World of Animals - Issue #37

The reticulated giraffe darken and become black blotches.


As males reach old age, like humans,
But rather than go grey, their spots





The walls of the heart are extremely thick. extremely strong heart to pump blood all the How is a giraffe’s neck so flexible? The vertebrae are joined together differently to ours. They are joined more like our hips and shoulders, with ball and socket joints allowing for a greater degree of movement where the neck meets the back. Old age 9 years their fur beings to change colour.






Heart Their heads are two metres (6.56 feet) away from their heads, so they have to have an way up. As a result, they have the highest blood pressure of any mammal. Feet Their hooves are split into two sections to give a greater surface area and help distribute their weight more evenly. This gives them better balance on their long, thin legs. Finding a female 8 years Although giraff es reach sexual maturity between four and fi ve years of age, most males do not mate u











MA TURITY Reproductive age 4-5 years Reaching sexual maturity marks the start of adulthood for giraff es. Females are now fully grown and they are now able to fi nd a mate and continue the cycle.















JUVENILE Dependent 15 months Young male giraff es are dependent on their mothers for the fi rst 15 months of life. A female stays with her mother slightly longer, until 18 months of age.










Beginning to eat 4 months Giraff es start to eat leaves and solids quite early on in life but they continue to nurse on their mother’s milk until they are six to nine months old.























Rib cage INFANCY First steps 60 minutes Young giraff es are extremely vulnerable so it’s important they learn how to move as soon as possible. They are able to stand and walk within an hour, and are almost indistinguishable from a one-week old.





© The Art Agency/Sandra Doyle
51





046-053_AllAbout Giraffes.indd 51 16/08/2016 16:17

All about the reticulated giraffe


Surviving the savannah



The vast grasslands of the African plains stretch as far as the eye can see. At first glance it

appears still and almost calm, but hidden from sight is the ever-looming threat of predators
Giraffes are the world’s tallest animals. They are easy prey. Even for a pack of lions, giraffes can and her calf is left alone while she feeds, it’s
megafauna, giant herbivores with strong legs prove troublesome. But when the dry season the perfect time to strike. Baby giraffes make
and a powerful kick. Few other creatures in the shows no signs of relenting and food is scarce, for an easy target as they spend lots of time on
savannah are willing to take on a giraffe due sometimes a lion has no other option than to the ground resting during the first few weeks of

to its height and strength. They are usually left potentially risk a life-ending kick in pursuit of life, and anything from lions and hyenas, to wild
alone, able to live their lives without the threat a meal. Adults are usually out of the question dogs and leopards will take advantage of the
of predation, but despite their towering size (except when they bow down to drink and are opportunity a small, sitting giraffe presents. For
there is still one group of animals they need more vulnerable), but the same can’t be said this reason, three quarters of all calves born do
to be wary of - lions. Giraffes are certainly not for the young. When a mother’s back is turned not survive to adulthood.







































































52





046-053_AllAbout Giraffes.indd 52 16/08/2016 16:18

RIGHT
The giraff e’s
savannah habitat
is sparse and
dotted with
acacia trees, with
little cover
















A shrinking

habitat


Once giraffes reach adulthood, they
may not have predators to evade but
they still have challenges to overcome
Living life at towering heights means giraffes have

less competition for food. Generally, the males feed
from the top of the trees and the female feeds from
just below.
Big animals need large amounts of food and the
reticulated giraffe eats around 34 kilograms (75

pounds) of food every day. They can eat over 100

different plant species, although acacia trees seem
to be the firm favourite. They are also very heavily

reliant on the savannah’s vegetation, gaining energy
from their food and hydration from the leaves’ high
water content.

Once giraffes successfully reach maturity, their
chance-of-survival dramatically improves and
the only threat they have to contend with is a loss
of habitat. As human settlements expand and
land is converted to construct roads or increase
agricultural activities, their source of food is torn
from the ground. It is thought giraffe numbers have

decreased by 40 per cent in the last 15 years alone,
and the population will only continue to decrease in
correlation with their shrinking habitat.
Giraffes in danger
Although these gentle giants are not considered
endangered on the whole, there are a few
subspecies that we risk losing in the near future
Rothschild giraffe

These giraffes are easy to distinguish,
as their legs are white from the knee

down. There are very few le‹ in the
wild and the ones that remain are at
risk because of interbreeding.
West African giraffe
There were just 50 light-coloured
West African giraffe le‹ in the wild


but following intensive conservation

efforts, the last count in 2011 stated
there were now 310.
Kordofan giraffe
There are fewer than 2,000 Korodofan © Thinkstock; Alamy; Shutterstock
giraffes living in the wild. Bristol Zoo

has plans to begin a pilot study this
year to investigate areas for future
conservation work.
53



046-053_AllAbout Giraffes.indd 53 16/08/2016 16:18

m
a
e f
y
l
i
h
Meet the family
t t
e
e
M
n
u
g
n
i
Penguins KING PENGUIN tagonicus
Pe
s
KING PENGUIN
t
Ap
es pa
enodyt
Aptenodytes patagonicus
Class Aves
Clas
s
Av
e
s
o
d
he g
r
n
u
e
d
r
i
g b
d
f
s o

d
a
, w
d
n
i
l
The grounded, waddling birds of Territory Sub Antarctic islands
T
errit
Sub Antar
Sub Antar
errit
ctic islands
ctic islands
ory
ory
ory
T T T
errit

