We have compiled the latest technology of building services system for multi-storey smart building into one. PROPOSED A SYSTEM FOR A SMART MULTI-STOREY BUILDING BQS 554 BUILDING SERVICES Information regarding an smart building with an example of our selected case study of multi-storey smart/intelligent building. CLASS: AP224_4A P R E P A R E D F O R : DR SITI NORAZNIZA BINTI AHMAD SEKAK CENTRE OF STUDIES FOR QUANTITY SURVEYING FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING & SURVERYING [AP224] UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA (UiTM), MAIN CAMPUS SHAH ALAM. JANUARY - 2023/ TASK 1 AMMAR IHSAN ZAINUZZAMAN. HANIS AYUNI MOHAMAD. NUR NAZIFA SAHARUDIN. NURUL ATIRAH SAIMI NIK AMIRA SYAZANA NIK ABDULLAH. P R E PAR E D BY: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. CASE STUDY LATEST TECHNOLOGY.
THE PROJECT T E A M J A N - 2 0 2 3 BQS 554 BUILDING SERVICES AMMAR IHSAN BIN ZAINUZZAMAN (2021112167) HANIS AYUNI BINTI MOHAMAD (2021121647) NUR NAZIFA BINTI SAHARUDIN (2021146629) NURUL ATIRAH BINTI SAIMI (2021106361) NIK AMIRA SYAZANA BINTI NIK ABDULLAH (2021504973)
TA B LE O F C O N TE N T 1.0 2.0 FIRE 3 PREV . E 0 NTATION SYSTEM -SMART SMOKE DETECTOR. SMART AIR CONDITIONING. MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM 4.0 INTRODUCTION OF THE MULTI-STOREY SMART BUILDING. Introduction. Application. System. Installation Process. Benefits/Advantages. Problems. Functions (including connections & positions of different parts of equipment). Principle and System. Space Implications. Building Regulations. Introduction. Application. System. Installation Process. Benefits/Advantages. Problems. Functions (including connections & positions of different parts of equipment). Principle and System. Space Implications. Building Regulations. BACKGROUND OF THE CASE STUDY. PROJECT INFORMATION. Introduction. Application. System. Installation Process. Benefits/Advantages. Problems. Functions (including connections & positions of different parts of equipment). Principle and System. Space Implications. Building Regulations. 5.0 SPECIAL SERVICES SYSTEM -CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEVISION.
6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 MECHANICAL HANDLING SYSTEM -SMART BUILDING ELEVATOR. TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM -SMART BUILDING COMMUNICATION SYSTEM. TA B LE O F C O N TE N T ( C O N T' D ) Introduction. Application. System. Installation Process. Benefits/Advantages. Problems. Functions (including connections & positions of different parts of equipment). Principle and System. Space Implications. Building Regulations. Introduction. Application. System. Installation Process. Benefits/Advantages. Problems. Functions (including connections & positions of different parts of equipment). Principle and System. Space Implications. Building Regulations. CONCLUSION. REFERENCES.
PREFACE When it comes to building construction, we are entering a new era. In order to monitor environmental data and occupant energy consumption patterns to optimize building operation and energy performance, smart building technology integrates effective and automated controls applications that use smart energy products, networked sensors, and data analytics software for installation (M. S. Aliero, et. al., 2022). Today, thanks to evolution of technology, it’s possible for a building to not only deliver all the services that occupants need, but for this to be done whilst providing maximum safety, cost-effectiveness, and security. Smart building are the main starting point from which to transform cities into smart cities. With overlapping needs ranging from regulating lighting and energy to providing occupants with security and safety, smart buildings are microcosms of smart cities. Additionally, the advantages of today’s smart buildings not only go beyond energy economy and comfort delivery, but also involve in learning about the features and preferences of the occupants as well as responding to changing environmental conditions. To attain the maximum possible benefits from smart buildings, occupant-related parameters and environmental variables need to be included in the management system (E. Roja, et. al., 2021). Designing a building management system that integrates all building aspects is a challenging task due to the wide variances in building components, large volumes of data, variability of building dynamics, and inevitability of uncertainties (E. Roja, et. al., 2021). Smart building need something akin to human senses in order to be able to recognize what’s going on in the surroundings (both within and outside the structure). Sensors and meters are included in smart buildings for this reason. The occupancy of rooms, light intensity, indoor and outdoor temperatures, carbon dioxide levels, noise levels, detection of gas leaks, and other factors can all be determined by a smart building (E. I. Batov, 2015). To address this challenges, all the building requirements, in terms of safety and security, comfort criteria, performance specifications, and operational costs, are required to be formulated and included in the real-time building management system. BQS 554 BUIDING SERVICES PROPOSED A SYSTEM FOR A MULTI-STOREY SMART BUILDING
The title for the proposed project is "JABATAN KERJA RAYA NEGERI SELANGOR, KOMPLEKS IBU PEJABAT, JABATAN KERJA RAYA NEGERI SELANGOR, PERSIARAN JUBLI PERAK, SEKSYEN 17, 40200 SHAH ALAM, SELANGOR DARUL EHSAN." There are several building service systems that have been found in this building such as fire preventation system, mechanical ventilation system, special services system, mechanical handling system and telecommunication system. Therefore, each of the system consists of various services that are used for the multistorey proposed project will be explained with detail in the next page. A concept of smart buildings can make use of a variety of existing technology and are planned or modifies in such a way that future technological advancements can be integrated. Where some of mechanism and robots include Internet Of Things (IOT) sensors, building automation, life safety, telecommunications, user systems, and facility management systems that may be utilized in a smart building to control and optimize its performance. According to the (Smart Building, 2023), the implementation of a smart building brings many benefits such as flexibility, productivity, interaction between the buildings, a lower carbon footprint and able to reduce operating costs in the long-term saving as well as potential to save approximately 15% to 25% on energy costs. Nowadays, there are emerging applications in building operation and management to advance the idea of "Smart Building". A smart building technology is one of the technologies that has been used in the building to provide a reasonable investment, efficient energy management, comfortable and convenient environment that has been designed by considering the optimized relationship among structure, system, service, and management (Zhou, K., & Yang, S. , 2018). I N T R O D U C T I O N O F T H E M U L T I - S T O R E Y S M A R T B U I I L D I N G BQS 554 BUIDING SERVICES PROPOSED A SYSTEM FOR A MULTI-STOREY SMART BUILDING
