Fundamental Of Chemistry

FATE

FUNDAMENTAL OF CHEMISTRY

Rabiatuladawiyah binti Baharuddin Nurul Farahin binti Mustafar
Nur Atirah Azzaharah binti Romel Shahfri DK Nur Azlin binti Agk Yussof

Acknowledgment

The publication of this textbook involves cooperation from
various parties. Thanks to all those involved in the publication of

this book.
Canva: The Medium for Graphic and Design
The authors:

Nurul Farahin binti Mustafar
DK Nur Azlin binti Agk Yussof
Nur Atirah Azzaharah binti Romel Shafri
Rabiatuladawiyah binti Baharuddin

First published 2021
Published for

School of Science (SCE 551) by:
Collaboration of FATE Sdn. Bhd. with

Anyflip.com (online publisher)
Fasa 3, Taman Seri Rembau,

71300 Rembau,
Negeri Sembilan Darul Khusus

Layout and typesetting:
Canva.com

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Font Size: 11 pt

i

Preface

Since that there are a lot of misunderstandings on The Periodic Table of
Elements and Chemical Bond topics, thus the authors have decided to produce
one product that can prevent and avoid misunderstanding which is "Fundamental

of Chemistry". This book helps to reinforce the knowledge by using various
elements and approaches that are especially available only in this book which are:

Clear explanations- easier to understand
Colorful design, and illustrations- improving the memory
Self-learning mediums- scanning the QR code to gain online information
Tips, and additional information
Self-assessment- important to make the evaluation
This book is also made up of qualified authors where each of the authors is a
student of Bachelor of Education in Science (Chemistry) with Honors. The
authors implement all the skills, knowledge, brainstorming, and making online
research to produce the best type of Chemistry Book to ensure that all the
readers especially students can gain at least a little understanding about the
topics. Since this is the first book that the authors produce, we also looking up
to make more types of this product for other topics in Chemistry Subject.

ii

Table Of Content

Acknowledgement i

Preface ii
Table Of Content iii

Chapter 1: Introduction To The Periodic Table of 1-7
Elements

Chapter 2: The Elements In Periodic Table 8-14

Chapter 3: Chemical Bond Part 1 15-21

Chapter 4: Chemical Bond Part 2 22-28

References 29-32

iii

CHAPTER INTRODUCTION TO

THE PERIODIC TABLE

OF ELEMENTS
By: Rabiatuladawiyah binti Baharuddin

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?

1.1 THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PERIODIC
TABLE OF ELEMENTS

1.2 THE ARRANGEMENT IN THE PERIODIC TABLE OF
ELEMENTS

Do you know the scientists that involved in
the development of the Periodic Table of
Elements?

What is the basic principle of arrangement of
elements in the Periodic Table of Elements?

How are elements classified in the Periodic
Table of Elements?

1

1.1 The Historical Development of the... LEARNING
STANDARD
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
At the end of the lesson,
The Periodic Table of Elements classifies known chemical elements in a students are able to:
table according to certain characteristics. In the 18th and 19th
1.1 Describe the historical
centuries, many theories were explained by scientists that contributed to development of the
the development of Modern Periodic Table of Elements. Periodic Table of Elements
What were those theories? Let's check it out! based on the 6 scientists.

I classified elements according to In 1789, this man was the
certain groups such as gases, non- first scientist to classify
materials including light
metals, metals and metal oxides
and heat into
1743-1794 metals and non-metals

ANTOINE LAVOISER
Hboaewsceaevuleesrem, elhingisthstclbaaunstdsisfhphiercooaawptteeiwodrnetdirweiefsafaselslreoesncstoanccshciedumeraricteaedl

In 1829, I classified elements 1780-1849 In each triad, the
into groups! and each group atomic mass of the
has 3 elements that have JOHANN DOBEREINER middle element is
similar chemical properties. (LAW OF TRIAD) almost equal to the
average atomic mass of
tIrtiaisdkDnoobwenreainser! Oh! so, the other two elements
his classification showed
the relationship between
the chemical properties
of elements and atomic

mass.

