Port Management and Operations

401/429

sea approaches, and, 54
Free ports

port management, and, 83–84

Gang size
cargo handling, and, 133–134
dockworkers, and, 151

Governing boards
port management, and, 78–79

Gross registered tonnage
ship technology, and, 34

Gross tonnage
ship technology, and, 34

Harbour
meaning, 5

Harbour master
sea approaches, and, 49–51

Harbour patrol service
safe berths/ports, and, 62

Health officials
sea approaches, and, 65

Hogging
cargo handling, and, 124–125

Hub
case study, 8–9
generally, 7–8

Hydrographic surveying
safe berths/ports, and, 63

IAPH

402/429

port management, and, 78
Immigration officials

sea approaches, and, 65
Inland approaches

generally, 69
intermodal transport, 69–71
logistics, 69–70
modal costs, 71
modal split, 71–72
shoreside distribution, 69
Inland clearance depots
generally, 120
Inland transport
generally, 69
intermodal transport, 69–71
logistics, 69–70
modal costs, 71
modal split, 71–72
shoreside distribution, 69
Internet
port management, and, 90
ISPS Code
sea approaches, and, 55–57

Jetty
meaning, 6

Land productivity
berths, and, 110

Less than container load (LCL) shippers
distribution centres, and, 120

403/429

Lighter
training and licensing, and, 65

Linesmen
training and licensing, and, 64

Location of port
port development, and, 21–22
ship technology, and, 45

Lock
meaning, 5–6

Logistics
berths, and, 120
cargo management, 89
conclusion, 90–91
electronic data interchange, 89–89
Internet, 90
introduction, 88
management information systems, 88–89
MARTRANS project, 90
terminal management, 89
vessel operation facilities, 89

London
types of port, and, 10–11

Management information systems
logistics, and, 88–89

Management of ports
administration, 73–78
basic issues, 73
competition, 86–88
development, 79–86
governing boards, 78–79

404/429

IAPH, 78
logistics IT, 88–91
ownership, 73–78
safety, 92–93
Maritime industrial development area
types of port, and, 10
Maritime intermodal interface
generally, 2
Maritime policy
classification, 95–96
Common Transport Policy, 99
constraining influences on port management, 101
corruption, 97
EU Port and Transport Policy, 98–100
general points, 95–97
generally, 97–98
meaning, 95
NAFTA, and, 97–98
objectives of ports, 100–101
national planning, 98
port ownership, 101
port-state relationship, 100–101
pricing, 103–105
state aid, 102–103
subsidies, 96–97
tariffs, 103–105
Trans-European Transport Network, 99
WTO, and, 97
MARTRANS project
logistics, and, 90
Mechanisation

405/429

development, 128–131
generally, 127–128
MIDAS
types of port, and, 10
Mole
meaning, 6
Mooring
time in port, and, 162
Municipal ownership
port management, and, 74

NAFTA
port policy, and, 97–98

National planning
port policy, and, 98

Naval port
types of port, and, 10

Net registered tonnage
ship technology, and, 34

Net tonnage
ship technology, and, 34

Non-tidal rivers
types of port, and, 10

Offshore berthing
generally, 118–119
legal considerations, 119–120

Oil port
types of port, and, 10

On-board stowage
cargo handling, and, 123

406/429

Operational delays
time in port, and, 161

Operational functions
functions of ports, 5

Operational safety
dangerous cargo, 140
development, 139–140
dockers’ safety, 139

Ownership
port management, and, 73–78

Passenger berth
berths, and, 114

Piecework
dockworkers, and, 147

Pier
meaning, 6

Pilotage
time in port, and, 162–163
training and licensing, and, 63–64

Political issues
port development, and, 16–18

Pollution
accidents at sea, and, 185
anti-fouling paints, and, 185
basic issues, 182–184
cargo-handling, and, 185
causes of pollution, 184–187
conventions, 181–182
discharges from ships, and, 185
dredging, and, 184–185

407/429

emergency plans, 191–192
examples, 192–194
level of risk, 186–187
organisations, 181–182
pollution types, sources and effects, 186
port maintenance, and, 184–185
shore-based transport operations, 185
sustainable development policy, 188–191
Port administration
And see Port management
types, 73–78
Port approaches
inland, from

generally, 69
intermodal transport, 69–71
logistics, 69–70
modal costs, 71
modal split, 71–72
shoreside distribution, 69
sea, by
24-hour rule, 57
“arrived ship”, 65–66
bunker supply, 66
container security initiative, 57
customs officials, 65
dangerous cargoes, 58–59
forwarding agent, 54
harbour master, 49–51
health officials, 65
immigration officials, 65
ISPS Code, 55–57