BACKGROUND PROJECT Jabatan Kerja Raya Selangor Kompleks Ibu Pejabat JKR Negeri Selangor Persiaran Jubli Perak, Seksyen17, 40200 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan Have 9 partitions which are ICT, Tentera, Kontrak dan Ukur Bahan (BKUB), Bangunan, Jalan, pentadbiran &kewangan (admin), Cawangan Perancangan Aset Bersepadu (CPAB), Elektrik dan Arkitek. BQS 554 BUIDING SERVICES PROPOSED A SYSTEM FOR A MULTI-STOREY SMART BUILDING ADDRESS PROJECT INFO
B U I L D I N G SYSTEMS IN THE MULTI-STOREY SMART BUILDING SMOKE ALARM DETECTOR 1. 2. SMART AIRCONDITIONER 3. Wi-Fi 5. HYDRAULIC LIFT 4. BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEM (BAS) BQS 554 BUIDING SERVICES PROPOSED A SYSTEM FOR A MULTI-STOREY SMART BUILDING
F I R E P R E V E N T A T I O N S Y S T E M
S M A R T S M O K E A L A R M D E T E C T O R S WHAT IS SMOKE ALARM DETECTORS? As the world are facing towards the age of technology , the earliest form of fire detection is manual fire detection system. A manual fire detection system are usually connected to the central fire alarm system in the building and it allows for immediate response if an incident has occurred. Fire detection systems are designed to detect fires early in their development when time will still be available for the safe evacuation of occupants (Schroll, C., 2007). It can been proven that early fire detection helps to reduce property loss and downtime for the operation minimized because control efforts are started while the fire is still small. According to the (Schroll, C., 2007), fire detectors will be more effective if combined with alarms. This is because the alarm system provide notice to the building occupants and then the signal will be sent to a monitoring station. One of the manual fire detection system that are used in the proposed project is "Smart smoke alarm detections." Smart smoke alarm detectors is newer technology, having achieved widespread use in residential, commercial, industrial, etc. and life safety applications throughout the 1970s and 1980s (WordPress Developer, 2021). The smart smoke alarm detectors system work similarly to traditional smoke detectors, but with the added benefit of Internet of Things (IOT) connectivity. Smart smoke alarm detectors can detects or identifies smoke, heat and carbon monoxide (CO) more quickly and effectively. For example, when smoke is detected, the sound an alarm will be sent to the occupants inside the building to give them as much time as possible to escape in the case of the building fire. However, if the occupants outside of the building, the sound an alarm will be sent to them via a smartphone that has been connected to the smart smoke alarm detectors. It can be proven that this system will always notify the occupants, wherever they are. BQS 554 BUIDING SERVICES PROPOSED A SYSTEM FOR A MULTI-STOREY SMART BUILDING
F o r t h e p r op o s ed p r o j e c t , t h e ap p l i c a t i o n o f s m a r t s m o k e a l a r m de t e c t o r s a r e m o u n t ed a l o n g c e i l i n g o n e a c h o ffi c e r o o m , k i t c h e n , c a n t e e n , s t a i r w e l l s a nd l a ndi n g s . T h e s y s t e m w i l l b e c o n n e c t ed t o t h e s m a r tp h o n e v i a W i- F i @ n o W i- F i o r s i m i l a r c o m m u n i c a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y a s t o p r o v ide qu i c k n o t ifi c a t i o n s i n t h e f o r m o f a t e x t m e s s a g e s , o r a c a l l a nd t a k e t h e ap p r op r i a t e a c t i o n t o g e t a l l s t a ff o r p e r s o n i n s ide t h e b u i l di n g o u t s a f e l y o n c e t h e s y s t e m h a s de t e c t ed a n y s m o k e , h e a t , g a s , c a rb o n m o n o x ide a nd o t h e r s . A l s o , t h e s y s t e m i n c o r p o r a t e s e lf- t e s t i n g f e a t u r e s t o m o n i t o r b a t t e r y p o w e r b e f o r e t h e y r u n - o u t . I t c a n b e r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e s m a r t s m o k e a l a r m d e t e c t o r i s d iff e r e n t f r o m o t h e r s t a n d a r d s m o k e d e t e c t o r s . T h e a b i l i t y o f s m a r t s m o k e a l a r m d e t e c t o r n o t o n l y t o d e t e c t t h e s i g n s o f fi r e w a r n i n g b u t a l s o i n t e r c o n n e c t w i t h o t h e r i t e m s s u c h a s t u r n o n l i g h t s , e a s i l y b y u n l o c k d o o r s t o p r o v i d e e a s e i n e v a c u a t i o n , t u r n o ff h e a t i n g a n d t u r n o n v e n t i l a t i o n s y s t e m s . APPLICATION AND SYSTEM S M A R T S M O K E A L A R M D E T E C T O R S BQS 554 BUIDING SERVICES PROPOSED A SYSTEM FOR A MULTI-STOREY SMART BUILDING
INSTALLATION PROCESS SMART SMOKE ALARM DETECTORS Smart smoke detector can be install without specialist as it is very simple instructions. The installation requirements are Wi-Fi network and a smartphones or other telecommunication connectivity. The use of Wi-Fi is needed to receive smartphone alert when the occupants inside the building or not. There are several installation processes that have been used in the proposed project, as follow: 01 DETERMINE THE MOUNTING LOCATION. Choose a proper locations to install the smart smoke alarm detector. For this proposed project, the smart smoke alarm detectors are install on the ceiling as it is the best location to easily detect any smoke or heat around the rooms or spaces inside the building. Avoid install or place it in any near doorways, windows or in very ducts, dirty or greasy areas where it might interfere with their operation (Bowman, C. P., 2021). 02 CHECK THE WIFI CONNECTION. Check the smartphones to make sure it have Wi-Fi connection where the smart smoke alarm detectors have been to be install (Netatmo, 2022). If still can't get the connection between the smart smoke detectors and the smartphones, try to move the Wi-Fi router closer if the connection is low. 03 SECURING THE MOUNT TO THE CEILING. Place the mount in the relevant position then mark the two (2) fixing holes with a pencil and drill the two holes. According to the (Netatmo, 2022), one (1) anchor will be inserted in each of two (2) holes then insert and tighten the two (2) screws while leaving 2mm (or 0.08 inches) gap below the heads. Align the holes of the mount with the screws on the ceiling. Slide the mount to the right turn the mount counterclockwise to the marked line. Finish tightening the two (2) screws in order to secure the mount. BQS 554 BUIDING SERVICES PROPOSED A SYSTEM FOR A MULTI-STOREY SMART BUILDING