1837-1898 But, the law of octaves
is only obeyed by
JOHN NEWLANDS
the first 17 elements!
I arranged all elements that
exist according to the order However, he was the first 2
chemist to show the existence
of increasing atomic mass
chemical and physical of periodic patterns
in the properties of elements
properties of the first based on the recurrence in
element recurred at every
properties of the eighth
eighth element in its element
order

LAW OF OCTAVES (1864-1865)

1.1 The historical development of the...
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

In 1870, I have plotted a graph of
atomic volume against atomic mass

1830-1895 from the graph, Meyer
realized that
LOTHAR MEYER
(MEYER'S CURVE) elements at equivalent
position on the curve has

similar chemical properties.

Meyer also proved the

recurrence in properties of

elements similar to

Newlands.

I managed to show that the properties of 1834-1907
an element can form a periodic pattern
against its atomic mass DMITRI MENDELEEV
(FIRST PERIODIC TABLE)
In 1869, I have arranged the
elements in ascending order of Mendeleev left a blank Mendeleev was also able
atomic mass and only elements space in his table to to predict the properties
with similar chemical properties be filled with
of elements he had not
were arranged in the same undiscovered elements yet discovered!
vertical columns.

From those experiments, I 1887-1915
concluded that proton numbers
should be used as the basis for HENRY J.G. MOSELEY

periodic changes in chemical In 1994, he did an X-ray
properties rather than atomic spectrum study of the
element.
mass
Then, he modernized the periodic
table by rearranged the

elements in ascending order of
proton number

LAW OF OCTAVES (1864-1865) 3

1.2 The Arrangement in the.. LEARNING
STANDARD
PERIODIC TABLEOF ELEMENTS
At the end of the lesson,
1.2.1 The basic principle of arrangement of elements in students are able to:
the Periodic Table of Elements is the elements are
1.2.1 Deduce the basic
arranged in ascending order of proton numbers, ranging principle of arrangement of
from 1 to 118. Elements with similar chemical properties elements in the Periodic
Table of Elements
are placed in the same vertical columns
1.2.2 Describe briefly the
1.2.2 The arrangement of elements in periodic table modern Periodic Table of
is viewed from the three following aspects: Elements
(i) proton number
(ii) Group and Period
(iIi) electron arrangement

Figure 1.2.2 Periodic Table of Elements (Coy, P.,2019) At the bottom of the
petrhieordeicatraebtlewoofseerleiemseonfts,

elements with proton
numbers 58-71 and 90 to
103 located separately.

These two series of
elements are called
lanthanides and actinides

PROTON GROUP AND ELECTRON

NUMBER PERIOD
Each vertical columns in the ARRANGEMENT
Periodic Table of Elements

The modern Periodic Table are called Groups There is relationship
of Elements is a form of There are 18 Groups between the position of
Elements with similar
systematic classification of chemical properties are the elements in the
elements that arranged in placed in the same group periodic table and its The proton number of
ascending order of proton Each horizontal row is called electron arrangement. sodium is 11. What is
numbers from left to right
and from top to bottom. Period the electron
There are 7 Periods arrangement of its

atom?

Table 1.2.2 Classification of elements in the Periodic Table of Elements

4

1.2.3 THE RELATION OF PROTON NUMBER LEARNING
WITH GROUP AND PERIOD OF AN STANDARD
ELEMENT IN THE PERIODIC TABLE At the end of the lesson, students are able
to:
Alright class,
do you guys 1.2.3 Generalize the relationship between the
still remember proton number and the position of elements
about electron in the Periodic Table of Elements
arrangement?
1.2.4 predict the Group and Periodic position
of an element based on its proton number
and electron arrangement.

Can anyone tell
me the electron
arrangement of

Magnesium?

ThBaotb'sbirei.ght, Yes sir! since the Sir, how can we
proton number of know the Group
Magnesium is 12. and Period of an
So, the electron atom from its
arrangement for
electron
Magnesium is arrangement?
2.8.2

Good The number of I see! how about the Well, the The Period of an
question valence electrons Period of an element sir? answer is element in the
Bobbie! can we also predict the periodic table is
in an atom yes!
determines the Period of an element determined by the
based on the electron number of shells
Group of an containing electrons
element in the arrangement? in the atom of that
periodic table
element.

