“ Massage is something you and your
baby do together
– it’s about sharing feelings,
and even thoughts,on an
”
intimate, unspoken level
CARE INDIAN MASSAGE
Y ❖
A
YD N MANY ASIAN CULTURES, particularly on the Indian
EVER Isub-continent, baby massage is a traditional part of
day-to-day care. Mothers learn the techniques from
their own mothers or mothers-in-law. Sometimes,
massage begins on the first day of life, but it usually
starts when the baby is about five days old,
once the umbilical cord stump has fallen
off, and continues until the child can
walk.Traditionally the oils used are
mustard-seed oil in the winter,
because it is warming, and coconut
oil in the summer because of its
cooling properties.There is often
no set routine. Mothers start on
the areas their baby likes best
and work towards what is least
enjoyed. Massage strokes and
stretches are very like those
shown in Key Techniques
(see pages 18–39), and they
have similar benefits.
An Indian mother or grandmother sits on
the floor to massage her baby,with her legs
outstretched and the baby on her lap
52
POSITIONS FOR INDIAN MASSAGE
If you would like to try massaging your baby while sitting
in the Indian massage positions, ensure you keep your back INDIAN MASSA
Smile and be jolly when
you massage your baby, straight – support your back against a wall if you need
so she learns to associate to.Once you are comfortable, place your baby on your
touch with fun and lap in either of the positions shown here. Begin with the
happiness
one that allows you to perform your baby’s favourite GE
strokes, then move on to the other.
ACROSS THE LAP
Use the techniques given for Back of the Baby (see pages
26–31),performing them with your baby lying across your lap.
Once she has learned to turn over,she may not want to spend
as much time on her back,so this position may be preferable.
ALONG THE LAP
With your baby in this position,you
can easily massage her arms,hands,
chest,abdomen and legs (see pages
18–24).You can also perform
stretches (see pages 36–39),but
you may need to bring her slightly
closer to you in order to massage her
head and face (see pages 32–35).
53
CARE AFRICAN MASSAGE
Y ❖
A
YD AILY CHILD CARE in many parts of
EVER DAfrica includes baby massage.
Techniques differ from one
African culture to the next, as
do the oils used. Nigerian
mothers use kernel or
palm oil, whereas in
Ghana, shea butter is
preferred. Massage, which
traditionally takes place after a bath,
begins at birth and continues until the child
is aged three or four.To begin with, it is
carried out daily, but as a child grows
older, he is massaged less often,
perhaps three or four times a
week.The techniques used can
be vigorous, as it is felt that
strenuous movements develop
strength and flexibility.
HOT PRESSES
In some parts of Africa,a baby is
wrapped in a towel and placed on his
mother’s lap after a bath.She applies a
‘hot press’(simply a warmed flannel) all
over his body,in order to relax the muscles
in preparation for massage.During the first
few months,these are also pressed on to the
head in the belief that the skull can be
54 teased into an attractive shape.
NIGERIAN BABY MASSAGE
Nigerians massage their babies to
help them relax, sleep well and to CAUTION
moisturize the skin.The mother Traditionally, babies are dangled AFRICAN MASSA
sits in a chair with the baby on her by one arm, with no support.This
technique, and the confidence to
lap. She begins with long, firm,
perform it safely, are handed
rhythmic strokes over the arms, down from mother to daughter.
abdomen, legs, feet and back.The Without the guidance of an GE
head and face are then oiled with experienced demonstrator, use
the adapted method shown here.
massage strokes. Stretches come
next (see below), which are believed
to develop strength, flexibility and DANGLING
Sit on a chair with your baby on your lap.
muscle tone.These are followed by
Place one hand under his bottom to support
the most strenuous part of the
his weight,and hold his wrist firmly in your
routine, dangling.The baby is held other hand.Stand up slowly,taking his weight
up by one arm at a time (which is in your supporting hand.Lift his arm and
believed to strengthen his arms), bring your supporting hand down fractionally
– his raised arm will stretch.Pull it upwards
before being held upside-down
gently for a few seconds,then take his weight
momentarily by the ankles. Finally,
fully in your supporting hand again.Repeat
he is thrown into the air and caught
with his other arm.Always take the majority
several times, in the belief that this of his weight in your supporting hand,and
develops alertness. gauge his response to ensure he is comfortable.
STRETCHES
Lie your baby face-down
1across your lap.Take the
arm furthest from your
body behind his back and
pull it very gently towards
the centre of his back,
holding it straight at the
elbow (see right). Stroke
firmly from the shoulder
to the wrist and pull off at
the fingers.
Take the leg furthest
2from you and bend it at
the knee, bringing the heel
to the buttocks. Repeat
several times, then stroke
firmly down the legs.
Change your baby’s position
so he faces the opposite
direction and repeat on
his other arm and leg. 55
CARE CHILDREN WITH
Y
A
YD SPECIAL NEEDS
EVER ❖
HILDREN WITH DOWN’S SYNDROME or Cerebral Palsy often have
Clow muscle tone, which massage can help to develop. It can also
increase body-awareness; this is useful to visually impaired children,
too. If your child has a special need, talk to her physiotherapist or
doctor about how to massage her. Remember that she has
her own rhythms that deserve respect.
MASSAGE FOR SPECIAL NEEDS
BENEFITS OF MASSAGE
Massage can:
❖ increase a child’s body-awareness
❖ boost muscle tone
❖ encourage non-verbal communication
to develop between parent and child
❖ help with bonding and attachment
❖ soothe and calm children and help
parents to relax
❖ allow parents to feel they are
helping their child positively.
PRESSURE OF STROKES
Children with special needs often
have a sensory difficulty, in that
they can be either highly sensitive
or insensitive to touch.They need
either light or deep pressure,
depending on their ‘sensory
integration’. Some children actually
dislike light touch, so firm pressure is
needed. If you are unsure about the pressure
of your strokes, watch your baby’s reaction and
56 ask your doctor or physiotherapist for advice.
CHILDREN WITH DOWN’S SYNDROME
If your child has Down’s abilities, they need plenty of
Syndrome, his muscle tone may stimulation to respond to. Massage CASE HISTORY
be low. Regular full-body can be another form of stimulation “Jack loves being massaged.When
massages, incorporating that you provide for your child. It he was nearly two, a friend who
had been to baby-massage classes
stretches (see pages 18–39), is likely that he will enjoy the
with her baby suggested I massage
help to increase muscle tone. massage greatly – children with Jack. She showed me some of the CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL NEEDS
Alternatively, he may have high Down’s Syndrome tend to be strokes she had learned. I tried
muscle tone; in this case, sociable, and their cheerful and them out on Jack, and his
pleasure was so obvious that
massage can relax his muscles. If affectionate characters respond
I wanted to learn more. Once I
he has physiotherapy, perform a well to loving touch. Massage had the OK from my doctor, I
quick massage before the sessions has best results when it is went to a local clinic where they
– warming the muscles before something the two of you do teach baby massage, and picked
up a few more strokes. Now we
physiotherapy may enhance the together – a kind of touch-
do these every day.We have
work done during a session. communication – rather than developed our own routine,
Some children with Down’s something you do to your child. starting with the strokes Jack
Syndrome may experience Perhaps if your child has a sibling, likes most, but this is flexible,
because Jack sometimes likes to
hearing impairments, which you can encourage them to decide which stroke comes
massage can also help with massage each other, allowing the next, telling me which one by
(see below). In order for whole family to share this form of performing it on me. He likes
to massage me as well, and also
children with this communication.This can help
massages his father and older
condition to make the improve your family relationships sister frequently.”
most of their talents and and make your child very happy.
CHILDREN WITH SENSORY IMPAIRMENTS
Massage helps children between you and your child, which
who are visually will be a major source of comfort CASE HISTORY
impaired build a and security for her.Touch- “Our doctor suggested I try baby
picture of the world stimulation increases the levels of massage to help Isaac become
around them, because responsiveness of children with more aware of touch, sounds and
smells. I don’t think he knew how
being touched teaches sensory impairments, so massage
to respond to it at first, but now
them to touch, and can teach her to engage in social he knows what it is and likes it
touch helps them interaction.When you massage very much. In fact, I think he
looks forward to it. He started
to explore their your child, make sure you always
reaching out towards sounds,
surroundings.A visually keep one hand on her body if she wanting to touch what he was
impaired child’s body- has impaired vision, and talk to her hearing.Although he began
awareness also increases to reassure her. If your child has crawling later than most ‘normal’
babies, it was not that much later.
through massage – she difficulty hearing, talk to her
Other mothers of partially-
learns how long her arms and throughout the massage to sighted babies that I know have
legs are, and gains a better idea of stimulate her hearing.Tell her what been inspired by how he’s getting
their shape. Massage can open new you are doing, to help her link on, and now also use massage.”
pathways of communication words and sounds to actions. 57
CARE CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY
Massage allows children with Cerebral Palsy to experience movements
Y they cannot make alone, and increases their body-awareness. Each child’s
A
YD requirements are unique, so speak to your child’s physiotherapist
to establish how massage can enhance the work done in the
EVER sessions. Regular massage enables your child to benefit
frequently from movements that stimulate her physical
development. Here, we show part of the routine Cordelia
and her mother share before a physiotherapy session.