INSTALLATION PROCESS (CONT'D) SMART SMOKE ALARM DETECTORS Install the smart smoke detector on the mount by aligning the marks on it. Then, turn it clockwise in order to lock assembly. The smart smoke alarm detector LED will light up to indicate that the device is working correctly. 04 INSTALLING THE SMART SMOKE ALARM DETECTORS TO THE MOUNT. 05 DOWNLOADING THE SECURITY APP. Install the smart smoke detector on the mount by aligning the marks on it. Then, turn it clockwise in order to lock assembly. The smart smoke alarm detector LED will light up to indicate that the device is working correctly. 06 TEST THE SMART SMOKE ALARM DETECTORS. Once all the smartphones has pair with the smart smoke alarm detector, press the test button on each alarm and try turn it off using the apps in the smartphones. BQS 554 BUIDING SERVICES PROPOSED A SYSTEM FOR A MULTI-STOREY SMART BUILDING
S M A R T S M O K E A L A R M D E T E C T O R S 1. AS FIRES FASTER ALARM DETECTOR. A smart smoke alarm detector are an excellent layer of protection that respond much faster than a traditional smoke alarm detector. The device take step further as it will identify when a room or space inside the building is too hot or has experienced a dramatic increase in the temperature. Smart smoke alarm detectors wirelessly interconnect with other compatible smart alarms. For example, if there is any smoke, heat, carbon monoxide (CO) and others in any room or space in the building, all connected smart smoke detectors will detect it and send a sound to alert the occupants of the danger inside their building. 2. RECEIVE NOTIFICATIONS IN ANY LOCATION. Smart smoke detectors usually communicate to the app on a smartphone wirelessly. Most smoke detectors connect directly to the Wi-Fi network in the building and also through a base station. For example, when there is a fire inside the building, the alarm of the smoke detector goes off and sends a push notification to the user, wherever they are. So that the users can be aware of what is happening and can take early action immediately. BE N E F I T S 3. RELIABILITY AND BATTERY LIFE. Smart smoke detectors guarantee that they will last much longer when using new battery. According to (Admin, t., 2022), smart smoke detectors must be changed every 10 years because the lifespan of the device has an average life of around 8 to 10 years. The effectiveness of the smart smoke alarm detector is that it will send a notification on the app when the battery is about to run out or nearing the end of its product life. Additionally, the users can check the power level of their own smart smoke alarm detectors at any time through the use of the application. BQS 554 BUIDING SERVICES PROPOSED A SYSTEM FOR A MULTI-STOREY SMART BUILDING
S M A R T S M O K E A L A R M D E T E C T O R S 1. LOW NETWORK CONNECTION. Network connectivity is one of the most common issues that smart smoke detector owners will encounter. Even the device can still work when the network connection is low when the user is away from their building. However, the Internet or Wi-Fi is needed to check on the device in order to receive any fire alert notification. For example, if fire break outs in a house or any building and their smartphones are not connect to Internet or Wi-Fi, the devices cannot reach the smartphone to give a fire alert or smoke alert. 2. NEEDED TEST, CARE AND MAINTENANCE REGULARLY. The smart smoke alarm detectors are very sensitive because there may be errors in the alarm power supply. The device needs to do the maintenance such as testing the alarm once a week, cleaning every month and always replacing the batteries at least once every year and it must be replace the entire smart smoke alarm every 10 years, so that there are no problem occurs and it can easily detect any smoke, heat, carbon monoxide (CO) and others (Bowman, C. P., 2021). P R O BL E M S BQS 554 BUIDING SERVICES PROPOSED A SYSTEM FOR A MULTI-STOREY SMART BUILDING
F U N C T I O N S (I N C L U D I N G C O N N E C T I O N S A N D P O S I T I O N S O F D I F F E R E N T PAR T S O F E Q U I P M E N T .) S M A R T S M O K E A L A R M D E T E C T O R S Nowadays, there are many fire preventation system, one of which is the smart smoke detector that the developers use to build an IoT concept on it. The following will focus on the famous IoT platform: COMPONENTS FUNCTION 1- Arduino Mega 2560 The Arduino Mega 2560 is a type of microcontroller board. It has 54 digital input/output pins, of which 15 can be used as PWM outputs, 16 are analog inputs, 4 UARTs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the micro controlled and simply connect it to the computer with a USB cable, power it with an AC to DC adapter or a battery to get started (Hussain, J., 2015). A 5v Active Alarm Buzzer Module for Arduino is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical, electromechanical or piezoelectric. The component rings out as long as it is electrified, a bit expensive but easier to control. Typical uses of buzzers include alarm devices, timers and confirmation of user input. 2. Buzzer 5v 3. Flame Detector Sensor A flame sensor also can be known as a sensitive sensor to a normal light. It can detects flame otherwise wavelength within the range of 760nm - 110nm from the light source. Also, it can be easily damaged to high temperature, so that's why it must be placed at a certain distance from the flame. The main function of the sensor is to give authentication whether the boiler is properly working or not. 4. MQ-2 Gas Sensor The MQ2 gas sensor is an electronic sensor that made of a tin dioxide semiconductor gas sensing material. The sensor can easily detect smoke, liquefied natural gas (LNG), butane, propane, methane, alcohol, and hydrogen in the air (MQ2 Gas Sensor, 2022). Also, the sensor has a low cost and is suitable for different application. BQS 554 BUIDING SERVICES PROPOSED A SYSTEM FOR A MULTI-STOREY SMART BUILDING
5. Breadboard A breadboard is simply a board for prototyping or building circuits on, where it allows to place components and connections on the board to make circuits without soldering . SMART SMOKE ALARM DETECTORS 6. Light Emitting Diode (LED) 7. ESP 8266 A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits light when current flows through it. LED lighting products produce light up to 90% more efficiently than incandescent light bulbs. LED is highly energy efficient and it has less heat, more light, and lower cost. The ESP8266 is a Wi-Fi module that allows microcontrollers access to a Wi-Fi network. It is capable of either hosting an application or offloading all Wi-Fi networking functions from another application processor. F U N C T I O N S (I N C L U D I N G C O N N E C T I O N S A N D P O S I T I O N S O F D I F F E R E N T PAR T S O F E Q U I P M E N T .)- ( C O N T ' D ). BQS 554 BUIDING SERVICES PROPOSED A SYSTEM FOR A MULTI-STOREY SMART BUILDING