Sir, why the teehYqlaeeuvtcsaatl1olsretnioonrolryn!ctseI2eh,leaetvellhamsenleoceueitmnrnnrctobGoestenriwrscoeuiotdpfhuFnntuothmrielbti8hreerGvaoerlfloeeunvmpcaeel+eenqe1ntu0lcseaecwl tetitrloGehocton3htSostre,dahobanptrso'iinsnatt!,rWAuelei.a.ll,and
elements that have

3-8 valence
electrons are called

as Group 13-18?
Instead of Group 3-
8 according to their
valence electrons?

5

Table 1.2.3 explains the relationship
between the proton number, electron
arrangement and the position of an element
in the Periodic Table of Elements based on
the aspects of Groups and Periods.

Table 4.1 Relationship between the proton number, electron arrangment
and the position of elements in the Periodic Table of Elements

1.2.4 We can predict EXAMPLE 1
the Group and Period
position of an element An atom of element Z has a proton number 17. In which Group
based on its proton and Period is element Z located in the Periodic Table of
number and electron Elements?
Solution:
arrangement.
Proton number Z = 17
Thus, the electron arrangement of the atom Z= 2.8.7
The Z atom has 7 valence electrons and 3 shells that contain
electrons. Thus the element Z is located in Group 17 and Period 3

EXAMPLE 2 6

Element X is located in Group 15 and Period 3 in the Periodic
Table of Elements. What is the electron arrangement of atom
X?

Solution:

Number of valence electrons in atom X = group number - 10
15-10 = 5
Number of shells containing electrons = number of periods = 3
Thus, the electron arrangement of the X atom is 2.8.5

Date:

Test your
Understanding

Answer the following questions and don't
forget to share your solutions!

1. 2.

Name the scientists that made the Compare and describe how
following discoveries: Mendeleev and Moseley arranged
the elements in the Periodic Table
(a) Proposed the Law of Octaves
(b) Constructed the triad groups of Elements.
consisting of three elements with

similar chemical properties

3. 4.

State the number of valence Element X is located in Group 17 and
electrons in atom J, L and R and and Period 2 in the Periodic Table of
Elements. What is the electron
write their electron arrangement. arrangement of atom X?

5.

Atom Y has 12 neutrons and the
nucleon number is 23. Atom Y
donates one electron to form ion Y+.
State the number of protons and
write the electron arrangement.
Then, predict the position of atom
Y in the Periodic Table of Elements.

7

CHAPTER THE ELEMENTS IN

PERIODIC TABLE

By: Nur Atirah Azzaharah binti Romel Shahfri

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?
2.1 GROUP 18 (NOBLE GASES)
2.2 GROUP 1 (ALKALI METALS)
2.3 GROUP 17 (HALOGENS)
2.4 ELEMENTS IN PERIOD 3
2.5 TRANSITION ELEMENTS

8

2.1 GROUP 18 (Noble Gases) Learning Standard

GROUP MEMBERS ITS USES At the end of the
lesson, students are
Helium -> He Fill hot air ballons able to:
Neon -> Ne Fill neon lamps in signboard
Argon -> Ar Fill electric bulb Relate the inert
Krypton -> Kr Fill the flash light of cameras nature of Group
Xenon -> Xe Anaesthetic in medical field 18 elements to
Radon -> Rn Treat cancer its stability
Generalize the
ELECTRON ARRANGEMENT changes in
physical
He - 2 properties of
Ne - 2.8 elements when
Ar - 2.8.8 going down
Kr - 2.8.18.18.8 Group 18
Rn - 2.8.18.32.18.8 Describe briefly
the uses of
PHYSICAL Group 18
PROPERTIES elements in
daily life
Low of melting and boiling points
Do not conduct electricity INFO ZONE !
Weak conductors of heat
Exist as a monoatomic gases at room condition Chemistry, Technology
Low density & Society

CHEMICAL In aluminum recycling,
PROPERTIES the main problem is the
formation of aluminum

oxide when molten
aluminum reacts with
oxygen from the air in
the furnace. Argon gas
is used to supply an
unoxidized atmosphere
that can reduce the
formation of aluminum

oxide by 60%.
(Penerbitan Pelangi

Sdn.Bhd , 2019)