MASSAGING THE FOOT
By massaging the soles of Cordy’s feet gently with the pads of
her fingertips,Cordy’s mother stimulates the muscles along the
leg,which react by tightening.This slowly strengthens them.
BENDING AND FLEXING THE LEG
With the heel supported in one hand,and the
knee held in the other,Cordy’s mother bends
and flexes Cordy’s leg gently to familiarize
her with this ‘walking’movement.
STRETCHING AND SITTING
STRETCHING THE ARMS UP STRETCHING THE ARMS DOWN
1Cordy lies on her back 2Now Cordy’s mother brings
with her feet on her Cordy’s arms down to her sides. She
mother’s lap. Cordy’s repeats steps 1 and 2 several times.
mother holds her wrists These movements stimulate the
gently and stretches her muscles in the upper arms
arms above her head. and along the shoulders. CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL NEEDS
SITTING UP Cordy’s
3mother helps Cordy CASE HISTORY
come to a sitting position
“Cordy cried for weeks after the birth. Her condition
by pulling her arms gently.
was not detected immediately, so the crying was
This stimulates muscles in attributed to all sorts of things.When it was discovered
Cordy’s arms, back and that she had Cerebral Palsy, we were devastated. Her
abdomen, and also in her condition became noticeable when she began to move
legs, which push against her arms and legs more, as we found she used one side
her mother’s lap to maintain of her body more than the other. Initially, she disliked
balance as she rises up. physiotherapy, probably because she found it difficult,
and could not understand what was happening to her. I
think it put her off being touched.The physiotherapist
said she might relax more if we helped her do some of
the movements they did together at home.We turned
many of these into a game. She liked those! It did help
her to relax, and now she likes to be touched.”
59
60
MASSAGE FOR
DIFFERENT
AGE GROUPS
❖
AS YOUR CHILD DEVELOPS, SO DO HIS
NEEDS.WHETHER HE IS A PREMATURE
BABY OR A BOISTEROUS TODDLER,
MASSAGE INCREASES YOUR SENSITIVITY TO
HIM, ENABLING YOU TO RECOGNIZE HIS
REQUIREMENTS, AND DECIDE HOW BEST
TO ALTER YOUR APPROACHES IN RESPONSE.
ADAPTING YOUR MASSAGE TECHNIQUES,
ROUTINES AND THE PRESSURE OF YOUR
STROKES TO SUIT YOUR CHILD’S
CHANGING PHYSICAL AND EMOTIONAL
NEEDS ENCOURAGES YOUR CHILD IN EACH
STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT AND GIVES HIM
THE SENSE THAT YOU ARE MOVING WITH
HIM THROUGH HIS EXPERIENCE OF LIFE.
❖
OUPS PREMATURE BABIES
GE GR AVING A BABY who is born prematurely ❖ in neonatal units are handled frequently as
A Hcan be very distressing. Parents can part of their essential medical and nursing
GE FOR DIFFERENT shock, denial, guilt, fear, anxiety, anger and disturbing and distressing. Gentle touch
have a range of emotions which include
care and often find this type of touch
and holding techniques are a way of giving
helplessness. If your baby is in an incubator,
love and comfort to a pre-term infant and
there may be little opportunity for skin-to-
MASSA skin contact or eye contact. Pre-term babies can help parents get to know their baby.
BONDING WITH YOUR BABY
BEING THERE FOR HIM
Premature babies should not be
As soon as you can, talk or sing to STILL TOUCH awake, calm and alert. Place one or
your baby. Babies find it reassuring massaged initially. Instead, parents two hands on the chosen area and
to hear their parents’ voices – their should use a technique known as ask your baby if you can touch him
mothers’ voices in particular. It has still touch or resting hands (see before you do.
been found that term babies turn below).This is a gentle touch, with
towards their mother’s voice in the whole hand placed on an area OBSERVING HIS REACTIONS
preference to a stranger’s when of your baby’s body that you feel Watch your baby to gauge his
only a few days old. Even if your comfortable with touching, such as reaction to this touch. He will
baby appears not to respond, he his back, head, arm or leg.This show you, by his actions and facial
will feel comforted and soothed by touch may be the first chance you expressions, whether or not he is
your voice.This is especially helpful have to be close to your baby. See it enjoying the experience, which will
to his well-being and the process of as an opportunity to send your love help you understand what level of
bonding if he is in an incubator. to him. Choose a time when he is touch he is able to manage at this
time. Keep a constant watch for
stress cues and no cues (see page 64).
RESEARCH EVIDENCE
These indicate that he is becoming
A research study was conducted in body for fifteen minutes a day.This over-stimulated, tired or distressed.
1995 in the USA to identify a type of type of touch seemed to have a
As soon as you see any signs that
touch that parents might be able to soothing effect on these infants; they
give their premature babies in the first had calmer sleep, a decreased level tell you he has had enough, stop.
three weeks of life, when they may be of physical activity and showed fewer You can try again the next time
ill and physiologically unstable. signs of distress.The researchers you notice he is awake, calm and
reported that this touching had no
In this study, the babies were gently adverse effects on the heart rate or alert. Before using still touch or
touched by the adult, having still oxygen saturation levels of the massage on your baby, talk to the
hands placed on the baby’s head and pre-term infant. nursing and medical staff about
62 what you intend to do.
BEGINNING MASSAGE
It is important to wait until your baby is ready for a touch may be unpleasant and over-stimulating. Before PREMA
massage before moving on from still touch.This may be you start the massage warm some oil in your hands.
while he is still in the hospital, or you may wait until For each new body part, begin by placing your hand
you take him home.When you do start, begin very on that area and ask your baby if you can massage him.
slowly, with just one new stroke at a time.You may like After each stroke, stop and observe how he reacts to it. TURE BABIES
to sit on a chair and massage your baby on your lap. Watch out for stress cues and no cues (see page 64).
Ensure that the massage strokes you use are smaller and If he cries, use still hands to offer comfort and
gentler than those you might use for a term baby. For reassurance. If you respond to his cues and start a little
instance, use two or three fingers rather than the whole at a time, the massage programme will build up and
hand.The touch needs to be gentle but firm – too light your baby will soon anticipate and enjoy the massage.
WHEN NOT TO MASSAGE
Massage or touch techniques can be used to soothe and
relax most premature infants. However, when you are
using touch with your baby it is important that you
watch his reactions, especially if he is in an incubator.
You should stop the massage immediately if:
❖ your baby’s colour changes
❖ he vomits
❖ his breathing becomes more rapid or stops
❖ his muscles become tense
❖ his pulse rate increases or becomes slow.
If any of these changes occur, inform the medical or
nursing staff straight away or contact your doctor.
FIRST MASSAGE
Massage your baby on your lap once he is well enough.Begin
by massaging the part of his body you feel most comfortable
with touching and which you feel he will most enjoy.Use two or
three fingers to massage a premature baby,with firm but gentle
strokes.Observe your baby and gauge his reaction to each stroke.
OUPS AVOIDING OVER-STIMULATION
GE GR STRESS CUES AND NO CUES “Ellis and Spencer were born five weeks premature –
CASE HISTORY
It is important that you do not over-stimulate your
premature baby with touch or massage. Observe him
A throughout still touch or massage to watch for when not unusual for twins.They spent the first week of their
lives in an incubator, with tubes all over their tiny
he has had enough. He will have his way of telling
GE FOR DIFFERENT by using a ‘stress’ cue, or that he wants the massage All we wanted was to take them home, but we could
bodies.This was very frustrating for me and my
you that he is becoming distressed by the massage
husband, as physical contact with them was so limited.
barely touch them.
to stop by using a ‘no’ cue, so that he can rest or
sleep, for example. Signs may include:
I used to put my hands through the portholes of their
❖ yawning
incubators and stroke them gently. If either of the twins
was at all grisly, I would stroke his head and eyebrows,
❖ sneezing
and it would calm him. If I made my strokes lighter and
❖ hiccuping
lighter, he would eventually nod off.
❖ raising his hand or placing it in front of his face
their ears, which would often make them attentive.
MASSA ❖ avoiding eye contact I started to stroke their tummies and tickle them behind
❖ having an increased or decreased heart rate
Even now, when feeding either of them, if his
❖ breathing too fast
concentration wonders, I tickle him under the chin,
which seems to focus his attention on the feed.
❖ not breathing for periods of time.
