Complete Birds of Britain and Europe (DK - RSPB)

NUTHATCHES/SHRIKES/CROWS
Family Sittidae Species Sitta neumayer Family Laniidae Species Lanius isabellinus
Rock Nuthatch Isabelline Shrike

The best places to see this bird are archaeological sites A close relative of the Red-backed Shrike (see p.357),
in Greece and Turkey, where it often flits about the the Isabelline Shrike is similar in basic appearance but
ruins, drawing attention to itself by its bold behaviour paler, more sandy-brown, with a pale, rusty tail. Males
and voice. It looks like a large, washed-out Nuthatch have a black mask and dark wings;
(see p.352), but has a plain grey tail long black females are plainer. Immatures
(no dark and white marks) and eye-stripe look like rusty-tailed, sandy-
whitish flanks (no rust-orange). It backed young Red-backed Shrikes,
often perches very upright, breast with paler, plainer upperparts; the
pushed out, bobbing, almost like tail may be entirely pale rufous
a slim Dipper (see p.290). or darker with rufous edges
OCCURRENCE Breeds long and a rufous rump.
in Balkans and Turkey, bill OCCURRENCE Very rare
in rocky areas. vagrant in W Europe, from
VOICE Rising and Asia, mostly in late autumn.
falling, far-carrying, VOICE Migrants are
strident whistling generally silent.
notes.

plain tail rusty tail

IMMATURE
Length 14–15cm (5 1 ⁄2 –6in) Wingspan 23–25cm (9–10in) Length 16–18cm (6 1 ⁄2 –7in) Wingspan 26–28cm (10–11in)

Family Laniidae Species Lanius nubicus Family Corvidae Species Cyanopica cyanus
Masked Shrike Azure-winged Magpie
The small, slender, and well-marked Masked Shrike is This striking bird is a magpie in form (see p.363), with
mostly black and white with peachy orange flanks and an upright, short body, short wings, long tail, and stout
is easily identifiable.Males are brighter than females. bill and legs, but quite different from the familiar pied
Juveniles look like young Woodchat Shrikes (see p.358), bird in plumage. It has a deep black cap and a white
but have slim, blacker tails, greyer upperparts with at throat; the back is pale fawn, the underside
least some scaly whitish shoulder marks making more a paler shade, while the wings and tail
of a patch than on Woodchat, and a bigger are pale, dusty blue. Small flocks roam
white patch on the primaries. white through pine woods,
forehead
OCCURRENCE Breeds in calling frequently. pale blue
Balkans and Turkey; winter OCCURRENCE Breeds wings
migrant in Africa. in S Spain and Portugal;
VOICE Scratchy, hoarse resident.
note and rough VOICE High, nasal, calls
black
rattling call. with bright, whining
eye- fawn
stripe quality, and deeper, body
large white grating notes.
shoulder
patch
long, pale
blue tail
orange
flanks
MALE
Length 17–18cm (6 1 ⁄2 –7in) Wingspan 24–26cm (9 1 ⁄2 –10in) Length 31–35cm (12–14in) Wingspan 38–40cm (15–16in)
449

CROWS/STARLINGS/NORTH AMERICAN WARBLERS
Family Corvidae Species Perisoreus infaustus Family Sturnidae Species Sturnus roseus
Siberian Jay Rose-coloured Starling
This brown and orange jay of north European forests This exotic-looking starling is usually seen in western
is unlike any other European species. It has a very dark Europe in immature plumages, but adults occur in
face,paler grey-brown upperparts,and pale,quite bright, southeast Europe at times.Adults are pale pink (dusky
rust-orange wingbars, rump, and tail sides, and is less in winter) with a black hood, wings, and tail; whitish
strongly contrasted than the Jay (see p.364). Plumages feather tips obscure some of the black in winter.
of both sexes, at all ages and seasons, are alike. Often Immatures are like sandy grey young Starlings (see
moving in flocks, the Siberian Jay is usually p.372) except for a shorter yellowish bill, more contrast
shy but approaches settlements and between pale body and dark wings, and a pale rump.
forest camps in winter. OCCURRENCE Rare migrant in SE
OCCURRENCE Breeds in Europe, vagrant in W Europe, in
Scandinavia, east into N Russia, summer and autumn.
in mature conifer forest. VOICE Short, harsh calls
VOICE Usually silent; and varied, unmusical,
occasional mewing calls rattling song.
from flocks. dusky
pink
ADULT body
(WINTER)
rust-orange
tail sides




Length 26–29cm (10–11 1 ⁄2in) Wingspan 40–46cm (16–18in) Length 19–22cm (7 1 ⁄2–9in) Wingspan 37–40cm (14 1 ⁄2–16in)

Family Vireonidae Species Vireo olivaceus Family Parulidae Species Dendroica striata
Red-eyed Vireo Blackpoll Warbler
Vireos are like rather large, stocky warblers with quite In summer,this is a black and white bird,but in autumn
thick bills.The Red-eyed Vireo has a strong head immatures are dull-looking: greenish with soft dark
pattern (grey cap edged black, broad white stripe over streaks on the back and pale greyish yellow underparts
the eye,and black eye-stripe),a dark red eye,and a basic with soft dusky streaks.They have a pale stripe above
green above, whitish below pattern.The greenish tail and pale marks below the eye, white under the tail, and
is short and square,helping to give it a slightly different dark wings with two long, narrow, diagonal wingbars.
look from European warblers with green upperparts. The white under the tail and streaked chest are
It tends to be quite slow and heavy important points to eliminate even rarer species.
white over
in its movements through foliage. red eye OCCURRENCE Very rare vagrant in NW Europe
OCCURRENCE Very rare in late autumn, from North America.
but annual vagrant in VOICE Liquid, sharp, short chip.
NW Europe, in autumn, two curved white
from North America. wingbars
VOICE Short, IMMATURE
(AUTUMN)
nasal chway.









Length 14cm (5 1 ⁄2in) Wingspan 23–25cm (9–10in) Length 12–13cm (4 3 ⁄4 –5in) Wingspan 15cm (6in)
450

NORTH AMERICAN WARBLERS/FINCHES
Family Parulidae Species Dendroica coronata Family Fringillidae Species Carduelis hornemanni
Yellow-rumped Warbler Arctic Redpoll
While some autumn plumages are very difficult to Redpolls are split into several races or species; the
identify, most North American wood warblers are Arctic Redpoll is usually recognized as a species but
striking birds, at least in summer.Yellow-rumped can be hard to distinguish. Males have a large white
Warblers are small, neat, active birds, distinguished by rump, white underparts, and unmarked undertail
a yellow patch on each side of the chest, and a bright coverts; a broad whitish wingbar, small red forehead
yellow rump.They are streaky brown above, and patch, and a short yellow bill aid identification.
whitish with blacker streaks below in autumn.Two Females and immatures are more streaked, but the
long, diagonal wingbars are clearly visible.The head rump is unstreaked white, the wingbar white, and
is not strongly patterned but has white crescents the undertail area unmarked white.
above and below the eye. OCCURRENCE Breeds in extreme
OCCURRENCE Very rare vagrant N Scandinavia;winters in Scandinavia
in NW Europe in late autumn, and vagrant in W Europe.
from North America. VOICE Calls like Redpoll’s,
VOICE Frequent, hard, not safely distinguishable.
single notes, chik
or twip.


broad
unmarked
two white wingbar
wingbars under tail
white
underparts
IMMATURE (AUTUMN) MALE
Length 12–13cm (4 3 ⁄4 –5in) Wingspan 15cm (6in) Length 12–14cm (4 3 ⁄4 –5 1 ⁄2in) Wingspan 21–27cm (8 1 ⁄2 –10 1 ⁄2in)
Family Fringillidae Species Loxia leucoptera Family Fringillidae Species Loxia pytyopsittacus
Two-barred Crossbill Parrot Crossbill
A smallish crossbill,the Two-barred Crossbill is typically Crossbills often give good views, but can still be very
marked by two broad white wingbars (unlike the difficult to tell apart. Parrot Crossbills are heavier,
Crossbill, see p.392, which may only occasionally have stockier,and more bull-necked than common Crossbills
wingbars) and white spots on the tertial tips. Males are (see p.392), with small, centrally placed eyes, often a
rather deep cherry-red with blacker wings (Crossbills greyer “ruff”, and a deep, bulbous bill with a short
tend to be more orange-red with browner wings); hook but extension of the lower mandible above the
females are green and brown,with yellow-green rumps. tip of the upper one. Plumages are like the Crossbill’s;
Dark back spots are distinctive. Juveniles are duller, calls are sometimes distinct but difficult to judge.
browner, with much thinner wingbars, and are difficult OCCURRENCE Breeds in Scandinavia, very rarely
to identify with absolute certainty. in Scotland; occasional migrant/vagrant elsewhere.
OCCURRENCE Rare breeder in extreme VOICE Typically deeper, harder jip jip massive bill
NE Europe; vagrant elsewhere. than Crossbill’s.
VOICE Weaker than Crossbill’s.
heavy, stocky body
two broad MALE
MALE
wingbars








Length 16cm (6 1 ⁄2in) Wingspan 26–29cm (10–11 1 ⁄2in) Length 16–18cm (6 1 ⁄2 –7in) Wingspan 30–33cm (12–13in)
451

FINCHES/BUNTINGS
Family Fringillidae Species Pinicola enucleator Family Fringillidae Species Loxia scotica
Pine Grosbeak Scottish Crossbill

A massive finch, the Pine Grosbeak is Crossbill-like If Parrot and common Crossbills (see p.392) are hard
(see p.392) in plumage but more Bullfinch-like (see to distinguish,the Scottish Crossbill,being intermediate
p.290) in form and behaviour. Males are cherry-red between the two, can seem impossible to identify. It is
and grey with thin white wingbars; females have the restricted to pine forest in Scotland, but the other two
red replaced by bronze-green or yellowish.Young males can be found there, too. It has bulging cheeks, a thick
develop orange-red in winter.The bill neck, and a deep, hefty bill; its plumages are like those
thick,
is thick and rounded, but not crossed, uncrossed bill of the other species and its calls are confusingly difficult
the head rather small (unlike Crossbill), unless recorded and analysed technically. Research
and the tail quite long.This berry- continues into the relationship of all these forms.
eater inhabits forest and sometimes OCCURRENCE Resident in N Scotland,
gardens and towns in winter. presumably does not move elsewhere.
OCCURRENCE Breeds VOICE Much as Crossbill’s, sometimes bulging
cheeks
in N Scandinavia, deeper, thicker notes.
slightly more
becomes increasingly
widespread in red with age
winter only.
VOICE Clear, fluty
whistling calls and
duller conversational
notes from flocks.
IMMATURE
MALE
FEMALE
long tail
Length 19–22cm (7 1 ⁄2–9in) Wingspan 30–35cm (7–8 1 ⁄2in) Length 16–17cm (6 1 ⁄2in) Wingspan 27–37cm (10 1 ⁄2–14 1 ⁄2in)
Family Passeridae Species Montifringilla nivalis Family Emberizidae Species Emberiza rustica
Snowfinch Rustic Bunting
The Snowfinch is large, long-winged, and short-legged In summer, males are boldly marked black and white
with black-tipped white wings recalling a Snow on the head, reddish above, and white below with a
Bunting (see p.401).The head is grey (black face and red-brown breast-band. Females and autumn males
bib on summer male), the back dull grey-brown, and have a paler central crown stripe on a duller head;
the tail white with a narrow black centre. In summer, both sexes raise their crown feathers at times.
the male has a black bill; otherwise the bill is yellow. Immatures are streaked yellow-brown, with a broad
OCCURRENCE Sparse breeder, at high altitude, in pale stripe over the eye, a white ear-spot edged black,
Pyrenees, Alps, Italy, and Balkans. and a cream band under the cheek.The rump is rust-
VOICE Wide variety of sharp, hoarse, black bill brown; two thin white wingbars are usually obvious.
or mewing calls; trilling, OCCURRENCE Breeds in Sweden, Finland, and
sparrow-like song. Russia; rare migrant to E Europe and vagrant in
dull grey- W Europe; in wet forested areas; May to September.
brown back
VOICE Short, sharp, penetrating tic or zit; song short,
MALE (SUMMER)
rhythmic, rattling phrase.
MALE (AUTUMN)
rufous rump







Length 17–19cm (6 1 ⁄2–7 1 ⁄2in) Wingspan 34–38cm (13 1 ⁄2–15in) Length 12–13cm (4 3 ⁄4 –5in) Wingspan 14–17cm (5 1 ⁄2 –6 1 ⁄2in)
452

BUNTINGS
Family Emberizidae Species Emberiza caesia Family Emberizidae Species Emberiza leucocephalus
Cretzschmar’s Bunting Pine Bunting

This is very like an Ortolan Bunting (see p.397) but Difficulties arise with intermediates between the Pine
rust-red on the throat and moustache where the Bunting and Yellowhammer (see p.398) but most pure
Ortolan is yellow.The head and chest are blue-grey, birds are identifiable. Males are easy, with their white
the back rufous-brown, and the underside a rich rust- crown and cheek, edged black and rufous; the back is
orange.Females are duller; both sexes have a white eye- rusty with black streaks and the underside whitish.
ring.The immature shows the eye-ring, black-streaked Females are greyer, with a less marked head; immatures
upperparts and broad, bright rusty edges to the tertials; have white underparts streaked grey,a white spot on
it is a richer, more rufous bird than a young Ortolan. the ear coverts, a white eye-ring, and white feather
OCCURRENCE Breeds in Greece, Crete, blue-grey edges on the wings (yellowish on Yellowhammer).
Turkey, and some Greek islands; very head OCCURRENCE Vagrant in NW Europe, late autumn
rare vagrant elsewhere. and winter, from Asia.
VOICE Sharp, short tsip note, very VOICE Metallic ticking notes,like Yellowhammer’s.
like Ortolan Bunting’s.
white cheeks
streaked rufous- MALE (WINTER) streaked,
brown above rusty back
MALE







Length 14–15cm (5 1 ⁄2–6in) Wingspan 23–26cm (9–10in) Length 16–17cm (6 1 ⁄2in) Wingspan 26–30cm (10–12in)

Family Emberizidae Species Emberiza melanocephala Family Emberizidae Species Emberiza aureola
Black-headed Bunting Yellow-breasted Bunting
This big bunting has easily identifiable males with a The summer males of this small, neat bunting are
black head,yellow chin,rufous back,and yellow under- distinctive, with a black and chestnut head, upperparts,
side; females and immatures are difficult to distinguish and breast-band, against bright yellow on the chest and
from vagrant or escaped Red-headed Buntings.Females belly,and a white shoulder patch.In autumn,immatures
have large grey bills, hooded grey-brown black are streaked brown, rather yellower or buff beneath,
heads, and pale yellow underparts, with head finely streaked, with two white wingbars; they have a
some rufous above (unlike Red-headed); pale central stripe on the top of the head, a broad pale
immatures are slightly more streaked, stripe over each eye, a pale band under
pale stripe
especially on the crown (more than the cheek, and a pale spot at the rear over eye
Red-headed) and rather bright above of the dark-edged ear coverts.
(Red-headed typically dull). OCCURRENCE Breeds from
OCCURRENCE Breeds in S Italy E Finland into Russia; rare
and Balkans; rare late summer migrant/vagrant in
vagrant in NW Europe. NW Europe in autumn.
VOICE Various metallic, VOICE Short, ticking
ticking calls; fuller tsik note.
accelerating song.
two wingbars
yellow yellow
underside or buff
MALE below
FEMALE