408/429

organisations concerned, 53
port captain, 49–51
port security, 55–57
port state control, 58
safe berths, 59–63
safe ports, 59–63
safety at ship/port interface, 55
ship’s agent, 53–54
tides, 68
training and licensing, 63–65
vessel traffic services, 53
water depth, 66–68
Port captain
sea approaches, and, 49–51
Port Marine Safety Code
port management, and, 92
Port costs
And see Costs, prices and revenue
average disbursements, 176
cargo-handling, 176–178
cost centres, 179–180
current charges, 180
expenditure, 178
generally, 171–173
introduction, 171
pricing, 178–179
profitability, 180
revenue, 178
total charges, 174–175
Port delays
time in port, and, 163–167

409/429

Port development
And see Development of ports
changes in growth, 20–23
introduction, 13–20
terminal operation, 23–31

Port environmental matters
And see Environmental matters
basic issues, 182–184
causes of pollution, 184–187
conventions, 181–182
emergency plans, 191–192
examples, 192–194
organisations, 181–182
sustainable development policy, 188–191

Port labour
And see Dockworkers
development, 143–145
employment terms, 146–147
management, 154
numbers employed, 151–153
remuneration, 147–149
technology, and, 153–154
training, 154
union involvement, 150–151

Port logistics
distribution centres, 20
generally, 20

Port maintenance
berths and terminals, and, 117–118
environmental effects, and, 184–185

Port management

410/429

administration, 73–78
autonomous ownership, and, 74
basic issues, 73
competition, 86–88
container terminal operating companies, 87–88
co-operation, 87
development

assumption of risks and liabilities, 81
first generation port, 79
fourth generation port, 80
rise and fall, 81–83
second generation port, 80
summary of differences, 81
third generation port, 80
economic multiplier, as, 84–86
electronic data interchange, 89–89
free ports, 83–84
governing boards, 78–79
introduction, 73
IAPH, 78
Internet, 90
logistics IT
cargo management, 89
conclusion, 90–91
electronic data interchange, 89–89
Internet, 90
introduction, 88
management information systems, 88–89
MARTRANS project, 90
terminal management, 89
vessel operation facilities, 89

411/429

management information systems, 88–89
MARTRANS project, 90
municipal ownership, and, 74
objectives, 84
ownership, 73–78
Port Marine Safety Code, 92
private ownership, and, 74
privatisation, and, 77–78
safety

environmental, 93
generally, 92
Port Marine Safety Code, 92
port security, 92–93
security, 92–93
state ownership, and, 74
vessel operation facilities, 89
Port ownership
And see Port management
port policy, and, 101
types, 73–78
Port policy
And see Maritime policy
corruption, 97
EU Port and Transport Policy, 98–100
general points, 95–97
generally, 97–98
port ownership, 101
port-state relationship, 100–101
pricing, 103–105
state aid, 102–103
Port security

412/429

24-hour rule, 57
container initiative, 57
generally, 55–57
Port state control
sea approaches, and, 58
Ports
administration

And see Port management
types, 73–78
administrative functions, 5
approaches
And see Port approaches
inland, from, 69–72
sea, by, 49–68
basic issues, 1–2
berths
And see Berths
alternatives, 118–119
container stacking areas, 113
definitions, 108–109
land productivity, 110
number required, 107–108
quantity of equipment, 111
reductions in waiting time, 109–110
ship/shore liaison, 116–118
shuffling containers, 114
type, 114–115
users, 111–113
classification
function, by, 7–9
geographic type, by, 10–12

413/429

conclusion, 12
costs

And see Costs, prices and revenue
average disbursements, 176
cargo-handling, 176–178
cost centres, 179–180
current charges, 180
expenditure, 178
generally, 171–173
introduction, 171
pricing, 178–179
profitability, 180
revenue, 178
total charges, 174–175
definitions
legal, 6–7
operational, 5–6
development
And see Development of ports
changes in growth, 20–23
introduction, 13–20
terminal operation, 23–31
engineering features, 4–5
environment, and
And see Environmental matters
basic issues, 182–184
causes of pollution, 184–187
conventions, 181–182
emergency plans, 191–192
examples, 192–194
organisations, 181–182

414/429

sustainable development policy, 188–191
facilities available, 5
features, 4–5
functions, 5
fundamental observations, 3–4
importance, 2–3
introduction, 1
labour

And see Dockworkers
development, 143–145
employment terms, 146–147
management, 154
numbers employed, 151–153
remuneration, 147–149
technology, and, 153–154
training, 154
union involvement, 150–151
logistics, 120
management
And see Management of ports
administration, 73–78
basic issues, 73
competition, 86–88
development, 79–86
governing boards, 78–79
IAPH, 78
logistics IT, 88–91
ownership, 73–78
safety, 92–93
meaning, 6
operational functions, 5