Notice if your baby tends to use particular stress cues
Having that initial contact with the twins, when they
or no cues more than others. Learn to pick up these were in their incubators, allowed both me and my
communications from him and respond to them. By husband to bond with them.They still enjoy being
touched at 10 weeks – it’s part of their bedtime routine.
doing so, you will improve both his well-being (by
They also find our voices quite calming, and they like to
providing him with what he needs in that moment) lie on my chest and hear my heartbeat – I think they
and your relationship with him, as he will become find it very comforting.”
aware that you are responsive to him and his needs.
LIMITING STIMULI
Although, ideally, it would be lovely to talk or sing
to your baby, make eye contact and touch him all at
once, he may be able to deal with only one of these
forms of stimulation at a time, especially during the
early days or weeks. Limit the amount of stimulation
he receives at any one time to begin with. Either talk
to him or make eye contact with him. If he seems
happy with this it may be appropriate to move on to
still touch, always watching for his reaction. In this
way, progress slowly towards massage.Assess his
GENTLE HOLDS surroundings – are his senses being over-stimulated by
Holding your baby’s hand,arm or leg is the ideal physical his environment? Is the room too noisy or bright? If he
interaction for a premature baby.Wrap your hands carefully
is in an incubator, put a towel over part of it to limit
around the hand or limb and simply hold it for as long as
the amount of light shining on him. Once noise is
your baby is happy with the touch.This gentle communication
lets him know that you care for him and provides him with reduced to a minimum and the lighting is dimmed, he
64 love and security. may be more able to accept interactions with you.
BENEFITS OF MASSAGE AND STILL
TOUCH FOR PREMATURE INFANTS
Perhaps the most important benefit of still touch and
massage for your premature baby is that it helps you
both to bond.This is especially helpful if your baby
has spent the first days of his life in an incubator.You
can give him love, comfort and reassurance through
your voice and gentle touch. Massage can also:
❖ have a calming and soothing effect
❖ help to improve weight gain
❖ enhance growth and development
❖ encourage greater responsiveness
❖ improve digestion and metabolism
❖ reduce pain by stimulating the production
of endorphins, the body’s natural pain killers.
LOVING TOUCH
If your baby does not respond
positively to massage,there are
other ways of giving him love
and comfort.Cuddles and
soft words will bring
you closer together.
“ The eye contact between us is incredible.
Sometimes I feel I know exactly
what is going through his mind
just by the way he looks at me ”
OUPS NEWBORN BABIES
GE GR ❖
ASSAGINGYOUR NEWBORN BABY is a
A Mlovely way to get to know her – her and seeks eye contact with you, which will
GE FOR DIFFERENT the contours of her body, the feel of her tiny sense of real closeness.This social interaction
create a wonderful feeling of intimacy between
you. She may not smile, but you will have a
expressions and reactions to different strokes,
enhances your early relationship, setting strong
fingers and toes.You will find that these special
moments of loving touch are times that your
foundations for the future.
MASSA baby comes to anticipate and enjoy. Massaging
can also help her progress to the
‘quiet-alert state’ where she
becomes calm, receptive,
If your newborn allows
you to massage her head,
take special care over
the fontanelles
INTRODUCING MASSAGE
WHEN TO START CLOTHING AND SEATING comfort and security of your lap.
Baby massage can start on the Some parents may initially prefer You can either sit on a comfortable
day your baby is born, as happens not to undress their babies for chair or on the floor. Place a towel NEWBORN BABIES
in some cultures where infant massage until both parent and child over your lap to make your baby
massage is a tradition. If you feel become accustomed to it. In this more cosy. If you choose the floor,
confident and ready to begin case, the baby can be dressed in a try leaning against a wall to help
during the first few days after the vest or babygro. Newborn babies, you keep your back
birth, then do so. Make sure you like older babies, can be straight.
avoid touching the navel area until massaged on the floor,
the umbilical cord stump has fallen but, to start with, you
off.This usually happens four to may find your baby
seven days after delivery. prefers the
Massage your newborn baby on your lap
– she is likely to be small and light
enough,and will find it comforting
to be physically close to you
69
OUPS BUILDING UPA ROUTINE INCORPORATING STROKES
gliding (effleurage) strokes
Baby massage is most beneficial for
GE GR your baby when it forms part of her (see right). Make the strokes firm There are two ways of adding new
strokes to your routine:
and slow.Watch your baby’s reaction.
daily care routine. Do not worry if
A you cannot fit it in every day. She will let you know what she likes ❖ Massage each part of the body –
the front, back, head and face –
and dislikes (see page 16).As you
Massaging your baby as little as
GE FOR DIFFERENT positive results.When you introduce baby’s clothes and massage her using are using all the key techniques.
three times a week will still have
incorporating more strokes into
both gain confidence, remove your
each section every time until you
oil. Gradually add more strokes until
the massage routine, start with just a
the routine has developed into a
few strokes, slowly building up to a
❖ Start on the front of the body
(see page 18), move on to the back
full massage over the course of three
15–20 minute full-body massage
(see page 26), the head and face
(see pages 18–35), ending with
to four weeks. Begin with a short
(see page 32), then add stretches.
stretches (see pages 36–39).
five minute session using long,
MASSA LIGHT TOUCH
Initially,you may prefer to use light,delicate strokes to
familiarize both you and your newborn baby to touch and
massage.Use both hands in succession to make slow,light,
rhythmical strokes with your finger tips on her arms
and legs.Watch your baby’s reaction to this
stroke.Some babies prefer a firmer
touch straight away.
EFFLEURAGE STROKES
Babies find big,firm effleurage strokes reassuring.Use
the whole of your palms and the flat of your fingers to
stroke over your baby’s abdomen (see page 21),arms, NEWBORN BABIES
legs and back.Ensure that one hand is always touching
your baby.Before you start massaging any part of the
body,place both hands on the part you intend to
massage and ask your baby if you can begin.
Observe her reactions to the massage
constantly and respond appropriately.
If you sit on the floor,raise
your knees to reach your
baby more easily
IF YOUR BABY DISLIKES IT
A CHILD PSYCHOLOGIST’S VIEW
Some babies enjoy massage straight
away; others take a few days to get DANCE OF COMMUNICATION Babies eventually, her communications
have a strong motivation to connect become vocal and you begin to hear
used to each stroke. Massaging on
with people. Even when your baby is emerging words.
consecutive days will help, as will very young, she will react to your
massaging her when she is in the voice and your touch, so use them to To encourage your baby’s developing
communication skills, keep the
quiet-alert state (see page 15).To communicate your feelings for her.
‘dance’ alive. Give her sounds,
make her feel secure, place a rolled- As she begins to recognize the words, expressions and caresses to
up towel around her head, from ear things you do, she will respond to respond to, and continue to return
them in her own way.And as you her responses.You will enjoy these
to ear. If she seems unhappy or
learn to recognize her responses, ‘conversations’ as much as your baby
cries, place still hands on the area and respond back, the two of you does, especially as her progress
you are massaging to comfort her. establish a ‘dance of communication’, becomes evident.
If she settles you can continue or long before your baby uses language.
By paying such close attention to
try another stroke. If not, stop, This ‘dance’ may start with the two her, you will also learn to recognize
wrap her in a towel, pick her up of you gazing at each other, then your baby’s rhythms – when she
and give her a reassuring cuddle. move on to smiling at each other. likes to be calm and quiet and when
Slowly, your baby will begin to she wants to be stimulated.You can
Resume the massage once she has
imitate your expressions, until then respond to her appropriately.
relaxed, or try again the next day. 71
OUPS OLDER BABIES
GE GR NCE YOUR BABY IS ROLLING OVER, sitting ❖ massage him, you must be flexible. If he rolls
A Oup or crawling, you will find it hard to over from his back on to his front, for instance,
GE FOR DIFFERENT MASSAGE, TOUCH AND COMMUNICATION
give him a full-body massage, as he will rarely
massage his back.This wriggling may continue
until your child is two or three years old.
lie still. Go with this. If you still want to
Some older babies are happy to be massaged while
26–29), and perform arm stretches (see below) –
sitting up.With your baby in this position, you can
massage his arms (see pages 18–19), his back (see pages
persist: he is telling you he does not want it.
MASSA MASSAGE SITTING UP many babies enjoy these. If he resists massage, do not
Sit on the floor with your
Cross your baby’s arms
1baby facing you. Stretch 2over his chest, with his right
your baby’s arms straight out arm over his left arm. Repeat step
to the sides. Pull the arms 1, then cross his arms again, this
outwards gently and hold the time with left arm over right.
position for a few seconds. Repeat steps 1 and 2 several times.
