ABOUT HAYNAYAN Haynayan is a project led by Mr. Carlos Caday under the subject of Immunology as part of the final examination and final task under the course of BS Biology in the Lyceum of the Philippines University Laguna S.Y. 2022 – 2023. It portrays three different kinds of diseases caused by bacteria or viruses that can be encountered in the Philippines. This project aims to bring light and give easy to understand educational information to its readers. To bring information in the society and to promote a healthy, happy, and smart living.
CONTENTS TABLE OF SUSCEPTIBLE HOST & HOW TO BREAK THE LINK MEASLES Disease introduction Status in the Philippines Reservoir Mode of the Disease Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Treatment LEPTOSPIROSIS Disease introduction Status in the Philippines Reservoir Mode of the Disease Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Treatment CHIKUNGUNYA, PAGE 18 Disease introduction Status in the Philippines Reservoir Mode of the Disease Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Treatment REFERENCES 8 14 20 26 29
Definition – Acute S E V E R E A N D S U D D E N I N O N S E T C O N D I T I O N S . Alphavirus S M A L L , S P H E R I C A L , E N V E L O P E D , P O S I T I V E – S E N S E S S R N A V I R U S E S T H A T H A R B O R S P L E N T Y O F H U M A N A N D A N I M A L D I S E A S E S . Arthralgia J O I N T S T I F F N E S S T H A T M A Y V A R Y I N C A U S E S . Convalescent sera S E R U M O B T A I N E D F R O M I N D I V I D U A L S T H A T H A V E A L R E A D Y C O N T A C T E D A S P E C I F I C D I S E A S E I N T H E P A S T . IGg antibody A N T I B O D I E S I N T H E B O D Y T H A T P R I M A R I L Y F I G H T S I N F E C T I O N S A G A I N S T B A C T E R I A A N D V I R U S E S Intravenous antibiotics A N T I B I O T I C M E D I C I N E S A D M I N I S T E R E D T H R O U G H T H E B O D Y V I A V E I N I N J E C T I O N T H R O U G H A C A T H E T E R . Molecular testing T E S T T H A T D E T E R M I N E T H E O R D E R O F D N A A N D N U C L E O T I D E S T H A T L O O K S F O R C H A N G E S I N O N E O R M O R E G E N E S . Nasopharyngeal A N Y T H I N G T H A T R E L A T E S T O T H E U P P E R P A R T O F T H E P H A R Y N X T H A T C O N N E C T S W I T H T H E N A S A L C A V I T Y . L O C A T E D A B O V E T H E S O F T P A L A T E . Paramyxoviridae family F A M I L Y O F V I R U S E S T H A T H A V E S I N G L E - S T R A N D E D R N A K N O W T O G I V E D I S E A S E S A N D I N F E C T I O N S .
of Terms Paramyxoviridae family F A M I L Y O F V I R U S E S T H A T H A V E S I N G L E - S T R A N D E D R N A K N O W T O G I V E D I S E A S E S A N D I N F E C T I O N S . RT-PCR R E A L – T I M E R E V E R S E T R A N S C R I P T I O N P O L Y M E R A S E C H A I N R E A C T I O N . A T E S T T H A T A M P L I F Y A S M A L L A M O U N T O F D N A . Serologic testing A B L O O D T E S T T H A T D E T E C T S A N T I B O D Y P R E S E N C E A G A I N S T M I C R O O R G A N I S M S . Serotype A G R O U P O F O R G A N I S M , M I C R O O R G A N I S M S , A N D E V E N C E L L S T H A T C A N B E I D E N T I F I E D U S I N G S H A R E D S P E C I F I C A N T I G E N S V I A S E R O L O G I C T E S T I N G . Togaviridae family A F A M I L Y O F V I R U S E S C H A R A C T E R I Z E D B Y A N E N V E L O P E D , S I N G L E – S T R A N D E D , P L U S - S T R A N D R N A . Virologic testing T E S T S U S E D I N S E R U M T O D E T E C T A N T I B O D I E S A N D A N T I G E N S I N T H E B L O O D T H A T C A N D E T E C T T H E P R E S E N C E O F V I R U S E S A N D O T H E R M I C R O O R G A N I S M S . Spirochete S L E N D E R S P I R A L L Y U N D U L A T I N G B A C T E R I A
ED TI O R S ' NOTE ED TI O R S ' NOTE
As a biology student we are exposed to different fields of science. From Zoology, to understanding our DNA in Genetics, our range of knowledge is wide and is applicable in our everyday lives. One of which is the learning of different diseases caused by pathogens and how our body reacts to it. This branch of science in the medicinal field have a large impact on how see the world and the diseases, in a different point of view. This magazine’s objective is to give educational information about three diseases that is often neglected in our society. Measles, Leptospirosis, and Chikungunya fever. To understanding what they are and how they work can help us avoid them and to know what to do once we have them. ERALDO BONOVAC “Sharing knowledge is very important for the future of humanity” Learning to protect others is also a power gained by the educated, because prevention is better than cure. Try giving a few minutes of your time to browse among these pages. I guarantee that you won’t be disappointed. Padayon mga kaibigan! Aeron Gershom G. Castillo Author, Editor, and Researcher