Length 16–17cm (6 1 ⁄2in) Wingspan 26–30cm (10–12in) Length 15–16cm (6–6 1 ⁄2in) Wingspan 8–9cm (3 1 ⁄4 –3 1 ⁄2in)
453

BUNTINGS/BOBOLINK
Family Emberizidae Species Pheucticus ludovicianus Family Emberizidae Species Junco hyemalis
Rose-breasted Grosbeak Dark-eyed Junco

Very rare in Europe, this is an unmistakable bird by This small American bunting is sparrow-like, rather
virtue of its large size for a finch, very large bill, and inconspicuous and quiet. Males are smoky grey, blacker
striking pattern. Males are black and white with red around the face, with an oval white belly patch, white
on the breast; immatures brown and streaked, males tail sides, and a pale pinkish bill. Females are tinged
with red under the wings.These, and adult females, are browner, especially on the wings, and a little sullied
boldly marked with a dark cap, very broad white band below (less pure white) but share
over the eye, dark cheeks, and white throat; two bars the same basic pattern, which is
of white spots cross the wing.The breast is buff, unlike any European species.
streaked with wavy black lines. OCCURRENCE Very rare
OCCURRENCE Very rare vagrant vagrant,sometimes pale
pink
in autumn in NW Europe, remaining all winter, bill
from North America. in NW Europe, smoky
VOICE Short, hard, from North grey
chik call. America. body
VOICE Short, ticking
note, sometimes
white spots
on wings repeated.
oval white
belly patch
MALE
MALE

Length 18–20cm (7–8in) Wingspan 30–32cm (12–12 1 ⁄2in) Length 14cm (5 1 ⁄2in) Wingspan 25–30cm (10–12in)

Family Emberizidae Species Zonotrichia albicollis Family Icteridae Species Dolichonyx oryzivorus
White-throated Sparrow Bobolink
American sparrows are more like European buntings. Bobolinks visiting Europe in autumn are rather
Adult White-throated Sparrows have a thin white yellowish birds, striped with black and cream; they are
crown stripe edged black, a broad white band over the dumpy and heavy-bellied, with a narrow, tapered head
eye (yellow at the front), grey cheeks, and a white chin and tail.The bill is sharply triangular, and the head
patch. Immatures are duller, with a greyish and less shows a central yellow-buff crown stripe edged black
clear-cut chin and throat.The body plumage, streaked and broad buff stripes over each eye.The back has two
brown above and grey beneath, as well as the general long straw-coloured lines; the underside is creamy
stance and behaviour, recall a Dunnock (see p.292). with faint streaks only on the flanks.A short,
OCCURRENCE Rare vagrant in NW Europe, mostly narrow, spiky tail helps to separate it from
in spring, from North America. a common bunting
black and cream
VOICE Call a sharp, persistent, thin zit, and thicker or sparrow. stripes on
chink notes. OCCURRENCE upperparts
white band over eye Very rare vagrant in
with yellow in front
autumn in NW Europe,
streaked brown from North America.
ADULT upperparts
VOICE Short,
creamy
sharp pink.
below
long,
narrow
tail
ADULT (AUTUMN)
Length 15–17cm (6–6 1 ⁄2in) Wingspan 20–25cm (8–10in) Length 16–18cm (6 1 ⁄2 –7in) Wingspan 30cm (12in)
454

VAGRANTS
VAGRANTS

he list that follows consists of birds that accepted that even small birds can, with a
Toccur only very rarely in Europe, known following wind, survive a flight across the
as vagrants or accidentals. It also looks a little Atlantic, although they probably do not
further beyond Europe, to list those birds survive long afterwards. Larger species,
whose normal range is the Middle East and however, such as some wildfowl, may live for
North Africa, so covering a total faunal area years in Europe and a few (that have been
known as the Western Palearctic. trapped, ringed, and released in order to
Vagrants to Europe arrive from Asia and follow their movements) have even returned
North America (and fewer from Africa). to North America in subsequent years.These
Western Europe, especially the UK, is well are not, in any true sense, European birds, but
placed to receive birds that are blown off are included here to complete the range of
course from eastern North America and cross species that have been recorded. Many appear
the Atlantic. It was thought that such birds again, others may not: by their nature these
cross the ocean on board ship, but it is now “accidentals” are unpredictable.


Common Name Scientific Name Family/Scientific Name Description
Ostrich
Ostrich Struthio camelus Ratites/Struthidae Vagrant in North Africa, from
southern Africa
Albatrosses
Shy Albatross Diomedea cauta Albatrosses/Diomedeidae Large seabird from southern
oceans
Yellow-nosed Albatross Diomedea Albatrosses/Diomedeidae Large seabird from southern
chlororhynchos oceans
Black-browed Albatross Diomedea Albatrosses/Diomededae Long-winged seabird from
melanophris South Atlantic
Wandering Albatross Diomedea exulans Albatrosses/Diomedeidae Large seabird from southern
oceans
Petrels and Shearwaters
Black-capped Petrel Pterodroma hasitata Petrels and Shearwaters/ Large petrel from Caribbean
Procellariidae
Atlantic Petrel Pterodroma incerta Petrels and Shearwaters/ Large petrel from South Atlantic
Procellariidae
Soft-plumaged Petrel Pterodroma mollis Petrels and Shearwaters/ Large petrel from South Atlantic
Procellariidae
Fea's Petrel Pterodroma feae Petrels and Shearwaters/ Large, rare petrel from Madeira
Procellariidae
Zino's Petrel Pterodroma madeira Petrels and Shearwaters/ Large, rare petrel from Madeira
Procellariidae
Bulwer's Petrel Bulweria bulwerii Petrels and Shearwaters/ Dark, long-tailed petrel from
Procellariidae mid-Atlantic islands
Streaked Shearwater Calonectris Petrels and Shearwaters/ Vagrant in Middle East, from
leucomelas Procellariidae tropical oceans
Flesh-footed Shearwater Puffinus carneipes Petrels and Shearwaters/ All-dark shearwater from
Procellariidae Indian Ocean
Audubon's Shearwater Puffinus lherminieri Petrels and Shearwaters/ Small shearwater from
Procellariidae Indian Ocean

455

VAGRANTS
Common Name Scientific Name Family/Scientific Name Description
Petrels and Shearwaters continued
Wedge-tailed Shearwater Puffinus pacificus Petrels and Shearwaters/ Large dark shearwater from
Procellariidae Indian Ocean
White-faced Storm-petrel Pelagodroma marina Petrels and Shearwaters/ Small petrel from South Atlantic
Procellariidae
Swinhoe's Storm Petrel Oceanodroma Petrels and Shearwaters/ Small, dark, oceanic petrel
monorhis Procellariidae from Pacific
Gannets and Cormorants
Masked Booby Sula dactylatra Gannets/Sulidae Gannet-like seabird from
tropical oceans
Brown Booby Sula leucogaster Gannets/Sulidae Dark brown gannet, in Red Sea
Cape Gannet Morus capensis Gannets/Sulidae Black and white gannet from
southern Africa
Double-crested Phalacrocorax auritus Cormorants/Phalacrocoracidae Large black waterbird, vagrant
Cormorant in UK, from North America
Darters and Anhingas
African Darter Anhinga rufa Darters and Anhingas/ Sharp-billed, cormorant-like
Anhingidae waterbird, vagrant in North
Africa, from southern Africa
Frigatebirds and Tropicbirds
Lesser Frigatebird Fregata ariel Frigatebirds/Fregatidae Large, fork-tailed seabird
from tropical oceans
Red-billed Tropicbird Phaethon aethereus Tropicbirds/Phaethontidae White seabird from tropical
oceans
Bitterns and Herons
Black-headed Heron Ardea melanocephala Herons/Ardeidae Dry-ground heron, vagrant in
North Africa, from southern Africa
Goliath Heron Ardea goliath Herons/Ardeidae Very large heron, vagrant in
Middle East, from Africa
Black Heron Egretta ardesiaca Herons/Ardeidae Small dark heron from Africa

Intermediate Egret Egretta intermedia Herons/Ardeidae White egret from Africa, Asia
Snowy Egret Egretta thula Herons/Ardeidae White egret from North America
Schrenck's Bittern Ixobrychus eurhythmus Herons/Ardeidae Small bittern from Asia

Least Bittern Ixobrychus exilis Herons/Ardeidae Small bittern from North
America
Dwarf Bittern Ixobrychus sturmii Herons/Ardeidae Small bittern from Africa
American Bittern Botaurus lentiginosus Herons/Ardeidae Stripe-necked bittern from
North America
Mangrove Heron Butorides striatus Herons/Ardeidae Small dark heron, in North Africa
and Middle East
Storks
Yellow-billed Stork Mycteria ibis Storks/Ciconiidae White stork with red mask,
vagrant in Middle East, from Africa
456

VAGRANTS
Common Name Scientific Name Family/Scientific Name Description
Ibises
Bald Ibis Geronticus eremita Ibises/Threskiornithidae All-dark ibis, rare breeder in
North Africa
Wildfowl
White-faced Dendrocygna viduata Wildfowl/Anatidae Large, noisy duck, vagrant in
Whistling Duck North Africa, from southern
Africa
Lesser Whistling Duck Dendrocygna javanica Wildfowl/Anatidae Small duck from Africa

Bar-headed Goose Anser indicus Wildfowl/Anatidae Pale grey goose from Asia
Spur-winged Goose Plectropterus Wildfowl/Anatidae Large goose from Africa
gambensis
Cotton Pygmy-goose Nettapus Wildfowl/Anatidae Small duck, vagrant in North
coromandelianus Africa, from southern Africa
Baikal Teal Anas formosa Wildfowl/Anatidae Colourful surface-feeding duck
from Asia
Cape Teal Anas capensis Wildfowl/Anatidae Surface-feeding duck, vagrant
in North Africa, from southern
Africa
Red-billed Teal Anas erythrorhyncha Wildfowl/Anatidae Surface-feeding duck, vagrant
in North Africa, from southern
Africa
Cape Shoveler Anas smithii Wildfowl/Anatidae Surface-feeding duck, vagrant
in North Africa, from southern
Africa
Southern Pochard Netta erythrophthalma Wildfowl/Anatidae Diving duck, vagrant in North
Africa, from southern Africa
Redhead Aythya americana Wildfowl/Anatidae Pochard-like diving duck, vagrant
in UK, from North America
Canvasback Aythya valisineria Wildfowl/Anatidae Large, pale Pochard-like duck
from North America
Birds of Prey
Crested Honey Buzzard Pernis ptilorhyncus Hawks/Accipitridae Medium-sized bird of prey,
vagrant in Middle East, from Asia
American Swallow- Elanoides forficatus Hawks/Accipitridae Fork-tailed kite from North
tailed Kite America
Bald Eagle Haliaeetus Hawks/Accipitridae Massive eagle from North
leucocephalus America
Pallas's Fish Eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus Hawks/Accipitridae Huge eagle from Asia
Rüppell's Vulture Gyps rueppellii Hawks/Accipitridae Distinctive vulture, vagrant in
Middle East, from Africa
Bateleur Terathopius ecaudatus Hawks/Accipitridae Acrobatic eagle, vagrant in
Middle East, from Africa
Dark Chanting Goshawk Melierax metabates Hawks/Accipitridae Large grey hawk, vagrant in
Middle East, from East Africa
Shikra Accipiter badius Hawks/Accipitridae Small pale sparrowhawk, in
Middle East
Swainson's Buzzard Buteo swainsoni Hawks/Accipitridae Large hawk from North America


457

VAGRANTS
Common Name Scientific Name Family/Scientific Name Description
Birds of Prey continued
Tawny Eagle Aquila rapax Hawks/Accipitridae Big brown eagle, rare in North
Africa
Verreaux's Eagle Aquila verreauxii Hawks/Accipitridae Large black eagle, rare in North
Africa
Amur Falcon Falco amurensis Falcons/Falconidae Red-footed falcon from Asia
Barbary Falcon Falco (peregrinus) Falcons/Falconidae Peregrine-like falcon, in Middle
pelegrinoides East and North Africa
Sooty Falcon Falco concolor Falcons/Falconidae Large grey falcon from Middle
East
American Kestrel Falco sparverius Falcons/Falconidae Tiny falcon from North America

Gamebirds
Caucasian Grouse Tetrao mlokosiewiczi Grouse/Tetraonidae Sleek black grouse, in Middle
East
Caspian Snowcock Tetraogallus caspius Gamebirds/Phasianidae Large mountain grouse, in
Middle East
Caucasian Snowcock Tetraogallus caucasicus Gamebirds/Phasianidae Large mountain grouse, in
Middle East
Double-spurred Francolin Francolinus bicalcaratus Gamebirds/Phasianidae Brown gamebird, in North Africa

Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus Gamebirds/Phasianidae Blackish gamebird, rare in
Middle East
Helmeted Guineafowl Numida meleagris Guineafowl/Numididae Dark, white-spotted gamebird,
in North Africa
Cranes
Hooded Crane Grus monacha Cranes/Gruidae Dark-headed crane from Asia
Siberian White Crane Grus leucogeranus Cranes/Gruidae Large crane from Asia

Sandhill Crane Grus canadensis Cranes/Gruidae Grey crane from North
America
Rails, Crakes, and Coots
Striped Crake Porzana marginalis Rails,Crakes, and Coots/ Small pale crake, rare in North
Rallidae Africa
Sora Porzana carolina Rails,Crakes, and Coots/ Dark crake from North America
Rallidae
Allen's Gallinule Porphyrula alleni Rails,Crakes, and Coots/ Moorhen-like bird from Africa
Rallidae
American Purple Gallinule Porphyrula martinica Rails,Crakes, and Coots/ Moorhen-like bird from North
Rallidae America
American Coot Fulica americana Rails,Crakes, and Coots/ Coot from North America
Rallidae
Bustards
Arabian Bustard Ardeotis arabs Bustards/Otididae Very large, pale bustard, in
Middle East


458

VAGRANTS
Common Name Scientific Name Family/Scientific Name Description
Waders
Painted Snipe Rostratula Waders/Scolopacidae Snipe-like wader from Africa
benghalensis
Crab Plover Dromas ardeola Plovers/Charadriidae Heavy-billed, black and white
wader, in Middle East
Egyptian Plover Pluvianus aegyptius Plovers/Charadriidae Small wader from Africa
Black-headed Lapwing Vanellus tectus Plovers/Charadriidae Striking plover from Africa
Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus Plovers/Charadriidae Eye-catching plover from Asia

Chestnut-banded Plover Charadrius pallidus Plovers/Charadriidae Small sand plover from
southern Africa
Three-banded Plover Charadrius tricollaris Plovers/Charadriidae Small plover from Africa

Kittlitz's Plover Charadrius pecuarius Plovers/Charadriidae Small, compact plover, vagrant
in Middle East, from Africa
Short-billed Dowitcher Limnodromus griseus Waders/Scolopacidae Long-billed wader from North
America
Hudsonian Godwit Limosa haemastica Waders/Scolopacidae Large, long-billed wader from
North America
Eskimo Curlew Numenius borealis Waders/Scolopacidae Medium-sized wader (possibly
extinct) from North America
Little Curlew Numenius minutus Waders/Scolopacidae Whimbrel-like wader from Asia