Office Office Office Staircase Office Kitchen Canteen P R I N C I P L E A N D S Y S T E M SMART SMOKE ALARM DETECTORS Wi reles s detector s and thei r inbuil t receiver s are UL approved and run on one or more internal bat ter ies . The smar t smoke detector ci rcui t ry includes moni tor ing of the internal bat tery power supply. The smar t smoke detector will sound a local warning and t r igger a faul t s ignal once per hour for a minimum of seven ( 7 ) days or unt il the bat tery or bat ter ies are replaced if the bat tery power source depletes to the UL threshold. By sending out a separate alarm s ignal, the wi reles s s tar t ing devices are surpr i sed for al terat ion or removal. Every hour , each wi reles s device send a tes t t ransmi s s ion to validate the communicat ion ci rcui t . Every four (4), any device that i s unable to communicate i s detected on the cont rol panel. S PA C E I M P L I C AT I O N For thi s proposed smar t building, the smar t smoke detector not tak ing too much space as i t was place on ceiling. There will be no i s sue on space implicat ion as the device i s al so about 6 inches . I t i s place on every level including all office room, k i tchen, canteen, s tai rwell s and landings . The smar t smoke detector are ins tall all place except near doorways and windows . As well as in very duct s , di r ty or greasy areas as i t thi s di r ty areas can give unwanted alarms . BQS 554 BUIDING SERVICES PROPOSED A SYSTEM FOR A MULTI-STOREY SMART BUILDING
B U I L D I N G R E G U LAT I O N S S M A R T S M O K E A L A R M D E T E C T O R S Fire protection regulations in Malaysia are stipulated under the Malaysian Uniform Building By Laws (UBBL) 1984. The UBBL (the latest amendment as of 2012) requirements on fire are under Part VII (Fire Requirements), Part VIII (Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access). According to UBBL (the latest amendment as of 2012), every building need to provide fire safety equipment and it must be check regularly. Under UBBL 225 in reference to 10th Schedule: Part VIII (Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access). 237 - Fire Detection and Fire Alarm Systems. (1) Fire detection and fire alarm systems shall be designed and installed in accordance with MS 1745. 241 - Special requirements for fire alarm systems. (1) In places where there are deaf persons and in places where by nature of the occupancy audible alarm system is undesirable, special requirement for fire alarm systems shall be installed in accordance with MS 1745. In Note 6 and 7 of UBBL amendment 2012 stated that: Note 6: Smoke detector of the self-contained type is to be provided at the top of the staircase. BQS 554 BUIDING SERVICES PROPOSED A SYSTEM FOR A MULTI-STOREY SMART BUILDING
M E C H A N I C A L V E N T I L A T I O N S Y S T E M
When we return home, our minds are preoccupied with all the routines that await us once we return home. Do you want to unwind with a good book, a TV show, or a music session? You may also do some laundry or dishes that have been piling up in the kitchen for an extended period. But how do we become comfortable in doing those tasks in a relaxed state? Not to mention the fact that a well-insulated house allows fresh air in while keeping stale air and cooking aromas out. Mechanical ventilation is essential in today's densely constructed dwellings. Controlling the quantity and quality of air in your home is beneficial to your health as well as the health of your home and its inhabitants. It certainly enhances interior air quality by supplying fresh air and neutralizing pollutants, as well as controlling moisture, preventing inadequate air movement, and not requiring inhabitants to open windows to do so. A I R C O N D I T I O N I N G S Y S T E M WHAT IS SMART AIR CONDITIONING? Smart air conditioning control enables remote management of AC systems via your phone. Controlling the air conditioner can be done from couch, another room, or even while you are away from home. This means no more energy waste or returning home to a stuffy room. Smart air conditioners are equipped with WIFI technology, allowing them to communicate with a smartphone application. This allows users to have complete control over their smart air conditioning system. Users can control the temperature and fan speed, as well as turn their air conditioning on and off, all from their phones. Smart air conditioners provide a variety of other useful functions, such as temperature scheduling, geofencing, and integration with smart assistants, such as Alexa. A smart WIFI air conditioner device, which allows you to control your air conditioner from your phone, is an option. BQS 554 BUIDING SERVICES PROPOSED A SYSTEM FOR A MULTI-STOREY SMART BUILDING
S m a r t a i r c o n d i t i o n i n g d e t e c t o r s a r e i n s t a l l e d a l o n g t h e c e i l i n g o f e a c h o ffi c e a r e a , k i t c h e n , c a n t e e n , s t a i r w a y , a n d l a n d i n g f o r t h e p r o p o s e d b u i l d i n g . U s e r m a y n o w r e l a x i n t h e c o m f o r t o f t h e i r o w n o ffi c e r o o m t h a n k s t o t h e a d d i t i o n o f t h i s a i r c o n d i t i o n i n g u n i t s i n c e i t i s a s m a r t a i r c o n d i t i o n i n g c o n t r o l s y s t e m . I t i s a d u c t e d s m a r t a i r c o n d i t i o n e r t h a t a l l o w s u s e r s t o s e t d iff e r e n t t e m p e r a t u r e s f o r v a r i o u s r e g i o n s o f t h e o ffi c e p a r t i t i o n s , a l l o w i n g t h e m t o k e e p t h e e n t i r e s t a ff c o m f o r t a b l e i n o n e l o c a t i o n . E v e n b e t t e r , t h e s y s t e m c a n b e c o n t r o l l e d f r o m a u s e r ' s s m a r t p h o n e , a n d t h e a i r c o n d i t i o n i n g c a n b e m o n i t o r e d f r o m b o t h i n s i d e a n d o u t s i d e t h e o ffi c e , a l l w h i l e t h e u s e r r e m a i n s e n t i r e l y a n o n y m o u s ! I n d i v i d u a l r o o m a i r fl o w m a n a g e m e n t , a s w e l l a s a t o u c h s c r e e n t h a t c a n b e u s e d a s a t a b l e t , a r e a l l i n c l u d e d i n t h e l i s t o f f e a t u r e s f o r t h i s c l i m a t e c o n t r o l s y s t e m . T h i s d e v i c e , w h i c h i s c o m p a t i b l e w i t h p r o d u c t s f r o m a l l m a j o r m a n u f a c t u r e r s , i s a h i g h - e n d p a c k a g e t h a t i n c l u d e s a n 8 -i n c h t a b l e t w i t h i n t e r n e t a c c e s s a n d i s a v a i l a b l e f o r p u r c h a s e s e p a r a t e l y . A d d i t i o n a l l y , i t i s s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d t o u s e a n d v i s u a l l y b e a u t if u l . T h e s y s t e m w i l l b e c o n n e c t e d t o t h e s m a r t p h o n e v i a W i- F i o r s i m i l a r c o m m u n i c a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y t o p r o v i d e a n y i n f o r m a t i o n o f c h a n g e o f t e m p e r a t u r e . APPLICATION AND SYSTEM S M A R T A I R C O N D I T I O N E R BQS 554 BUIDING SERVICES PROPOSED A SYSTEM FOR A MULTI-STOREY SMART BUILDING