Have the maximum number of valence electrons on their outermost shell
Duplet or octet electron arrangement-> VERY STABLE elements
Does not release, receive or share electron among themselves or with other
elements
Chemically unreactive
Consists of monoatomic particles or single atoms in room condition

9

2.2 GROUP 1 (Alkali Metals) Learning Standard

GROUP MEMBERS ELECTRON At the end of the
ARRANGEMENT lesson, students able
Lithium -> Li to :
Sodium -> Na 2.1
Potassium -> K 2.8.1 Generalize the
Rubidium -> Rb 2.8.8.1 changes in
Cesium -> Cs 2.8.18.8.1 physical
Fransium -> Fr 2.8.18.18.8.1 properties of
2.8.18.32.18.8.1 elements when
going down Group
More reactive and 1
more electropositivity Generalize the
changes in the
PHYSICAL CHEMICAL reactivity of
PROPERTIES PROPERTIES elements when
going down Group
1
Reason out the
physical and
chemical
properties of the
other elements in
Group 1

Soft and shiny solid Have one valence electron on
Conduct electricity and heat their outermost shell
Exist in solid form at room Highly reactive metals
temperature Elements have similar chemical
Low of melting and boiling points properties when reacting with
compared to other metals certain compound
Low density Known as alkali metals

SAFETY PRECAUTION !

Do not touch highly
reactive alkali metals with

your hands
(Veerendra,2020)

INFO ZONE ! 10

Chemistry, Technology and Society (Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn.Bhd , 2019)

Alkaline metal compounds are very useful in our daily lives. Potassium Oxide is used to produce
oxygen gas during an emergency by miners to breathe. Lithium Carbonate is used to make tubes in
televisions. Sodium compounds such as sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, and
sodium hydroxide are important in the manufacture of glass, soap, textiles, paper and chemicals.

2.3 GROUP 17 (Halogens) Learning Standard

GROUP MEMBERS ELECTRON At the end of the
ARRANGEMENT lesson, students
Fluorine -> F are able to :
Chlorine -> Cl 2.7
Bromine -> Br 2.8.7 Generalize the
2.8.18.7 changes in the
Iodine -> I 2.8.18.18.7 physical
Astatine -> At 2.8.18.32.18.7 properties of
elements when
Atomic size increasing going Group 17
and electronegativity Summarize the
chemical
decreasing properties of
Group 17
Generalize the
changes in the
reactivity of
elements when
going down
Group 17
Reason out the
physical and
chemical
properties

The physical properties of elements in Group 17 are very low melting and boiling points,
do not conduct electric current, pungent smell and poisonous, exist as diatomic molecules

at room condition and lastly Group 17 has low density

Meanwhile for chemical properties, Group 17 have 7 valence electron
on their outermost shell and the elements have similar chemical
properties when reacting with certain compound

React with water
Cl2 + 2H2O -> HCl + HOCl (The reactivity of halogen decreases when going down in Group 17)
React with iron
2Fe + 3Cl2 -> 2FeCl2 (The reactivity of halogen decreases when going down in Group 17)
React with sodium hydroxide
2NaOH + Cl2 -> 2NaCl + NaCIO + H2O (The reactivity of halogen decreases when going down in
Group 17)

Halogen Physical condition info zone !
and colour
Fluorine Chemistry, Technology and Society
Chlorine Light yellow gas (Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn.Bhd , 2019)
Bromine Yellow-greenish gas
Iodine Brownish-red liquid Toxic liquid bromine that is accidentally
Black-purple solid spilled onto our skin or table is easily
removed by treating it immediately with
sodium thiosulfate solution. The reaction 11
is only used for small spills of bromine

2.4 ELEMENTS IN PERIOD 3 Learning Standard

PHYSICAL STATE IN ROOM At the end of
CONDITION the lesson,
students are
Figure 2.1 Physical States of Elements in Room condition able to:

Describe the
trends in
physical
properties
of element
across
Period 3
Conduct an
experiment
to observe
changes in
the
properties
of oxides of
elements
across
Period 3
Describe
briefly the
uses of semi
metals

Physical When across
Properties period 3

Electronegativity the number of protons
increases
Increases (Na-> Si) all atoms of an element have
Decreases (P-> Ar) 3 shells that contain
electrons
Melting point the number of valence
electrons in each atom
Increases (Na-> Si) increases from 1 to 8
Decreases (P-> Ar) the radius and atomic size
of the element are
Boiling point decreasing
the electronegativity of the
Increases (Na-> Si) element is increasing
Decreases (P-> Ar)

Tip zone! Info zone!