Grey-tailed Tattler Heteroscelus brevipes Waders/Scolopacidae Medium to small grey wader
from SE Asia
Willet Catoptrophorus Waders/Scolopacidae Godwit-like wader from
semipalmatus North America
Swinhoe's Snipe Gallinago megala Waders/Scolopacidae Dark snipe from Asia

Pin-tailed Snipe Gallinago stenura Waders/Scolopacidae Snipe-like bird from Asia

Skuas, Gulls, and Terns
South Polar Skua Stercorarius maccormicki Skuas/Stercoraridae Large skua from southern oceans
Brown-headed Gull Larus brunnicephalus Gulls/Laridae Small gull, vagrant in Middle
East, from Asia
Glaucous-winged Gull Larus glaucescens Gulls/Laridae Large gull, vagrant in North
Africa, from North America
Sooty Gull Larus hemprichii Gulls/Laridae Large dusky gull, in Red Sea
Grey-headed Gull Larus cirrocephalus Gulls/Laridae Vagrant in North Africa, from
southern Africa
White-cheeked Tern Sterna repressa Gulls/Laridae Black-capped dark tern, in
Middle East
Aleutian Tern Sterna aleutica Terns/Sternidae Grey tern from Arctic Pacific

American Little Tern Sterna antillarum Terns/Sternidae Little Tern from North America
Crested Tern Sterna bergii Terns/Sternidae Large tern from Indian Ocean


459

VAGRANTS
Common Name Scientific Name Family/Scientific Name Description
Skuas, Gulls, and Terns continued
Elegant Tern Sterna elegans Terns/Sternidae Long-billed tern from Caribbean
Brown Noddy Anous stolidus Terns/Sternidae Dark, tern-like seabird from
tropical oceans
Skimmers
African Skimmer Rynchops flavirostris Skimmers/Rhynchopidae Long-billed bird, vagrant in
Middle East, from Africa
Auks
Ancient Murrelet Synthliboramphus Auks/Alcidae Small, Little Auk-like seabird
antiquus from N Pacific
Parakeet Auklet Cyclorrhynchus Auks/Alcidae Small auk-like seabird from
psittacula N Pacific
Crested Auklet Aethia cristatella Auks/Alcidae Small Puffin-like seabird from
N Pacific
Tufted Puffin Lunda cirrhata Auks/Alcidae Large dark puffin from N Pacific

Sandgrouse
Pallas's Sandgrouse Syrrhaptes paradoxus Sandgrouse/Pterocliidae Partridge-like bird, vagrant in
W Europe, from Asia
Lichtenstein's Sandgrouse Pterocles lichtensteinii Sandgrouse/Pteroclididae Small, barred sandgrouse, in
Middle East
Spotted Sandgrouse Pterocles senegallus Sandgrouse/Pteroclididae Large pale sandgrouse, in
Middle East
Crowned Sandgrouse Pterocles coronatus Sandgrouse/Pteroclididae Pale sandgrouse, in Middle East
Chestnut-bellied Pterocles exustus Sandgrouse/Pterocliidae Large sandgrouse, in Middle East
Sandgrouse
Pigeons and Doves
Yellow-eyed Dove Columba eversmanni Pigeons and Doves/ Small pigeon from Africa
Columbidae
Bolle's Pigeon Columba bollii Pigeons and Doves/ Dark pigeon, endemic to
Columbidae Canary Islands
Laurel Pigeon Columba junoniae Pigeons and Doves/ Dark pigeon, endemic to
Columbidae Canary Islands
Trocaz Pigeon Columba trocaz Pigeons and Doves/ Dark pigeon, endemic to Madeira
Columbidae
Laughing Dove Streptopelia Pigeons and Doves/ Small dark dove, in Middle East
senegalensis Columbidae
Oriental Turtle Dove Streptopelia orientalis Pigeons and Doves/ Dark dove from Asia
Columbidae
African Collared Dove Streptopelia roseogrisea Pigeons and Doves/ Brown and pinkish dove, vagrant
Columbidae in Middle East, from Africa
Namaqua Dove Oena capensis Pigeons and Doves/ Tiny, long-tailed dove, in
Columbidae Middle East
Mourning Dove Zenaida macroura Pigeons and Doves/ Sharp-tailed, Collared Dove-like
Columbidae species from North America



460

VAGRANTS
Common Name Scientific Name Family/Scientific Name Description
Cuckoos and Coucals
Didric Cuckoo Chrysococcyx caprius Cuckoos/Cuculidae Green and white cuckoo, vagrant
in Middle East, from Africa
Oriental Cuckoo Cuculus saturatus Cuckoos/Cuculidae Small cuckoo from Asia

Black-billed Cuckoo Coccyzus Cuckoos/Cuculidae Small cuckoo from North
erythrophthalmus America
Senegal Coucal Centropus senegalensis Coucals/Centropodidae Black-capped, rufous cuckoo, in
North Africa
Owls
Pale Scops Owl Otus brucei Owls/Strigidae Small eared owl, rare in
Middle East
Brown Fish Owl Ketupa zeylonensis Owls/Strigidae Large, eared owl, in Middle East

Hume's Tawny Owl Strix butleri Owls/Strigidae Small, pale desert owl, in North
Africa and Middle East
Marsh Owl Asio capensis Owls/Strigidae Small Short-eared Owl-like bird,
in North Africa
Nightjars
Nubian Nightjar Caprimulgus nubicus Nightjars/Caprimulgidae Small nightjar, rare in Middle East
Egyptian Nightjar Caprimulgus aegyptius Nightjars/Caprimulgidae Pale nightjar, rare in Middle East


Swifts
White-throated Needletail Hirundapus caudacutus Swifts/Apodidae Large swift from Asia

Chimney Swift Chaetura pelagica Swifts/Apodidae Dumpy swift from North America
Plain Swift Apus unicolor Swifts/Apodidae All-dark swift, in Canary Islands
Pacific Swift Apus pacificus Swifts/Apodidae Large swift from Asia


Kingfishers
Belted Kingfisher Ceryle alcyon Giant Kingfishers/ Big kingfisher from North
Cerylidae America
Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis Giant Kingfishers/ Large, black and white kingfisher,
Cerylidae in Middle East
White-throated Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis Halcyon Kingfishers/ Big, red-billed kingfisher, in
Dacelonidae Middle East

Bee-Eaters
Blue-cheeked Bee-eater Merops persicus Bee-eaters/Meropidae Greenish bee-eater from
Middle East
Little Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis Bee-eaters/Meropidae Small, bright bee-eater, in
Middle East
Rollers
Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis Rollers/Coracidae Colourful roller, vagrant in Middle
East, from South Asia

461

VAGRANTS
Common Name Scientific Name Family/Scientific Name Description
Woodpeckers
Northern Flicker Colaptes auratus Woodpeckers/Picidae Colourful woodpecker from
North America
Levaillant's Green Picus vaillantii Woodpeckers/Picidae Large, scarce green woodpecker,
Woodpecker in North Africa
Yellow-bellied Sapsucker Sphyrapicus varius Woodpeckers/Picidae Small woodpecker from
North America
Larks
Hoopoe Lark Alaemon alaudipes Larks/Alaudidae Large pale lark, in Middle East
Thick-billed Lark Rhamphocoris clotbey Larks/Alaudidae Heavy desert lark, in North Africa

Bimaculated Lark Melanocorypha Larks/Alaudidae Large lark, rare in Middle East
bimaculata
White-winged Lark Melanocorypha Larks/Alaudidae Large lark from Asia
leucoptera
Black Lark Melanocorypha Larks/Alaudidae Stocky lark from Asia
yeltoniensis
Hume's Short-toed Lark Calandrella acutirostris Larks/Alaudidae Small lark, vagrant in Middle
East, from Asia
Oriental Skylark Alauda gulgula Larks/Alaudidae Plain lark from Middle East

Chestnut-headed Eremopterix signata Larks/Alaudidae Small, sparrow-like lark from
Sparrow-lark Africa
Black-crowned Eremopterix nigriceps Larks/Alaudidae Small, finch-like lark, in
Sparrow-lark Middle East
Dunn's Lark Eremalauda dunni Larks/Alaudidae Small plain lark, rare in
Middle East
Temminck's Lark Eremophila bilopha Larks/Alaudidae Pale, horned, desert-living lark,
in Middle East
Martins and Swallows
Tree Swallow Tachycineta bicolor Swallows/Hirundinidae Glossy green and white
swallow from North America
Plain Martin Riparia paludicola Swallows/Hirundinidae Small brown martin, in North
Africa
Ethiopian Swallow Hirundo aethiopica Swallows/Hirundinidae Long-tailed swallow from Africa
Wire-tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii Swallows/Hirundinidae Slender swallow from Africa

Rock Martin Ptyonoprogne fuligula Swallows/Hirundinidae Small, pale Crag Martin-like bird,
in Middle East
Pipits
Buff-bellied Pipit Anthus rubescens Pipits and wagtails/ Dark-legged pipit from North
Motacillidae America
Berthelot's Pipit Anthus berthelotii Pipits and wagtails/ Small pipit, in Canary Islands
Motacillidae and Madeira
Long-billed Pipit Anthus similis Pipits and wagtails/ Large, pale, mountainside pipit,
Motacillidae in Middle East


462

VAGRANTS
Common Name Scientific Name Family/Scientific Name Description
Shrikes
Black-crowned Tchagra Tchagra senegala Shrikes/Laniidae Boldly patterned shrike, in North
Africa
Brown Shrike Lanius cristatus Shrikes/Lanidae Dull shrike from Asia

Long-tailed Shrike Lanius schach Shrikes/Lanidae Brownish shrike from Africa

Bulbuls
White-eared Bulbul Pycnonotus leucotis Bulbuls/Pycnonotidae Black and brown bulbul, vagrant
in Middle East, from Asia
Waxwings
Cedar Waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum Waxwings/Bombycillidae Yellow-bellied waxwing, vagrant
in UK, from North America
Grey Hypocolius Hypocolius ampelinus Waxwings/Bombycillidae Shrike-like bird, in Middle East

Mockingbirds
Northern Mockingbird Mimus polyglottus Mockingbirds/Mimidae Thrush-like bird from
North America
Brown Thrasher Toxostoma rufum Mockingbirds/Mimidae Rusty, thrush-like bird from
North America
Catbird Dumetella carolinensis Mockingbirds/Mimidae Chat-like bird from North
America
Accentors
Black-throated Accentor Prunella atrogularis Accentors/Prunellidae Dunnock-like bird, vagrant in
Middle East, from Siberia
Siberian Accentor Prunella montanella Accentors/Prunellidae Dunnock-like bird from Siberia
Radde's Accentor Prunella ocularis Accentors/Prunellidae Dunnock-like bird from Siberia

Chats and Thrushes
Siberian Blue Robin Luscinia cyane Chats/Turdidae Vagrant in NW Europe, from
Siberia
Siberian Rubythroat Luscinia calliope Chats/Turdidae Colourful chat from Siberia
White-throated Robin Irania gutturalis Chats/Turdidae Large greyish chat from
Middle East
Eversmann's Redstart Phoenicurus Chats/Turdidae Large redstart from Asia
erythronotus
Moussier's Redstart Phoenicurus moussieri Chats/Turdidae Brightly patterned chat, in North
Africa
Güldenstädt's Redstart Phoenicurus Chats/Turdidae Striking chat from Asia
erythrogaster
Blackstart Cercomela melanura Chats/Turdidae Small, grey, black-tailed chat, in
Middle East
Fuerteventura Stonechat Saxicola dacotiae Chats/Turdidae Small chat, endemic to Canary
Islands
Cyprus Wheatear Oenanthe cypriaca Chats/Turdidae Pied wheatear from Cyprus


463

VAGRANTS
Common Name Scientific Name Family/Scientific Name Description
Chats and Thrushes continued
Desert Wheatear Oenanthe deserti Chats/Turdidae Black-tailed brownish wheatear
from North Africa and Middle
East
Finsch's Wheatear Oenanthe finschii Chats/Turdidae Large wheatear, in Middle East

White-crowned Wheatear Oenanthe leucopyga Chats/Turdidae Blackish wheatear from Middle
East
Mourning Wheatear Oenanthe lugens Chats/Turdidae Piebald wheatear, in Middle East
Pied Wheatear Oenanthe pleschanka Chats/Turdidae Small dark wheatear from
Middle East and extreme
E Europe
Red-rumped Wheatear Oenanthe moesta Chats/Turdidae Large wheatear, in Middle East
Hooded Wheatear Oenanthe monacha Chats/Turdidae Large wheatear, in Middle East
Persian Wheatear Oenanthe Chats/Turdidae Dark wheatear, in Middle East
xanthoprymna
Varied Thrush Zoothera naevia Thrushes/Turdidae Small thrush from W North
America
Wood Thrush Hylocichla mustelina Thrushes/Turdidae Small, spotted thrush from
North America
Veery Catharus fuscescens Thrushes/Turdidae Tiny spotted thrush from North
America
Hermit Thrush Catharus guttatus Thrushes/Turdidae Small spotted thrush from
North America
Swainson's Thrush Catharus ustulatus Thrushes/Turdidae Small spotted thrush from
North America
Tickell's Thrush Turdus unicolor Thrushes/Turdidae Colourful thrush from Asia
American Robin Turdus migratorius Thrushes/Turdidae Large thrush from North
America
Babblers
Fulvous Babbler Turdoides fulvus Babblers/Timaliidae Thrush-like bird, in North Africa
Arabian Babbler Turdoides squamiceps Babblers/Timaliidae Pale, thrush-like bird, in Middle East


Warblers and Allies
Graceful Prinia Prinia gracilis Warblers/Sylviidae Small, long-tailed warbler, in
Middle East
Scrub Warbler Scotocerca inquita Warblers/Sylviidae Small, long-tailed warbler, in
Middle East
Gray's Grasshopper Locustella fasciolata Warblers/Sylviidae Shy warbler from Asia
Warbler
Clamorous Reed Warbler Acrocephalus stentoreus Warblers/Sylviidae Large reed warbler, in Middle
East
Thick-billed Warbler Acrocephalus aedon Warblers/Sylviidae Large reed warbler-like bird
from Asia
Basra Reed Warbler Acrocephalus griseldis Warblers/Sylviidae Rare reed warbler, in Middle East


464

VAGRANTS
Common Name Scientific Name Family/Scientific Name Description
Warblers and Allies continued
Desert Warbler Sylvia nana Warblers/Sylviidae Pale, sandy warbler from
N Africa and Middle east
Tristram's Warbler Sylvia deserticola Warblers/Sylviidae Small, Whitethroat-like warbler,
in North Africa
Ménétrie's Warbler Sylvia mystacea Warblers/Sylviidae Rare migrant warbler, in Middle
East
Arabian Warbler Sylvia leucomelaena Warblers/Sylviidae Dark-headed warbler, in Middle
East
Two-barred Greenish Phylloscopus Warblers/Sylviidae Small warbler (like Greenish
Warbler (trochiloides) Warbler) from Asia
plumbeitarsus
Green Warbler Phylloscopus Warblers/Sylviidae Small warbler from Asia
(trochiloides) nitidus
Eastern Crowned Phylloscopus coronatus Warblers/Sylviidae Small leaf warbler from Asia
Leaf Warbler
Plain Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus neglectus Warblers/Sylviidae Small leaf warbler from Asia
Ruby-crowned Kinglet Regulus calendula Kinglets/Regulidae Tiny Goldcrest-like bird from
North America

Flycatchers
Brown Flycatcher Muscicapa dauurica Flycatchers/Muscicapidae Plain flycatcher from Asia