INSTALLATION PROCESS SMART AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM The typical installation of smart air-conditioner depends on the type of air conditioner itself. For the proposed of building Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR) Selangor, the type of smart air conditioner system used is split air conditioning system. This type of smart air conditioner have the simplest and easiest way to install. 01 CUTTING THE HOLE Cut the hole in the wall with the correct diameter for the connecting piping. 02 INSTALL PLATE MOUNTING Install the plate mounting to the wall to provide more stability and strength 03 MOUNTING THE AIR CONDITIONER THE WALL Open the intake grille and unfasten the screws on the cover to open up the front grille then slide the three slider locks to the unlocked and lift of the front grille. Mount the unit on the wall using hook over the installation plate and lock it. BQS 554 BUIDING SERVICES PROPOSED A SYSTEM FOR A MULTI-STOREY SMART BUILDING FORMING THE DRAIN HOSE AND PIPE 04 Install the piping in the direction of the wall hole and use vinyl tape to connect the drain hose and pipe. Install the pipes in such a way that the drain hose is at the bottom. Wrap colourful tape across the pipes of the indoor unit that are visible from the outside. Hang the indoor unit on the hooks at the top and bottom of the wall hook bracket after inserting the indoor piping and drain hose through the wall hole.
INSTALLATION PROCESS (CONT'D) SMART AIR CONDITIONER SYSTEM 05 CONNECTING THE PIPING Install the outdoor unit wall cap and connect the outdoor unit and indoor unit piping. Tighten the nut to the recommended tightening tension with a torque wrench after aligning the centre of the flaring surface and tightening it hand tight. 06 BQS 554 BUIDING SERVICES PROPOSED A SYSTEM FOR A MULTI-STOREY SMART BUILDING WI-FI CONNECTION Put the terminal into the PCB and fix using screw. Install the front grille. Download the app system (SmartAir) from App Store (IOS) or Google Play (Android). Register then connect the device with the smart air conditioner.
S M A R T A I R C O N D I T I O N E R S Y S T E M 1. SMART CONTROL We can still switch off or on the air conditioners even we are far from the units and even after we leave the office. This is the results of smart control as we can now control every AC unit from our couch, reducing the need to race from room to room to alter the settings. Furthermore, the user can set 7-day schedules and timers to adapt the AC to our needs. 2. SAVE ENERGY Smart air conditioners now have built-in sensors that recognise when a user leaves a room to do an errand and take appropriate action depending on that information. Furthermore, when the smart air conditioner detects that the room temperature has reached an acceptable level of cool air, it will automatically switch off. This conserves energy for our planet while also cutting electricity costs. BE N E F I T S 3. RELIABILITY AND SUITABILITY Many houses now have voice-activated gadgets like Google Home, Alexa, or Siri. If you own and run a smart air conditioner, it will be able to connect with and be compatible with other smart devices such as these. That is because, unlike manual air conditioners, smart air conditioners are Wi-Fi enabled, allowing you to access all of the previously stated benefits, such as remote thermostat control and pre-programming. The user can choose to get e-mail alerts from the system if the temperature falls outside of a regular range or increases over it. Users can also be notified of power disruptions and network failures. BQS 554 BUIDING SERVICES PROPOSED A SYSTEM FOR A MULTI-STOREY SMART BUILDING
S M A R T A I R C O N D I T I O N E R S Y S T E M 1. UNSTABLE WIFI The signal of the router is hindered by a running air conditioner in the house. This happened because the Wi-Fi signal became garbled and reached our device at a different frequency. As a result, the router's connection weakens, leading it to turn off or lose signal. 2. EFFICIENT DUCTWORK It is critical to inspect the condition of your ductwork before installing an air conditioning system. To preserve cold air in the room, joints should be sealed. Old or inefficient ducts may leak up to 20% of the cold air in the environment. You might hire a professional business or an AC specialist to tackle duct-related concerns. They do rigorous system inspections and respond fast to any issues. After securing the duct system, you may hire a professional to instal an air conditioner. P R O BL E M S 3.TEMPERATURE THERMOSTAT SENSOR ISSUE When the sensor malfunctions, it may cycle on and off at random during regular activation periods. Before the desired temperature is attained, the thermostat may switch on or off. As a result, utility bills rise. A black/white screen is one of the most common issues with the Android operating system. When an Android user launches an app, they are frequently greeted with a black screen for a few seconds before the software dies without displaying an error notice. If this occurs, the user will be unable to turn on or off the air conditioning until the app is functioning. BQS 554 BUIDING SERVICES PROPOSED A SYSTEM FOR A MULTI-STOREY SMART BUILDING
F U N C T I O N S (I N C L U D I N G C O N N E C T I O N S A N D P O S I T I O N S O F D I F F E R E N T PAR T S O F E Q U I P M E N T .) S M A R T A I R C O N D I T I O N I N G S Y S T E M COMPONENTS FUNCTION Blower The blower's job is to transport air from supply registers. This component, which also functions as a thermostat, circulates chilled air around the home and pulls in roomtemperature airflow for re-cooling. The blower fan of the air conditioner is located on the inside of the device. This component, which is located near the blower in the air handler, is responsible for removing heat and humidity from the air. This is accomplished mostly by the refrigerant flowing through the coil. Fans located behind the evaporator coil then blast this chilly air back into the room, decreasing the temperature. BQS 554 BUIDING SERVICES PROPOSED A SYSTEM FOR A MULTI-STOREY SMART BUILDING Evaporator coil Compressor The compressor works by compressing the refrigerant and boosting its temperature. After absorbing heat, the refrigerant produces gases. It passes through the compressor, which compresses the air and further warms the gas. This crucial procedure prepares the refrigerant for heat release. It is set up as an outdoor unit. Condensing coil This is the exterior equivalent of an evaporator coil, which is located alongside the compressor. The functionality is the inverse of the evaporator's. The condenser coil takes heat from the refrigerant and discharges it into the environment.