Remember us? These diseases are not new to our society. Maybe some of you may have had these diseases in the past. Such as the measles or tigdas. A disease common in children and for most became a part of growing up. Maybe some of you know them but are not exactly sure what they do to the body. Like Leptospirosis, a common disease in the Philippines that is mostly associated with floods and rain. And maybe some of you may have no idea that they even exist. Such as the Chikungunya fever, which is almost similar to dengue but not as lethal. But what are they really? How can we tell if someone have them? What are the preventive measures that we can take to avoid them? Remembering and opening up our knowledge on these diseases is important for our everyday lives, and in the future of the well being of our society. Ang mga sakit na ito ay hindi na bago sa ating lipunan. Maaaring may ilan sa inyo na nakaranas na nang mga sakit na ito noon. Tulad ng tigdas, isang sakit na madalas makita at maranasan ng kabataan. Na kung minsan ay nagigi nang parte ng paglaki ng bata. Baka may ilan sa inyong may alam ng Leptospirosis. Isang sakit na madalas natatandaan kasabay ng mga baha at tag-ulan. O baka naman hindi niyo pa naririnig o nalalaman ang mga sakit na ito. Tulad ng Chikungunya na madalas inihahantulat sa Dengue pero hindi gaanon nakakapaminsala. Pero ano nga ba talaga ang mga sakit na ito? Paano natin masasabi na ang isang tao ay mayroong gantong sakit? Paano natin sila maiiwasan? Ang pagtatanda at pag aalam ng mga sakit na ito ay importante upang maiwasan ito sa ating pang araw araw na buhay sa kaligtasan ng ating sambayanan.
M E A S L E S Disease introduction Status in the Philippines Reservoir Mode of the Disease Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Treatment
MEASLES Measles as a member of the genus Morbillivirus in the Paramyxoviridae family. It is caused by a singlestranded, enveloped RNA virus with 1 serotype and so far the only natural hosts of measles virus is Humans. It is extremely contagious and complications may even lead to death. Did you know? A PART OF GROWING UP Measles or Tigdas was so common in children that a 10th-century Persian physician named al-Rhazes believed that it was a natural stage of childhood. He’s also the first to give its name which is hasba that means eruption. But the measles that we know came from the 14th-century Arabic word miser which means “unhappiness of lepers or little leprosy”
308 CASES FROM JANUARY 1 TO APRIL 1, 2023 ME A S L E S C A S E S A RE ON T H E RI S E I N 2 0 2 3 . A CCOR D I N G TO T H E V A CCI N E EXPERT P A N E L ( V EP) LOW ROU T I N E IMMU N I Z A T ION I N C H I L D RE N I N 2 0 2 2 MA Y RE S U L T I N A N OU TBRE A K I N 2 0 2 3 . A N D A S OF J A N U A RY 1 TO A PRI L 1 , 2 0 2 3 , 3 0 8 C A S E S H A V E A LRE A D Y BE E N REPORT E D WH IC H I S A 3 2 8 % I N CRE A S E I N 2 0 2 2 . To combat the rise of measles cases. The Department of Health (DOH), and United Nations Children’s fund (UNICEF) launched Chikiting Ligtas 2023: Join the Big Catch Up, Magpabakuna para sa Healthy Pilipinas! To immunized children against measles, rubella, and polio. Which was declared during the World Immunization Week (WIW) last April 2023.
Measles Reservoir There are no known animal reservoirs for measles and human are its natural host Modes of Measles Mode of escape: Measles virus can spread through the contact of nasopharyngeal secretions of an infected person. Mode of Transmission: Transmission can be done by coughing and sneezing by which droplets may be secreted in the process. Mode of Entry: Having contact with an infected person can easily infect an individual. Breathing the droplets or even touching them on affected objects and then touching the mouth or nose can infect the person.
