De Gaulle’s extraordinary
refusal to give credit to allies fighting and
A veteran strategist examines the qualities that he thinks made six leaders great dying to liberate France nearly earns admi
ration. The controversy in which Thatcher
Whatever you think of Henry Kissin Leadership. By Henry Kissinger. Penguin almost revelled escapes all criticism.
ger, the 99yearold former national Press; 528 pages; $36. Allen Lane; £25
security adviser and secretary of state in The book is redeemed, and more, by the
the Nixon and Ford administrations has an before being defenestrated by her party. analytical framework in which each leader
elephantine memory and experience that A project of this kind might have is examined, and by the author’s personal
makes it an important historical resource. knowledge of his subjects. Moreover, the
In his latest book, Mr Kissinger, an unoffi amounted to a series of brief eulogistic writing is always crisp and lucid, even
cial adviser and friend to many presidents biographies of famous people. Much of the when conveying arcane theories of inter
and prime ministers, considers how six book will indeed be familiar to many read national relations, such as the notion of
leaders from the second half of the 20th ers—and at times the author’s willingness “equilibrium” that defined Nixon’s foreign
century reoriented their countries and to glide over inconvenient truths is dis policy (and, by extension, Mr Kissinger’s).
made a lasting impact on the world. tasteful. He justifies Nixon’s covert bomb
ing of Cambodia by the need to force the Having seen so many leaders at close
Mr Kissinger’s six are an eclectic bunch. Vietnamese to negotiate. One of its conse hand, Mr Kissinger understands the con
Konrad Adenauer was the first postwar quences, the rise of the Khmers Rouges, straints they must acknowledge and by
chancellor of West Germany. Charles de merits a single sentence, which blames pass. Among these are “scarcity”, or the
Gaulle saved France twice, first during the limits of their societies in terms of demo
second world war, then at the time of the → Also in this section graphy and economic heft; “temporality”,
Algerian crisis. The author’s old boss, Rich or the prevailing values, habits and atti
ard Nixon, shook geopolitics with his 80 America’s opioid crisis tudes of their times; “competition” from
opening to China before scandal brought other states that have their own goals; and
him down. Anwar Sadat paid with his life 81 The virtues of culinary subterfuge the “fluidity” of events, the pace of which
for forging a lasting peace with Israel as can force decisions to be made on the basis
Egypt’s president. Lee Kuan Yew made tiny 81 Buckminster Fuller’s mission of intuition and hypothesis. Leaders must
Singapore one of the most prosperous traverse a tightrope from which they fall if
places on Earth. And Margaret Thatcher re 82 A prodigy plays “Rach 3” they are either too timid or too bold.
versed decades of British decline—while
widening social and economic divisions— 83 Back Story: The drama of the oligarchs In Mr Kissinger’s view, there are essen
tially two types of leader, the statesman
and the prophet. Statesmen manipulate
circumstances to their advantage, temper
vision with wariness and work with the
grain of societies until existing institu
tions need to be changed or confronted.
012
80 Culture The Economist July 23rd 2022
Prophets are prepared, if not eager, to Opioids in America
break with the past no matter the risk.
The guilty and the gone
Five of his six leaders clearly belong
more to one category or the other. Adenau Two investigative journalists chronicle a tragic, man-made epidemic
er, Nixon and Thatcher had most of the
characteristics of the author’s complete American Cartel. By Scott Higham and Sari that crop up. But it is a small band of scrap
statesman, although all three had a moti Horwitz. Twelve Books; 416 pages; $30. py agents and lawyers at the Drug Enforce
vating vision. Adenauer envisaged a hum Little, Brown & Company; £20 ment Administration (dea) who are the
ble Germany able to take its place among backbone of the narrative. Eventually, they
other liberal democracies. Nixon was com No name is more synonymous with the lend their testimony to a sprawling legal
mitted to using America’s economic and devastation inflicted by America’s team that builds what Mr Higham and Ms
military might to bring the international opioid epidemic than Sackler. For over two Horwitz call “the most complex civil action
system into a longterm equilibrium that decades, Purdue Pharma, a drug firm in the history of American jurisprudence”.
would render war between great powers owned by members of the Sackler family,
much less likely. Thatcher believed pas pumped OxyContin, a highly addictive Certain facts and anecdotes are difficult
sionately in individual autonomy and the opioid painkiller, into communities across to forget. In West Virginia the bodies of
capacity for national renewal—if the ener the country. In “American Cartel”, Scott overdose victims piled up so fast that “the
gies of ordinary people could be freed by Higham and Sari Horwitz shed light on the state’s burialbenefits department had run
the magic of market economics. other culprits—the callous executives, out of money”, meaning the only option
elected officials and government bureau available to “the grieving and impover
By contrast, de Gaulle and Sadat were crats who fuelled what would become the ished” was cremation without ceremony.
both driven by a prophetic ideal of what deadliest drug crisis in American history— In Cabell County, West Virginia, which has
their countries could and should become. and on the few who tried to stop them. just under 100,000 residents, around 1% of
De Gaulle’s feat of keeping the idea of the them died of opioid overdoses in the 2010s.