Acadian Flycatcher Empidonax virescens Tyrant Flycatchers/ Greenish flycatcher from
Tyrannidae North America
Eastern Phoebe Sayornis phoebe Tyrant Flycatchers/ Small, dull flycatcher from
Tyrannidae North America
Nuthatches
Red-breasted Nuthatch Sitta canadensis Nuthatches/Sittidae Small, stripe-headed nuthatch
from North America
Eastern Rock Nuthatch Sitta tephronota Nuthatches/Sittidae Large nuthatch, in Middle East
Krüper’s Nuthatch Sitta krueperi Nuthatches/Sittidae Small, dark-capped nuthatch, in
Middle East
Sunbirds
Nile Valley Sunbird Anthreptes metallicus Sunbirds/Nectariniidae Tiny, dark nectar-eater, in
Middle East
Palestine Sunbird Nectarinia osea Sunbirds/Nectariniidae Long-tailed nectar-eater, in
Middle East
Crows
Fan-tailed Raven Corvus rhipidurus Crows/Corvidae Short-tailed raven, in North Africa
and Middle East
Brown-necked Raven Corvus ruficollis Crows/Corvidae Somewhat thinner-billed raven, in
North Africa and Middle East
House Crow Corvus splendens Crows/Corvidae Grey and black crow, introduced
in Middle East from India
Daurian Jackdaw Corvus dauuricus Crows/Corvidae Pied jackdaw from Asia


465

VAGRANTS
Common Name Scientific Name Family/Scientific Name Description
Starlings
Tristram's Starling Onychognathus Starlings/Sturnidae Dark, red-winged starling, in
tristramii Middle East
Tanagers
Scarlet Tanager Piranga olivacea Tanagers/Thraupidae Large finch from North America
Summer Tanager Piranga rubra Tanagers/Thraupidae Finch-like bird from North
America
Buntings
Rufous-sided Towhee Pipilo Buntings/Emberizidae Thickset finch-like bird from
erythrophthalmus North America
Lark Sparrow Chondestes grammacus Buntings/ Emberizidae Streaky-headed bunting-like bird,
vagrant in UK from North America
Fox Sparrow Passerella iliaca Buntings/Emberizidae Rufous bunting from North
America
Song Sparrow Melospiza melodia Buntings/Emberizidae Streaky bunting from North
America
White-crowned Sparrow Zonotrichia leucophrys Buntings/Emberizidae Sparrow-like bird from North
America
Black-faced Bunting Emberiza Buntings/Emberizidae Dark bunting from Asia
spodocephala
Cinnamon-breasted Emberiza tahapisi Buntings/Emberizidae Dark-coloured bunting from
Bunting Africa
Grey-necked Bunting Emberiza buchanani Buntings/Emberizidae Slender bunting from Asia
Yellow-browed Bunting Emberiza chrysophrys Buntings/Emberizidae Small bunting from Asia

Pallas's Reed Bunting Emberiza pallasi Buntings/Emberizidae Small bunting from Asia
Red-headed Bunting Emberiza bruniceps Buntings/Emberizidae Yellowish bunting from Asia
Cinereous Bunting Emberiza cineracea Buntings/Emberizidae Dull bunting from Asia

House Bunting Emberiza striolata Buntings/Emberizidae Small bunting, in North Africa
and Middle East
Savannah Sparrow Passerculus Buntings/Emberizidae Sparrow-like bunting, vagrant
sandwichensis in NW Europe, from North
America
Indigo Bunting Passerina cyanea Buntings/Emberizidae Dark bunting from North
America
New World Warblers
Blackburnian Warbler Dendroica fusca New World Warblers/ Colourful warbler from North
Parulidae America
Yellow Warbler Dendroica petechia New World Warblers/ Small warbler from North
Parulidae America
Yellowthroat Geothlypsis trichas New World Warblers/ Stocky warbler from North
Parulidae America
Ovenbird Seiurus aurocapillus New World Warblers/ Woodland warbler from North
Parulidae America
Northern Waterthrush Seiurus noveboracnesis New World Warblers/ Streaked warbler from North
Parulidae America
466

VAGRANTS
Common Name Latin Name Family/Latin Name Description
New World Warblers continued
Tennessee Warbler Vermivora peregrina New World Warblers/ Plain warbler from North America
Parulidae
Yellow-throated Vireo Vireo flavifrons Vireos/Vireonidae Small, warbler-like bird from
North America
Philadelphia Vireo Vireo philadelphicus Vireos/Vireonidae Small, warbler-like bird from
North America
Finches
Blue Chaffinch Fringilla teydea Finches/Fringillidae Large blue finch, endemic to
Canary Islands
Canary Serinus canaria Finches/Fringillidae Greenish finch, endemic to
Canary Islands
Red-fronted Serin Serinus pusillus Finches/Fringillidae Small finch, in Middle East

Syrian Serin Serinus syriacus Finches/Fringillidae Small, greenish, upland finch,
in Middle East
Crimson-winged Finch Rhodopechys sanguinea Finches/Fringillidae Thickset mountain finch, in
Middle East
Mongolian Finch Bucanetes mongolicus Finches/Fringillidae Large finch from Asia
Trumpeter Finch Bucanetes githagineus Finches/Fringillidae Small, pale pinkish finch, in
Middle East
Sinai Rosefinch Carpodacus synoicus Finches/Fringillidae Pale, pink-tinged finch, in
Middle East
Long-tailed Rosefinch Uragus sibiricus Finches/Fringillidae Small finch from Asia
Evening Grosbeak Hesperiphona Finches/Fringillidae Large finch from North America
vespertina
Desert Finch Rhodospiza obsoleta Finches/Fringillidae Pale finch, in Middle East

Sparrows
Dead Sea Sparrow Passer moabiticus Sparrows/Passeridae Small, colourful sparrow, in
Middle East
Desert Sparrow Passer simplex Sparrows/Passeridae Pale, dark-billed sparrow, in
Middle East
Hill Sparrow Carpospiza Sparrows/Passeridae Pale sparrow, in Middle East
brachydactyla
Chestnut-shouldered Gymornis xanthocollis Sparrows/Passeridae Pale sparrow, in Middle East
Sparrow
New World Orioles
Brown-headed Cowbird Molothrus ater New World Orioles/ Black bird, vagrant in NW
Icteridae Europe, from North America
Yellow-headed Blackbird Xanthocephalus New World Orioles/ Glossy black bird from North
xanthocephalus Icteridae America
Northern Oriole Icterus galbula New World Orioles/ Colourful oriole from North
Icteridae America





467

GLOSSARY
GLOSSARY


Many of the terms defined here are • FAMILY A category in classification, • RACE See SUBSPECIES.
illustrated in the general introduction grouping species or genera that are • RARE Found in small numbers or
(pp. 8–53). For anatomical terms see also closely related; ranked at a higher level very low densities, although not
pp.10–11. than the genus. necessarily at risk.
• FLIGHT FEATHER Any one of the • SCAPULAR Any one of a group of
• ADULT A fully mature bird, able to long feathers on the wing (primaries and feathers on the shoulder, forming a more
breed, showing the final plumage pattern secondaries). or less oval patch each side of the back, at
that no longer changes with age. • FOREWING The front part of a the base of the wing.
• BARRED With marks crossing the wing, including the outer primaries, • SECONDARY Any one of the long
body, wing, or tail. primary coverts, and secondary coverts. flight feathers forming the trailing edge
• BROOD Young produced from a • GAPE A bird’s mouth, or the angle at of the inner wing, growing from the ulna
single clutch of eggs incubated together. the base of the bill. or “arm”.
• CALL Vocal sound often • GENUS (pl. GENERA) A category • SECURE The population is under no
characteristic of a particular species, in classification: a group of closely related current threat.
communicating a variety of messages. species, whose relationship is recognized • SONG Vocalization with character
• COLONY A group of nests of a by the same first name in the scientific particular to the individual species, used
highly social species, especially among terminology, e.g. Larus in Larus fuscus. to communicate a claim to a breeding
seabirds but also others such as the Sand • HINDWING The rear part of the territory and attract a mate.
Martin and Rook. wing, including the secondary feathers, • SONG-FLIGHT A special flight,
• COVERT A small feather in a well- especially when it has a distinctive colour often with a distinctive pattern,
defined tract, on the wing or at the base or pattern. combined with a territorial song.
of the tail, covering the base of the larger • HYBRID The result of cross- • SPECIES A group of living organisms,
flight feathers. breeding between two species; usually individuals of which can interbreed to
• CRYPTIC Describes plumage pattern infertile. Rare in the wild. produce fertile young, but do not
and colours that make a bird difficult to • IMMATURE Not yet fully adult or normally breed, or cannot produce fertile
see in its favoured habitat. able to breed; there may be several young, with a different species.
• DABBLE To feed in shallow water, identifiable plumages during immaturity • SPECULUM A colourful patch on
with rapid movements of the bill, sieving but many small birds are mature by the a duck’s hindwing, formed by the
water through fine comb-like teeth to first spring after they have fledged. secondary feathers.
extract food. • INNER WING The inner part of the • STREAKED With small marks that
• DECLINING Populations undergoing wing, comprising the secondaries and run lengthwise along the body.
a steady decline over a number of years. rows of coverts (typically marginal, lesser, • SUBSPECIES A race; a recognizable
• DIMORPHIC Having two forms: median, and greater coverts). group within a species, isolated
sexually dimorphic means that the male • JUVENILE A bird in its first geographically but able to interbreed
and female of a species look different; plumage, that in which it makes its first with others of the same species.
otherwise indicates two colour forms. flight, before its first moult in the autumn. • SUPERCILIARY STRIPE A stripe
• DRUMMING Sound made by • LEK A gathering of birds at which of colour running above the eye, like an
woodpeckers with rapid beats of the bill males display communally, with mock eyebrow.
against a hard object, or by a snipe, fighting, while females choose which one • TERTIAL Any one of a small group
diving through the air with vibrating to mate with. of feathers, sometimes long and obvious,
tail feathers. • LOCALIZED More than 90 per cent at the base of the wing adjacent to the
• EAR TUFT A bunch of feathers on of the population occurs at ten sites or less. inner secondaries.
the head of an owl, capable of being • MOULT The shedding and renewing • UNDERWING The underside of a
raised as a visual signal and perhaps to of feathers in a systematic way; most birds wing, usually visible only in flight or
assist camouflage. have a partial moult and a complete when a bird is preening.
• ECLIPSE The plumage of male moult each year. • UPPERWING The upperside of the
ducks that is adopted during the summer, • MIGRANT A species that spends wing, clearly exposed in flight but often
when they moult and become flightless part of the year in one geographical area mostly hidden when the bird is perched.
for a short time. and part in another, moving between the • VAGRANT An individual bird that
• ENDANGERED Found in very two on a regular basis. (See also p.26.) has strayed beyond the usual geographic
small numbers, in a very small area or in • ORDER A category in classification: range of its species.
a very restricted and declining habitat, so families grouped to indicate their close • VENT The area of feathers between
that the future security of the species is relationship or common ancestry; usually the legs and the undertail coverts.
in doubt. a more uncertain or speculative grouping • VULNERABLE Potentially at risk
• ESCAPEE A bird that has escaped than a family. due to a dependence on a restricted
into the wild from a collection of some • OUTER WING The outer half of habitat or range, or to small numbers.
kind, such as a zoo or wildlife park. the wing, comprising the primaries, their • WINGPIT A group of feathers – the
• EYE PATCH An area of colour coverts, and the alula, or bastard wing axillaries – located at the base of the
around the eye, often in the form of a (the “thumb”). underwing.
“mask”, broader than an eye-stripe. • ORBITAL RING A thin, bare, fleshy • WINGBAR A line of colour
• EYE-RING A more or less circular ring around the eye, sometimes with a produced by a tract of feathers or feather
patch of colour, usually narrow and well- distinctive colour. tips, crossing the closed wing and
defined, around the eye. • PRIMARY Any one of the long running along the spread wing.
• EYE-STRIPE A stripe of distinctive feathers, or quills, forming the tip and • YOUNG An imprecise term to
colour running in front of and behind trailing edge of the outer wing, growing describe immature birds; often meaning
the eye. from the “hand”. juveniles or nestlings.
468

INDEX
INDEX


A Anas cont. Arctic Redpoll 451 bitterns 74
Black Duck 409
americana 409
Arctic Skua 204
aberrations 19 clypeata 104 Arctic Warbler 446 Black Grouse 149
Accentor,Alpine 293 crecca 106 Ardea Black Guillemot 228
accentors 288 crecca carolinensis 106 cinerea 82 Black Kite 131
Accipiter discors 410 purpurea 83 Black Redstart 299
brevipes 415 penelope 105 Ardeidae 74, 407 Black Stork 86
gentilis 139 platyrhynchos 101 Ardeola ralloides 79 Black Tern 224
nisus 138 querquedula 107 Arenaria interpres 183 White-winged 433
Accipitridae 120, 413 rubripes 409 Asio Black Vulture 123
Accipitriformes 121 strepera 102 flammeus 243 Black Wheatear 302
Acrocephalus Anatidae 89, 407 otus 242 Black Woodpecker
agricola 444 anatomy 10–11 Athene noctua 244 258
arundinaceus 326 Anser Audouin’s Gull 430 Black-backed Gull,
dumetorum 444 albifrons 93 Auk, Little 226 Great 212
melanopogon 323 albifrons flavirostris 93 auks 201, 226, 433 Lesser 211
paludicola 443 anser 96 Avocet 165 Black-bellied
palustris 325 brachyrhynchus 95 avocets 163 Sandgrouse 433
schoenobaenus 322 caerulescens 407 Aythya Black-headed Bunting
scirpaceus 324 erythropus 408 affinis 411 453
Actitis fabalis 94 collaris 410 Black-headed Gull 206
hypoleucos 184 fabalis rossicus 94 ferina 108 Black-necked Grebe
macularia 427 Anseriformes 90 fuligula 110 63
Aegithalidae 341 Anthropoides virgo 420 marila 109 Black-shouldered Kite
Aegithalos caudatus 348 Anthus nyroca 410 415
Aegypius monachus 123 campestris 279 Azure Tit 448 Black-tailed Godwit
Aix cervinus 284 Azure-winged Magpie 191
galericulata 409 godlewski 438 449 Black-throated Diver
sponsa 409 gustavi 439 57
Alauda arvensis 265 hodgsoni 438 B Black-winged
Alaudidae 264, 437 petrosus 281 Baillon’s Crake 419 Pratincole 420
albatrosses 64 pratensis 282 Baird’s Sandpiper 425 Black-winged Stilt 166
Alca torda 230 richardi 438 Bar-tailed Godwit 192 Blackbird 311
Alcedinidae 252 spinoletta 280 Barn Owl 246 Blackcap 316
Alcedo atthis 253 trivialis 283 Barnacle Goose 98 Blackpoll Warbler 450
Alcidae 201, 433 Apodidae 248, 436 Barred Warbler 315 Blue Rock Thrush 305
Alectoris Apodiformes 249 Barrow’s Goldeneye 412 Blue Tit 344
barbara 417 Apus Bartramia longicauda 428 Blue-winged Teal 410
chukar 418 affinis 436 Bean Goose 94 Bluetail, Red-flanked
graeca 417 apus 249 Bearded Tit 349 440
rufa 150 caffer 436 Bee-eater 254 Bluethroat 297
Alle alle 226 melba 251 bee-eaters 252 Blyth’s Pipit 438
Alopochen aegyptiacus pallidus 250 Bewick’s Swan 60 Blyth’s Reed Warbler
408 Aquatic Warbler 443 bill shape 22 444
Alpine Accentor 293 Aquila binoculars 50, 51 Bobolink 454
Alpine Chough 367 adalberti 414 BirdLife International Bombycilla garrulus 291
Alpine Swift 251 chrysaetos 126 53 Bombycillidae 288
American Golden clanga 414 bird-tables 49 Bonaparte’s Gull 429
Plover 422 heliaca 413 birds of prey 120, 413 Bonasa bonasia 417
American Wigeon 409 nipalensis 414 birdwatching 50 Bonelli’s Eagle 129
Anas pomarina 414 Bittern 75 Bonelli’s Warbler 335
acuta 103 Archaeopteryx 8 Little 76 Booted Eagle 128