PHYSICAL CLOSENESS SEPARATION ANXIETY
Although massage is a lovely way Around the time that massage his security – you. If you give him
to be physical with your baby, it is becomes less possible, you may the feeling of security he needs
important that you do not continue notice that your child begins to now, it will help him to become
if he would rather not be massaged. experience ‘separation anxiety’. confident and independent in time.
You can find other ways of being He may cry each time you leave the Pick him up and take him with you
close to him. Sing songs or rhymes room and want to be carried for if you move across or out of the
that involve actions such as bouncing long periods of time.This happens room. Do not see this as a tie or a
him on your knee. Or you can because he wants to feel secure in chore, but as an opportunity to be
72 simply cuddle him on your lap. exploring the world and is testing close and to help him feel safe.
COMMUNICATING THAT YOU UNDERSTAND HIS NEEDS
A CHILD
As your baby becomes older, he Your baby’s needs will continue to
PSYCHOLOGIST’S VIEW
will start initiating communication. develop – responding to them
He will try and indicate to you appropriately can be a challenge. RESPONDING TO HIS NEEDS If you OLDER BABIES
respond consistently to your
what he does and does not like, by During the first eight to nine baby’s requirements, he will know
refusing the breast or a spoonful months, he needs you to be he can rely on you to understand
of food, for example. Respond consistent and reliable, so he and meet his needs.This has a
positive impact on his emotional
to his communications in a way knows you are there for him.
and psychological development.
that makes it clear that he is A sense of security during infancy
understood. If he shows he is is the foundation for a healthy
not enjoying a massage stroke, emotional life.
try another that you know
he likes.At this stage of his
development, he needs to
know that you can understand
what he is trying to express,
and can give him what he
needs from you.
Use physical touch to let your baby
know that you understand his needs,
particularly if he shows anxiety about
being separated from you
OUPS TODDLERS
GE GR ❖
HEN YOUR CHILD STARTS TO WALK,a
A Wmassage routine becomes impossible; and having his hair stroked.When you talk to
GE FOR DIFFERENT alone lie still.You can reintroduce massage together with kisses and cuddles. Play games
him, touch his arm or leg gently. Stroke his
tummy or back as part of his bedtime routine,
it will be difficult to get him to sit still, let
and sing songs that involve touch, smiles and
when your toddler is two and a half to three
eye contact.You will enjoy giving him this
years old, depending on his personality. Until
and he will know you love and value him.
techniques. He will love cuddles on your lap
MASSA then, communicate with him using other touch attention as much as he loves to receive it,
GROWING INDEPENDENCE
ASSERTING HIS WILL
To test his growing independence, your toddler
will frequently try to assert his will. Often,
parents mistake this behaviour as willfulness
in the adult sense, and feel they have somehow
failed in their parenting. But this is not the case.
It is a natural step in every child’s development.
However, toddlers often do not know what they
want or what is best for them.That is why
they need their parents to help them.
LETTING HIM CHOOSE
Even if he has enjoyed massage for
many months, a toddler may suddenly
decide “Not today”.This is fine.You have
to insist on some things – a warm coat on a
cold day, for instance – but massage can wait.
Your toddler may allow you to massage parts of
his body: his back, face or arms, until you find he
is enjoying the process he initially refused. But if
he continues to refuse, be sensitive to his wishes.
Cuddles,games and eye contact are valuable ways of showing
74 your toddler that you love him and enjoy being with him
ROUTINES AND BOUNDARIES T
A CHILD
PSYCHOLOGIST’S VIEW If your toddler lets you massage stage, as you must be able to
THE MESSAGE OF TOUCH When you her and enjoys a certain stroke in distinguish between what she needs ODDLERS
touch your child lovingly and play particular, go ahead and repeat it. and what she simply wants in order
with her, you show her you are This shows her she can influence not to deny your child anything
interested in her and how she
you, and that you notice what feels essential.When appropriate, say
feels.This assurance helps her
maintain a secure attachment good to her.A little later in her “No”, but be prepared for her to
to you, which encourages her development she may begin making test the boundaries. For example,
self-confidence.
demands for what she wants, using she may try to extend her bedtime
words such as “more” or “again”. routine by asking for “one more
This is a good time to establish story”.This is when parents know
boundaries.Your efforts to best – one or two stories are
understand and respond enough! Keeping boundaries and
to your baby’s needs routines is part of good parenting
reap rewards at this – do it gently and clearly.
Demonstrate to your child how to
stroke your arm or leg,then let
her do it to you
COPY CATS
Toddlers enjoy imitating what adults
do – this is one of the ways they learn
about the world.Just as your toddler likes
to imitate you cooking,washing up or
driving,she may enjoy imitating massage.If she
does,encourage her to ‘massage’you.Later she
may like to massage her teddy bear,or help you
massage her baby brother.This teaches her
that positive touch is as normal a part
of life as washing up or driving.
75
76
EASING
COMMON
PROBLEMS
❖
IT IS UNLIKELY THATYOUR CHILD WILL
PASS THROUGH INFANCY AND EARLY
CHILDHOOD WITHOUT ENCOUNTERING
SOME OF THE MINOR AILMENTS, OR OTHER
SOURCES OF DISTRESS,THAT ARE COMMON
TO THESE AGE GROUPS.BABY MASSAGE
CAN HELP TO EASE THE PAIN AND
DISCOMFORT CAUSED BY SOME OF THESE
PROBLEMS, BUT EVEN WHEN IT DOES NOT,
MANY PARENTS OFTEN FIND IT WORKS
WELL AS A COPING STRATEGY WHEN A
CHILD IS UNWELL.IT ALLOWSYOU TO FEEL
YOU HAVE TRIEDYOUR BEST TO HELP.
BABIES SENSE THIS CONCERN, AND CAN
BE COMFORTED BY IT.
❖
OBLEMS OLIC CAN START when a baby is five ❖ baby around for hours, parents often feel
COLIC & WIND
EASING COMMON PR Cdays old and continue daily until he is helpless, exhausted and very distressed
themselves.They may also feel disillusioned,
12 to 14 weeks old.The baby feels a severe
as the reality of colic is far from the vision of
abdominal pain that nothing seems to ease,
parenthood they might have had. Certain
causing him to cry for long periods of time.
Commonly, the crying is worse during the
evenings. Babies with wind experience similar massage strokes can help to relieve colic
temporarily or expel wind. By bringing some
pain and often cry until the wind is passed. relief to their baby, parents may also feel more
After carrying a distressed and inconsolable able to cope with the ongoing situation.
COPING WITH COLIC AND WIND
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS ❖ movement – putting your some parents feed their babies very
Typically, babies with wind or colic: baby in to a rocking baby seat or frequently, especially if breast-
❖ are difficult to wind rocking him in your arms, walking feeding. Once breast-feeding is
❖ become fretful when lying on him around in a sling, pushing him established, stick to two- or three-
their backs in a pram or taking him for a drive hourly feeds to allow time for
❖ bring their knees up to their ❖ giving him a deep, warm, digestion. Cooled boiled water,
chests frequently relaxing bath; take him in the bath from a spoon or a beaker, may help
❖ are less distressed when held in with you – this may calm you both to bring up wind before a feed.
an upright position ❖ over-the-counter medication
❖ arch backwards ❖ homeopathic remedies RESEARCH EVIDENCE
❖ have a distressed cry that does ❖ cranial osteopathy.
Research has found that colic can
not stop when they are picked up, damage parent-baby relationships.
or stops, then recommences. SUCKING Parents lose confidence as their
Windy and colicky babies like to efforts to soothe their colicky
baby are fruitless. Because they
THINGS TO TRY suck, as this reduces pain. It
feel inadequate, when their baby
As each baby is different, provides a distraction and also expresses a need, they respond
techniques that relieve one helps the body to produce with confusion rather than positive
action. Massage can relieve colic
baby may not work for another. endorphins, which help to relieve
temporarily, but it can also aid in
You could try: pain naturally. Some babies like to breaking the cycle of ineffectuality,
❖ holding positions (see opposite) suck on a dummy; others prefer as parents feel their actions do, in
❖ carrying your baby positioned their own or a parent’s finger.As some way, help their baby.
78 over your shoulder sucking offers temporary relief,
TECHNIQUES FOR PAIN RELIEF
There are various massage strokes (see pages 80–81) that may ease your
baby’s colic or help him to pass wind. Perform the strokes when he is COLIC & WIND
not distressed, or at least, not too distressed. If lying on his back
increases your baby’s pain, place him on your lap, with his head by your
knees and his feet by your hips, and raise your knees so he is lying at an
angle.You can massage him with his clothes and nappy on, but you may
achieve better results if he is naked.Wait for at least 30 minutes after a
feed before you massage.The holding positions shown here may also
bring temporary relief to babies with colic or wind.