Free French alive when stranded in Lon Between 1999 and 2020 the epidemic
don in 1940 was an almost mystical tri killed over half a million Americans. What Also striking is the tardiness of the gen
umph of will over reality. Sadat’s belief that began as a scourge of neglected places, hit eral government response. Alarm bells
Egypt could never be independent and free ting bluecollar Appalachian towns and were sounding as far back as 2002. A
without setting the terms of peaceful coex Native American reservations particularly doctor noticed a jump in addiction stem
istence with Israel was rooted in a pro hard, became ingrained in the national ming from OxyContin; two lawyers who
found sense of his country’s long history. consciousness. For all the subject’s notori subsequently looked into it agreed there
Both could be pragmatic, but that was not ety, though, Mr Higham and Ms Horwitz was a case to be made against Purdue Phar
their main modus operandi. offer fresh insights. In engaging short ma. Yet Eric Holder, who became attorney
chapters they whisk readers through the general in 2009, seemed unaware of the
The perfect leader, thinks Mr Kissinger, legal fight against obscure drug distribu extent and nature of the crisis until 2014.
combines elements of both archetypes. Of tors who earned billions from opioids. In The book recounts an exchange between
his six subjects, Lee may come closest, vestigative journalists by trade, they make Mr Holder, his aides and a dea official.
with his unflinching realism, ruthlessness esoteric legal theory and a maze of litiga “You’re telling me that more people are dy
(especially in tackling corruption) and un tion both comprehensible and intriguing. ing from pharmaceuticals [than heroin]?”
wavering vision of what a multiethnic Mr Holder asked. He turned to his aides:
community of Chinese, Indians and Ma “American Cartel” opens with a “cast of “Were we aware of this?”
lays, with few geographical advantages, characters”, which helps readers keep track
could achieve. Singapore is far from being of the more than 70 people and companies Washington’s revolving door, whereby
a liberal democracy—either Lee or his son bureaucrats responsible for regulating in
have been prime minister for most of the Half a million heartbreaks dustries move to cushy corporate jobs in
citystate’s existence. Mr Kissinger is not the same sectors, slowed efforts further.
too fussed by that, but concedes that Singa Politicians in Congress, even some from
pore’s ability to evolve from its founder’s the worstafflicted states, accepted thou
model will become essential to its contin sands of dollars in campaign contributions
ued success. The ultimate challenge will be from lobbyists for pharmaceutical firms.
to devise a better balance “between popu Some sponsored legislation devised by a
lar democracy and modified elitism”. former dea agentturnedlobbyist, who
knew how to stymie his former employer’s
At the close, the author asks whether efforts. The bill, which passed without ob
leaders are now emerging with “the char jection, crippled the dea’s ability to police
acter, intellect and hardiness required to the abuse of prescription opioids.
meet the challenges facing world order”.
He is not optimistic. The decline in erudi “American Cartel” delves only fleetingly
tion and the socially atomising effects of into the personal stories of opioid victims
technology are unhelpful. So is the erosion and their families. But the few it recounts
of moral purpose and the religious belief linger. One involves a townhall meeting
that often underpinned it, and which ani in a highschool gymnasium in Ports
mated five of these six leaders (even Nixon mouth, Ohio, in 2011. A slideshow flashed
was influenced by his Quaker upbringing). up photos of the lost. “Sons and daughters
and grandsons and granddaughters in
Above all, Mr Kissinger writes, faith in graduation pictures. They were dead
the future is the indispensable quality for before they had a chance to live.” n
successful leaders and the “elevated pur
poses” they aim to inculcate. He ends with
a warning: “No society can remain great if
it loses faith in itself or if it systematically
impugns its selfperception.” n
012
The Economist July 23rd 2022 Culture 81
Buckminster Fuller
Designs for living
Inventor of the Future. By Alec Nevala-Lee.
Dey Street Books; 672 pages; $35 and £25
World in a dish Aman brimming with big ideas, Buck
minster Fuller saw the grand flow of
Guts and glory history and sought to direct it into more
constructive channels. Among the crises
PARIS he identified before they entered the
popular consciousness were climate
In praise of subterfuge, an underappreciated culinary skill change, unaffordable housing and tech
nologydriven unemployment—to which
Afrancophile who hasn’t been to lettes), which certifies the best in France— he offered such tentative solutions as a
Paris in years may find himself so ex may scorn those who blanch at them. Even fuelefficient car, massproduced homes
cited at breakfast that he orders andouil they might concede, however, that a wide and a universal basic income.
lettes, the single most French thing on the gulf separates good from mediocre an
menu. These subvert the old adage that douillettes, as is also true of, say, hot dogs. “My objective”, Fuller wrote with typical
warns against watching sausage being But a mediocre hot dog is still a hot dog. A immodesty, “has been humanity’s compre
made: there is no mystery to them. They mediocre andouillette is botched abdom hensive welfare in the universe.” In pursuit
are simply pigs’ intestines stuffed into a inal surgery on a plate. of that goal he crafted not only innovative
casing, then boiled or grilled. They have a technologies but new perspectives, coin
slithery, entropic texture—slice into them And though some gourmets may revile ing terms such as “Spaceship Earth”, which
and little grey curlicues slide out—and hot dogs, they are a triumph of culinary encouraged his fellow voyagers to view the
smell like a urinesoaked barnyard. subterfuge, as are many other sausages. planet as a fragile vessel. But it was a ship
Butchers developed this skill of necessity. ultimately capable of being steered by a
Brought up on cornflakes and toast, the The first, say, threequarters of cutting up skilled and benevolent captain.
Francophile’s children are unconvinced, an animal for consumption—hams, ribs,
and stick with pain au chocolat. In their loin, belly—is relatively straightforward. The scope of Fuller’s ambition was his
scepticism, they have plenty of company. But what to do with the organs and other greatest asset and his greatest weakness.