469

INDEX

Botaurus stellaris 75 Buzzard 136 Carpodacus erythrinus Circus
Brambling 381 Honey 137 393 aeruginosus 132
Branta Long-legged 415 Carrion Crow 370 cyaneus 133
bernicla 99 buzzards 120 Caspian Plover 422 macrouros 415
bernicla hrota 99 Caspian Tern 223 pygargus 134
bernicla nigricans 99 C Catharus minimus 440 Cirl Bunting 399
canadensis 97 Calandra Lark 270 Cattle Egret 78 Cisticola juncidis 327
leucopsis 98 Calandrella Cepphus grylle 228 Citril Finch 388
ruficollis 408 brachydactyla 269 Cercotrichas galactotes 439 Citrine Wagtail 439
breeding 15 rufescens 437 Certhia Clamator glandarius 434
Brent Goose 99 Calcarius lapponicus 402 brachydactyla 355 Clangula hyemalis 114
Bridled Tern 432 Calidris familiaris 354 classifying birds 9
Broad-billed Sandpiper acuminata 426 familiaris familiaris 354 cliffs 34, 40
423 alba 177 Certhiidae 351 Coal Tit 341, 343
Brünnich’s Guillemot alpina 178 Cetti’s Warbler 330 coasts 32, 34, 36
433 alpina alpina 178 Cettia cetti 330 Coccothraustes
Bubulcus ibis 78 alpina arctica 178 Chaffinch 380 coccothraustes 391
Bucephala alpina schinzii 178 Charadriidae 163, 421 Coccyzus americanus 434
clangula 115 bairdii 425 Charadriiformes 164 code of conduct 51
islandica 412 canutus 176 Charadrius Collared Dove 231, 235
Buff-breasted ferruginea 179 alexandrinus 171 Collared Flycatcher 447
Sandpiper 426 fuscicollis 425 asiatus 422 Collared Pratincole 168
Bullfinch 390 maritima 182 dubius 169 Columba
Bunting, maura 425 hiaticula 170 livia 232
Black-headed 453 melanotos 426 leschenaultii 422 oenas 233
Cirl 399 minuta 181 mongolus 421 palumbus 234
Corn 403 minutilla 424 morinellus 172 Columbidae 231
Cretzschmar’s 453 pusilla 425 semipalmatus 421 Columbiformes 232
Lapland 402 ruficollis 426 vociferus 421 Common Gull 207
Little 396 subminuta 424 chats 294 Common Sandpiper
Ortolan 397 temminckii 180 Chersophilus duponti 184
Pine 453 tenuirostris 424 438 Common Scoter 112
Reed 395 calls 24 Chiffchaff 336 Common Tern 220
Rock 400 Calonectris diomedea 66 Chlidonias conservation 52–53
Rustic 452 camera 50 hybridus 225 co-ordination 21
Snow 401 camouflage 19 leucopterus 433 Coot 159
Yellow-breasted Canada Goose 97 niger 224 Crested 419
453 Capercaillie 148 Chough 366 coots 154, 419
buntings 394, 452 Caprimulgidae 238, Alpine 367 Coracias garrulus 255
Burhinidae 163, 420 436 Chrysolophus Coraciidae 252
Burhinus Caprimulgiformes 247 amherstiae 418 Coraciiformes 253
oedicnemus 167 Caprimulgus pictus 418 Cormorant 72
senegalensis 420 europaeus 247 Chukar 418 Pygmy 407
Bush Robin, Rufous ruficollis 436 Ciconia cormorants 70, 407
439 Cardueline finches 379 ciconia 85 Corn Bunting 403
Bustard, Carduelis nigra 86 Corncrake 155
Great 161 cannabina 382 Ciconiidae 84 Corsican Nuthatch 48
Little 162 carduelis 385 Ciconiiformes 75 Corvidae 362, 449
bustards 154 chloris 386 Cinclidae 288 Corvus
Buteo flammea 384 Cinclus corax 371
buteo 136 flammea flammea 384 cinclus 290 corone 370
lagopus 135 flavirostris 383 cinclus cinclus 290 corone cornix 370
rufinus 415 hornemanni 451 cinclus hibernicus 290 frugilegus 369
Button-quail, Small 418 spinus 387 Circaetus gallicus 127 monedula 368

470

INDEX

Cory’s Shearwater 66 ducks 89 Eremophila alpestris 271
Coturnix coturnix 152 D Dunlin 178 Erithacus rubecula 295
Courser, Cream- Dabchick 55 Dunnock 292 estuaries 32
coloured 420 dabbling 22 duping 16 evolution 8–9
courtship 14 Dalmatian Pelican 406 Dupont’s Lark 438 Eyebrowed Thrush 441
Crag Martin 274 Dark-eyed Junco 454 Dusky Thrush 441 extinction 9
crags 40 Dark-throated Thrush
Crake, 441 E F
Baillon’s 419 Dartford Warbler 321 Eagle, Falco
Little 419 dawn chorus 25 Bonelli’s 129 biarmicus 417
Spotted 157 Delichon urbica 277 Booted 128 cherrug 416
crakes 154, 419 Demoiselle Crane 420 Golden 126 columbarius 144
Crane 160 Dendrocopos Imperial 413 eleonorae 416
Demoiselle 420 leucotos 437 Lesser Spotted 414 rusticolus 416
cranes 154, 420 major 260 Short-toed 127 vespertinus 416
Cream-coloured medius 261 Spanish Imperial naumanni 141
Courser 420 minor 262 414 peregrinus 143
Crested Coot 419 syriacus 437 Spotted 414 subbuteo 142
Crested Grebe, Dendroica Steppe 414 tinnunculus 140
Great 61 coronata 451 White-tailed 125 Falcon,
Crested Lark 266 striata 450 Eagle Owl 238 Eleonora’s 416
Crested Tern, Dipper 290 eagles 120 Gyr 416
Lesser 432 dippers 288 eggs 16 Red-footed 416
Crested Tit 345 display 14 Egret, Falconidae 120, 416
Cretzschmar’s Bunting Diver, Cattle 78 Falconiformes 140
453 Black-throated 57 Great White 81 falcons 120, 416
Crex crex 155 Great Northern 58 Little 80 Fan-tailed Warbler 327
Crossbill 392 Red-throated 56 Western Reef 407 farmland 44
Parrot 451 White-billed 404 egrets 74, 407 feathers 11, 18
Scottish 452 divers 55, 404 Egretta feeding 22–23
Two-barred 451 Dolichonyx oryzivorus alba 81 feral pigeon 232
crossbills 379 454 garzetta 80 Ferruginous Duck 410
Crow, Dotterel 172 gularis 407 Ficedula
Carrion 370 Dove, Egyptian Goose 408 albicollis 447
Hooded 370 Collared 235 Egyptian Vulture 124 hypoleuca 340
crows 362, 449 Rock 232 Eider 111 hypoleuca iberiae 340
Cuckoo 237 Stock 233 King 411 parva 447
Great Spotted 434 Turtle 236 Spectacled 411 semitorquata 447
Yellow-billed 434 doves 231 Steller’s 411 Fieldfare 310
cuckoos 231, 434 Dowitcher, Elanus caerulescens 415 Finch, Citril 388
Cuculidae 231, 434 Long-billed 428 Eleonora’s Falcon 416 finches 379, 451
Cuculiformes 237 drumming 25 Emberiza Firecrest 338
Cuculus canorus 237 Dryocopus martius 258 aureola 453 Flamingo, Greater 88
Curlew 193 Duck, caesia 453 flamingos 84
Curlew Sandpiper 179 Black 409 cia 400 flight 20–21
Cursorius cursor 420 Ferruginous 410 cirlus 399 Flycatcher,
Cyanopica cyanus 449 Harlequin 412 citrinella 398 Collared 447
Cygnus Long-tailed 114 hortulana 397 Pied 340
columbianus 92 Marbled 410 leucocephalus 453 Red-breasted 447
columbianus Ring-necked 410 melanocephala 453 Semi-collared 447
columbianus 92 Ruddy 119 pusilla 396 Spotted 339
cygnus 91 Tufted 110 rustica 452 flycatchers 313, 447
olor 90 White-headed 413 schoeniclus 395 forest 46
Cyprus Warbler 442 Wood 409 Emberizidae 394, 452 Forster’s Tern 432

471

INDEX

Franklin’s Gull 430 Golden Plover cont. Grebe cont. Gull cont.
Fratercula arctica 227 American 422 Red-necked 60 Little 213
Fringilla Pacific 422 Slavonian 62 Mediterranean 208
coelebs 380 Goldeneye 115 grebes 55, 404 Ring-billed 429
montifringilla 381 Barrow’s 412 Green Sandpiper 186 Ross’s 431
Fringillidae 379, 451 Goldfinch 385 Green Woodpecker 259 Sabine’s 430
Fulica Goosander 117 Greenfinch 386 Slender-billed 429
atra 159 Goose, greenfinches 374 Yellow-legged 210
cristata 419 Barnacle 98 Greenish Warbler 446 Gull-billed Tern 219
Fulmar 64, 65 Bean 94 Greenshank 189 gulls 201, 429
Fulmarus glacialis 65 Brent 99 Grey Heron 82 Gypaetus barbatus 413
G Canada 97 Grey Owl, Great 434 Gyps fulvus 122
Egyptian 408
Gyr Falcon 416
Grey Phalarope 198
Gadwall 102 Greylag 96 Grey Plover 173
Galerida cristata 266 Lesser White-fronted Grey Shrike, H
Galeridae theklae 266 408 Great 359 Haematopodidae 163
Galliformes 146 Pink-footed 95 Lesser 360 Haematopus ostralegus
Gallinago Red-breasted 408 Grey Wagtail 287 164
gallinago 196 Snow 407 Grey-cheeked Thrush Haliaeetus albicilla 125
media 428 White-fronted 93 440 Harlequin Duck 412
Gallinula chloropus Goshawk 139 Grey-headed Harrier,
158 Grasshopper Warbler Woodpecker 436 Hen 133
Gallinule, Purple 419 328 Greylag Goose 96 Marsh 132
gamebirds 145, 417 grassland 44 Griffon Vulture 122 Montagu’s 134
Gannet 71 Great Black-backed Grosbeak, Pallid 415
gannets 70 Gull 201 Pine 452 harriers 120
Garden Warbler 314 Great Black-headed Rose-breasted 454 hatching 16
gardens 48, 49 Gull 430 Grouse 145 Hawfinch 391
Garganey 107 Great Bustard 161 Black 149 Hawk Owl 435
Garrulus glandarius 364 Great Crested Grebe Hazel 417 hawks 120
Gavia 61 Willow 146 Hazel Grouse 417
adamsii 404 Great Grey Owl 434 Gruidae 154, 420 heath 42
arctica 57 Great Grey Shrike 359 Gruiformes 155 Hen Harrier 133
immer 58 Great Knot 424 Grus grus 160 Heron,
stellata 56 Great Northern Diver Guillemot 229 Grey 82
Gaviidae 55, 404 58 Black 228 Night 77
Gaviiformes 56 Great Reed Warbler Brünnich’s 433 Purple 83
geese 89 326 Gull, Squacco 79
Glareola Great shearwater 405 Audouin’s 430 herons 74
maldivarium 421 Great Skua 202 Black-headed 206 Herring Gull 209
nordmanni 420 Great Snipe 428 Bonaparte’s 429 Hieraaetus
pratincola 168 Great Spotted Common 207 fasciatus 129
Glareolidae 163, 420 Woodpecker 260 Franklin’s 430 pennatus 128
Glaucidium passerinum Great Tit 342 Glaucous 214 Himantopus himantopus
435 Great White Egret 81 Great Black-backed 166
Glaucous Gull 214 Greater Flamingo 88 212 Hippolais
Glossy Ibis 407 Greater Sand Plover Great Black-headed caligata 445
Godwit 163 422 430 icterina 331
Bar-tailed 192 Greater Yellowlegs 427 Herring 209 languida 444
Black-tailed 191 Grebe, Iceland 215 olivetorum 444
Goldcrest 337 Black-necked 63 Ivory 431 pallida 445
Golden Eagle 126 Great Crested 61 Laughing 431 polyglotta 332
Golden Oriole 361 Little 59 Lesser Black-backed hirundines 272
Golden Plover 174 Pied-billed 404 211 Hirundinidae 272

472

INDEX

Hirundo Kittiwake 201, 216 Larus cont. Linnet 382
daurica 276 kleptoparasitism 23 cachinnans cachinnans Linnets 374
rustica 275 Knot 176 210 Little Auk 226
Histrionicus histrionicus Great 424 cachinnans michahellis Little Bittern 76
412 210 Little Bunting 396
Hobby 142 L canus 207 Little Bustard 162
Honey Buzzard 137 Lady Amherst’s delawarensis 429 Little Crake 419
Hooded Crow 362 Pheasant 418 fuscus 211 Little Egret 80
hooded gull 206, 213 Lagopus fuscus fuscus 211 Little Grebe 59
Hoopoe 252, 256 lagopus 146 fuscus graellsii 211 Little Gull 213
House Martin 277 lagopus scoticus 146 fuscus intermedius 211 Little Owl 244
House Sparrow 375 mutus 147 genei 429 Little Ringed Plover
Hume’s Leaf Warbler lakes 31 glaucoides 215 169
445 Lammergeier 413 hyperboreus 214 Little Shearwater 405
Hydrobates pelagicus 68 Lanceolated Warbler ichthyaetus 430 Little Stint 181
Hydrobatidae 64 443 marinus 212 Little Swift 436
I Laniidae 356, 449 michahellis 210 Little Tern 217
Lanius
Locustella
minutus 213
Ibis, Glossy 407 collurio 357 melanocephalus 208 fluviatilis 443
ibises 407 excubitor 359 philadelphia 429 lanceolata 443
Iceland Gull 215 excubitor algeriensis pipixcan 430 luscinioides 329
Icteridae 454 359 ridibundus 206 naevia 328
Icterine Warbler 331 excubitor meridionalis sabini 430 Locustella warblers 313
Imperial Eagle 413 359 tridactyla 216 Long-billed Dowitcher
Spanish 414 excubitor pallidirostris Laughing Gull 431 428
Isabelline Shrike 449 359 Leach’s Petrel 69 Long-eared Owl 242
Isabelline Wheatear isabellinus 449 Leaf Warbler, Hume’s Long-legged Buzzard
440 minor 360 446 415
islands 34 nubicus 449 Least Sandpiper 424 Long-tailed Duck 114
Ivory Gull 431 senator 358 lek 14 Long-tailed Skua 205
Ixobrychus minutus 76 Lanner 417 Lesser Black-backed Long-tailed Tit 348
Gull 211
J Lapland Bunting 402 Lesser Crested Tern 432 Long-toed Stint 424
Loxia
Lappet-faced Vulture
Jack Snipe 197 413 Lesser Grey Shrike 360 curvirostra 392
Jackdaw 368 Lapwing 175 Lesser Kestrel 141 leucoptera 451
Jay 364 Sociable 423 Lesser Sand Plover 421 pytyopsittacus 451
Siberian 450 Spur-winged 423 Lesser Scaup 411 scotica 452
Junco, Dark-eyed 454 White-tailed 423 Lesser Short-toed Lark Lullula arborea 268
Junco hyemalis 454 Laridae 201, 429 437 Luscinia
Jynx torquilla 263 Lark, Lesser Spotted Eagle luscinia 439
Calandra 270 414 megarhynchos 296
K Crested 266 Lesser White-fronted svecica 297
Kentish Plover 171 Dupont’s 438 Goose 408 svecica cyanecula 297
Kestrel 140 Lesser Short-toed 437 Lesser Whitethroat 317 svecica magna 297
Lesser 141 Short-toed 269 Lesser Yellowlegs 427 svecica svecica 297
Killdeer 421 Thekla 267 Levant Sparrowhawk Lymnocryptes minimus
King Eider 411 larks 264, 437 415 197
Kingfisher 253 Larus life cycle 12–13
kingfishers 252 argentatus 209 Limicola falcinellus 423 M
Kite, argentatus argentatus Limnodromus scolopaceus Madeiran Storm-petrel
Black 131 209 428 406
Black-shouldered 415 atricilla 431 Limosa Magpie 363
Red 130 audouinii 430 lapponica 192 Azure-winged 449
kites 120 cachinnans 210 limosa 191 magpies 362