A microchip is an integrated circuit that The electronegativity of an
contains thousands of electronic components element is a measure of the
on a small, thin piece of silicon (ASML sources)
strength of its atoms in a
molecule to attract electrons 12

towards its nucleus.
(V.P.Gupta,2016)

2.5 TRANSITION ELEMENTS Learning Standard

GROUP MEMBERS At the end of the
lesson, students are
able to:

Determine the
position of
transition
elements in the
Periodic Table
of Elements
Explain the
special
characteristics
of a few
transition
elements with
examples
List the uses of
transition
elements in
industry

Figure 2.2 Transition Elements Uses

Properties

Shiny surface Act as catalyst
Ductile and malleable Production of alloys
High melting and boiling Manufacturing of metal
point products
High density Manufacturing of
Good conductor ornamental items
Form ions which have
different oxidation Tip zone!
number
Form ions which are A catalyst is a substance that can
colored change the rate of a chemical
Form complex ions reaction but does not change
Act as catalyst chemically at the end of the
reaction.
Info zone! In a manufacturing plant, a
catalyst is always used to
Tensile strength is the ability of a metal to maintain
its shape without breaking when acted upon by a increase the reaction rate so that
strong day. Ductility is the ability of metal to be pulled the time taken to obtain the
into a wire without cracking or breaking . Forging is result becomes shorter
the ability of metal to be bent or knocked into various
shapes (Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn.Bhd , 2019) 13

EXERCISES

Answer the following questions

1. The electron arrangement of the Helium atom is 2. Why is Helium placed in Group
18 but not in Group 2 in the Periodic Table of the Elements?
2. Why do alkali metals exist naturally as compounds but not as independent
elements?
3. Explain why iodine and bromine have similar chemical properties
4. Describe the change in physical state of the elements Magnesium, Phosphorus,
Chlorine and Argon at room temperature when passing through Period 3
5. State three special properties of the transition element

14

CHAPTER

CHEMICAL BOND

PART I
By: Nurul Farahin binti Mustafar

O WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?
3.1 BASICS OF COMPOUND FORMATION
HH 3.2 IONIC BOND
3.3 COVALENT BOND
Water molecule 3.4 HYDROGEN BOND

15









Hydrogen Bonds are attraction forces Hydrogen Hydrogen
between hydrogen atom, H that has Bonds
bonded with an atom of high
electronegativity, such as:

Fluorine, F
Oxygen, O
Nitrogen, N

SCAN ME FOR
MORE INFO!

Hydrogen Bond

Fluorine Oxygen Nitrogen

Figure 3.11 The Formation of Hydrogen Bond

One of the common
example is water.

Covalent Bond

Hydrogen Bond between
water molecules

Figure 3.12 The Formation of Hydrogen Bond in water

Roles of Hydrogen Bond in Daily Life

Detergent and soap in washing Lick your finger before turning Hair dyes
the pages

Wrinkle clothes caused by Wet hair is more straight than
washing them in water dry hair

Photograph 3.1 Examples of roles of Hydrogen Bond in Daily Life

Ionic and Covalent Bond is a type of linkages I see.. Now I Understand.
that involve valence electrons Thank you, Amir!
Hydrogen Bond is a primarily electrostatic
force of attraction 20

Answer the following questions.
1. What change occurs to an atom when it forms a negative ion?

A. It gains proton
B. It loses electron
C. It gains electron
D. It lose proton

2. A single covalent bond results in how many shared electrons?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 4
D. 6

3. Oxygen atoms become oxide ions with a charge of 2-. How does this occur?

A. They gain 2 electrons
B. They lose 2 electrons.
C. They share 2 electrons.

4. Which bond acts like a bridge two molecules formed by a covalent bond?
A. Covalent bond
B. Ionic bond
C. Hydrogen bond
D. Metallic bond

5. Nitrogen, fluorine and oxygen are ___________ in nature.
A. Electronegative
B. Electropositive
C. Metallic
D. Semi-metallic

21

CHAPTER CHEMICAL BOND

PART II
By: Dk Nur Azlin binti Agk Yussof

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN?

