Canine Parvovirus Type 2 (CPV-2) and Canine Parvoviral Enteritis

Canine Parvovirus Type 2 (CPV-2)




and




Canine Parvoviral Enteritis




Family Parvoviridae, Subfamily Parvovirinae, Genus Parvovirus






















By Yip Bun Leung SID:450431892

What is happening to this puppy? Why does she get a bloody diarrhoea?

Canine Parvovirus




• A member of the family Parvoviridae



• Small, nonenveloped, DNA-containing viruses



• Replicate in rapidly dividing cells

































Structure of parvovirus

Canine Parvovirus Type 2










• Also known as CPV-2 or Parvo



• One of the species of canine parvovirus



• Causing infectious disease in dog



• Derived from feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) by mutation



• 4 different strains discovered (2, 2a, 2b, 2c)



• common cause of Severe enteritis or leucopaenia , generalised neonatal


disease and myocarditis syndrome

Mode of transmission












• Highly contagious



• Spreads rapidly via faecal-oral route



• From the environment via contaminated fomites.



• Shed in faeces 3-4 days after exposure, prior to clinical signs appear



• Excreted extensively for a maximum of 7-10 days



• In utero transmission is also possible and the infection is often fatal.

Victims of the disease






• Canidae such as foxes, wolves and especially









• Other mammals such as domestic ferrets, mink, and








• Human will not be infected by CPV-2








• Incubation period of the virus is 3-7 days








• Infection does not always show diseases

Victims of the disease













• All ages, sexes and breeds could be infected








• New-borns from 6 weeks to 6 months of age








• Rottweilers, Doberman pinschers, Labrador retrievers, American


Staffordshire terriers, German shepherds, and Alaskan sled dogs are more

susceptible

Niche in the environment and in host












• Stable to adverse environmental influences



• Resists to heat and extreme pH (pH 3-9)



• Found in the environment such as park, vet clinic and kennels









• Replicate in the nucleus of rapidly dividing host cells


• Lymphoid tissue, such as thymus, lymph nodes, and bone marrow are also


site of replication



• can be isolated from the lungs, spleen, liver, kidney, and myocardium

Pathogenesis






• Post-natal infection occur via faecal-oral route







• Virus replicates in lymphoid tissue of the oropharynx, mesenteric lymph nodes, and

thymus








• Virus spread through the blood stream causing viremia







• Predominantly localised along the gastrointestinal tract in epithelial lining








• Attacks the crypt cells in small intestine, causing a lysis and necrosis of enterocytes

Pathogenesis









• Villi cells are not replaced and shortened which impair the absorptive

capacity









• Severe bloody diarrhoea and vomiting occurs as a result








• Damages give rise to intestinal bacteria for secondary infections








• CPV-2 infection can also develop a chronic gastrointestinal disease

A, Normal intestinal villus showing cellular differentiation along the villus. B, Parvovirus-infected villus showing collapse
and necrosis of intestinal villus.
(Art by Dan Beisel and Kip Carter © 2004 University of Georgia Research Foundation Inc.)

Pathogenesis
















• Also infects in the bone marrow and lymphopoietic tissues








• Destroys precursors of circulating leukocytes and lymphoid cells








• Causing neutropenia and lymphopenia

Clinical signs








• Vomiting



• Abdominal pain



• Diarrhoea (could be haemorrhagic)



• Anorexia



• Fever



• Leucopaenia



• Dehydration



• Sudden death

Diagnosis















• Age + vaccination history: young and unvaccinated dogs are most affected









• Clinal signs: sudden onset of foul-smelling, bloody diarrhea in a young dog








• Haematology: leukopenia, neutropenia, and lymphopenia

Diagnosis















• Histopathology at post-mortem:



• shortening and damaged villi




• thickened and discoloured

intestinal wall



• presence of dark, bloody, watery


material

Diagnostic tests







Real-time polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR)




• Detect and quantify CPV-2 DNA




• Could also detect live attenuated vaccine, giving a

false positive

Diagnostic tests







Minor groove binder (MGB) probe assays










• Detects the single nucleotide polymorphisms existing between types 2a/2b and


2b/2c



• Can identify and quantity CPV-2 variants



• Distinguish from vaccine

Diagnostic Test kits












• Rapid immunomigration (Simplify Parvo™)



• ELISA test (Snap Canine Parvovirus test kit™)



• Detect viral antigen



• False positive in recent vaccination



• False negative in recent infection

Treatment









• IV fluid therapy to restore fluid and electrolyte balance due to excessive

water loss through vomiting and dehydration








• Antimicrobial agents to prevent secondary bacterial infections

Prevent and Control







Quarantine





• Strict quarantine to prevent transmission



• Sick animals should be isolated in isolation ward


- Separated from the building



- Separate ventilation



• Limiting entering staffs


• Proper disinfection before and after entering the ward



• Disposable equipment to handle sick



• Proper disposal of contaminated equipment by incineration or via contaminated

waste service

Prevent and Control







Quarantine






• Disinfect equipment that are not disposable



• Parvovirus is very resistant to many disinfectants such as chlorhexidine and

alcohol




• Aldehydes (glutaraldehyde) or chlorine based disinfectants are the most

effective



• Common bleach can inactivate CPV-2



• Disinfectant: F10®, Trifectant®, Virkon® and Trigene® claims to be effective


against the virus

Prevent and Control







Vaccination






• Modified live vaccine or killed canine parvovirus vaccines



• Triennial revaccination of adult dogs can provide long-lived protective immunity



• Killed vaccines only provide short-term immunity, used only in pregnant bitches

Bibliography



Decaro N, Elia G, MartellaV, Campolo M, Desario C, Camero M, Cirone F, Lorusso E, Lucente MS, Narcisi D, Scalia P& Buonavoglia C 2006, ‘Characterisation
of the canine parvovirus type 2 variants using minor groove binder probe technology’, Journal of Virological Methods, vol. 133, no. 1, pp. 92-99. Greene CE
th
2012, Infectious Disease of the Dog and Cat, 4 edn, Elsevier Inc., Missouri, the United States of America.
Kiley R, Mynors C, Pearce R, Nell A, Prentis A & Day MJ 2018, ‘Long-lived immunity to canine core vaccine antigens in UK dogs as assessed by an in-practice
test kit’, Journal of Small Animal Practice, vol. 59, pp. 27-31.

Kilian E, Suchodolski JS, Hartmann K, Mueller RS, Wess G & Unterer S 2018, ‘Long-term effects of canine parvovirus infection in dogs’, PLOS ONE, 16
March, pp. 1-11.

Park SA, Park SY, Song CS, Choi IS, Kim HY, Lee JB & Lee NH 2012, ‘Development of a novel vaccine against canine parvovirus infection with a clinical
isolate of the type 2b strain’, Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 70-76.
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BZ8upnbcDx-kVmVx>.

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Diarrhea-Fast-DNM.jpg>.

Picture of PCR set up n.d., picture, viewed 20 May 2018, < https://i.ytimg.com/vi/sZbSMwEvVR0/maxresdefault.jpg >.
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Canine_parvo_necropsy.jpeg>.

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zHuh3tTYq48/WQN7DN9QUkI/AAAAAAAAQMw/74gnsGIAX6o0YYvcu18fWartHRvGiuZ1QCLcB/s1600/stool-blood.png>.
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00.jpg?resizeid=3&resizeh=400&resizew=400>.

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