HOLDING POSITIONS
BOUNCING YOUR BABY ON YOUR ARM
Stand with one arm outstretched and place your
baby on your forearm,with his head nearest to
your hand and his legs straddling your upper
arm.Position your free hand firmly on his back
to keep him steady.Press the heel of your lower
hand into his abdomen,just below the ribs.Now
bounce your outstretched arm up and down
gently.This may relieve your baby’s stomach
pain and bring up wind.
CARRYING YOUR BABY UPRIGHT
Stand and hold your baby upright against your chest,facing
outwards.Position one arm around him across his abdomen,below
his ribs,to support his weight.Place your free hand over his
nappy between the front of his thighs to help keep him balanced.
Walk around,bouncing gently,or bounce on the spot.This may
relieve pain in your baby’s stomach and gut and bring up wind.
You may find it easier to position his bottom on your hip so your
arm does not support all his weight. 79
OBLEMS 1his feet nearest to you. Place your hand on one side of his abdomen, fingers
STROKES TO EASE COLIC AND WIND
MASSAGING THE SIDES OF THE ABDOMEN Position your baby on his back with
▲
pointing downwards. Pull the flesh up towards the navel, then repeat the
EASING COMMON PR way, using both hands consecutively in a
stroke with your other hand. Continue in this
rhythmic action, then repeat on his
other side.This helps to empty the
stomach of its contents.
LITTLE CIRCLES AROUND THE NAVEL Hold the first two LARGE CIRCLES AROUND THE ABDOMEN Place your hand
2fingers of one hand together and place them next to 3on your baby’s abdomen, just inside his right hip. Stroke
your baby’s navel. Press gently, making a circular motion, up firmly with the flat of your fingers and your palm until
then release the pressure. Slide your fingers clockwise you reach the right side of the rib cage. Leading with your
around the navel a few centimetres and repeat. Continue in fingers, stroke across the diaphragm to the same point on
this way, spiralling outwards until you reach the inside of your baby’s left side. Now stroke down to just inside his left
your baby’s right hip (see page 21).This stroke moves the hip, then across the base of the abdomen to the starting
contents of the small intestine along the gut.Working in position (see page 21). Repeat several times.This stroke
a clockwise direction follows the natural flow of the gut. encourages the contents of the colon to move forwards.
CYCLING MOVEMENTS WITH THE LEGS Hold your baby’s
▲
4ankles and bend one knee up to his abdomen, then
straighten the leg.As you pull it straight gently, bend
his other knee up to his abdomen. Repeat this
‘cycling’ movement slowly and rhythmically
a few times.This motion can help your baby
to expel wind.
80
BENDING THE KNEES SIMULTANEOUSLY Take hold of your
5baby’s ankles, one in each hand. Bend both his legs to CASE HISTORY
bring his knees up to his abdomen. Hold his legs in this
“David got colic and cried a lot,
position for a few seconds, then straighten
so I took him to a baby-massage COLIC & WIND
them gently. Repeat slowly several
session at our local child health
times.This action may help to relieve clinic, hoping it would help. It
abdominal pain caused by wind. did.When I put him on the floor
to massage him, he immediately
cried.The health visitor showed
me a way of holding him on my
forearm, with my hand pressing
into his stomach, and when I did
this, he stopped crying straight
away.All the mothers, myself
included, were very impressed. I
use this ‘miracle cure’ often when
David cries with colic now.”
MASSAGING THE BASE OF THE SPINE Turn your baby over to lie on his front,
6with his feet nearest to you. Place the heel of your hand in the dimple
just above the centre of his buttocks. Move the heel of your hand in
a clockwise direction, pressing gently. Repeat several times.
This stroke helps your baby to expel wind.
OBLEMS ROM TIME TO TIME, your baby may suffer ❖ clothed, but is more effective if she is naked.
CONSTIPATION
EASING COMMON PR Ffrom constipation. Massaging her Allow at least one hour after a feed before
performing the strokes shown here. For this
abdominal area can be an effective way of
massage sequence, lie your baby on her back
both relieving and preventing this.The
massage can be done when she is fully
with her feet nearest to you.
COPING WITH CONSTIPATION
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS THINGS TO TRY ❖ SENSIBLE ADVICE
❖ NO STOOLS Besides abdominal massage, there Constipation can be a common
A constipated child will frequently are other options you should problem with babies and young
strain to pass a stool, but does not consider to relieve constipation children. If it occurs, it tends to be
always achieve it. or to prevent it from occurring: recurring.Your doctor or health
❖ HARD STOOLS ❖ PLENTY OF FLUIDS visitor will be able to give you
When a stool is passed, it is hard, Make sure your baby is drinking useful advice and support in coping
often resembling a solid pellet. enough fluids. Freshly-squeezed with a constipated baby.
❖ CRYING orange juice can help to move the
A hard stool can be painful to pass, bowels. Give your child two to four
so babies often cry just before and fluid ounces of diluted orange juice CASE HISTORY
while passing a stool. a day. Squeeze some oranges, strain “Rhian first became constipated
❖ TIME LAPSE BETWEEN STOOLS the juice and dilute it to a ratio of when she started on solids. I tried
If your child has not passed a stool one part orange juice to four parts giving her diluted orange juice as
well as breast feeds, and stewed
for over three days, it is possible boiled and cooled water.
prunes and apricots, but nothing
that she is constipated. It is normal ❖ A HEALTHY DIET seemed to help. I found it very
for babies and young children to Does your baby’s diet include all upsetting seeing her straining so
pass stools three times a day, and she needs to prevent constipation? much. Sometimes, she did not
pass a stool for five or seven days.
also normal not to ‘go’ at all for up Up to four months, she should have
My sister massaged her children
to three days, and sometimes even breast or formula milk and juices. and offered to show me some
longer if they are being breast-fed. From four months, give her baby strokes on the tummy which she
felt might help.Amazingly, it
❖ STRAINING rice, cornmeal, pureed fruit and
worked! I would massage her
Although it is a sign of constipation, vegetables and stewed dried fruit. tummy and then, when she
‘straining’ is not always a reliable From six months, introduce started to strain, bend her knees
indicator, as babies often go red in cereals, pulses and other grains up to her tummy and bring them
back down again. I now use the
the face when pushing out a stool. gradually. Fibre and fluids help
massage each time Rhian is
If your child strains when passing prevent constipation, but do not constipated, and also regularly
a stool, then passes a soft, well- omit fat from the diet.Ask your to try and prevent it.”
82 formed one, she is not constipated. health visitor for advice if necessary.
STROKES TO EASE CONSTIPATION
LITTLE CIRCLES AROUND LARGE CIRCLES AROUND CONSTIP
1THE NAVEL Place the first 2THE ABDOMEN Starting
two fingers of one hand next just inside the right hip,
to the navel. Press gently, move your flat fingers and A
making a circular motion, palm up to the right side of TION
and release. Slide the fingers the rib cage, then across
around the navel slightly and to the same point on the left
repeat.Work in a clockwise side. Stroke down to just
direction, spiralling outwards inside the left hip, then along
until you reach the right hip. the base of the abdomen
This follows the flow of the to the right hip. Repeat
small intestine, moving its several times.This shifts
contents along the gut. the contents of the colon.
CYCLING MOVEMENTS WITH THE LEGS Hold your baby’s BENDING THE KNEES SIMULTANEOUSLY Hold your baby’s
3ankles and bend one knee, bringing it up towards her 4ankles and bend both her knees at the same time,
abdomen. Now pull the leg gently until it is straight, and bringing them up towards her abdomen. Hold her legs in
bend her other knee up to the abdomen as before. Repeat this position for a few seconds, then pull them down gently
this ‘cycling’ motion slowly and rhythmically several times. until they are straight. Repeat slowly a number of times.This
This action may encourage a bowel movement. technique can help to open your baby’s bowels. 83
OBLEMS ABIES CRY ON AVERAGE for two hours in ❖ baby, the sooner the child stops crying. In
FRACTIOUS CRYING
EASING COMMON PR Bevery 24. Often, the cause of distress is some cases, nothing soothes screaming babies,
which can be most frustrating for parents.
obvious and easily remedied, but at other
Massage may calm your crying baby, but even
times, it can be unclear.Whatever the reason,
if it does not, you could find that, between
if your baby cries, pick him up and cuddle
him.The results of research studies indicate
that the quicker a parent responds to a crying bouts of crying, both you and your baby enjoy
massage and are relaxed by it.