Barbecuers in Texas nickname their spicy unappetising scraps? He could be prescient, as when, prefigur
sausage “hot guts”, but at least it looks like ing today’s anxiety over a workless future,
a sausage, and tastes good. Andouillettes German immigrants taught Americans he claimed that “industrialisation is inev
look like actual guts, and the best that can to boil and mix them with oats and corn itably headed towards automation, that is
be said of their flavour is that it is better meal to make goetta and scrapple, which towards disenfranchisement of man as a
than their stench. Their declining popular are shaped into loaves, then sliced and physical machine.” But his tendency to
ity—not just at your correspondent’s table fried crisp; served on toast, there is no bet make great leaps from slight data meant
but among French diners as a whole—tes ter winter breakfast. A more widespread
tifies to the importance of an often over answer is to chop the bits up, season and He was Fuller himself
looked culinary skill: subterfuge. pack them into casings—made from the
animal’s intestines, another leftover—and
Parents know this trick well. Grating turn them into sausage. For a hot dog, the
courgette into pasta sauce is a good way to meat is pounded into a paste (though most
add vegetables to the diets of picky young today contain no offal).
sters. Donald Trump’s doctor in the White
House also used this ruse, getting cauli Nowadays most sausages are industri
flower mixed into his patient’s mashed po ally made, and andouillettes are artisanal.
tatoes. But for most grownups, the ingre To some that makes them worth defending
dient that requires disguise is meat. as a holdout against processed uniformity,
a stance that in theory has a virtuous ap
Devotees of andouillettes—such as the peal. In practice, there are as many ways to
Association Amicale des Amateurs d’An disguise scraps and offal as sausage as
douillettes Authentiques (Friendly Associ there are sausagemakers. Almost all of
ation of Lovers of Authentic Andouil them taste better than andouillettes. n
012
82 Culture The Economist July 23rd 2022
his ideas often lacked solid foundations— incident follows incident at breakneck Some classical musicians and aficiona
much like his geodesic domes, novel struc speed, a structure that captures Fuller’s dos think artists ought to have more
tures that soared skywards without appar irrepressible energy but sometimes leaves experience of life before tackling works
ent support and occasionally came crash the reader exhausted. An occasional pause that demand emotional maturity, whether
ing down. One of his less insightful pro to stand back and view the wider panorama late Beethoven piano sonatas or Rach 3.
nouncements was made in April 1940, would have helped. Daniil Trifonov, a superb Russian pianist,
when he said that, in war, dictatorships decided not to perform the concerto early
necessarily outdo democracies. Still, the portrait the author paints is in his career because he didn’t feel ready to
compelling. Fuller’s life did not quite jus convey its intensely passionate arc. But de
Fuller’s path to recognition as a messi tify Arthur C. Clarke’s branding of him as spite his youth Mr Lim “is an old soul”,
ah of salvationthroughtechnology is an “the world’s first engineersaint”: his ego reckons Ms Alsop, as well as a “phenome
improbable tale of redemption. He was was too big for canonisation. But he comes nal talent” with “jawdropping technique”,
born in 1895 into a distinguished family in alive in these pages as a visionary who rose which complements “an innate musicality
Massachusetts (his greataunt was Marga above his imperfections to labour for the that is hard to fathom”. He also has a fear
ret Fuller, a Transcendentalist writer); but benefit of humankind. n some work ethic: Mr Lim explains that his
his father’s early death left him financially usual practice routine stretches from
and socially insecure. At the age of 32, with Musical prodigies around 1pm until the following dawn.
a string of disasters behind him—includ
ing two expulsions from Harvard, a The power of 3 A pianist and conductor as well as a
chequered employment history and, most composer, Rachmaninoff wrote the 40
tragically, the death of a young daughter— Lim Yunchan’s performance of a minute concerto in 1909 and gave its pre
he stood on the shore of Lake Michigan famously difficult piece is a wonder miere during a successful American
contemplating suicide. Before he could concert tour in the same year. He practised
take the plunge, however, he had a sudden Still standing at her podium, the dis on a cardboard keyboard during the long
epiphany: “You do not belong to you. You tinguished conductor Marin Alsop voyage from Russia. Other pianists of his
belong to the universe…” wiped away a tear. She says she cannot re generation were intimidated by Rach 3,
member the last time she cried onstage, which was mostly ignored until it was
Possessing few skills besides a native but she was far from alone in feeling championed in the 1930s by the Kyiv
gift for geometry and little practical experi moved by the artistry of Lim Yunchan. Ms born pianist Vladimir Horowitz (whose
ence beyond collaboration with his father Alsop had just conducted the 18yearold recordings of it Mr Lim cites as an inspira
inlaw in a failed building company, Fuller South Korean pianist in Rachmaninoff’s tion). Gary Graffman, an American pianist
decided to devote himself to bettering the “Piano Concerto No. 3” in Fort Worth, Tex who is now 93, has said he regretted not
human condition, embarking on a journey as—a performance that last month helped learning the concerto when he was “still
that led to a series of breakthroughs. These make him the youngestever winner of the too young to know fear”.