415/429

ownership
And see Management of ports
types, 73–78

policy
And see Maritime policy
corruption, 97
EU Port and Transport Policy, 98–100
general points, 95–97
generally, 97–98
port ownership, 101
port-state relationship, 100–101
pricing, 103–105
state aid, 102–103

services provided, 5
ship technology, and

And see Ship technology
influential developments, 36–45
introduction, 33
other developments, 46–47
terminology, 33–36
time in port
bulk cargoes, 158–160
congestion, 163–167
containers, 158
general cargo, 156–157
introduction, 155
mooring, 162
non-berth time, 162–163
operational delays, 161
pilotage, 162–163
port delays, 163–167

416/429

productivity, 167–170
ship catastrophe, 162
strikes, 161–162
tankers, 160
turnaround time, 155–156
weather delays, 163
types, 7–12
Pre-shipment plan
cargo handling, and, 123
Pricing
See also Costs, prices and revenue
generally, 178–179
port policy, and, 103–105
Privatisation
port management, and, 77–78
Productivity
time in port, and, 167–170
Profitability
port costs, and, 180
“Queuing theory”
berths, and, 108

Revenue
See also Costs, prices and revenue
generally, 178

River works
safe berths/ports, and, 62

Rivers
types of port, and, 10

Ro/ro ships
berths, and, 114

417/429

Ryas
types of port, and, 10

Safe berths
definition, 7
Dock Regulations, 62
dredging, 62–63
elements of safety, 60
environmental protection, 61
generally, 59–60
harbour patrol service, 62
hydrographic surveying, 63
river works licensing, 62
Sea Empress accident, and, 60–61
turning basins, 62

Safe ports
definition, 6–7
Dock Regulations, 62
dredging, 62–63
elements of safety, 60
environmental protection, 61
generally, 59–60
harbour patrol service, 62
hydrographic surveying, 63
river works licensing, 62
Sea Empress accident, and, 60–61
turning basins, 62

Safety
berths, and
cargo, of, 140
dockworkers, of, 139

418/429

operations, of, 139–140
environmental, 93
generally, 92
Port Marine Safety Code, 92
port security, 92–93
sea approaches, and, 55
ship technology, and, 47
ship/port interface, and, 55
Sagging
cargo handling, and, 124–125
Sea approaches
24-hour rule, 57
“arrived ship”, 65–66
bunker supply, 66
container security initiative, 57
customs officials, 65
dangerous cargoes, 58–59
forwarding agent, 54
harbour master, 49–51
health officials, 65
immigration officials, 65
ISPS Code, 55–57
organisations concerned, 53
port captain, 49–51
port security

24-hour rule, 57
container initiative, 57
generally, 55–57
port state control, 58
safe berths/ports
Dock Regulations, 62

419/429

dredging, 62–63
elements of safety, 60
environmental protection, 61
generally, 59–60
harbour patrol service, 62
hydrographic surveying, 63
river works licensing, 62
Sea Empress accident, and, 60–61
turning basins, 62
safety at ship/port interface, 55
ship’s agent, 53–54
tides, 68
training and licensing
barge, 64–65
boatmen, 64
lighter, 65
linesmen, 64
pilotage, 63–64
tugs, 64
watermen, 64
vessel traffic services, 53
water depth, 66–68
Sea Empress accident
safe berths/ports, and, 60–61
Seaports
generally, 1–2
Security
cargo handling, and
drug control, 141
theft, 140–141
warehouse technology, 141

420/429

port management, and, 92–93
Ship catastrophe

time in port, and, 162
Ship management

ship technology, and, 46
Ship size

ship technology, and, 39–44
Ship speed

ship technology, and, 45
Ship stresses

cargo handling, and, 124–125
Ship technology

draft for sailing ships, 35–36
influential developments

container terminals, 41–44
Fast Ships, 44–45
increase in supply of ship tonnage, 36
introduction, 36
location of port, 45
ship size, 39–44
ship speed, 45
ship type specialisation and equipment, 37–39
introduction, 33
knowledge, 33–36
other developments
computerised communications, 46
safety, 47
ship management attitudes and goals, 46
ship requirements, 47
terminal staff specialisation, 46
terminology, 33–36