Clinical Manifestations Period of communicability: From 4 days before the onset of rash through four days after rash onset. Clinical Manifestations may vary from fever (as high as 105°F) and malaise, to cough, coryza, and conjunctivitis, which is then followed by a maculopapular rash that spreads from the torso, arms, legs, and feet. The spots also joins together as they spread through the body.
Diagnosis Treatment Diagnostic testing for measles includes serologic, molecular and virologic testing. Test by nasopharyngeal swab of RT-PCR, measles-specific IgM antibodies, or a significant rise in measles– specific IgG antibody concentration between acute and convalescent sera establishes the diagnosis. False positive IgM results are possible, and vaccinated cases should be confirmed by RTPCR or viral culture. Unfortunately no specific antiviral therapy is available for measles. Though some medication have been known to be used as treatment. Such as Ribavirin that has been used to treat severely ill and immunosuppressed children by intravenous and aerosol routes, but this is not currently approved by FDA for the treatment of measles. Also administration of Vitamin A is recommended for children diagnosed with measles, because vitamin A deficiency is a recognized problem which is commonly associated with higher severity of measles.
L E P T O Disease introduction Status in the Philippines Reservoir Mode of the Disease Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Treatment
LEPTOSPIROSIS The spirochete bacterium Leptospira is responsible for leptospirosis. It is most often spread through exposure to the urine of infected animals either from direct contact or from contact with soil or water contaminated by the urine. Did you know? EVEN FISH? Although Leptospirosis is most commonly associated with rat urine. It recorded to infect birds, reptiles, amphibians, and even fish. But what makes it so commonly associated with rats is because unlike other animals infected with the disease, rats shows no sign of noticeable illnesses.
2,079 CASES FROM JANUARY 1 TO JULY 15, 2023 C A S E S OF L EPTOSPIROS I S A RE ON T H E RI S E I N T H E COU N TRY. WI T H A TOT A L OF 2 , 0 7 9 C A S E S A N D 2 2 5 D E A T H S REPORT E D FRO M J A N U A RY 1 TO J U LY 1 5 , 2 0 2 3 . CE N TR A L L U ZON H A S T H E H I G H E S T N UMBER OF C A S E S AMON G RE G ION S . T H I S I N CRE A S E OF C A S E S MA Y BE A T TRIB U T E D TO T H E FREQU E N T LY F LOOD -PRON E U RB A N A RE A S I N ME TRO MA N I L A . Currently the Anti-Leptospirosis campaign is being done through LepCon which was established back in 2010 with the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Philippine Council for Health Research and Development of the Department of Science and Technology (PCHRD-DOST), Kyushu University (KU) and the World Health Organization (WHO). However no updates are currently being posted for this campaign. To combat the rising cases of Leptospirosis, individual local governments are initiating plans on their own anti-leptospiros campaign. Such as the Quezon city government, where Mayor Maria Josefina "Joy" Belmonte initiated the campaign with the help of the city's Epidemiology and Disease Surveillance Unit (CESU). Among the senators, Senator Christopher "Bong" Go urges the Department of Health (DOH) to intensify the campaign against the virus due to the coming rainy season back on July 18, 2023.
Leptospirosis Reservoir Leptospirosis reservoirs includes a wide variety of animals. With rats being the most associated animal in the Philippines. Leptospirosis Modes Mode of escape: Leptospirosis can be spread through an infected animal’s urine. Person to person transmission is rare. Mode of Transmission: Leptospirosis can be acquired by individuals that have been in contact with an infected animal’s urine through water, soil, and even vegetation. Mode of Entry: Skin is the primarily mode of entry by the leptospirosis virus. Wounds is the primarily target.
Clinical Manifestations Symptoms of Leptospirosis can be separated into two stages. After infection symptoms can occur between 3 to 21 days. The first stage of infection flu like symptoms may occur. In this stage patients with mild infections can recover but may suffer from fatigue and depression. The second stage is the more serious phase. Flu like symptoms may also occur. Then jaundice, red eyes, abdominal pain, diarrhea may occur. Severe cases can lead to liver or kidney failure and even death when due to heart, and respiratory failure.