included his aerodynamic Dymaxion car, prestigious Van Cliburn International Pi
his prefabricated Wichita House and a new ano Competition. A video of his mesmeris Rach 3’s formidable reputation was re
kind of selfsupporting architecture based ing interpretation of “Rach 3”, as the piece inforced by “Shine”, a film of 1996 about
on what he called the “vector equilibrium”. is known by pianophiles, has been viewed David Helfgott, a troubled Australian pia
It employed a geometric lattice that more than 5m times on YouTube. nist played by Geoffrey Rush (who won an
allowed for the efficient distribution of Oscar); in the movie, Helfgott collapses
weight and stress. Alsop and Lim rock Rach 3 from nervous exhaustion at the end of the
concerto. It is a wildly emotional, lyrical
More important than these innova piece that reflects the Russian romantic
tions—which never quite lived up to their tradition, which Rachmaninoff continued
transformational promise—were less tan
gible but mindexpanding ideas, which he
tossed off with abandon. Among the most
fruitful were “ephemeralisation”, the aspi
ration to do “everything with nothing at all”,
which anticipated the information age;
and the World Game workshops, which in
volved scores of young disciples dedicated
to a more equitable and sustainable distri
bution of global resources. Fuller’s tireless
efforts to improve society through tech
nology let him appeal to both rebellious
youth and the establishment. Although he
was lionised by the counterculture of the
1960s, its staunchest critic, Ronald Reagan,
awarded Fuller the Presidential Medal of
Freedom before his death in 1983.
Alec NevalaLee is a surefooted guide
to a dizzying life. He eschews mythmak
ing, laying out the way Fuller burnished
his own legend by rewriting history and
slighting the contributions of his collabo
rators. Cleareyed about his subject’s
faults, Mr NevalaLee nevertheless gives
him his due as a dazzlingly original
thinker. The book’s approach to this pro
tean career is relentlessly chronological;
012
The Economist July 23rd 2022 Culture 83
as his peers experimented with avant tension as the music ebbs and flows, until the piece in the finals of the Cliburn, which
garde sounds. (Stravinsky began the he renders the fiery climax of the third bucked current trends and invited young
groundbreakingly dissonant “The Rite of movement with exhilarating speed and pianists from Belarus and Russia to com
Spring” in 1911.) Some scholars have noted force. Played by inferior musicians, Rach pete. Anna Geniushene, a Russian who has
echoes of folk and liturgical music in the maninoff’s cascading notes often become expressed solidarity with embattled Uk
melancholic dminor melody that opens a blur, but Mr Lim makes each crystalline, raine, won silver; Dmytro Choni, a Ukrai
Rach 3 and resurfaces throughout, though purposeful and often startlingly beautiful. nian, claimed bronze. (The contest is
the composer denied any such influences, After only two rehearsals, he and the ac named after an American pianist who won
claiming the tune wrote itself. companying Fort Worth Symphony the International Tchaikovsky Competi
Orchestra evince the chemistry of long tion in Moscow at the height of the cold
Mr Lim plays this melody with a time collaborators. Their seemingly intu war.) But the headline news was the music
mournful dignity. At the beginning of the itive giveandtake imbues the complex itself. Anyone needing a break from doom
video he sits almost completely still, his score with an increasingly urgent pulse. scrolling is advised to join the millions of
hands barely moving over the keys. This listeners enthralled by Mr Lim’s Rach 3. n
initial restraint allows him to slowly build He was one of three pianists to take on
Back Story The oligarch’s lament
Peter Morgan brings the drama of Boris Berezovsky’s fall to the stage
In retrospect, would Boris Berezov can happen to flawed people. Berezovsky fused). Cornered on press night, Mr
sky agree that the Russian privatisation (played by Tom Hollander) is forever Morgan said the tragedy of his play lies
scheme of the mid1990s was unfair? The bribing others or shaking them down, all not in Berezovsky’s fate but in the mis
questioner had in mind the way a few the while insisting that his goal is to save calculation he makes in elevating Putin,
insiders took over vast industrial assets his country. His targets include Alexander a mistake with stillspiralling conse
for a song, a giant scam that helped Litvinenko (Jamael Westman), who would quences. Live and organic, theatre is the
discredit markets and democracy among be poisoned in London in 2006, and a perfect art form to capture this feeling of
their struggling compatriots. Absolutely coyly scheming Roman Abramovich (Luke contingency, the vertiginous sense that
it was unfair, replied Berezovsky, who in Thallon), who, according to a court ruling history turns on moments and decisions
2000 had sought refuge in Britain, where of 2012, had owned much of what Berezov that might have gone differently.
the exchange took place: Mikhail Kho sky claimed was his.
dorkovsky got more than he did. The trouble with dramatising recent
The star turn, though, is Will Keen as history, though, is that it can catch and
Mr Khodorkovsky, once Russia’s Putin. The stage is shaped like a nightclub overtake you. “Patriots” mixes current
richest man, spent a decade in prison bar, and for a while Putin sits on a low affairs with zany comedy, spicing the
before his release into exile in 2013; stool, unnoticed, before—literally and power struggles with cynical wisecracks
Berezovsky died in contested circum symbolically—Berezovsky yanks him up and ironies of hindsight. “You, Volodya,
stances in the same year. Both numbered and into the action. Mr Keen mimics the are clearly a decent man,” Berezovsky
among the original Russian oligarchs: a snarl and seething menace of a hangdog tells Putin. “We must become close to the
small cadre of men who grew up in the who wants to be top dog. During his trace West,” Putin avers. There is a winking
Soviet era and in the bareknuckle 1990s less rise from deputy mayor of St Peters line about the size of his desk. Given the
became more rich, more quickly than burg to fsb boss, prime minister and then carnage in Ukraine, some viewers may
almost anyone ever had. They brought the presidency, Putin’s nervy strut be feel it is either too late, or too soon, for
their feuds to London, along with their comes a swagger, the posture hardens jokes about the warmonger.