421/429

tonnage, 33–35
Ship/shore interface

types of port, and, 10
introduction, 2
Ship/shore liaison
berths, and, 116–118
Shipping policy
classification, 95–96
Common Transport Policy, 99
constraining influences on port management, 101
corruption, 97
EU Port and Transport Policy, 98–100
general points, 95–97
generally, 97–98
meaning, 95
NAFTA, and, 97–98
objectives of ports, 100–101
national planning, 98
port ownership, 101
port-state relationship, 100–101
pricing, 103–105
state aid, 102–103
subsidies, 96–97
tariffs, 103–105
Trans-European Transport Network, 99
WTO, and, 97
Ship’s agent
sea approaches, and, 53–54
Shore-based transport operations
environmental effects, and, 185
Shuffling containers

422/429

berths, and, 114
Specific commodity export port

types of port, and, 10
Stability

cargo handling, and, 125–126
Stacking area

berths, and, 113
State aid

port policy, and, 102–103
State ownership

port management, and, 74
Stevedore

cargo handling, and, 121
meaning, 6
Stevedoring
cargo handling, and, 121
port costs, and, 177–178
Stowage factor
cargo handling, and, 122
Stowage plan
cargo handling, and, 123
Strikes
time in port, and, 161–162
Stuffing containers
cargo handling, and, 132
Submerged estuaries
types of port, and, 10
Subsidies
port policy, and, 96–97
Sustainable development policy
environmental effects, and, 188–191

423/429

Swot analysis
port development, and, 18

Tariffs
port policy, and, 103–105

Tankers
berths, and, 116
time in port, and, 160

Technology
And see Ship technology
port development, and, 18

Terminal operation
bulk cargo, 31
container age, 27–28
historical background, 23–27
introduction, 23
unitisation, 28–29

Terminal stowage
cargo handling, and, 123–124

Terminals
alternatives
bulk oil, for, 118–120
general cargo, for, 118
berth occupancy ratios, 108
container stacking areas, 113
cruise ship berths, 114
definitions, 108–109
distribution centres, 120
dry bulk carrier berth, 115
dwell time, 108
land productivity, 110

424/429

layout, 111–112
logistics, 120
maintenance of berths, 117–118
number required, 107–108
offshore berthing

generally, 118–119
legal considerations, 119–120
passenger berth, 114
productivity definitions, 108–109
quantity of equipment, 111
“queuing theory”, 108
reductions in waiting time, 109–110
ro/ro berth, 114
service time, 108
ship/shore liaison, 116–118
shuffling containers, 114
stacking area, 113
tanker berth, 116
traffic paths, 113
type of berth, 114–115
user dedicated terminals, 111–113
waiting ratio, 108
waiting time, 108
Theft
cargo handling, and, 140–141
Tidal estuaries
types of port, and, 10
Tides
sea approaches, and, 68
Time in port
adverse weather, 163

425/429

bulk cargoes, 158–160
congestion, 163–167
containers, 158
general cargo, 156–157
introduction, 155
mooring, 162
non-berth time, 162–163
operational delays, 161
pilotage, 162–163
port delays, 163–167
productivity, 167–170
ship catastrophe, 162
strikes, 161–162
tankers, 160
turnaround time, 155–156
weather delays, 163
withdrawal of labour, 161–162
Tonnage
ship technology, and, 33–35
Traffic paths
berths, and, 113
Trailers
cargo handling, and, 136–138
Training and licensing
barge, 64–65
boatmen, 64
lighter, 65
linesmen, 64
pilotage, 63–64
tugs, 64
watermen, 64

426/429

Trans-European Transport Network
port policy, and, 99

Transit port
generally, 9

Tugs
meaning, 6
training and licensing, and, 64

Tun
meaning, 33

Turnaround time
time in port, and, 155–156

Turning basins
safe berths/ports, and, 62

Type specialisation
ship technology, and, 37–39

Unitisation
port development, and, 28–29

User dedicated terminals
berths, and, 111–113

Vessel operation facilities
port management, and, 89

Vessel traffic services
sea approaches, and, 53

Waiting ratio
berths, and, 108

Waiting time
berths, and, 108

Warehouse technology

427/429

cargo handling, and, 141
Water depth

sea approaches, and, 66–68
Watermen

training and licensing, and, 64
Weather

port development, and, 18
time in port, and, 163
Wharf
meaning, 6
Withdrawal of labour
time in port, and, 161–162
Workforce
And see Dockworkers
development, 143–145
employment terms, 146–147
management, 154
numbers employed, 151–153
port development, and, 18
remuneration, 147–149
safety, and, 139
strikes, and, 161–162
technology, and, 153–154
training, 154
union involvement, 150–151
Working hours
dockworkers, and, 150–151
Worlds Trade Organisation (WTO)
port policy, and, 97

Zones industrielles portuaires (ZIP)

428/429

types of port, and, 10

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