Diagnosis Treatment Diagnosis may be through PCR of blood or urine. Serologic test can also be done for diagnosis. Molecular tests — These test includes the PCR which can provide rapid and accurate diagnosis primarily in the early stage of illness. Serology — These blood test measures specific immunoglobulin (Ig)M and IgG antibodies against Leptospira organisms. Microscopic agglutination test (MAT) - The test requires live organisms, considerable expertise, and is performed only by reference laboratories, such as the CDC. Treatment for leptospirosis is through antibiotics, such as doxycycline or penicillin, which should be given early in the course of the disease. Intravenous antibiotics may be required for persons with more severe symptoms.
C H I K Disease introduction Status in the Philippines Reservoir Mode of the Disease Clinical Manifestations Diagnosis Treatment
A mosquito-borne viral disease caused by the chikungunya virus (CHIKV), Chikungunya is an RNA virus in the alphavirus genus of the family Togaviridae. Although it mostly resembles Dengue and are carried by the same mosquito species, they are caused by different viruses. Outbreaks have occurred in the past. From countries in Africa, Americas, Asia, Europe, and the Caribbean, Indian and Pacific Oceans. Did you know? A NAME FOR A BITE The name Chikungunya is a derivation from the Kimakonde language of southern Tanzania which means to be contorted. This is because people infected with the virus have a stooped appearance due to joint paint (arthralgia). CHIKUNGUNYA
30 CASES JAN. 1 TO MARCH 25, 2023 C H IK U N G U N Y A C A S E S I N T H E P H I L IPPI N E S A RE ON T H E RI S E . T H EY H A V E I N CRE A S E D BY 3 2 9 % I N T H E F IRS T QU A RT ER OF T H E YE A R CO MP A RE D WI T H T H E S AME PERIOD L A S T YE A R A CCOR D I N G TO T H E D EP A RTME N T OF H E A L T H ( DOH ) . A CCOR D I N G TO T H E L A T E S T D I S E A S E S U R V E I L L A N CE REPORT OF T H E DOH , 3 0 C H IK U N G U N Y A C A S E S WA S REPORT E D FRO M J A N . 1 TO MA RC H 2 5 , 2 0 2 3 , A LOT H I G H ER CO MP A RE D TO T H E S E V E N C A S E S OF T H E MOSQU I TOBOR N E D I S E A S E RECOR D E D I N T H E S AME PERIOD I N 2 0 2 2 . The anti-chikungunya campaign in the Philippines is being done through the anti-dengue campaign since they have the same vector and mode of transmission. Currently local governments are implementing their own preventive measures against mosquito borne diseases. On June 2023 the anti-dengue month was launched with the theme “Deng-Get-Out! Ang Dengue nagbabanta! Mag 5s Para laging handa” to promote awareness on Dengue.
Chikungunya Reservoir Reservoirs of Chikungunya are the Aedes mosquitos: mostly from Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopiticus, which then can be transferred to humans. Chikungunya Modes Mode of escape: The virus can be transferred through the bite of an infected Aedes mosquito. Mode of Transmission: Being bitten by an infected Aedes mosquito can infect a person. Mode of Entry: Female mosquitos pierce through the skin to target blood vessels when they are pregnant. During this phase the virus is directly injected to the bloodstream.
Clinical Manifestations Once in contact with a mosquito vector, symptoms may appear between 4 to 7 days. Symptoms may be limiting and can last for 2 to 3 days and is rarely fatal. It can range from fever, muscle-pain, headache, nausea, fatigue, and rash. Although joint pain may last from several months to even years. Some exceptional cases even recorded eye, heart, and nervous system complications. These serious complications are rare but can attribute to deaths in older people.
Diagnosis Treatment Diagnosis of the virus depends on the time after infection. For the first week of illness it can be identified using nucleic acid/genomic amplification techniques or viral isolation. After 4 to 5 days after the onset of illness, serological diagnosis can be performed by detection of specific IgM antibodies in serum specimen. Also specific IgM can persist for many months, in particular in patients with long-lasting arthralgia. Currently there is no antiviral treatment to Chikungunya. Treatment may vary from the symptoms and can be treated with non-salicylate analgesics and non-steroid anti-inflammatory therapy. There is currently no vaccine for this virus but several vaccines are currently being developed.