4.1 DATIVE BOND
4.2 METALLIC BOND
4.3 PROPERTIES OF IONIC AND

COVALENT COMPOUNDS

22

4.1 Dative Bond LEARNING
STANDARD
I do not have I have a pair of Now I achieved At the end of the
electrons. electrons. Here, duplet electron lesson, pupils should be
arrangement. able to:
let's share.
Explain with
examples the
formation of dative
bond

While I am still in
octet electron
arrangement

H+
NH3

H+ NH3
Figure 4.1 Dative bond formation between hydrogen ion and ammonia

What is Dative bond or coordinate bond is a type of covalent bond
Dative Bond Only one atom will share the lone pair of electrons to another
atom

1H 2 H+
x
x + H+ OTHER EXAMPLES:
HxO H 4
HxO

3 reaction of NH3 with BF3
Figure 4.2 Dative bond formation in hydroxonium ion,H3O+ reaction of NH4+ with HCl
reaction between two
molecules of AlCl3

2 1
Hydrogen ion, H+ Oxygen atom, O achieves
does not have any octet electron arrangement
electron in the
and hydrogen atom, H
shell. achieves stable duplet
electron arrangement in
3
The lone pair of electrons water molecule,H2O
which not involved in covalent
bond in water molecule,H2O will 4
be shared with hydrogen ion, H+ In H3O+ ion, O atom and
through dative covalent bond all H atoms have achieved
stable octet and duplet
formation. electron arrangements

respectively.

23

4.2 Metallic Bond LEARNING
STANDARD
Do you know that it is possible At the end of the
to get electrocuted from lesson, pupils should be
exposed electrical wires? able to:

Why metals able to conduct Explain the
electricity? formation of
metallic bond
Reason out the
electrical
conductivity of
metal

Photograph 4.1 Exposed electrical wires Metal is used to create
electrical wires. Metal wires
have the ability to conduct

electricity.

Valence electron Positively-charged Sea of electron
metal ions

Figure 4.3 Metallic bond formation

How it conduct electricity? In a metal of solid form, the atoms are
arranged closely packed and in order.

Valence electrons of metal atoms are easily
released and delocalized although in the solid
state.

Figure 4.4 Electrical conductivity of metal The delocalized valence electrons form a
positively-charged metal ions & create a
Delocalization of electrons cause ability to sea of electrons where they can freely
conduct electricity. move between the metal structure.
Freely move electrons carry charges from
negative terminal positive terminal, when Electrostatic attraction force
current is switched on
between
INFO
Sea of electrons & positively-charged
Delocalized Electrons is: metal ions
freely move electrons
not own or possess by any atom or ion form

sea of electrons is created due to the METALLIC BOND
overlapping of valence shells of metal atoms
24

4.3 PROPERTIES OF IONIC AND LEARNING
COVALENT COMPOUNDS STANDARD
At the end of the
Ionic and covalent lesson, pupils should be
able to:
compound are two
Compare the
different compounds. properties of ionic
covalent compounds
Therefore, they will through
have different experiment
Explain with
Salt is an ionic properties. examples the uses
compound of ionic and
Ice is a covalent covalent compounds
compound in daily life

Photograph 4.2 Ionic and covalent compound examples Melting Point &
Boiling Point
Solubility in Water & Properties of ionic and
Organic Solvents covalent compound can be
compared from the aspect of

1 Electrical Conductivity Electrical Conductivity
Ionic Compound Covalent Compound

In solid state, ions unable to freely Covalent compound molecules are
move as they are held by strong neutral and do not have any charge.
electrostatic attraction forces. Covalent compound unable to conduct
Solid ionic compound unable to conduct electricity in all states.
electricity.
Figure 4.5 Electrical conductivity of ionic compounds
and covalent compounds

Ions are freely move as the EXPERIMENT Scan me!
electrostatic attraction forces is
overcomed. This experiment is
In molten or aqueous solution state, testing the ability of
ionic compound able to conduct ionic and covalent
electricity. compounds to conduct
electricity.