wealth, in some cases eventually losing inside his bettercut suits. The heart dies.
much of it. They lived many lives in one, As for Berezovsky and his peers: the
all of them dramatic. Now Peter Morgan It didn’t have to be this way. That is one lesson the real Putin taught them—that,
has written a version of that drama. message of “Patriots” (in which, for almost under him, the Russian state would flout
everyone, patriotism and selfinterest are all laws and scruples and observe no
“Patriots” opened this month at the restraints—is now on display to the
Almeida Theatre in London. In it, Mr world. Amid a horrific show of state
Morgan, writer of the tv megahit “The force, the oligarchs seem more like bit
Crown”, brings Berezovsky back to life— parts in history than headliners. Those
the epic chutzpah, manic energy, restless still standing are immured by their mon
intelligence, appetites and ruthlessness. ey, trapped between Western sanctions
Amid a highspeed, simplified tour of and the worse punishment that breaking
postSoviet Russian politics, the play’s with the Kremlin might entail.
focus is on how Berezovsky helped lever
Vladimir Putin into the presidency, and Another moral of Berezovsky’s fall—
how, in return, his protégé drove him out about the perils of proximity to brute
of Russia and destroyed him. power, and the sympathy due to those
who court it anyway—is more concisely
“In the West you have no idea,” the expressed in a parable that a different
Berezovsky character rightly says of businessman shared with Back Story. A
foreigners looking in on Russia. Among man finds a lion cub and takes it home.
the common Western naiveties is a pre His friends warn him that lions are dan
sumption that the persecuted must be gerous, but the man insists his pet is
virtuous. This play knows that bad things tame. The cub grows up, and eats him.
012
84 Economic & financial indicators The Economist July 23rd 2022
Economic data
Gross domestic product Consumer prices Unemployment Current-account Budget Interest rates Currency units
balance balance
% change on year ago % change on year ago rate 10-yr gov't bonds change on per $ % change
% of GDP, 2022† % of GDP, 2022†
latest quarter* 2022† latest 2022† % latest,% year ago, bp Jul 20th on year ago
United States 3.5 Q1 -1.6 2.3 9.1 Jun 7.8 3.6 Jun -4.3 -5.9 3.0 181 -
China 0.4 Q2 -10.0 4.0 2.5
Japan 0.4 Q1 -0.5 2.1 2.5 Jun 2.1 5.5 Jun‡§ 1.4 -6.2 2.5 §§ -21.0 6.75 -4.0
Britain 8.7 Q1 3.1 3.6 -2.9
Canada 2.9 Q1 3.1 3.6 2.4 May 2.2 2.6 May 1.2 -6.0 nil -8.0 138 -20.4
Euro area 5.4 Q1 2.0 2.6 2.3
Austria 9.5 Q1 10.0 3.5 9.4 Jun 7.3 3.8 Apr†† -1.3 -5.1 2.2 152 0.83 -12.1
Belgium 4.9 Q1 2.2 2.2 -1.2
France 4.5 Q1 -0.8 2.2 8.1 Jun 6.7 4.9 Jun -1.4 -3.5 3.1 194 1.29 -1.6
Germany 3.8 Q1 0.9 1.3 5.3
Greece 7.9 Q1 9.7 4.0 8.6 Jun 7.4 6.6 May -5.9 -4.4 1.2 166 0.98 -13.3
