151 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 Autonomous APs Standard Wired Switch Autonomous AP Autonomous AP
152 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 Controller-Based APs Centralized WLAN Controller Lightweight AP Lightweight AP
153 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 Cloud-Based APs Cloud Service Lightweight AP Lightweight AP
154 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 Distributed APs AP Management Service Distributed AP Distributed AP AP Management Service
155 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 AP and WLAN Management Systems Controller/WNMS
156 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 Wireless Monitoring Systems (Analytics)
157 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 Mesh APs and Routers Mesh BSS (MBSS) Portal Mesh Gate Mesh Client
158 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 WLAN Controller Functionality
159 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 Network Architecture Planes Management Plane (WNMS, controllers, location systems) Control Plane (automatic channel management, transmit power management, roaming management, load balancing) Data Plane (user data – application data)
160 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 Data Forwarding WLAN Controller L3 Core Switch L2 Edge Switch File Server
161 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 Remote Office Controllers and APs
162 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 WLAN Bridging AP in Bridge Mode (Root) AP in Bridge Mode (Non-Root)
163 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 Bridge Link Calculations Start with the desired received signal strength Output power Cable and connector losses Antenna gain (Tx) Free Space Path Loss (FSPL) Antenna gain (Rx) Cable and connector losses Target Signal (dBm) = Tx power + cable/connector losses + Tx ant gain + FSPL + Rx ant gain + cable/connector losses
164 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 PtP Bridge Links Point-to-Point (PtP)
165 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 PtMP Bridge Links Point-to-Multi-Point (PtMP)
166 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 Home WLAN Routers Internet WAN Ethernet Port Ethernet LAN Ports USB Ports for Various Purposes
167 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 Client Devices Mini PCI Express Card Secure Digital (SDIO) PCI Bus Compact Flash (CF) Universal Serial Bus (USB) CardBus Mini PCIe
168 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 Laptops Half Mini-PCIe Adapter
169 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 Desktops Internal Wi-Fi USB adapters PCI cards Antenna location is important
170 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 Tablets and Mobile Phones
171 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 VoIP Handsets 802.11a/b/g-only devices are not uncommon Several 802.11n handsets now available Knowing receive sensitivity and design specifications is essential Roaming support is also important WPA2-Personal vs. WPA2-Enterprise Mostly single stream devices Do not require high data rates Do require fast access to the medium
172 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 Specialty Devices ID Badges Wireless Door Locks 802.11 Video Projectors 802.11 Video Cameras
173 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 Windows Client Configuration Graphical interface Command line (NETSH) Custom utilities
174 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 Linux Client Configuration Graphical interface iwconfig ifconfig
175 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 Chrome OS Client Configuration
176 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 macOS Client Configuration
177 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 Configuring Tablets and Mobile Phones
178 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 Power over Ethernet (PoE) Functionality PoE Switch Non-PoE Switch PoE Power Injector Power Sourcing Equipment (PSE) Powered Device (PD)
179 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 PoE Standards 802.3-2015, Clause 33 • 802.3af-2003 15.4 watts at PSE 12.95 watts at PD • 802.3at-2009 30 watts at PSE 25.5 watts at PD Class Usage Range of Max Power Consumed Class Description 0 Default 0.44 W to 12.95 W Class unimplemented 1 Optional 0.44 W to 3.84 W Very low power 2 Optional 3.84 W to 6.49 W Low power 3 Optional 6.49 W to 12.95 W Mid power 4 Type 2 devices 12.95 W to 25.5 W High power
180 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 PoE Components Endpoint PSEs Midspan PSEs
181 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 Power Budgets and Port Density Power budget: The term used to define the total power required of PDs or the total power available in a PSE. Port Density: The number of ports in a PSE that may be used to provide power. TP-Link (TL-SG108PE) 8-port PoE Switch Specifications
182 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 Chapter 7: 802.11 MAC Operations Objectives Covered: 3.2 Identify and explain the basic frame types defined in the 802.11-2016 standard 3.3 Explain the process used to locate and connect to a WLAN 3.4 Define terminology related to the 802.11 MAC and PHY
183 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 802.11 Frames User Data Error Correction 802.11 Information Information that allows data to be properly received by the target 802.11 STA Upper layer payload data including IP headers, TCP headers, and application data. Data generated against the remaining frame information to ensure accurate delivery. Header Payload Footer
184 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) MAC and PHY Terminology OSI Layer SDU PDU Logical Link Control (LLC) Medium Access Control (MAC) Data Link Layer Physical Layer Physical Layer Convergence Protocol (PLCP) MSDU MPDU PSDU PPDU Service Data Units and Protocol Data Units are common terms for data at various points in the transmission flow.
185 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 General Frame Format Frame Control Field
186 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 Beacon Frames DA: Broadcast SSID Beacon Interval Security Settings
187 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 Authentication Frames AP MAC Address STA MAC Address STA MAC Address AP MAC Address Requesting Authentication Granting Authentication
188 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 Association Frames Association Request Frame Association Response Frame Sent from NETGEAR AP Sent from iPhone STA
189 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 Acknowledgement (ACK) Frames ACK Frame Block ACK Frame
190 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 Locating WLANs STAs locate WLANs using two methods • Passive scanning • Active Scanning Beacon Frames Passive Scanning Probe Response Probe Request Active Scanning
191 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 802.11 State Machine
192 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 802.1X/EAP and Pre-Shared Key Supplicant Authenticator Authentication Server User Directory 802.1X/EAP Shared Passphrase Pre-Shared Key (PSK) Passphrase Standard Algorithm PSK
193 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 4-Way Handshake
194 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 BSS Selection Clients use various criteria in BSS selection • Signal strength from the AP • AP settings • 2.4 GHz vs. 5 GHz
195 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 Chapter 8: 802.11 Channel Access Methods Objectives Covered: 3.5 Explain 802.11 channel access methods 3.5.1 DCF 3.5.2 EDCA 3.5.3 RTS/CTS 3.5.4 CTS-to-Self 3.5.5 NAV 3.5.6 Physical carrier sense and virtual carrier sense 3.5.7 Channel width operations 3.5.8 HT Operation modes 3.5.9 VHT Operation Mode field 3.5.10 HT and VHT protection mechanisms 3.5.11 Power save modes
196 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 802.11 Channel Access Requirements RF is an open shared medium • Multiple devices in the same channel must share access • Devices cannot detect what is happening in other locations • An algorithm is needed to assist in prevention of collisions (Collision Avoidance) Devices should be able to detect signals at the lowest modulation rate used within the channel • This is the primary key to proper WLAN shared access
197 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 Time CSMA/CD vs. CSMA/CA Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) Is anyone talking? No. Maybe I should wait awhile? If it’s still quiet, I think I’ll talk. Talk Did they say they heard me? If not, I’ll say it again. Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA)
198 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 Physical Virtual Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) Interframe Space Carrier Sense Backoff Timer Transmit Frame Single Station Perspective Carrier Sense DCF Components: Carrier Sense Interframe Spaces Backoff Timer Frame Transmission Carrier Sense Methods
199 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 Physical Carrier Sense Clear Channel Assessment (CCA) STAs check the wireless medium to detect use Similar to a dial tone check on a phone Carrier Sense (CS) Energy Detect (ED) Detects and measures the signal strength of 802.11 frames. Measures the power of all RF energy in the channel.
200 Certified Wireless Network Professional :: CWNA-109 Virtual Carrier Sense (NAV) The duration value in the MAC header indicates the time required to complete the transmission opportunity after the current (the frame in which the duration value resides) frame if completed.