473

INDEX

Mallard 101 Montifringilla nivalis Nyctea scandiaca 435 Pagophila eburnea 431
Mandarin 409 452 Nycticorax nycticorax 77 pair bonding 14
Manx Shearwater 67 monogamy 15 Palearctic 28, 29
Marbled Duck 410 Moorhen 158 O Pallas’s Warbler 447
markings 18 moorland 38 Oceanites oceanicus 406 Pallid Harrier 415
Marmaronetta Morus bassanus 71 Oceanodroma Pallid Swift 250
angustirostris 410 Motacilla leucorhoa 69 Pandion haliaetus 121
Marmora’s Warbler alba 285 castro 406 Pandionidae 120
443 alba alba 285 Oenanthe Panurus biarmicus 349
Marsh Harrier 132 cinerea 287 hispanica 301 Parakeet, Ring-necked
Marsh Sandpiper 190 citreola 439 hispanica hispanica 301 434
marsh terns 201, 224 flava 286 hispanica melanoleuca Paridae 341, 448
Marsh Tit 347 flava feldegg 286 301 parks 48
Marsh Warbler 325 flava flava 286 isabellina 440 Parrot Crossbill 451
Martin, Motacillidae 278, 438 leucura 302 parrots 434
Crag 274 moulting 19 oenanthe 300 partial migrants 27
House 277 mountains 38, 40 oenanthe leucorhoa 300 Partridge,
Sand 273 Moustached Warbler Olive-backed Pipit 438 Barbary 417
martins 272 323 Oriental Pratincole 421 Grey 151
Masked Shrike 449 Muscicapa striata 339 Oriole, Golden 361 Red-legged 150
mating 15 Muscicapidae 313, 447 orioles 356 Rock 417
Meadow Pipit 282 Mute Swan 90 Oriolidae 356 partridges 145
mechanical sounds 25 mutual preening 15 Oriolus oriolus 361 Parulidae 450
Mediterranean Gull Orphean Warbler 442 Parus
208 N Ortolan Bunting 397 ater 343
Mediterranean scrub 42 natural selection 9 Osprey 121 ater ledouci 343
Mediterranean Naumann’s Thrush 441 Otididae 154 caeruleus 344
Shearwater 405 Neophron percnopterus Otis tarda 161 cristatus 345
Melanitta 124 Otus scops 245 cinctus 448
fusca 113 Neornithes 8 Ouzel, Ring 312 cyanus 448
nigra 112 nests 16–17 Owl, lugubris 448
perspicillata 412 Netta rufina 412 Barn 246 major 342
Melanocorypha calandra Night Heron 77 Eagle 238 montanus 346
270 Nightingale 296 Great Grey 434 palustris 347
Melodious Warbler 332 Thrush 439 Hawk 435 Passer
Merganser, Red- nightingales 294 Little 244 domesticus 375
breasted 118 Nightjar 247 Long-eared 242 domesticus italiae 376
Mergus Red-necked 436 Pygmy 435 hispaniolensis 376
albellus 116 nightjars 238, 436 Scops 245 montanus 377
merganser 117 North American Short-eared 243 Passeridae 374, 452
serrator 118 warblers 450 Snowy 435 Passeriformes 265
Merlin 144 Northern Diver, Tawny 239 Passerines 252
Meropidae 252 Great 58 Tengmalm’s 241 Pechora Pipit 439
Merops apiaster 254 Nucifraga Ural 435 Pectoral Sandpiper
migration 26–27 caryocatactes 365 owls 238, 434 426
Miliaria calandra 403 caryocatactes Oxyura Pelecanidae 70, 406
Milvus macrothyncus 365 jamaicensis 119 Pelecaniformes 71
migrans 131 Numenius leucocephala 413 Pelecanus
milvus 130 arquata 193 Oystercatcher 164 crispus 406
Mistle Thrush 309 phaeopus 194 onocrotalus 406
Montagu’s Harrier 134 Nuthatch 352 P Pelican,
Monticola Corsican 448 Pacific Golden Plover Dalmatian 406
saxatilis 306 Rock 449 422 White 406
solitarius 305 nuthatches 351, 448 Pacus canus 436 pelicans 70, 406

474

INDEX

Penduline Tit 341, 350 Phylloscopus cont. Plover cont. Puffinus cont.
Perdix perdix 151 trochiloides 446 Pacific Golden 422 griseus 405
Peregrine 143 trochilus 333 Ringed 170 yelkouan 405
Perisoreus infaustus 450 Pica pica 363 Semipalmated 421 puffinus 67
Pernis apivorus 137 Picidae 257, 436 plovers 163 Purple Gallinule 419
Petrel, Piciformes 258 plumage 18–19 Purple Heron 83
Leach’s 69 Picoides tridactylus 437 Pluvialis Purple Sandpiper 182
Storm 68 Picus apricaria 174 Pygmy Cormorant 407
petrels 64, 405, 406 viridis 259 dominica 422 Pygmy Owl 435
Petronia petronia 378 viridis sharpei 259 fulva 422 Pyrrhocorax
Phalacrocoracidae 70, Pied Flycatcher 340 squatarola 173 graculus 367
407 pied flycatchers 313 Pochard 108 pyrrhocorax 366
Phalacrocorax Pied Wagtail 285 Red-crested 412 Pyrrhula pyrrhula 390
aristotelis 73 pied woodpeckers 261, Podiceps
aristotelis desmaresti 73 262 auritus 62 Q
carbo 72 Pied-billed Grebe 404 cristatus 61 Quail 152
carbo sinensis 72 pigeons 231 grisegena 60
pygmeus 407 feral 232 nigricollis 63 R
Phalarope, racing 233 Podicipedidae 55, 404 radio tagging 53
Grey 198 domestic 232 Podicipediformes 59 Rail,Water 156
Red-necked 199 town 232 Podilymbus podiceps rails 154, 156
Wilson’s 429 Pin-tailed Sandgrouse 404 Rallidae 154, 419
Phalaropus 433 Polysticta stelleri 411 Rallus aquaticus 156
fulicarius 198 Pine Bunting 453 Pomarine Skua 203 rare species 404
lobatus 199 Pine Grosbeak 452 Porphyrio porphyrio 419 Raven 371
tricolor 429 Pinicola enucleator 452 Porzana Razorbill 230
Phasianidae 145, 417 Pink-footed Goose 95 parva 419 Recurvirostra avosetta
Phasianus colchicus 153 Pintail 103 porzana 157 165
Pheasant 153 Pipit, pusilla 419 Recurvirostridae 163
Golden 418 Blyth’s 438 Pratincole, Red Kite 130
Lady Amherst’s 418 Meadow 282 Black-winged 420 Red-backed Shrike 357
pheasants 145 Olive-backed 438 Collared 168 Red-breasted
Pheucticus ludovicianus Pechora 439 Oriental 421 Flycatcher 447
454 Red-throated 284 pratincoles 163 Red-breasted Goose
Philomachus pugnax 200 Richard’s 438 probing 22, 23 308
Phoenicopteridae 84 Rock 281 Procellariiformes 65 Red-breasted
Phoenicopteriformes Tawny 279 Procellariidae 64, 405 Merganser 118
88 Tree 283 promiscuity 15 Red-crested Pochard
Phoenicopterus ruber 88 Water 280 Prunella 412
Phoenicurus pipits 278, 438 collaris 293 Red-eyed Vireo 450
ochruros 299 Platalea leucorodia 87 modularis 292 Red-flanked Bluetail
phoenicurus 298 Plectrophenax nivalis 401 Prunellidae 288 440
Phylloscopus Plegadis falcinellus 407 Psittacidae 434 Red-footed Falcon 416
bonelli 335 Plover, Psittacula krameri 434 Red-legged Partridge
bonelli orientalis 335 American Golden Ptarmigan 147 150
borealis 446 422 Pterocles Red-necked Grebe 60
collybita 336 Caspian 422 alchata 433 Red-necked Nightjar
collybita tristis 336 Goggle-eye 167 orientalis 433 436
fuscatus 445 Golden 174 Pteroclididae 433 Red-necked Phalarope
humei 446 Greater Sand 422 Ptynoprogne rupestris 274 199
inornatus 446 Grey 173 Puffin 227 Red-necked Stint 426
proregulus 447 Kentish 171 Puffinus Red-rumped Swallow
sibilatrix 334 Lesser Sand 421 assimilis 405 276
swarzi 445 Little Ringed 169 gravis 405 Red-throated Diver 56

475

INDEX

Red-throated Pipit 284 Ruddy Duck 119 Scops Owl 245 Sitta
Redpoll 384 Ruddy Shelduck 408 Scoter, europaea 352
Arctic 451 Ruff 200 Common 112 neumayer 449
Redshank 187 Rufous Bush Robin Surf 412 whiteheadi 448
Spotted 188 439 Velvet 113 Sittidae 351, 448
Redstart 298 Rüppell’s Warbler 442 Scottish Crossbill 452 skeleton 10
Black 299 Rustic Bunting 452 sea 35, 36 Skua,
Redwing 308 Sedge Warbler 322 Arctic 204
Reed Bunting 395 S Semi-collared Great 202
Reed Warbler 324 Sabine’s Gull 430 Flycatcher 447 Long-tailed 205
Blyth’s 444 Saker 416 Semipalmated Plover Pomarine 203
Great 326 Sand Martin 273 421 skuas 201
Reef Egret,Western Sand Plover, Semipalmated Skylark 265
407 Greater 422 Sandpiper 425 Slavonian Grebe 62
Regulus Lesser 421 Senegal Thick-knee Slender-billed Gull 429
ignicapillus 338 Sanderling 177 420 Small Button-quail 418
regulus 337 Sandgrouse 433 Serin 389 Smew 116
Remiz pendulinus 350 Black-bellied 433 Serinus Snipe 196
Remizidae 341 Pin-tailed 433 citrinella 388 Great 428
reservoirs 31 Sandpiper, serinus 389 Jack 197
Rhodostethia rosea 431 Baird’s 425 Shag 73 Snow Bunting 401
Richard’s Pipit 438 Broad-billed 423 Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Snow Goose 407
Ring Ouzel 312 Buff-breasted 426 426 Snowfinch 452
Ring-billed Gull 429 Common 184 Shearwater, Snowy Owl 435
Ring-necked Duck Curlew 179 Cory’s 66 Sociable Lapwing 423
410 Green 186 Great 405 Solitary Sandpiper 427
Ring-necked Parakeet Least 424 Little 405 Somateria
434 Marsh 190 Manx 67 fischeri 411
Ringed Plover 170 Pectoral 426 Mediterranean 405 mollissima 111
Little 169 Purple 182 Sooty 405 spectabilis 411
Riparia riparia 273 Semipalmated 425 shearwaters 64, 405 Sombre Tit 448
River Warbler 443 Sharp-tailed 426 Shelduck 100 song 24
Robin 295 Solitary 427 Ruddy 408 Song Thrush 307
Rufous Bush 439 Spotted 427 shelducks 89 Sooty Shearwater 405
Rock Bunting 400 Stilt 428 Shorelark 271 Sooty Tern 432
Rock Dove 232 Terek 424 Short-eared Owl 243 Spanish Imperial Eagle
Rock Nuthatch 449 Upland 428 Short-toed Eagle 127 414
Rock Pipit 281 Western 425 Short-toed Lark 269 Spanish Sparrow 376
Rock Sparrow 378 White-rumped 425 Lesser 437 Sparrow,
Rock Thrush 306 Wood 185 Short-toed Treecreeper House 375
Blue 305 sandpipers 163 355 Rock 378
rock thrushes 294 Sandwich Tern 218 Shoveler 104 Spanish 376
Roller 255 Sardinian Warbler 318 Shrike, Tree 377
rollers 252 Savi’s Warbler 329 Great Grey 359 White-throated 454
Rook 369 sawbills 117, 118 Isabelline 449 Sparrowhawk 138
rooks 362 Saxicola Lesser Grey 360 Levant 415
Rose-breasted rubetra 303 Masked 449 sparrows 374
Grosbeak 454 torquata 304 Red-backed 357 Spectacled Eider 411
Rose-coloured Starling torquata maura 304 Woodchat 358 Spectacled Warbler 442
450 Scarlet Rosefinch 393 shrikes 356, 449 Spoonbill 87
Roseate Tern 222 Scaup 109 Siberian Jay 450 Spotless Starling 373
Rosefinch, Scarlet 393 Lesser 411 Siberian Thrush 441 Spotted Crake 157
Ross’s Gull 431 Scolopacidae 163, 423 Siberian Tit 448 Spotted Cuckoo, Great
Royal Tern 431 Scolopax rusticola 195 Siskin 387 434