COPING WITH A CRYING BABY
REASONS FOR DISTRESS ❖ BATHING
Typically, babies cry because they: Water can be soothing, so try RESEARCH EVIDENCE
❖ are hungry giving your baby a bath. Some parents may feel it is wrong
❖ need a nappy change ❖ HANDING HIM OVER to respond to a baby each time he
cries, as this might ‘spoil’ him and
❖ desire a cuddle If you are tense, your baby may sense
give him unrealistic expectations
❖ are tired and need to sleep this and cry more. He may relax if of life. Recent research suggests
❖ want a change of position/scene he is held by someone else, which that this point of view is counter-
❖ are over-stimulated also gives you a chance to rest. productive.The results of one
study state that crying babies
❖ feel pain or are uncomfortable. ❖ SWADDLING are soothed when lifted on to a
Being contained can make babies caregiver’s shoulder, and that they
THINGS TO TRY feel secure. It is important that his also become visually alert,
❖ PHYSICAL CLOSENESS arms are bent, with hands placed showing that this attention is
Babies may be soothed by cuddling. up by the mouth so he can self- nurturing. Investigation into child
psychology has established that by
Sing to your baby while holding him. soothe by sucking his fingers. responding to a baby’s needs,
You may feel it is wrong for your parents actually help to build his
baby to fall asleep in your arms. Do INCONSOLABLE BABIES confidence (see pages 72–73).
Nature also supports these
not worry about this – responding to If your baby cries for long periods,
theories: the same study reports
his needs is more important. and you do not know why, your that mothers are naturally
❖ MOTION confidence may be undermined and compelled to attend to their
Walk your baby around the house you may feel upset, frustrated and crying babies and to stay close
until they are calm.The study
in your arms or a sling. Push him in tired. If you feel angry with your
also found that mothers can
a pram, or take him out for a drive. baby for crying, or overwhelmed, distinguish a ‘pain’ cry from a
❖ DISTRACTIONS put him in a safe place, such as his less serious one.And it is also
Try distracting your baby with a cot, and take a few minutes away to true that most adults want to ‘do
something’ about a crying baby.
mobile, a musical toy, or a peep at calm down. Contact your doctor or
84 the world through the window. health visitor for advice.
MASSAGE FOR FRACTIOUS BABIES FRA
If your baby is accustomed to know he usually enjoys most of all. pages 22 and 31), as well as on the
massage, you may be able to use it Effleurage strokes are soothing and arms (see page 18). If your baby
to help him calm down when he is reassuring, as they are long, firm continues to cry, stop the massage, CTIOUS CR
crying. If he has not been massaged and rhythmical.The strokes shown wrap him in a towel to keep him
before, massage him a few times below concentrate on the abdomen warm, and pick him up.You may
between bouts of crying to and the back of the baby, but you be able to massage him between
familiarize him with the strokes. can also try effleurage strokes on bouts of crying, but do not try it YING
Try using the strokes that you the front and back of the legs (see if he becomes distressed.
Hold your baby to comfort him when he
is crying,and try to distract him from his
distress by singing a song or showing him
a toy or colourful object
EFFLEURAGE STROKES DOWN THE EFFLEURAGE STROKES DOWN THE
1ABDOMEN Position one hand across 2BACK Place one hand across
the abdomen, below the chest. Stroke the back, just below the neck,
down to the base of the abdomen, and stroke down until you
placing your other hand in the starting reach the bottom. Place your
position as you do so. Just before the other hand in the starting
first hand lifts off, begin the stroke as position before the first hand
before with the second hand. Repeat lifts off. Stroke down as before
several times, with one hand always in with the second hand.
contact with your baby’s body. Repeat several times.
CASE HISTORY
“I took Laura to the crying clinic at four weeks. She had
been crying almost continuously since she was two days
old. By this time I was exhausted (as she wasn’t sleeping
much) and at the end of my tether.The health visitor
came to see us at home.When Laura wasn’t crying, she
showed me how to perform a full-body massage on her.
I could see almost instantly that Laura loved it. Now I
massage her a few times a week, and when she cries – it
usually calms her down. She is much happier these days,
and sleeps better. I think the massage really helped her.”
OBLEMS OST BABIES EXPERIENCE pain or ❖ these strokes before teething begins if possible,
TEETHING
EASING COMMON PR Mdiscomfort when their teeth come so that your baby is familiar with them and
allows you to perform them on him when his
through, as their gums become swollen.
gums are uncomfortable.Also, try performing
Massage helps because pressure can soothe
swollen gums.The strokes shown here may
a full-body massage on your baby: this
ease your baby’s teething pain temporarily, and
his body, which may help to alleviate pain.
encourage him to relax if he is fretful. Practise stimulates the production of endorphins in
RECOGNIZING TEETHING
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS CIRCLES ON THE UPPER
1GUM LINE Place your
Babies who are teething may:
thumbs next to each other
❖ chew their fingers or put them
on the dip above the top
in their mouths lip. Press gently with each
❖ have red cheeks thumb making a small,
❖ experience a temperature circular motion, then
❖ suffer from red or inflamed gums release the pressure. Move
your thumbs outwards a
❖ have red skin in the nappy area.
little and repeat. Do this
along the length of the
upper lip, continuing along
the top jaw line to the sides
of the ears.
CASE HISTORY
CIRCLES ON THE LOWER
“I took Rebecca to baby-massage 2GUM LINE Position your
classes when she was six weeks thumbs next to each other
old.A couple of the strokes the just below the centre of
teacher showed us involved
your baby’s lower lip. Press
pressing the gums through the
gently, making small
skin, above and below the lips.
She said these strokes might ease circular movements with
your thumb, then release.
teething pain.When Rebecca
began teething, I tried those Slide your thumbs outwards
strokes. She enjoyed them and a little way and repeat.
stopped being grizzly for a while Work along the length of
afterwards, smiling and laughing the gum line in this way,
again. I think they distracted her then continue along the
from the pain.” lower jaw line and up to
86 the sides of the ears.
DRY SKIN DR
❖ Y SKIN
OMETIMES BABIES ARE BORN with dry, flaky allow it to penetrate the skin deeply. Use a
Sskin on the face, hands, feet, or all over natural oil such as almond oil. Rub it into the
the body. In other cases, patches of dry skin affected area once or twice a day. If you are
develop over time, typically on the elbows, oiling your baby’s face, avoid the eye area.
upper arms, nappy area or between the Consult your doctor if the dry skin does not
eyebrows. Regular oiling usually clears the clear within a few days, or if it becomes red,
problem and by massaging the oil in, you inflamed, or worse in any way.
OILING YOUR CHILD’S SKIN
Olive, sunflower or grape-seed oil
are good for dry skin. Place some
on your hands, rub them together,
and glide them over the affected
area.Avoid oils that contain nut
products, especially if there is a
history of nut-allergy in your family.
Dry skin may indicate sensitive skin,
so watch for reactions to creams,
soaps and detergents, and switch to
a non-biological washing powder.
CASE HISTORY
Rub oil gently into the affected
“Daniel was a little overdue. areas with firm,gliding strokes
When he was born, he had very
dry skin all over his face and
body. I was surprised at how scaly
his skin was. My daughter also CRADLE CAP AND ECZEMA
had dry skin when she was born,
Massaging a natural oil into the or run a comb through your baby’s
but not nearly as bad as Daniel’s.
I rubbed almond oil into his skin skin can relieve dry-skin conditions hair to help shift loosened dry skin.
twice daily from when he was a such as eczema and cradle cap. If your baby has eczema, massage
few days old. I had already With cradle cap, massage a natural oil into her skin to moisturize it.
massaged my daughter, so I
oil into the scalp daily, allowing the Do not massage the skin if it is
knew oil was good for dry skin.
Daniel’s skin soon became soft skin to absorb the oil.The dry skin broken, cracked, inflamed or very
and velvety.” eventually lifts away from the scalp. red. If you suspect your child has
Brush it gently with your fingers, eczema, seek medical advice. 87
“ Massage is simple in terms of
technique, yet powerful in
what it conveys: your
love, understanding and
attention ”
ANSWERS Can I massage my baby when he Is massage recommended for My baby is allergic to nuts.Will
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
❖
UESTIONS & Qhas his clothes on? Qasthmatic children? Qshe be affected if I massage her
with a nut oil?
Yes, particularly if he is
An asthmatic child can benefit
Anewborn and if you feel both Afrom massage, especially if the
Do not use a nut oil under
of you would like to be introduced
condition is stress or anxiety
Aany circumstances as it may
Q to the massage strokes slowly. But related. Massage may help her to well affect your child.Try a natural
do try and progress to removing
oil such as grape-seed or olive oil.
relax, which could prevent asthma
his clothes. Children gain from attacks or reduce their severity. Some vegetable oils may contain
any positive touch, but skin-to- Never massage your child during nut products, so before using any
skin contact – your bare hands an attack, but do give her reassuring oil, make absolutely certain that it
against your baby’s skin – is the strokes on her arms, legs or head is free of these. If the ingredients
most beneficial. to help her feel less frightened. label is unclear, contact the
manufacturer for further
Should I continue to massage my Can I use essential oils to
information. Once you have
Qbaby if he has a cold or fever? Qmassage my baby?
chosen an oil, make sure you
Avoid massaging your child if It is not advisable to use perform a patch test on your baby
Ahe has a fever or cold. Many Aessential (aromatherapy) oils (see page 15) to eliminate the
children do not want a massage on babies or young children. Few possibility of sensitivity. If you
when unwell, but enjoy lots of essential oils are suitable, and those have any doubts, massage your
reassuring strokes and cuddles. that are should be diluted in a base baby without oil – it is the loving
oil. Never use any essential oil on touch you give her that is most
If my child has a cut or a bruise,
your child unless instructed by a important.