F U N C T I O N S (I N C L U D I N G C O N N E C T I O N S A N D P O S I T I O N S O F D I F F E R E N T PAR T S O F E Q U I P M E N T .) ( C O N T ' D ) SMART AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM COMPONENTS FUNCTION Fan The outer condensing unit becomes extremely hot as a result of all that overheated refrigerant flowing through it. A heat sync fan and fins transport heat away from the machine, keeping it from overheating. Place the fan near to or under the vent where the AC comes out to blow air into the area. The thermostat regulates the heat energy inside and outside of an air conditioning system to maintain a constant temperature. The thermostat is located near the evaporator coils. We can now control the temperature of our air conditioners from our phones via Wi-Fi. BQS 554 BUIDING SERVICES PROPOSED A SYSTEM FOR A MULTI-STOREY SMART BUILDING Thermostat
P R I N C I P L E A N D S Y S T E M SMART AIR CONDITIONER SYSTEM An ai r condi t ioner collect s heated ai r f rom a specified region, proces ses i t us ing a ref r igerant and a ser ies of coil s , and then returns the cool ai r to the area where the hot ai r was collected. Thi s i s the bas ic operat ing concept of almos t all ai r condi t ioning sys tems . Hot ai r i s drawn f rom the ins ide uni t ' s base through the gr ille. The ai r flows through some of the pipes , allowing the ref r igerant or cooling fluid to leak out . The ref r igerant liquid absorbs heat and becomes hot ter than before. In thi s way, the weather i s eliminated f rom the ai r that fall s on the evaporat ing coil. The cooling medium not only absorbs heat , but i t al so eliminates moi s ture f rom the incoming ai r , which helps to reduce condensat ion in the space. In the case of spli t ai r condi t ioning, the heated ref r igerant gas i s subsequent ly t ransmi t ted to the compres sor , which i s located on the out s ide uni t . Because compres s ing the cooling gas rai ses i t s temperature, the compres sor causes i t to heat up. Thi s heated, high-pres sure gas i s sent to the thi rd component , known as a condenser . BQS 554 BUIDING SERVICES PROPOSED A SYSTEM FOR A MULTI-STOREY SMART BUILDING W O R K I N G P R I N C I P L E
S PA C E I M P L I C AT I O N S SMART AIR CONDITIONER SYSTEM For thi s proposed smar t building, as for space implicat ion in ins talling smar t ai r condi t ioner , there i s no r i s ing i s sues on space implicat ion. All the smar t ai r condi t ioner s where appoint in the r ight place wi th the r ight height f rom the floor . Fur thermore, there i s enough space, at leas t 60 inches of ver t ical clearance on top of the smar t AC to ci rculate ai r in and out of the uni t , 12 inches of clearance on each s ide of AC uni t s , and enough clearance to enable service technician acces s ibili ty to the uni t i t self. All of the AC uni t s are of appropr iate s i ze and can be s imply pos i t ioned in the chosen area based on the layout plan of the smar t office. I t i s place on every level including all office room, k i tchen, canteen, s tai rwell s and landings . BQS 554 BUIDING SERVICES PROPOSED A SYSTEM FOR A MULTI-STOREY SMART BUILDING
B U I L D I N G R E G U LAT I O N S S M A R T A I R C O N D I T I O N E R S Y S T E M There are presently no particular air conditioning Building Regulations that relate to installing an air conditioning system in your house for residential usage. However, the Uniform Building by Law (UBBL) Sect ion 41 can be considered in installation of air conditioner system. The UBBL statement are as below: Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning is intended, the relevant building by-laws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and heights of room may be waived at the discretion of the local authority. Any application for the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered if in addition to the permanent air-conditioning system there is provided alternative approved means of ventilating the air-conditioned enclosure, such that within half an hour of the air-conditioning system failing, not less than the stipulated volume of fresh air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the enclosure during the period when the air-conditioning system is not functioning. The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By-laws shall apply to buildings which are mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned. Where permanent mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories, waterclosets, bathrooms or corridors is provided for and maintained in accordance with the requirements of the Third Schedule to these By-laws, the provisions of theses By-laws relating to natural ventilation and natural lighting shall not apply to such lavatories, water-closets, bathrooms or corridors. BQS 554 BUIDING SERVICES PROPOSED A SYSTEM FOR A MULTI-STOREY SMART BUILDING SECTION 41 - Mechanical ventilation and Air Conditioning
M E C H A N I C A L H A N D L I N G S Y S T E M
M E C H A N I C A L H A N D L I N G S Y S T E M INSTALLATION Mechanical handling systems are pieces of equipment that manage product storage and movement. They are required in order to provide a reliable and consistent product distribution service. A careful monitoring and analysis of the customer's needs is always an important factor when designing a mechanical handling system. They must be evaluated for their competence and effectiveness, as these factors are critical in determining a positive bottom-line result for businesses. Hydraulic lifts are divided into three types: direct acting, side acting, and direct side acting. With the rapid development of science and technology in our country in recent years, the domestic hydraulic lifting machinery industry has grown. With the rapid development of science and technology in our country in recent years, the domestic hydraulic lifting machinery industry has entered a historical stage of synchronous competition with the international. An electrically powered pump delivers pressurized hydraulic fluid - typically oil - to a jack lifting system in a hydraulic lift. A piston within a cylinder at the elevator's base pushes the car up and down. When a valve opens to discharge the oil, the piston falls due to gravitational force. As a result, for our proposed smart home, we chose a direct acting elevator because it is the most efficient hydraulic lift for residential buildings and is suitable for a three-story house. The proposed lift is used for movement purposes that are quicker and easier for the occupants. For escape purposes, direct side acting should be proposed near staircases. APPLICATION
M E C H A N I C A L H A N D L I N G S Y S T E M SYSTEM To generate power, a hydraulic system will circulate incompressible hydraulic fluids from one part of the in daily life for vehicle breaks, steering, and lifts The image above is a hydraulic press from the plastics industry. Hydraulic lifts work on a basic principle: to go up, a pump pushes oil into the cylinder, pushing the piston (which pushes the lift car) up. To go down, the valve opens, and oil is allowed to flow back into the reservoir and is pushed back using the gravitational force of the lift car. The diagram above shows this system. When the valve is closed, the oil can only go from the reservoir into the cylinder. When the valve is open, the oil can only flow from the cylinder back into the reservoir. The controls in the lift car make the pump operate, moving the oil. When a floor is reached, the pump is switched off and the lift car sits on top of the piston, held in position by the oil which is trapped in the cylinder. The position, size and operation of the cylinder can be one of two options – ‘holed’ or ‘hole-less’.