Italy 6.2 Q1 0.5 2.7 0.7
Netherlands 6.7 Q1 1.7 2.4 8.7 Jun 7.0 4.8 May 8.7 -4.7 1.8 196 0.98 -13.3
Spain 6.3 Q1 0.8 4.0 0.8
Czech Republic 5.1 Q1 3.5 1.4 9.6 Jun 9.2 5.5 May -1.2 -3.8 1.8 194 0.98 -13.3
Denmark 6.3 Q1 -1.9 2.1 8.2
Norway 4.8 Q1 -3.8 3.2 5.8 Jun 5.5 7.2 May 16.4 -5.7 1.8 184 0.98 -13.3
Poland 9.4 Q1 10.4 4.5 -2.5
Russia 3.5 Q1 na -10.0 7.6 Jun 7.8 2.8 May 10.1 -3.2 1.2 166 0.98 -13.3
Sweden 3.1 Q1 -3.2 1.8 3.0
Switzerland 4.4 Q1 1.9 2.4 12.1 Jun 8.2 12.7 Apr 6.3 -5.0 3.5 279 0.98 -13.3
Turkey 7.3 Q1 4.9 3.2 -3.7
Australia 3.3 Q1 3.1 3.0 8.0 Jun 6.8 8.1 May 3.1 -6.1 3.5 286 0.98 -13.3
Hong Kong -4.0 Q1 -11.4 0.8 0.9
India 4.1 Q1 1.9 6.9 8.6 Jun 10.4 3.3 May -1.5 -3.4 1.6 184 0.98 -13.3
Indonesia 5.0 Q1 na 5.2 0.4
Malaysia 5.0 Q1 na 5.0 10.2 Jun 8.2 13.1 May 2.5 -5.7 2.4 203 0.98 -13.3
Pakistan 6.2 2022** na 6.2 -5.3
Philippines 8.3 Q1 7.8 7.1 17.2 Jun 15.2 2.5 May‡ -3.6 -5.7 4.5 278 24.0 -9.0
Singapore 4.8 Q2 0.1 3.6 18.0
South Korea 3.0 Q1 2.6 2.7 8.2 Jun 6.9 2.5 May 3.1 1.0 1.5 166 7.29 -13.3
Taiwan 3.1 Q1 4.3 4.0 14.2
Thailand 2.2 Q1 4.7 2.9 6.3 Jun 4.8 3.2 Apr‡‡ -0.3 8.7 1.4 76.0 9.95 -9.2
Argentina 6.0 Q1 3.5 4.3 -0.1
Brazil 1.7 Q1 4.0 1.5 15.5 Jun 13.5 4.9 Jun§ -0.1 -3.7 6.6 507 4.67 -16.3
Chile 7.2 Q1 -3.0 1.5 -6.8
Colombia 8.2 Q1 4.0 6.3 15.9 Jun 21.2 3.9 May§ -5.2 -3.8 9.1 188 55.5 34.3
Mexico 1.8 Q1 4.1 1.8 -0.8
Peru 3.8 Q1 8.1 2.5 8.7 Jun 6.9 8.5 May§ -3.2 -0.3 1.7 157 10.2 -14.8
Egypt 5.4 Q1 na 5.9 -6.0
Israel 9.6 Q1 -1.8 4.9 3.4 Jun 2.5 2.2 Jun 2.9 nil 0.8 120 0.97 -5.2
Saudi Arabia 3.2 2021 na 7.5 15.4
South Africa 3.0 Q1 8.0 1.9 78.6 Jun 69.7 10.1 May§ -1.1 -3.9 16.9 16.0 17.6 -51.3
5.1 Q1 5.0 3.5 Jun -3.2 3.5 241 1.45 -5.5
1.3 May 3.0 4.7 Jun‡‡ -6.7 3.0 208 7.85 -1.0
7.0 Jun 7.3 7.8 Jun -6.6 7.5 133 80.0 -6.7
4.3 Jun 5.3 5.8 Q1§ -4.8 7.4 115 14,988 -3.1
2.8 May 3.1 3.9 May§ -6.2 4.1 90.0 4.45 -5.2
21.3 Jun 16.1 6.3 2021 -7.1 12.9 ††† 308 225 -28.4
6.1 Jun 4.8 5.7 Q2§ -7.7 6.8 297 56.3 -10.6
5.6 May 5.8 2.2 Q1 -0.9 2.8 140 1.39 -1.4
6.0 Jun 4.9 3.0 Jun§ -2.4 3.4 147 1,313 -12.4
3.6 Jun 3.4 3.7 May -1.2 1.3 86.0 29.9 -6.2
7.7 Jun 5.7 1.5 Dec§ -5.0 2.7 134 36.7 -10.5
64.0 Jun 64.1 7.0 Q1§ -4.8 na na 129 -25.6
11.9 Jun 10.5 9.8 May§‡‡ -6.7 13.7 449 5.44 -3.5
12.5 Jun 10.7 7.8 May§‡‡ -2.8 6.7 254 920 -17.5
9.7 Jun 10.2 10.6 May§ -4.8 13.1 612 4,322 -11.1
8.0 Jun 7.5 3.4 May -3.2 9.1 229 20.5 -1.6
8.8 Jun 7.5 6.7 Jun§ -2.2 8.0 225 3.88 1.8
13.1 Jun 12.9 7.2 Q1§ -5.9 na na 18.9 -17.3
4.4 Jun 4.3 3.7 May -1.7 2.6 158 3.44 -4.4
2.3 Jun 2.5 6.0 Q1 10.6 na na 3.76 -0.3
7.4 Jun 6.0 34.5 Q1§ -6.1 10.9 200 17.1 -14.2
Source: Haver Analytics. *% change on previous quarter, annual rate. †The Economist Intelligence Unit estimate/forecast. §Not seasonally adjusted. ‡New series. **Year ending June. ††Latest 3 months. ‡‡3-month moving
average. §§5-year yield. †††Dollar-denominated bonds.