476

INDEX

Spotted Eagle 414 Stork, Syrian Woodpecker 437 Thrush cont.
Lesser 414 Black 86 syrinx 24 Mistle 309
Spotted Flycatcher 339 White 85 Rock 306
Spotted Redshank 188 storks 84 T Siberian 441
Spotted Sandpiper 427 Storm Petrel 68 Tachybaptus ruficollis 59 Song 307
spotted thrushes 294, Storm-petrel Tadorna White’s 440
309 Madeiran 406 ferruginea 408 Thrush Nightingale 439
Spotted Woodpecker, Wilson’s 406 tadorna 100 thrushes 294, 439
Great 260 Streptopelia tail shape 20 Tichodroma muraria 353
Lesser 262 decaocto 235 Tarsiger cyanurus 440 Tichodromadidae 351
Middle 261 turtur 236 Tawny Owl 239 Timaliidae 341
spotted woodpeckers Strigidae 238, 434 Tawny Pipit 279 Tit,
257 Strigiformes 239 Teal 106 Azure 448
Spur-winged Lapwing Strix Blue-winged 410 Bearded 349
423 aluco 239 telescope 50, 51 Blue 344
Squacco Heron 79 nebulosa 434 Temminck’s Stint 180 Coal 343
Starling 372 uralensis 435 Tengmalm’s Owl 241 Crested 345
Rose-coloured 450 Sturnidae 362, 450 Terek Sandpiper 424 Great 342
Spotless 373 Sturnus Tern, Long-tailed 348
starlings 362, 450 roseus 450 Arctic 221 Marsh 347
Steller’s Eider 411 unicolor 373 Black 224 Penduline 350
Steppe Eagle 414 vulgaris 372 Bridled 432 Siberian 448
Stercorariidae 201 Subalpine Warbler 320 Caspian 223 Sombre 448
Stercorarius Sulidae 70 Common 220 Willow 346
longicaudus 205 Surf Scoter 412 Forster’s 432 titmice 341
parasiticus 204 Surnia ulula 435 Gull-billed 219 tits and allies 341, 448
pomarinus 203 Swallow 275 Lesser Crested 432 Torgos tracheliotus 413
skua 202 Red-rumped 276 Little 217 town pigeon 232
Sterna swallows 272 Roseate 222 towns 48
albifrons 217 Swan, Royal 431 Tree Pipit 283
anaethetus 432 Bewick’s 92 Sandwich 218 Tree Sparrow 377
bengalensis 432 Mute 90 Sooty 432 Treecreeper 354
caspia 223 Whooper 91 Whiskered 225 Short-toed 355
dougallii 22 swans 89 White-winged Black treecreepers 351
forsteri 432 Swift 249 433 Tringa
fuscata 432 Alpine 251 terns 201, 431 erythropus 188
hirundo 220 Little 436 Tetrao flavipes 427
maxima 431 Pallid 250 tetrix 149 glareola 185
nilotica 219 White-rumped 436 urogallus 148 melanoleuca 427
sandvicensis 218 swifts 248, 436 Tetraonidae 145, 417 nebularia 189
paradisaea 221 Sylvia Tetrax tetrax 162 ochropus 186
Sternidae 201, 431 atricapilla 316 Thekla Lark 267 solitaria 427
Stilt, Black-winged borin 314 Thick-knee, Senegal stagnatilis 190
166 cantillans 320 420 totanus 187
Stilt Sandpiper 428 communis 319 Three-toed tripod 51
stilts 163 conspicillata 442 Woodpecker 437 Troglodytes
Stint, curruca 317 Threskiornithidae 84, troglodytes 289
Little 181 hortensis 442 407 troglodytes zetlandicus
Long-toed 424 melanocephala 318 Thrush, 289
Red-necked 426 melanothorax 442 Blue Rock 305 Troglodytidae 288
Temminck’s 180 nisoria 315 Dark-throated 441 tubenose 64, 65
Stock Dove 233 ruepelli 442 Dusky 441 Tufted Duck 110
Stone-curlew 167 sarda 443 Eyebrowed 441 tundra 36
Stonechat 304 Sylviidae 313, 442 Grey-cheeked 440 Turdidae 294, 439

477

INDEX

Turdus Wagtail cont. Waxwing 291 Wood Warbler 334
iliacus 308 Grey 287 waxwings 288 Woodchat Shrike 358
merula 311 Pied 285 Western Palearctic Woodcock 195
naumanni 441 White 278 28–29 woodland 46
obscurus 441 Yellow 286 Western Reef Egret Woodlark 264, 268
philomelos 307 wagtails 278 407 Woodpecker,
pilaris 310 Wallcreeper 353 Western Sandpiper 425 Black 258
ruficollis 441 Warbler, wetlands 30–31 Great Spotted 260
torquatus 312 Aquatic 443 Wheatear 300 Green 259
viscivorus 309 Arctic 446 Black 302 Grey-headed 436
Turnix sylvatica 418 Barred 315 Black-eared 301 Lesser Spotted 262
Turnstone 183 Blackpoll 450 Isabelline 440 Middle Spotted 261
Turtle Dove 236 Blyth’s Reed 444 wheatears 294 Syrian 437
Twite 383 Bonelli’s 335 Whimbrel 194 Three-toed 437
Two-barred Crossbill Booted 445 Whinchat 303 White-backed 437
451 Cetti’s 330 Whiskered Tern 225 woodpeckers 257
Tyringites subruficollis 426 Cyprus 442 White Egret, Great 81 Woodpigeon 234
Tyto Dartford 321 White Pelican 406 Wren 289
alba 246 Dusky 445 White Stork 85 wrens 288
alba guttata 246 Fan-tailed 327 White Wagtail 285 Wryneck 257, 263
Tytonidae 238 Garden 314 White’s Thrush 440 X
U Grasshopper 328 White-backed Xenus cinereus 424
Great Reed 326
Woodpecker 437
upending 22 Greenish 446 White-billed Diver 404
Upland Sandpiper 428 Hume’s Leaf 446 White-fronted Y
Upupa epops 256 Icterine 331 Goose 93 Yellow Wagtail 286
Upupidae 252 Lanceolated 443 Lesser 408 Yellow-billed Cuckoo
Ural Owl 435 Marmora’s 443 White-headed Duck 434
Uria Marsh 325 413 Yellow-breasted
aalge 229 Melodious 332 white-headed gulls 211 Bunting 453
lomvia 433 Moustached 323 White-rumped Yellow-browed Warbler
446
Sandpiper 425
V Olivaceous 445 White-rumped Swift Yellow-legged Gull 210
Olive-tree 444
vagrants 455 Orphean 442 436 Yellow-rumped Warbler
Vanellus Paddyfield 444 White-tailed Eagle 125 451
gregarius 423 Pallas’s 447 White-tailed Lapwing Yellowhammer 398
leucurus 423 Radde’s 445 423 Yellowlegs,
spinosus 423 Reed 324 White-throated Greater 427
vanellus 175 River 443 Sparrow 454 Lesser 427
Velvet Scoter 113 Rüppell’s 442 Whitethroat 319
Vireo, Red-eyed 450 Sardinian 318 Lesser 317 Z
Vireo olivaceus 450 Savi’s 329 Whooper Swan 91 Zitting Cisticola see
Vireonidae 450 Sedge 322 Wigeon 105 Fan-tailed Warbler
Vulture, Spectacled 442 American 409 327
Black 123 Subalpine 320 wildfowl 89, 407 Zonotrichia albicollis
Egyptian 124 Upcher’s 444 Willow Grouse 146 454
Griffon 122 Willow 333 Willow Tit 346 Zoothera
Lappet-faced 413 Wood 334 Willow Warbler 333 dauma 440
vultures 120 Yellow-browed 446 Wilson’s Phalarope 429 sibrica 441
Yellow-rumped 451
W warblers and allies 313, Wilson’s Storm-petrel
406
waders 163 442 wing shape 20
Wagtail Water Pipit 280 Wood Duck 409
Citrine 439 Water Rail 156 Wood Sandpiper 185

478

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS


THE AUTHOR would like to thank: the team at Dorling 115clb,119cr,120bc,121tc,121tr,121cra,122cr,125ca,125cb,
Kindersley for their hard work and patience; Marcella for her 126tc,126cb,130tc,130crb,141cb,141crb,144tr,144crb,145tr,
encouragement and forbearance at home; Chris Gomersall for 145cra,145bc,146crb,147tr,147crb,148tr,148bc,149c,150tr,
his dedication in the pursuit of photographs; and Richard 151c,154cla,154cra,154bc,155cr,158tc,158cra,159crb,161tr,
Thewlis for the research on the maps. 161cra,161bc,163cra,163cl,163br,164tr,164crb,165cra,167tr,
167c,174bc,175cra,176crb,182bcr,183ccb,184tc,184cr,185cr,
DORLING KINDERSLEY would like to thank: Sean O’Connor, 186crb,187tr,187cra,187tcr,189tr,189cra,189crb,191tc,191cla,
Rachel Gibson, Kim Bryan, Simon Maugham, Peter Frances, 192cla,193cla,193ccb,196tr,201cra,201cl,201br,206tc,209tr,
and Rick Morris for getting the project started;Carolyn Clerkin 214tr,216ccb,218cra,221tr,222cra,222cbr,227cca,227ccb,
for compiling the acknowledgments. 228cb,229tc,229crb,229trb,230tr,231cra,232tr,234c,235c,
The publisher would like to thank the following for their kind 242tc,242ccb,243tc,248bc,249ccb,250ccb,253cra,256tr,256cra,
permission to reproduce their photographs: 259tr,268ccb,269tr,270tc,270tr,270ccb,272bc,275tc,275cra,
a-above; c-centre; b-below; l-left; r-right; t-top. 283cb,285tr,288clb,288crb,289cla,290br,291tr,291cla,292ccb,
294cra,294clb,295tc,295ccr,296cra,296cr,299tc,299tr,303tc,
Aquila Wildlife Images: Darren Frost 419tl; Hanne and Jens 307tc,308tr,309ccb,313cla,313cra,321ccb,322tr,322ccb,324cb,
Erikson 126tr; Kevin Carlson 474br; M Barnett 474tl; Mike 344ccb,345ccb,362tc,362cr,363tr,364crb,366tc,369tc,369cbr,
Wilkes 386tr; Paul Harris 437tr;Wayne Lankinen 409bl, 409br, 370tr,370ccb,371tcl,372tc,372cra,374cr,375tc,375cra,375ccb,
474bl. 378tr,378ccb,379bc,380cb,386ccb,387crb,387cca,394crb,
Ardea London Ltd: Chris Knights 384cb; Hans D. 398tc,398ccr,399tc,399tr,399crb,403cra,405tl,406bl,413tl,
Dossenbach 248tr; John Daniels 194tc; Peter Steyn 405tr, 418tr; 419bl,429br,431br,432tr,434tl.
Uno Berggren 241tc. Mark Hamblin: 9bca, 56tr, 72tc, 82cr, 91cra, 99c, 103tc, 104ca,
BBC Natural History Unit: Dietmar Hill 238tr; Dietmar 109ca, 113tc, 114cr, 115crb, 138tr, 159ca, 159cr, 165tc, 170cra,
Nill 361cr; Elio Della Ferrera 122cra; Hans Christoph Kappel 170cra, 173c, 178tc, 184tr, 237tr, 239tr, 244tr, 246tr, 247cra,
238br;Jose B Ruiz 238cr;Klaus Nigge 122crb;Rico & Ruiz 254tc, 254cbr, 257br, 260tr, 261tr, 261cca, 278bc, 286tc, 288tr,
327tr,373tr,436tl;Warwick Sloss 221tc. 292tr, 298cla, 300cal, 304tr, 309cla, 339crb, 339, 341bc, 344tc,
Richard Brooks: 355crb, 417br. 345tc, 346bcrtr, 364tc, 370cr, 380cra, 383cla, 390tc, 390tr,
Laurie Campbell Photography: 257bl, 275cbl, 288bc, 362bl. 390cla, 395tr, 395cra, 398cra.
R.J. Chandler: 58cra, 152tr, 171tr, 171tr, 173cra, 219tc, 292cla, John Hesseltine: 43bl.
382cla, 421tl, 423tl, 424tl, 424bl, 425tl, 426tl, 437br. Eugène Hûttenmoser: 351bc, 352tr, 352cla, 353bl.
Robin Chittenden: 11br, 18br, 117tr, 207cla, 250cca, 300ccb, Imagestate Ltd: 22bl.
336crb, 441tr, 446tl, 451tr, 452tr, 453br Rob Jordan: 51tcl, 55bc, 374bc.
Corbis: Eric and David Hosking 311tcr. Steve Knell: 226crb.
David Cottridge: 34br, 64crb, 68cra, 68crb, 80tc, 88cr, 97tc, Chris Knights: 24tr, 51tc, 92cr, 93cr, 118crb, 167tc, 167cr,
136ca, 149cl, 166tc, 168tr, 171tc, 179tc, 181cla, 186tr, 202cb, 244tc, 273ccb, 310cb, 356br, 374cl, 381crb, 385crb.
210tr, 214cr, 229tr, 250tr, 252tr, 259cla, 261ccr, 263tr, 276cra, Mike Lane: 8ra, 9tcb, 9bcl, 12bl, 13bl, 16tr, 19tc, 24c, 34tl,
279cbr, 280tr, 281tc, 283tc, 283tr, 296tc, 297cra, 297bcr, 299tla, 55cca, 57ca, 59ca, 60tr, 61tr, 61cl, 61bc, 62tr, 68cca, 71tr, 73tc,
300tc, 302ccb, 306tr, 315cra, 315ccb, 318tc, 319tc, 331tr, 335cr, 73crb, 89cra, 93tc, 94tr, 95tc, 96c, 102c, 106tr, 109tr, 110tr,
356tl, 376ccb, 389ccb, 397tc, 403tr, 434tr, 440bl, 442tr, 443tl, 114tc, 119tc, 132cr, 132crb, 136tr, 146cra, 147cla, 147ca, 152tc,
444bl, 444br, 448br, 450br, 453tr. 153tc, 155tc, 156tr, 159c, 164tc, 169tr, 170tc, 170tc, 171cra,
Göran Ekström: 251c, 281bcr, 446br. 171cra, 171crb, 171crb, 174tr, 175tr, 177tr, 177ca, 182tr, 191tr,
Hanne and Jens Eriksen: 107cra, 120tr, 129crb, 157cla, 198tr, 194tr, 200tr, 205tc, 205tr, 205crb, 206cla, 207c, 220tr, 222tr,
199cra, 280cb, 306tc, 360tr, 384tr, 396tr, 397crb, 413bl, 413br, 227tr, 228tr, 252ccl, 265tr, 269tc, 273tc, 278tr, 285crb, 287tr,
420bl, 423tr, 423br, 424br, 425tr, 428bl, 430tr, 432tl, 435tr, 438tr, 297tc, 302tr, 303cca, 304tc, 307tr, 310tr, 310cla, 311tr, 311cla,
440tr, 447br, 449tr, 450tr. 313bl, 316ccr, 318cra, 321cla, 322tc, 325tc, 326tr, 326ca, 326cr,
FLPA – Images of nature: 94bcl, 97cr, 160cr, 166cla, 210tc, 328tr, 328cb, 329tr, 329cr, 330tr, 334tc, 335ccb, 340tr, 347tr,
258tr, 267c, 315tr, 317cra, 322br, 348ca, 375bcr, 388tr, 396ccb, 348tr, 352ca, 358cla, 371tr, 376tc, 381tc, 381cra, 395tc, 402cra,
435tl; E & D Hosking 405br; E Coppola/A Petretti/Panda 404br, 412br, 416tl, 421bl, 421br, 426bl, 429bl, 430tl, 432br,
416tr; Foto Natura Stock 66cra; Fritz Polking 240tc; H Hautala 433tl, 434bl, 434br, 439bl, 443tr, 443bl, 449br.
436br; Hans Dieter Brandl 262cla, 437tl; John Holmes 441br; Gordon Langsbury: 57cr, 71cra, 78tc, 78cr, 79cr, 149cr,
John Watkins 118tc; Lee Rue 106cbr; M Melodia/Panda 66tr; 188crb, 223cca, 367tr, 402tr, 407tr, 407bl, 408tl, 408br, 415tr,
Martin B Withers/ FLPA 235cla; P Harris/Panda Photo 367cr; 415bl, 420tr, 421tr, 427br, 428tl, 428tr.
Panda Photo 66tc, 200cr; Peter Steyn 436tr; R Wilmshurst Henry Lehto: 160tc, 388cla, 446tr.
103ca; Richard Brooks 73cl, 274tr, 305tc, 305tr, 320ccb, 330ccb, Tim Loseby: 80tr,98tc,103cb,112crb,115tr,190crb,198crb,
399cra; Robin Chittenden 389tr; Roger Tidman/FLPA 86cl; S 215tr,279ca,285tc,303cla,315cla,339,378cla,384tc,388ccb,
C Brown 225ccb; Silvestre 417tr; Silvestria 294br; Silvestris 393tc,393cla,393ccb,397cra,400cla,400ccb,444tr,452br.
323tc;Tony Hamblin 115crb;W S Clark 129tc, 415br;W George McCarthy: 9bra, 9bc, 73tr, 76cr, 76cr, 77tc, 77cl, 78tr,
Wisniewski 62cl;Yossi Eshbol 72c, 76tr, 417bl. 79tr, 79cla, 81tc, 88bl, 100cra, 111tr, 111ca, 135tc, 146cb, 153tr,
Bob Glover: 210cbl, 211cla, 212tc, 213tr, 217tc, 217ccb, 233cr, 153cra, 157tr, 157tr, 183tr, 188tr, 190cla, 192tr, 204tr, 211crb,
233cb, 274clb, 281cb, 314ccb, 317cb, 379cla, 382crb, 394tr. 221cla, 225tr, 245tr, 262tc, 277ccb, 286bcra, 287ca, 349tr, 352tr,
Chris Gomersall Photography: 1,4,5,8tr,9bcla,10cr,18tc, 357tc, 357tr, 409tl, 418tl, 425br, 427tr, 439br, 442bl, 448bl.
18trb,18cl,18cr,21cl,22cr,22br,23cr,25tl,26ca,28cra,29crb, Anthony McGeehan: 35crb, 66crb, 67crb, 405bl.
32cr,35ca,36cl,39cr,41clb,45bl,51tcr,51c,52tr,54c,56crb,57cb, Juan Martin Simon: 414tl.
58tr,58crb,61cr,64bc,64cca,65c,67tr,67ca,70bl,71crb,74cra, Natural History Museum: 8bl, 9bl, 16cla, 16ca, 16cca, 16cr,
75tc,75c,77cr,81c,81cr,82tc,82bc,85tr,85cr,89tr,89bc,90c, 16cl, 16c, 16cc, 16bl, 16bc, 16br.
91crb,91ccb,97tr,97cl,98cr,98bcr,99clb,100cr,100bl,101ca, Natural Picture Library: Rico & Ruiz 9tr.
101c,102cr,105cb,108cla,108cra,108crb,110cra,110crb,111crb, Philip Newman: 133cl.
479