Qshould I stop massaging her?
trained aromatherapist.
My baby has recently had
Avoid the bruised or cut area,
My child has very sensitive skin Qsurgery.Is it safe to massage her?
Awhich may be sore and
Qand is allergic to washing
painful to the touch. If your baby Check with your surgeon
powders and soaps.Is it safe to use oil?
has a scar, do not massage the area Abefore massaging your baby
What type of oil should I use?
until the scar has healed. But do post-operatively. In many cases,
continue to massage other areas A natural oil is less likely to once a child has recovered from
of her body. Airritate sensitive skin than a surgery, massage is very beneficial
synthetic variety. Select a light oil to the baby and her parents.The
My baby has eczema.Can I
such as sunflower or apricot oil, touch is soothing to the child, and
Qmassage him?
choosing an organic variety if massaging their baby helps parents
Yes you can. Use a natural oil, available.The more naturally the overcome anxieties about handling
Asuch as olive or sunflower oil, oil is produced, the better. Before an infant in a delicate state.Avoid
to moisturize your baby’s skin. using any oil, make sure you carry massaging the general area of the
Choose organic oil if possible. If his out a patch test on your child (see operation until the scar has healed
skin is cracked or broken, do not page 15) to ensure she is not – your doctor can give you more
90 massage the area until it has healed. sensitive to the oil you choose. advice on this.
Q
UESTIONS &
ANSWERS
Q
UESTIONS &
ANSWERS
ANSWERS My baby often falls asleep when I I have a bad back and find the I recently adopted a toddler.Can
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
❖
UESTIONS & Qmassage her.Is this bad? Qmassage positions on the floor Qmassage help us to bond?
uncomfortable.What should I do?
Some babies do fall asleep
Massage may certainly be one
Aof the ways in which you
Aduring massage, especially if
Your back pains may be
your child. Before you begin, you
fine until your baby is about four
When sitting on the floor, ensure
Q snuggled up to their parent.This is Acaused by incorrect posture. establish a bond between you and
months old, after which time you you keep your back straight and must familiarize yourself with what
should help her fall asleep with less bend forwards from the hips. the toddler does and does not like.
and less physical contact, so she can Sitting on more cushions may help Some children do not like to be
put herself back to sleep when she you to do this. If the floor is too touched, particularly by people
wakes up in the night. If she is uncomfortable, sit on a chair with they do not know well. Be warm,
accustomed to falling asleep during a towel across your lap and your open and approachable.When he
massage, she is unlikely to go back baby on the towel.Always keep comes to you by himself, you will
to sleep alone. one hand on your baby so she know that he is comfortable being
does not roll or slip off your lap. close to you.At this point, start to
How can I tell if I’m using the
However, this position will not be touch him more and more. Stroke
Qright or wrong pressure for my
safe once she is moving, rolling his hair, put your hand on his
massage strokes?
over or is too big for your lap. shoulder or an arm around him
Your baby’s skin will redden if when you talk to him, especially if
When I massage my young baby,
Athe pressure is too firm.This you are telling him what a good
Qmy toddler becomes jealous.What
is obvious on fair-skinned children, boy he is. Start to massage him
can I do about this?
but be aware that it is less obvious when you feel confident that he
on dark skin. If your child cries, It is not unusual for a toddler can relax and enjoy it.
pulls away or seems uncomfortable Ato be jealous of a young
My child is close to the end of
when you massage her, it may be sibling, especially if physical
Qher toddlerhood.Is there an age
that you are using too much contact is involved. If your toddler
when I should stop massaging her?
pressure. Be aware of using too would like to be massaged herself,
little pressure – this will give your make a regular time for it, when The time to stop massaging
child a tickling sensation. If you are your baby is asleep or settled, so Ayour child is when she gives
unsure, use the pressure you would she feels she gets the same special you the cue. If she seems to be
apply to rub cream into your face. attention from you as your baby losing interest and often wriggles,
does. Or ask her if she would like sits up, rolls over or walks away
I have just had a Caesarean.When
to ‘help’ you massage the baby. during massage; if she cries or asks
Qcan I start massaging my baby?
Show her how to rub oil gently you not to do it, then respect her
As soon as you feel you are into the baby’s arms and legs, then wishes and stop. If she continues to
Aable to. It may be hard to find praise her for doing it well. enjoy it, massage her for as long as
a comfortable sitting position for Perhaps she would enjoy massaging you like, even into adulthood – it
massage, so keep the sessions short ‘her baby’ – a favourite teddy bear can be a special time of closeness
92 92 until your scar has healed. or doll – while you massage yours. between you then, too.
INDEX INDEX
❖
A C F M
abdomen Caesarean 92 face 33, 47, 53 mealtimes 79
circular strokes 21, 46, 80, 83 cancer 14 feet 23–4, 45, 58 medication 78
and colic 80 cautions 14, 55, 65 fever/cold 14, 90 moisturizing 42, 55, 87
and constipation 82–3 Cerebral Palsy 56, 58–9 fingers 19 motion, calming 84
effleurage strokes 21, 85 cheek bones 33 see also hands muscle tone 8, 12
see also tummy massage chest 18, 20 finishing strokes 25, 31, 39 and special needs, children
Achilles’ tendon 24 chin 35 fluids 82 56, 57, 58
adopted child 92 circular strokes 20, 21, 30, forehead 33 mustard-seed oil 52
African massage 54–5 46, 80, 83 frequency of massage 16
allergies 14, 15, 87, 90 feet 23 front of baby 18–25
see also nut oil jaw line 34, 86 N
apricot oil 90 spine 27, 29 GH nappy changing 44–5
arm and leg stretch sequence clothing 79, 82, 90
newborn babies 16, 68–71
38–9 coconut oil 52 games 48–9, 74 Nigerian massage 54, 55
arms colic 78–81 grape-seed oil 14, 87, 90 no cues 16, 64
and hands 18–19 communication 12, 57, gums 86 nut oil 14, 87, 90
effleurage strokes 18 64, 73 hands 19, 49, 53
Indian massage 53 constipation 82–3 head 32, 35, 47, 53
stretching 36–7, 38–9 cradle cap 87 holding positions, for colicky O
wringing 19 cranial osteopathy 78 baby 79
aromatherapy oils 14, 90 crossing, legs and arms 36–7 homeopathic remedies 78 oils 14
asthmatic children 90 crying 7, 84–5 hot press 54 African massage 54
and dry skin 87
colic 78 Indian massage 52
B cuddling 47, 65, 74, 84 I natural and synthetic 14, 90
constipation 82
see also allergies
back 26, 28 cuts/bruises 90 illness 12, 77–83
base of spine 29, 81 see also fever/cold older babies 72–3
effleurage strokes 26, 85 D inconsolable babies 84, 85 older children 92
Indian massage 53 incubator 62, 65 see also toddlers
olive oil 14, 87, 90
back of baby 26–31 dangling 55 independence, child’s 74
back pain (parent) 92 diet 82 Indian massage 52–3
see also posture distraction 84
bathing 84 distress, reasons for 84 JK PQ
massage after 16, 42–3, 54 Down’s Syndrome 56, 57 pain relief 12, 77
benefits dry skin 87 jaw line 32, 34, 86 colic 78, 79–81
for babies 12 see also moisturizing jealousy of sibling 92 palm oil 54
for parents 7–8, 12 dummies 78 joints, flexibility 8, 12, 36 parent-child relationship 7–8,
for premature babies 65 kernel oil 54 12, 78
for special needs children E patch test 15, 90
56, 57 physical closeness 12, 72, 84
for toddlers 49 ears 35 L see also cuddling; touch
birth-weight, low 12 eczema 87, 90 lap, massage on 53, 55, 63, physical growth 12
body-awareness 12, 58 effleurage strokes 18, 21, 26 69, 79 positions for massage (parent)
bonding 68 after bathing 43 legs 45, 49 16–17,52–3, 69
adopted child 92 finishing strokes 25, 31, 39 bending/cycling postnatal depression 8
and premature babies 62, 65 newborn babies 70–1 movements 80, 81, 83 posture 15, 17, 53, 69, 92
see also smiling/talking endorphins 78, 86 effleurage strokes 22, 31 premature babies 12, 62–5
bottom 30 essential oils 14, 90 stretching 37–9 preparing to massage 14–15
breast-feeding 78 eye contact 12, 18, 25, 66, 74 wringing 23 pressure of strokes 16, 18, 56,
94 buttocks 30 see also smiling/talking see also Cerebral Palsy 63, 70, 92
see also effleurage strokes still touch 62, 65 temples 33
pulling S straining (constipation) 82 toddlers 48–9, 74–5
fingers 19 self-confidence 12, 49 stress/anxiety 90 touch, importance of 7, 9, INDEX
sides 28 self-soothing 84 stress cues 64 45, 62, 65, 75
toes 24 sensitivity, parents developing stretches 36–9 see also still touch
quiet-alert state 15 12 African massage 55 tummy massage 44, 46
sensory impairment 56, 57 Cerebral Palsy 59 see also abdomen
R separation anxiety 72 Indian massage 53
toddlers 48
shea butter 54
rashes 15 shoulders 26, 28 sucking 78 UVWY
relaxation 55 sides 28 sunflower oil 14, 87, 90 umbilical cord 52, 69
and asthmatic children 90 sitting, child 43, 72 surgery, massage after 90 vegetable oils 90
before massage 16 skin irritation 15 swaddling 42, 84 visual impairment 56, 57
of parents 12 sleep 46–7, 84, 92 synthetic oils 14, 90 well-being 12
room temperature 15, 16 smiling/talking 18, 25 see also illness
rotating, arms 37 special needs, children with T wind 78–81
see also bonding
routines wringing
bedtime 47 12, 56–9 teething 86 arms 19
and boundaries 75 spine 27, 29, 81 television 15 legs 23
and massage 70 squeezing 35 temperature 14, 90 yes cues 16
RESOURCES & USEFUL ADDRESSES
Every family with a child under five years old in Britain has access to a health visitor. She or he can offer advice
and support, from the antenatal period onwards, on family health, local services and issues concerning
parenting. If you are unsure of who your health visitor is, contact your local health clinic or doctor’s surgery.