Markets Commodities
% change on: % change on:
Index one Dec 31st index one Dec 31st The Economist commodity-price index % change on
Jul 20th week 2021 Jul 20th week 2021
In local currency 3,959.9 4.2 40,459.7 -3.4 -9.3 2015=100 Jul 12th Jul 19th* month year
11,897.7 5.8 -16.9 3,170.3 1.3 1.5
United States S&P 500 3,304.7 0.6 -24.0 Pakistan KSE 2,386.9 2.5 Dollar Index 158.1 150.5 -11.1 -18.2
United States NAScomp 2,210.5 1.6 -9.2 Singapore STI 14,733.2 2.9 -19.8 All Items -9.8 10.3
China Shanghai Comp 27,680.3 4.5 -12.6 South Korea KOSPI 1,539.3 -0.5 -19.1
China Shenzhen Comp 1,946.4 3.0 -3.9 Taiwan TWI 106,949.1 4.6 -7.1 Food 153.2 144.3
Japan Nikkei 225 7,264.3 1.5 -2.3 Thailand SET 98,286.8 0.4 28.1
Japan Topix 19,020.7 2.2 -1.6 Argentina MERV 47,132.5 -0.7 -6.2 Industrials 162.7 156.2 -12.2 -33.1
Britain FTSE 100 3,585.2 3.8 -10.4 Brazil BVSP 9,112.7 4.0 -11.5 All -6.3 11.7
Canada S&P TSX 6,184.7 3.1 -16.6 Mexico IPC 1,963.5 2.6 -23.5 -13.8 -40.4
Euro area EURO STOXX 50 13,282.0 4.1 -13.5 Egypt EGX 30 11,864.3 5.1 -5.3 Non-food agriculturals 163.0 159.6
France CAC 40 21,348.4 0.3 -16.4 Israel TA-125 67,652.4 2.3
Germany DAX* 4.3 -21.9 Saudi Arabia Tadawul 2,643.9 3.9 4.7 Metals 162.6 155.2
Italy FTSE/MIB 694.4 1.1 -13.0 South Africa JSE AS 986.6 1.7 -8.2
Netherlands AEX 8,028.9 2.5 -7.9 World, dev'd MSCI -18.2 Sterling Index 203.0 190.9 -9.2 -7.5
Spain IBEX 35 53,733.5 6.1 -22.5 Emerging markets MSCI -19.9 All items
Poland WIG 1,188.9 1.4 -25.5
Russia RTS, $ terms 11,059.5 4.9 -14.1 Euro Index 173.9 162.9 -8.4 -6.1
Switzerland SMI 2,525.2 2.5 35.9 All items
Turkey BIST 6,975.2 0.4 -10.3
Australia All Ord. 20,890.2 3.5 -10.7 Gold 1,732.4 1,713.9 -6.8 -5.3
Hong Kong Hang Seng 55,397.5 3.5 -4.9 $ per oz
India BSE 6,874.7 1.8
Indonesia IDX 1,437.0 4.5 US corporate bonds, spread over Treasuries Brent 99.5 107.4 -6.4 54.5
Malaysia KLSE -8.3 $ per barrel
Basis points latest Dec 31st Sources: Bloomberg; CME Group; Cotlook; Refinitiv Datastream;
170 2021 Fastmarkets; FT; ICCO; ICO; ISO; Live Rice Index; LME; NZ Wool
Investment grade 518 120 Services; Thompson Lloyd & Ewart; Urner Barry; WSJ. *Provisional.
High-yield 332
Sources: Refinitiv Datastream; Standard & Poor's Global Fixed Income For more countries and additional data, visit
Research. *Total return index. Economist.com/indicators
012
Graphic detail Extreme heat The Economist July 23rd 2022 85
→ Oppressive heat is beginning to reach northern latitudes, but it is still concentrated in the tropics
Very strong or extreme heat-stress days per year
Average from May 2017 to April 2022
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
None
Heat stress are sparsely populated.
A measure of how conditions India is one exception
feel based on air temperature,
solar radiation, humidity and
wind speed
Very strong heat stress feels like
38-4 °C, extreme heat stress
feels like more than 4 °C
Average heat-stress days per year 365 days Extreme, above 4 °C Share of population experiencing very strong or
January 1980 to December 1984 41.7% of days were Very strong, 38-4 °C extreme heat stress per day, annual average*, %
free of heat stress Strong, 32-38°C
May 201 to April 2022 Moderate, 2 -32°C 25
0 None Africa
Asia & 20
365 Oceania
38.1% of days were World 15
free of heat stress
10
Americas 5
0 Europe 0
012 3 4 5 6 7 1980 85 90 95 2000 05 10 15 20
Number of people, bn
*Three-year moving average Sources: Copernicus; European Commission; World Bank; The Economist
The scorched Earth Thermal Climate Index (utci) produced by year. But elsewhere it is the norm: people
the eu’s Earthobservation programme, outside Europe endure similar conditions
A rising share of people are exposed to Copernicus, measures heat at hourly inter for 65 days each year.
dangerously high temperatures vals, dividing the world into 865,000 grid
squares. The utci combines data on air Extreme heat above 46°C is remarkably
As climate-change models predicted, temperature and solar radiation with hu common, too. On average, it occurs for
the frequency and intensity of swelter midity and wind into a single composite three days per year for each person on
ing days has increased recently. Records “feels like” temperature measured in Celsi Earth. But the incidence is much higher in
were broken in Europe this week as a heat us. We then fused these data with the pop Africa and parts of Asia, particularly the In
wave gripped the continent. Britain set a ulation living in each grid square. dian subcontinent. An average person liv
new maximum temperature record of ing in these two continents has recently
40.3°C (104.5°F), shattering the 38.7°C set in utci above 38°C is categorised as caus experienced such heat for 4.9 days a year, a
2019. Since the 1980s temperatures have ing “very strong” heat stress. Temperatures 30% rise compared with 1980 to 1984.
risen in the world’s cooler regions, expos above 46°C cause “extreme” stress. Just 30
ing more people to stifling heat. Mean minutes of very strong heat stress can im High population growth in Africa and
while, population growth has been fastest peril lives, particularly among the old. Asia means that heat stress is now affect
in the hottest countries, increasing the Fourfifths of the world's population have ing more people. The hottest countries
share of humanity affected. experienced at least one day of very strong have tended to grow the fastest since 1980.
heat stress—defined as at least three So the share of time that people have felt
To measure heat exposure, we com hours—in the past five years. very strong heat stress has risen by 50%.
bined two large data sets. The Universal Twothirds of those who suffer extreme
Although large swathes of Europe’s heat live in countries where average annu
population have endured heat above 38°C al incomes are below $2,000, meaning
this week, it remains exceptional. Over the many cannot afford airconditioning.
past five years, the average European has Europeans should spare a thought for
experienced such heat for just three days a them as they swelter in the sun. n
012
86 Obituary Gloria Allen The Economist July 23rd 2022
How to be a lady “They need a charm school here.” She asked for a room at the Cen
tre, got one, and took things from there.