25

2 Solubility in Water and Organic Solvents Really? But why did the
solubility of ionic and covalent
Do you guys know that most ionic compounds compounds are different? Do
are soluble in water but not in organic solvents. you mind to explain more?
However, most covalent compounds are soluble
in organic solvents but not in water.

Of course, I would love to explain it.

We start with ionic compound.
When solid ionic compound dissolve in water, water molecules
break the electrostatic attraction force between ions as well
as the lattice structure. This resulting to the free movement
of ions in water. The free movement indicates that it is
soluble in water.

However, ionic compounds are not soluble in organic Yes, I get it for now. How
solvent as organic solvent unable to break the about covalent compounds?
electrostatic forces between ions in the solid state.
Do you get it for now?

As for covalent compound, the molecules Aha! Now I clearly understand
are neutral. They do not carry any charges. the differences between the
Thus, molecules in a covalent compound are solubility of ionic and covalent
soluble in an organic solvent but not in compound. Thank you.
water.

So guys, this is how you can easily remember
the differences:

IONIC COVALENT

in water

in organic solvent

H Soluble EXPERIMENT
i
This experiment is
n Not Soluble testing the solubility
t of compound in water
and organic solvents. Scan me!

26

3 Melting Point and Boiling Point

In previous chapter, you have learned about ionic compounds are held by ionic
bonds and covalent compounds are held by covalent bonds.

Do you have any idea about these chemical bonds actually will affect the melting
point and boiling point of a compound?
Let's check this out together!

Ionic compounds:
high melting point and boiling point
not easily volatile

Sodium ion, Na+
Chloride ion, Cl-

Figure 4.6 Sodium Chloride, NaCl

Sodium chloride, NaCl comprises of positive ions, Na+ and negative ions, Cl- that attract one
another by strong electrostatic attraction forces
High heat energy is needed to break the strong electrostatic attraction forces so that the
ionic compound able to boil or melt.
This indicates that NaCl has a high melting point and boiling point

Methane Covalent compounds:
Molecule, simple covalent compounds has low melting
CH 4 point and boiling point
simple covalent compound are easily volatile
Van der Waals
attraction
force

Figure 4.7 Van der Van der Waals attraction forces are very weak between simple covalent
Waals attraction compounds such as methane, CH4
forces between Low heat energy is needed to break the weak attraction forces so that the
Methane molecule covalent compound able to boil or melt.
This indicates that CH4 has a low melting point and boiling point

EXPERIMENT Scan me! INFO
The melting point and boiling point for a giant
This experiment is structure of covalent compound in solid state
testing the melting is high due to a lot of heat is needed to
and boiling point of overcome the strong covalent bonds. The
ionic and covalent example of giant covalent compound is
compound. diamond and graphite.

27

Ionic Compound Uses of Ionic Compounds Covalent Compound
and Covalent Compounds

in Daily Life

Batteries contain Carbon dioxide, CO2
Lithium iodide, LiI contained in

carbonated drinks

Fertilisers contain Pesticides contain
potassium chloride, bromoethane, C2H5Br
used to kill weeds and
KCl
insects
Toothpaste contain
sodium fluoride, NaF Paracetamol,
used to prevent tooth C8H9NO2is normally
used to treat fevers
decay
and irritation
Detergents have
sodium sulphate, Skincare products
Na2SO4, normally used contain Glycerol,
for domestic cleaning C3H5(OH)3 that can help
to moisturize skin

Figure 4.8 The uses of ionic and covalent compounds in daily life

EXERCISES

1) Describe the formation of dative covalent bond between ammonia, NH3 and boron trifluoride,
BF3 .

2) Explain how the metallic bond is formed in Magnesium, Mg metal.

3) Does Zn(NO3)2 soluble in water? Give reason to your answer.

4) Compare the melting point and boiling between potassium trichloride, PCl3 and barium
sulfide, BaS.

5) Discuss the other uses of ionic and covalent compounds in daily life with your friends.

28

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