How to break the LINK Prevention from Infection People Vulnerable to Infection Susceptible Host
The best way to break the link of infection and to prevent measles infection is through measles-containing vaccine, which is primarily administered as the combination measles-mumpsrubella (MMR) vaccine. This vaccine can be used for children aged 12 months through 12 years for protection against these pathogens. Single-antigen measles vaccine is not available. Since measles is transmitted through air, wearing safety equipments such as facemask on areas where there is a high number of cases can protect an individual for becoming infected. Measles Leptospirosis Leptospirosis is susceptible to anyone. As long as an open wound came in contact with an infected object. Measles can infect almost everyone, but there are a few that is susceptible than most to the virus. With children and infants <5 years, Adults >20 years, and pregnant women being the most susceptible. Currently no vaccine is being used in the United States to prevent leptospirosis in people. To prevent Leptospirosis, people can do these following:
Look out for contaminated fresh water or soil and avoid them, especially when the person has an open wound on the feet, hands, or legs. Look out for contaminated objects such as animal bedding. Avoid wading, swimming, or soaking in floodwaters or water from lakes, rivers, or swamps. Especially avoid freshwater contact after flooding or heavy rain. Wear protective clothing like footwear and cover cuts and wounds with waterproof bandages or dressing. Treat water using boiling method and appropriate chemical treatments when it is needed to drink. Chikungunya Use insect repellent Wear long-sleeved shirts and pants for clothing Treat clothing and gear Take steps to control mosquitoes indoors and outdoors. The best way to break the link of infection and to prevent chikungunya infection is to protect yourself from mosquito bites. Chikungunya can infect almost everyone. But is deadly and more prone to complications to older adults >65 years.
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Press release - bong go to doh: Enhance leptospirosis awareness campaign amid rainy season. Latest News. (2023, July 21). https://legacy.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2023/0721_go1.asp Public Broadcasting Service. (2006, March). Rx for survival . deadly diseases . measles. PBS. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/rxforsurvival/series/diseases/measles.html#:~:text=He%2 0called%20the%20disease%20hasba,to%20differentiate%20it%20from%20the Serologic test: NIH. Serologic Test | NIH. (2023). https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/glossary/serologictest#:~:text=A%20blood%20test%20to%20detect,exposed%20to%20a%20particular %20microorganism. TechNote: What are the differences between PCR, RT-PCR, qPCR, and RT-qpcr?. Enzo Life Sciences. (2023, June 27). https://www.enzolifesciences.com/sciencecenter/technotes/2017/march/what-are-the-differences-between-pcr-rt-pcr-qpcrand-rt-qpcr? %2F#:~:text=PCR%20is%20a%20method%20used,that%20can%20then%20be%20am plified. U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2022, September 12). Immunoglobulins blood test: Medlineplus medical test. MedlinePlus. https://medlineplus.gov/labtests/immunoglobulins-bloodtest/#:~:text=IgG%20antibodies%20are%20very%20important,IgG%20antibodies%20 you%20have%20made. U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2023, February 2). Acute vs. chronic conditions: Medlineplus Medical Encyclopedia Image. MedlinePlus. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/18126.htm#:~:text=Acute%20conditions%2 0are%20severe%20and,broken%20bone%2C%20an%20acute%20condition. Villanueva, R. (2023, April 21). Chikungunya cases up 329 percent in Q1. Philstar.com. https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/04/22/2260733/chikungunya-cases-329- percent-q1 What is nasopharyngeal cancer?: American Cancer Society. American Cancer Society | American Cancer Society. (2022, August 1). https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/nasopharyngeal-cancer/about/what-isnasopharyngealcancer.html#:~:text=The%20nasopharynx%20is%20the%20upper,the%20mouth%20( soft%20palate). World Health Organization. (2023a). Chikungunya. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/health-topics/chikungunya#tab=tab_1 World Health Organization. (2023, April 27). Doh, who, UNICEF launch “Chikiting Ligtas” – measles, rubella, and polio national supplemental immunization campaign. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/philippines/news/detail/27-04-2023- doh--who--unicef-launch--chikiting-ligtas----measles--rubella--and-polio-nationalsupplemental-immunizationcampaign#:~:text=This%20ranks%20the%20Philippines%20second,the%20same%20 period%20last%20year.
"We must learn these diseases in order to have a safe and happy family. " Project Haynayan I S S U E N O . 2 2 0 2 3 Artwork by Jose "Pitok" Blanco
© 2023 HAYNAYAN Project. All Rights Reserved BIOLOGY SOCIETY LPU LAGUNA FB Page: LPUBIOSOC Email: [email protected] Tiktok: https://www.tiktok.com/@biosoc_lpulaguna? is_from_webapp=1&sender_device=pc An organization which promotes biological awareness and aids in giving information about the environment and the living world through research, projects, and communication.