Also, your local library will have a list of groups, clinics and advice centres in your area.
Active Birth Centre La Leche League of NHS Direct the parent-child relationship
25 Bickerton Road Great Britain Tel: 0845 4647 through training,education and
London N19 5JT 27 Old Gloucester Street This 24-hour nurse-led research.The certified infant
Tel: 020 7281 6760 London WC1N 3XX telephone helpline provides massage instructors work in
www.activebirthcentre.com Tel: 020 7242 1278 information on health problems hospitals and the community
The Active Birth Centre is www.lalecheleague.org and services for all ages.Where with individuals and groups.
renowned for its innovative The League holds a list of local the service is not available, Contact directly for a list of
work with expectant and new counsellors that are available advisors can refer you to local classes or instructors or
parents.A list of Active Birth nationwide to offer mothers free local helplines. for more information.
teachers and an information advice on breast-feeding.
pack are available from the Parentline National Council for One
centre on request. The Osteopathic Centre for Tel: 0808 8002222 Parent Families
Children This national network of 255 Kentish Town Road
National Childbirth Trust 109 Harley Street helplines gives advice on family London NW5 2LX
Alexandra House London W1N 1DG and step-family relationships. Tel: 0800 0185026
Oldham Terrace Tel: 020 7486 6160 www.oneparentfamilies.
London W3 6NH www.occ.uk.com IAIM (International org.uk
Tel: 0870 4448707 This registered charity offers Association of Infant Offers free publications to lone
www.nct.pregnancyand paediatric osteopathy,which Massage) parents on housing,benefits,
babycare.com can be beneficial to newborns 56 Sparsholt Road, Barking, maintenance,divorce,pregnancy,
The Trust provides free literature and children with a wide range Essex IG11 7YQ holidays,returning to work and
on subjects such as pregnancy, of problems,such as colic, Tel: 07816 289788 other practical matters.Health
childbirth and early parenthood. asthma and recurrent ear www.iaim.org.uk issues are not covered,but
Details on local support groups infections,as well as for This world-wide organisation advisors can refer callers on to
are also available. children with special needs. promotes nurturing touch and relevant sources. 95
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Neonatal Unit’, Nursing, December
and cry less often than those who are not.”
Adaptability’, The Journal of Pediatrics,
Informed by
1990, vol. 4, no. 3, p. 19–21.
July 1997, vol. 99, no. 1, p. 1–12.
❖ G.S. Liptak, et al, ‘Enhancing Infants’
page 78
Interaction with Brazelton Neonatal
Tactile Stimulation of a Group of
Informed by
CKNO Development and Parent-Practitioner ❖ L. Casler, ‘The Effects of Extra- “...colic can damage parent-baby relationships.”
Institutionalised Infants’, Genealogy and
Assessment Scale’, Pediatric, July 1987,
❖ S.K. Dihigo, ‘New Strategies for
vol. 72, no. 1, p. 71–78.
Psychological Monograph,
the Treatment of Colic: Modifying the
❖ E.S. Haris, et al, ‘Quality of Mother
1965, vol. 71, p. 137–75. Cited
of Pediatric Health Care, 1998, vol.
A Infant Attachment and Pediatric Health in G.Westland (1993), ‘Massage as a Parent/Infant Interaction’, The Journal
Therapeutic Tool: Part 1’, British
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Care Use’, Pediatric, August 1989,
12, no. 5, p. 256–62.
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Emotionally Abused Children who Fail
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“A research study was conducted in 1995
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❖ E. Lozoff et al, ‘The Mother-
K. Brown, et al,Wyley & Sons, 1991.
Informed by
Newborn Relationship: Limits of
❖ S.K. Dihigo, ‘New Strategies for the
Treatment of Colic: Modifying the
Cunningham, Mary Beth Bodin and
Pediatrics, July 1997, vol. 99, no. 1,
Parent/Infant Interaction’, The Journal
Cindy Hicks, ‘Effects of Gentle Human
p. 1–12.
of Pediatric Health Care, 1998, vol. ❖ Lynda Harrison, Linda Olivet, Kathy Adaptability’, The Journal of
Touch on Preterm Infants: Pilot Study
“...this point of view is counter-productive.”
12, no. 5, p. 256–62. Results’, Neonatal Network, March Informed by
“A research study was carried out...with 1996, vol. 15, no.2, p. 35–42.
fathers and their babies...” ❖ D. Nelson, et al, ‘Effects of Tactile ❖ I. St. James-Roberts, et al,
‘Stability and Outcome of Persistent
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❖ K. Scholz & C.A. Samuels, ‘Neonatal Gain’, Journal of Obstetric, Development, 1998, vol. 21, no. 3,
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
AUTHORS’ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Julie Fisher, whose fun, calm and relaxed Nicki Bainbridge,Georgie Caine,Allen and
Nicki Bainbridge: I would like to thank manner resulted in beautiful pictures. Tanis Clarke, Ziz and Zoe Chater, Carey
Alan Heath; Sonia Prazeres, my baby- Alan Heath: For their help, support, Combe and Cordelia Hawkins,Arden
massage teacher; Jane Scofield, Meena patience, guidance and advice, I would like Devine, Mysanwy and Chen Dew, Lee-Ann
Davis and Mary Magowan of Community to thank Drs. Eve Rossor, Gill duMont and and Amirah Edwards,Thor and Jasper
Health South London; my clients, who Aideen Naughton, and Annie Humphris, Haley, Donna Harding and Star Epiphany,
have taught me much; my mother JaneThorpe, Janet Abbot, Christine Prior, Margarita Foncenada and Gabriella Grant-
Rosemary Bainbridge for her faith in me, Geraldine Finney and Jane Schofield. Foncenada, Lisa Greenspan and Silas Parker,
her enthusiasm and encouragement; my Ophelia Jackson, Michele, Kamilah and
husband Richard Hatton for his love, PUBLISHER’S ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Tariq Jogee, Jeremy, Spencer and Ellis
support and flexibility; my children Daisy Dorling Kindersley would like to thank Roots, Isobel Stewart, ClaireTrotman and
and Edward for their amenability while I Nicola Cox and Conrad van Dyk for DTP Jasmine Graham, JackieVanhorne and
wrote this book, and for teaching me so design work, Sue Carlton for the index, ShannonVanhorne-Quartey,Tomos
much about massage and touch; Ruth Clare Hacking for proofreading, Mark Vaughan-Streater and JohnathanWard.
Bryan, Barbara and Graham Hatton for Weyman, and Habitat and PHP (Perfectly Make-up Artists Amanda Clarke and
their help with child care; the team at Happy People) for providing props. Elizabeth Burridge.
Dorling Kindersley and all those who Models Melanie and Jason Ashenden, Additional Photography p. 6, 50, 66,
96 worked on the photo shoots, including Robina Aslam and Sophia Maria O’Reilly, 76, Liz McAulay.