Not all elevator installations are the same. The process can differ, depending on the size of the building, the size of the elevator, and, of course, the power source that drives the elevator. Having said this, installing hydraulic elevators is different than installing cable driven elevators or pneumatic elevators. Here is the basic installation process for a typical hydraulic elevator. The first task of installing a hydraulic elevator is creating the pit and landings, so let's first talk about a pit. Like most common elevators, a pit must be dug a few feet below the foundation or ground floor of the building. After the pit is dug, an additional hole must be dug to house the piston cylinder. After the pit and cylinder hole have been dug and reinforced, usually with concrete, the landings can be assembled. Landings are created by cutting holes in the walls where the elevator will make each stop. The landings should be barricaded for safety reasons until installation is complete. 1. Pit and Landings M E C H A N I C A L H A N D L I N G S Y S T E M INSTALLATION PROCESS 2. Hoistways Hoistways can be built one of two ways. The first is modular. A modular hoistway is constructed off site and then brought in to be installed as one piece. This is the easiest and fastest way of erecting a hoistway, granted you have access to a crane. If you don't have access to a crane or if the location makes operating one difficult or dangerous, the second method is to stick build the hoistway. Stick building is done on site and takes longer to build; however, it is generally a good, solid way of constructing the shaft. After the hoistway is built, the cylinder, piston, and pump can be installed. The pump will either be installed in the pit itself or in a separate machine room. After it is assembled, it will be attached to the moveable piston. 3. Power and Safety After the hoistway has been erected and the pump is attached to the piston, it is time to secure the elevator car and hook up the hydraulic power. In order to supply power, electrical disconnects must be installed. Also, hydraulic oil must be added to the fluid tank and piping must be installed between the elevator jack and the power unit. Once this is done and all systems have been checked, the elevator is ready to run. For safety reasons, selfclosing and locking doors, climate control, emergency lights, emergency communication, and smoke detectors will be installed.
As counterweights are not used, they save place between 10% and 20%, compared to electric lifts with the same capacity. Their machine rooms do not have to be on the well; they may be on the lowest floor and even under the pit. Therefore, their placement is more flexible. The pit and last floor distances are smaller than the electric lift. So, they are ideal for old buildings with less space. In hydraulic lifts, the elevator’s load is carried by the building base, while in the machine room traction lift system, the load is carried by the floor. Number of electronic cards is less Hydraulic lifts are mostly common which provides great security in the buildings. Hydraulic lifts are necessary and essential for transportation of goods and passengers within floors of a high storey building. Save in space M E C H A N I C A L H A N D L I N G S Y S T E M BENEFIT OR ADVANTAGES As they do not require various components like expensive power cards, inverter modules and circuit breakers, the budget that will be spent for electrical components, which have the largest share in modernization expenses, is lower, while the time needed for modernization is longer. Thus, considering elevators with a relatively complex control system, such as Mitsubishi, there is a wide range of company options and price scales in terms of carrying out maintenance activities for hydraulic lifts. Initial investment cost is lower High-tonnage traction lifts are special productions for global manufacturers. Therefore, their prices are higher compared with hydraulic lifts of the same capacity. For buildings up to three floors, hydraulics lifts will be cheaper. Except the rooms adjacent to the machine room, the noise level inside the cabin and around the shaft is lower. The number of sources that create noise is small, except the folding cylinder block and the cabin moving on the rails. The is no risk of acceleration if they are designed in line with the standards. The slow fluid flow of hydraulic cylinder does not allow acceleration. Even when the hydraulic fluid comes out of a broken or cracked pipe, which is the biggest risk, various types of flow control valve types are closed, and the fluid gets retained in the cylinder. Thus, cabin does not fall down. Rescuing passengers is also easier, compared to traction lifts. The emergency valve is simply opened when the cabin is not moving, even in case of power outage. More safer
Hydraulic system performance related issues can be categorized into inoperative, slow operation, fast operation and unpredictable operations. 1. Overheating of oil M E C H A N I C A L H A N D L I N G S Y S T E M PROBLEM
2. Hydraulic pump problems M E C H A N I C A L H A N D L I N G S Y S T E M PROBLEM 3. Hydraulic cylinder problems
M E C H A N I C A L H A N D L I N G S Y S T E M FUNCTION OF MACHINE SYSTEM
M E C H A N I C A L H A N D L I N G S Y S T E M FUNCTION OF MACHINE SYSTEM
In 1653, the French philosopher and scientist Blaise Pascal published his Treatise on the Equilibrium of Liquids, in which he discussed principles of static fluids. A static fluid is a fluid that is not in motion. When a fluid is not flowing, we say that the fluid is in static equilibrium. If the fluid is water, we say it is in hydrostatic equilibrium Any surface in touch with the fluid is subjected to static pressure, which operates at right angles to it. Pascal also discovered that the pressure at a given location in a static fluid is the same in all planes travelling through that point. Pascal’s law is also known as Pascal’s principle or the principle of fluid-pressure transfer. Hydraulic lift Pascal’s Law states that hydraulic lift enables the usage of a relatively small input force to form a larger output force. It is because the pressure applied on one piston is equivalent to the pressure of the second piston. M E C H A N I C A L H A N D L I N G S Y S T E M PRINCIPLE AND SYSTEM Hydraulic lifts work on a basic principle: to go up, a pump pushes oil into the cylinder, pushing the piston (which pushes the lift car) up. To go down, the valve opens, and oil is allowed to flow back into the reservoir and is pushed back using the gravitational force of the lift car. Pascal’s Law states that “The external static pressure applied to a confined liquid is dispersed or transmitted uniformly throughout the liquid in all directions”.