Gloria Allen (“Mama Gloria”), founder of a charm school for
young trans women, died on June 13th, aged 76 At the school she taught, in her freeflowing way, social graces,
manners, deportment, use of soap and water, how to behave in in
Centre on halsted, next to Whole Foods, was—and is—one of terviews, when not to put their hoochie mama clothes on, and safe
the best indoor meeting places for lgbtq people in Chicago. sex. She told them how to do makeup and draw power from their
Young trans adults, many of them homeless because their families identity as women. When they “graduated” she kept in touch, not
had kicked them out, could socialise there as long as they liked. ing how many went to college or got good jobs, and continuing to
Their elders, 60plus, could get a hot nutritious lunch. And if you tell them how proud of them she was.
walked in there after 2012 you might well have spotted a poster on
the wall: She herself was transgender long before anyone knew that
word. Instead she was called a sissy, which didn’t bother her, and
CHARM SCHOOL because she was prissy and cute and different the men of the fam
For young transgender persons ily were confused by her. She was the first of eight children and
Learn to embrace yourself inside and out! came out, she liked to say, the moment she left her mother’s
Hosted by Mama Gloria womb. But she was called George, and her father had wanted a
strong, masculine boy. Now he didn’t know whether to be
The school happened twice a week in Room 205, which didn’t ashamed or to protect her. When her brothers got summer jobs at
give much impression of any lessons going on. Instead, groups the steel mill where he worked, he wouldn’t let her join them.
mostly of young trans women would be casually chatting, inter
rupted every so often by a slim, beautifully turnedout black wom High school was a trial. She got through it in her boy’s clothes,
an with deep dimples, her mother’s genes. Everything about her, but if at weekends she wanted to wear a dress and parade down the
from the pixie haircut to the huge earrings to the halterneck tops, street she would duck behind cars to avoid people she knew.
was a statement of confident femininity. And she didn’t miss a Stones were thrown at her, and one summer Sunday four boys
thing. “You sit down like a man,” she would tell one girl. To anoth raped her in an alley as she walked home from the cinema. She
er: “Do up that jacket button.” To another, “Now, you don’t brush dropped out for a year after that, unable to understand how any
your hair in public.” Mostly, however, she just listened as they one could treat her that way. But it wasn’t only other people who
poured out their stories. disliked her. Just then she couldn’t, and didn’t, love herself.
Her school made her famous all over Chicago and beyond, a Worse times followed. She started hormone injections in her
surprise to her as much as anyone. After all, it was so oldfash mid20s, then lengthy reassignment surgery, and every relation
ioned, and she herself was from prehistoric, or at least preStone ship she entered became abusive after a while. She spent ten years
wall, times. It had all started when she was having the seniors’ lun with a man called Kenneth whom she loved no end, and they
cheon one day and a group of rowdy trans girls came in, gyrating bought a little house together; but he would go round it with a
and cutting up and exposing themselves. She went right over and white glove looking for dust, and if he found some he would beat
told them to have some respect, cover up, clean up and watch what her. He did drugs, and cheated on her with men. In the end she
came out of their mouths. In a word, be ladylike. They paid atten shot him and, though he survived, she walked out. Hers seemed to
tion, another surprise, and a bell went off in her head—ding!— be the life of too many black trans women: poor, struggling to find
jobs and liable to get hit, or worse, by the men they went with. The
difference was that, deep down, she had a stash of confidence.
Three amazing women, her mother, grandmother and great
aunt, had trained her that way from childhood. They not only ac
cepted who she was, but encouraged her. Their own careers em
braced the queer scene in Chicago: her mother, a noted beauty,
danced in gay clubs and her grandmother, a seamstress, sewed the
sparkly gstrings of male strippers. Nothing fazed them. If she
borrowed her aunt’s scarves and did the Dance of the Seven Veils
round the house, that was fine. If her eyebrow pencil or clothes
weren’t right they would immediately say, “Oh no, sister, you do it
again.” From them she learned how to speak well and carry herself,
head high, with a woman’s dignity. She could always confide in
them, and their love was unconditional. Though life as a black
trans woman kept hitting up against walls, she could press
through them. The only time she entered a closet, she defiantly
declared, was to get herself an outfit and a pair of pumps.
This was what she wanted to pass on in Room 205. She took the
poor trans girls who came to her off the streets and made them her
chosen family. At first, when they called her “Mama Gloria”, she
felt it wasn’t right, since she had no children. But quickly they be
came her babies, because mothering and listening was what they
so obviously needed. If they had no money she would give them
some, though she had to clean houses to get enough for herself.
Sometimes she would get up early to cook for them.
Those last years of her life made her famous. Her school in
spired a play, “Charm”, and a documentary film, “Mama Gloria”,
which showed all over the country. In Pride Month President Joe
Biden mentioned her by name. She felt giddy at all this notice, like
Snow White just kissed and woken up. But it was only partly man
ners she was teaching, she would tell people. Her school was really
all about love. n
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