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

N.H.P.A.: 338cb; Bill Coster 143tc; Dave Watts 2–3; Nigel J 195tr, 196cla, 197tr, 197crb, 198tc, 198ca, 199tr, 200cra, 203tr,
Dennis 223cla; Ralph and Daphne Keller 437br; Roger Tidman 203cra, 203bcr, 206cra, 208tr, 208cla, 210cbr, 212tcl, 217tr,
69tr. 217cla, 218tc, 218ccb, 219cra, 219ccr, 220cb, 223tr, 223ccb,
Oxford Scientific Films: Chris Knights 150cb; Mike Brown 225ccr, 226ca, 228tc, 232cb, 233tr, 234tr, 235tr, 236cla, 237cla,
305cla; Paolo Fioratti 256cr 251tr, 254cra, 255tr, 259bl, 265cbr, 267cla, 269ccb, 271tc, 273tr,
Jari Peltomaki: 241crb, 258c. 276tr, 276crb, 277tc, 277tr, 277cra, 284cla, 284crb, 286bcr,
Benjam Pöntinen: 448tl. 291bc, 293tr, 293bc, 296tr, 298tc, 300tr, 301tc, 301cca, 309tr,
René Pop: 230tc, 446bl, 449bl. 314tr, 316tr, 316cra, 319tr, 320tr, 320cla, 324tr, 335tr, 336tc,
Mike Read: 92tr, 175crb, 452tl. 336cra, 340cla, 342tr, 344tr, 352bc, 358tc, 358tr, 359tc, 361tr,
RSPB Images: Andy Hay 14tr, 15cl, 33cl, 39tl, 41tl, 41br,42tl, 364tr, 365tr, 372tcl, 373tc, 373cla, 373crb, 373bcl, 375tr, 376tr,
43tr, 44b, 45tl, 50tlb, 50cra, 50crb, 51br, 52cba, 53tr, 53bl, 175tcl, 376cla, 380tc, 383crb, 386tc, 389tc, 389cra, 391tc, 391tr, 391cla,
196crb, 377tr, 377crb; Barry Hughes 17tr, 37cb, 170crb, 170bcl, 392cla, 392ccb, 394bl, 400tc, 401tc, 401tr, 403tc, 406br, 407bl,
407tl; Bill Paton 17br, 25cr, 88tr, 348cb, 368crb; Bob Glover 408bl, 409tr, 410tr, 411tr, 411bl, 412bl, 413tr, 415tl, 417tl, 418br,
14ac, 19bl, 21c, 22cl, 47cr, 47bla, 47bc, 48cl, 49tr, 49cc, 52cla, 419tr, 423bl, 424tr, 425bl, 428br, 431tr, 438tl, 442tl, 443br, 445tl,
138crb, 142tc, 151cb, 173tc, 183cr, 187crb, 192crb, 236crb, 268tl, 447tl, 449tl, 451br, 452bl.
349cr, 372crb, 403ccb; Carlos Sanchez Alonso 30tr, 31crb, 40b, Ray Tipper: 87cl, 157crb, 180tr, 285crb, 290cla, 318ccb,
44crb, 86cb, 122tr, 130tr, 131cb, 134cra, 142tr, 160tr, 161cb, 332ccb, 419br, 422tl, 422tr, 422bl.
240ccb, 245tc, 299bc, 358cbr; Chris Gomersall 17bl, 19bc, 20bl, Colin Varndell: 59tr, 72cra, 143cla, 158tr, 169cb, 321tr, 336ccb,
20bc, 20br, 21bl, 21bc, 21br, 27tr, 27cra, 30ca, 30cc, 30bl, 30bc, 343cca, 354crb.
33tl, 33tr, 35tr, 35tcb, 35cr, 38br, 44tr, 46b, 48tc, 49cr, 51bla, 53c, Halli Verrinder: 11bl, 11b.
104cr, 125tr, 143crb, 165crb, 186cla, 191crb, 221cb, 237tcr; Chris Roger Wilmshurst: 8cr, 8crb, 28clb, 65tr, 102tc, 104tc, 105tr,
Knights 13crb, 15cr, 29br, 32b, 33crb, 36crb, 44cra, 48cr, 50tr, 107cla, 108tc, 142c, 143tr, 151tr, 156crb, 175tcr, 179cla, 193tr,
52bl, 146cla, 148c, 150bcr, 150ccr, 193cca, 233cla, 285ccr, 291tc, 204cca, 207tr, 208trb, 211tc, 216cra, 229cbl, 253tc, 253cra, 262tr,
325tr, 361ca, 379tr, 392tr, 393bcr, 416bl; Colin Carver 28crb, 266c, 268tr, 281tr, 298tr, 300cbl, 301tr, 304cla, 319cla, 368tr,
38bl; David Broadbent 46tr; David Hosking 75cr; David Kjaer 371crb, 382tc,385tc,410bl,447bl,453tl,453bl.
28tr, 138cra, 144tc, 204ccb, 242cra, 266cra, 303ccb, 341cla, Windrush Photos: Alan Petty 156cla,234tc;Andy Harmer
344cra, 383tr, 401crb; David Tipling 21tl, 52br, 152cr, 200tc; 275cbr;Arnoud van den Berg 69cra,94cb,388tc,404bl;Arthur
Dusan Boucny 17cb, 37clb, 360cr, 435br; Eric Woods 25bl; Morris 73bl,218tr,222tc,412tl,435bl,450bl,474tr;Barry
Ernie Janes 31tr, 177crb; George McCarthy 14cl, 15ca, 17cr, Hughes 114crb,170tr;Chris Schenck 70tr,114cra,146tr;David
35bl, 47tl, 81bc, 185tr; Gerald Downey 31cl, 37cla, 47tr, 135cb, Cottridge 42bl;David Tipling 15tr,18cc,19tr,23br,36b,57tr,
286cra, 398tr; Gordon Langsbury 27br, 33cr, 41cl, 140cb, 188tc, 60cl,69cra,74bc,82bl,83cr,87c,92tc,96tr,96cr,98cla,99cra,
282ccb, 295tr; Jan Halady 312cb; Jan Sevcik 23cra, 139ccb, 99crb,101tr,105cr,109cra,109cr,114cl,117tc,119tr,142cr,159tr,
224cca, 247tr, 398ccl; John Lawton Roberts 254tc, 259c, 340cb; 160cl,174tc,178cra,181clb,185tc,199cla,200cla,202tr,209tc,
Leslie J Borg 78ccb; Malcolm Hunt 26bl, 179crb, 317cla, 337tr, 209ca,211tr,212cra,212tr,213cra,214tc,214ca,216trb,232cla,
406tl; Mark Hamblin 23tr, 28cla, 34tr, 38cr, 49bl, 133cra, 138tc, 236tr,241tr,243c,255tc,257tr,260cr,263tc,263cbr,264bc,266tc,
260c, 290bc, 292tc, 308crb, 312tr, 342cra, 342crb, 346c, 364tr, 271tr,279tr,284tr,286c,295cra,301cbr,327c,328tc,334ccb,
383tc, 386cla, 390crb; Marianne Wilding 31clb; Maurice Walker 341tr,349tc,365bcl,366tr,367ccl,380tr,381tr,386cca,387tr,
16cr, 237cb, 342bcl, 343tr, 343tr; Michael Gore 40cr, 78cca, 396cca,406tr,408tr,410tl,410br,411br,412tr,414tr,414bl,419bl,
87clb, 305ccb, 355tc; Mike Lane 25tr, 25br, 37tr, 37crb, 40ca, 420tl,422br,429tl,437bl,438bl,438br,439tr,441tl,445bl,445br,
65cr, 87cla, 135tr, 136cr, 168crb, 178crb, 194cr, 255tc, 264tr, 447tr,450tl;George McCarthy 16cl;Göran Ekström 113crb,
297cb, 324cla, 369tr, 387cla, 393tr; Mike McKavett 289cr; Mike 128crb,360tc,363bcr,436bl;Gordon Langsbury 13cr;Ian Fisher
Read 26cl, 166crb; Mike Richards 43cla, 46cr, 247crb; Paul 73cra;J Hollis 359tr;Jari Peltomaki 38ca,350ccb;Julian Bhalerao
Doherty 137tr; Peter Perfect 21ca, 363bl; Philip Newman 14bl, 229cb,414tr;Kevin Carlson 13ca,17ca,162c,349cla,400tr;Paul
49cla, 307ccr, 319ccb; Ray Kennedy 48b; Raymond Franklin Doherty 21r,137cl,137bcr,368cra;Pentti Johansson 13tl,25cb,
90br; Richard Brooks 10bl, 26br, 27crb, 36cra, 151cla, 260tc, 60crb,258tc,365crb;Peter Cairns 345tr;Ray Tipper 43tl;R.H.
284cra, 311tcl, 350tc, 366ccr, 372cla, 382tr, 391ccb; Richard de Heer 117crb;Richard Brooks 40tr,80cr,180tc,274ccr,298cb,
Revels 23bc, 32cla; Robert Horne 347cb; Robert Smith 254bc, 359cra,420br;Roger Tidman 43crb;Roger Wilmhurst 13br;Tom
305cbl, 306crb; Roger Tidman 26cbr, 28bl, 28br, 32tr, 39tr, 42tr, Ennis 56cl,177cra,215cb,426tr,426br.
43clb, 44cb; Roger Wilmshurst 14br, 17cla, 18tr, 21tr, 24b, 33cla, Steve Young: 12c, 13cb, 18bcl, 19rc, 57cl, 59tc, 60cra, 67tc, 68tr,
37cra, 39crb, 45cra, 47cla, 62crb, 153cr, 158c, 309tc, 312tc; 69cla, 69crb, 72tr, 72, 75bcr, 87tr, 93tr, 100tcl, 102tr, 104tr, 105cl,
Stanley Porter 195cr; Steve Austin 15br, 26tr, 32cl (inset), 34bl, 106tc, 107tc, 107tr, 108tr, 108cr, 109tc, 109cr, 110tc, 111tc, 111cr,
38tr, 39tr, 39cla, 42cl, 51tr, 147trb, 172cr, 172bcr, 226tr; Steve 114tr, 115ca, 115cra, 118tr, 118ca, 169cla, 176tr, 176cla, 178cla,
Knell 24cr,36tr, 46cl, 199bc, 239tc, 333ccb, 340tc, 392tc;Tony 190tr, 203cla, 205cra, 206tr, 206cr, 207ca, 207cl, 209cr, 209ccr,
Hamblin 18ccl, 148cla, 337ccb. 211ca, 212crb, 212trb, 213tc, 213cla, 213ccb, 215tc, 216tr, 220cla,
Carlos Sanchez Alonso: 267tr, 333tc, 350cla. 220cra, 224tr, 224cla, 224ccb, 271crb, 276tc, 285cla, 286tr, 287tc,
Chris Schenk: 430bl, 431bl. 289tr, 297tr, 301cla, 303tr, 304ccb, 315tc, 317tc, 325cb, 330cca,
Science Photo Library: Andrew Syred 11cc. 332tc, 337tc, 350tr, 357cb, 359ccr, 363ca, 395cb, 401cca, 402tc,
K.Taylor: 227cr. 402c, 411tl, 427tl, 427bl, 429tr, 430br, 431tl, 440, 441bl, 442br,
Richard Tibbits: 11bla, 11ba, 24ca. 444tl, 445tr, 451tl, 451bl.
Roger Tidman: 8br, 9tlb, 9br, 11tl, 11tr, 12cra, 18bl, 18bc, 20tr,
23cl, 39cl, 45cb, 49br, 51cr, 53br, 55tr, 56cra, 59cr, 62cr, 71tc,
76tc, 77tr, 79cb, 82tr, 83tcl, 84cla, 85cr, 86tr, 86cr, 88cr, 90tc,
90tr, 90cb, 91cla, 91tcr, 95cra, 95crb, 96bl, 98tr, 99tr, 100tr,
101ca, 103cr, 106cra, 106ccb, 112tc, 112c, 115tc, 115tr, 116ca, Front jacket:Woodfall Wild Images
117ca, 119ca, 123tr, 124tr, 124crb, 127tr, 127cr, 128tr, 129tr, Back jacket: EA Jones
130cla, 131tc, 131cra, 132tc, 132ca, 134tc, 134tr, 134bcr, 139tc, Inside flap: Mike Lane
140tc, 141tc, 141cra, 141br, 162tc, 162tr, 162cr, 164cra, 165cl,
166cra, 172tr, 172cl, 173cl, 174cl, 175bl, 176tc, 179tr, 179cb, All other images © Dorling Kindersley.
180ca, 180bcr, 181tr, 182cla, 182cra, 183cla, 188cla, 192tr, 193tc, For further information see: www.dkimages.com
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