M E C H A N I C A L H A N D L I N G S Y S T E M SPACE IMPLICATION It is important to consider the space requirements while planning and selecting lifts. It is necessary to clearly specify the lift dimensions. This can be done by determining the following parameters: a) Shaft width b) Shaft depth c) Pit depth d) Headroom e) Machine room headroom The most significant development in the recent history of elevators has been the introduction of Motor Room Less (MRL) elevators. Most MRL solutions are based on gearless technology. Traditionally in motor room configurations the sheave, motor and control system are all housed in a machine room above the elevator shaft but in MRL elevators, the machinery is installed in the elevator shaft itself. This was made possible by the development and application of permanent magnet (PM) system technology in the lift motor that reduced the size of the motor by up to four times. For example, a 6.5kW motor used in a MRL configuration can perform the same task as a conventional 16.8kW traction machine. Smaller motors also use less energy.
It is significant to provide an efficient and suitable mechanical handling system such as lift for development. Therefore, the contractor in charge of the installation procedure must study the laws and regulations put in place by the authorities before beginning with the job. The regulations are strictly followed to ensure the safety of workers during the installation of the elevator and to the users without mishaps or accidents. According to the Department of Occupational Safety and Health (2010), guidelines on the safe use of lifts, there are few acts that relatable to the lift installation under Factories and Machinery (Electric Passenger and Goods Lift) Regulations 1970. M E C H A N I C A L H A N D L I N G S Y S T E M BUILDING REGULATIONS 1. Application Regulation 3 (1) Parts I, III and IV shall apply to all lifts. Regulation 31 (1) the owner of every lift shall ensure that such lift is maintained. (5) Such person shall thoroughly examine the lift at least once in every three months and cause the lift to be serviced and adjusted once in every month. (6) Lift registration Regulation 32 (1) The owner of every lift shall cause the certificate of registration thereof to be posted in the lift car or adjacent to the bottom terminal landing. 2. Duties of the owned Regulation 34 Any person who commits an offence against these regulations for which no corresponding penalty is provided by the Act shall be liable to a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars. 3. Notices 4. Penalties
Buildings are evolving from passive recipients of a smart infrastructure that offer a safe and comfortable environment for the tenant to participants that actively achieve multi-objective goals while managing their internal operations (S. Leal, et. al., 2014). So-called “smart buildings” represets a suite of technologies used to make design, construction and operation of buildings more efficient. Building automation systems are important to run major building system functions required in a facility such as heating systems, ventilation systems, air conditioning systems (HVAC), lighting, security, fire safety, industrial processes, and etc. Building automation system (BAS) greatly increase the interaction of mechanical sub-systems within a building, improve occupant comfort, lower energy use and allow off-site building control. A building automation system is an example ofa distributed control system. Therefore, the control system is a computerized, intelligent network of electronic devices designed to monitor and control the mechanical, electronics, and lighting systems in a building I N T R O D U C T I O N T O B A S S P E C I A L S E R V I C E S S Y S T E M : B U I L D I N G A U T O M A T I O N S Y S T E M ( B A S )
BENEFITS OF BAS Poor to no security PROBLEMS OF BAS when manufacturers stop supporting BAS system, they also stop sending out critical security updates. This makes your legacy system a prime target for hackers and other bad actors. Limited Power buildings often go through multiple upgrades throughout their lifespan. BAS system will have a challenging time keeping up with the demands of a modern or upgraded building Poor tenant comfort Older systems often lack the granular control that allows the facility manager or building owner to improve tenant comfort. Reduced utility costs Reduced utility costs – when used correctly, building automation systems generally pay for themselves fairly quickly through lower utility bills alone. Increased property value Since the value of most commercial buildings are tied to the net operating income. Using a BAS to reduce facility cost increases the net operating income on basis. Simplified building operation BAS are often partnered with smart metering or energy management software to detect resource use and other relevant data. Computerized controls and real-time displays provide instant and on-going feedback on everything that’s happening with the equipment in the building without having to physically examine the equipment
1) Cards (each card containing a hidden identification code particular to each card holder) 2) Card reader units (to read the identification code of the system, backup batteries, transformer, recording unit). 3) A control panel (the programmable CPU of the system, backup batteries, transformer, recording unit). 4) Electronic door locks (to lock or release the lock or latch of the door) 5) An alarm signalling device (alert people of authorized entry or tampering with components). 6) Cabling (for communication and power supply to the components). I N S T A L L A T I O N O F B A S F O R S E C U R I T Y S Y S T E M ( C A R D A C C E S S C O N T R O L ) 1) To detect incursion of the building for criminal purposes during non-working hours by means of physical and electronic security measures. The purpose for this proposed smart building project using card access control system has two goals: Example of basic set-up of card access monitoring 2) To limit access to the building to authorized personnel during working hours with a minimum of inconvenience commensurate with a required level of security. Based on the numberings in the above figure:
P R I N C I P L E S A N D R E G U L A T I O N S O N U S I N G C A R D A C C E S S C O N T R O L S Y S T E M 1 2 3 4 Pass the information to other subjects or objects Grant its privileges to other subjects. Change security attributes of subject systems, or system components Choose security attributes associated with newly-created or revised objects D I S C R E T I O N A R Y A C C E S S C O N T R O L S ( D A C ) DAC is defined as an access control policy enforced over all subjects and objects granting information access that allowes the subject to:
S P A C E I M P L I C A T I O N S O N U S I N G C A R D A C C E S S C O N T R O L S Y S T E M - With an electronic card swipe system, the building can be secured by managing who gains entry and remove the risk of lost or misplaced keys. These smart cards are individually programmed to provide restricted access around a site through gates, doors, turnsites, traffic barriers, etc. Detailed design for space implications on Card Access Control System
TELECOMMUNICATIONS M A G A Z I N E w w w.re ally gre a t sit e.c o m V o l u m e 2
WHAT IS WI-FI? March 2023 Wi-Fi Wifi is a family of wireless network protocols which are commonly used for wireless networking and allow nearby devides to exchange data by radio waves. Wireless Local area networks (WLAN) are widely used in the world to link laptop computers, tablet computer, smartphones, smart televisions (smart TVs), printer, and smart speakers together and to a wireless router to connect them to the internet. It functions as a hub to broadcast internet signal in both business and home environment. The public places such as coffee cafe, hotels, libraries and airports also provide their visitors with internet connectivity for their mobiles devices (Wikipedia contributors, 2023). Wi-Fi technology operates in the 2.4GHz and 5GHz frequency bands, providing data transfer speeds of up to several Gbps, depending on the specific standard being used.