Diet Small fi
sh and squid
Diet Small fish and squid
Lifespan 15-20 years
the southern hemisphere are full of Lifespan 15-20 years
the southern hemisphere are full of
Adult weight 11-16kg (24-35lb)
Adult weight 11-16kg (24-35lb)
Conservation Status
Conservation Status
character and probably some of
character and probably some of
the most endearing birds on Earth LEAST CONCERN
the most endearing birds on Earth
LEAST CONCERN
Ki n g p e n gu i n
King penguin
Macaroni penguin Ki n g p e n g u i n s m a y h a v e
King penguins may have
a different approach to
These fashionably crested penguins
Th e se f a s h io n a b l y c r e s t e d p e n g u in s a different approach to
childcare, but they still
have plumage that makes them stand childcare, but they still
have plumage that makes them stand
make great parents
out from the crowd make great parents
in
While most other penguins painstakingly
a
o
n
i
p
kin
gl
in
h
t
u
s
W
t
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r
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p
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n
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c
Often considered one of the most striking species, the macaroni i construct nests of pebbles and rocks in which
i
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penguin’s crown of yellow plumage makes the bird easy to spot. . t to lay their eggs, king penguins look after
w p
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A l t h o u g h i t s o u n d s l i k e t h e y w e r e n a m e d a f t e r t h e t u b e - s h a p e d their unhatched offspring rather differently.
Although it sounds like they were named after the tube-shaped
e
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nt
p
ath
f
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th
c
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r
.
i
r
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r
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of
f
r
pasta, they were really named after the 18th-century European
p a s t a , t h e y w e r e r e a l l y n a m e d a f t e r t h e 1 8 t h - c e n t u r y E u r o p e a n The penguins precariously balance the egg
c
h
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c
T
u
s p
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r
, w
h
m
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s
i
a
f fashion trend known as maccaronism, which was characterised o n t h e i r f e e t . A s o p p o s e d t o s i t t i n g o n t h e
s c
c
h w
on their feet. As opposed to sitting on the
by large hairstyles and fancy accessories, and perpetuated egg for incubation, they cover the egg with a
by large hairstyles and fancy accessories, and perpetuated
egg for incubation, they cover the egg with a
d g
e
d g
n
e
e
e
l
e
e
l
l
l
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m
m
n a
n a
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t
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g w
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y y
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by young well-travelled gentlemen around the time of the
b b
d t
d t
h
by young well-travelled gentlemen around the time of the protective membrane called the brood patch;
h
n
m
e
e
h
r
r
o
o
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f t
f t
h
e o
protective membrane called the brood patch;
penguin’s discovery. The macaroni penguin W W h h i i l l e k i i n n g p e e n n g g u u i i n n s a r r e d i i v v i i n n g g , , this abdominal skin keeps the egg warm. Both
penguin’s discovery. The macaroni penguin
e d
While king penguins are diving,
this abdominal skin keeps the egg warm. Both
g p
s a
e k
was always considered an extremely
was always considered an extremely they are able to hold their breath parents take it in turns to care for the egg for a
e
r
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o h
h
b
e
l
a
h
t
t
d t
i
they are able to hold their breath
h
e
e a
r b
o
r
y a
l
parents take it in turns to care for the egg for a
successful species, with an estimated
successful species, with an estimated f for about fi ve minutes as they hunt ve minutes as they hunt total of 55 days, although even after they hatch
for about five minutes as they hunt
o
t fi
u
o
b
r a
total of 55 days, although even after they hatch
for fish. Their favourite meal is
for fi
f
o
r fi

sh. Their favourite meal is sh. Their favourite meal is
18 million individuals worldwide in 1998,
18 million individuals worldwide in 1998, lantern fish but there isn’t always the young are still carried around in this way for the young are still carried around in this way for the young are still carried around in this way for
the young are still carried around in this way for
n
e
r
t

sh but there isn’t always sh but there isn’t always
l
a
n fi
however, populations have suffered lantern fi h t o g o r o o u u n n d d , s o k r r i i l l l a n n d d at least another month until they are old enough
however, populations have suffered
g
g
h t
, s
o k
o g
o r
enough to go round, so krill and at least another month until they are old enough at least another month until they are old enough at least another month until they are old enough
n
e e
enough to go round, so krill and
n
u
u
o
o
l a
declines of up to 50 per cent in some
declines of up to 50 per cent in some cephalopods are also on the menu. to keep themselves warm in the chilly climate.
cephalopods are also on the menu.
to keep themselves warm in the chilly climate.
areas and local extinctions in others.
areas and local extinctions in others.
Their numbers have been slashed to
Their numbers have been slashed to
6.3 million breeding pairs globally.
6.3 million breeding pairs globally.
There are now various conservation
There are now various conservation
efforts to halt these declines and
efforts to halt these declines and
figure out what is negatively CHINS TRAP PENGUIN
fi gure out what is negatively
CHINSTRAP PENGUIN
affecting the birds. P y gosc elis antar cticus
affecting the birds.
Pygoscelis antarcticus
Class Aves
Clas s Av e s
c and
ory
c and
Southern P

T T T Territory Southern Pacific and
acifi
ory
ory

errit
errit
acifi
errit
Southern P

Antarctic Ocean
h
y a
r
l
e
p
c
i
a
l
They are especially y Antarctic Ocean
e
T
s
e e
Diet Krill, shrimp, and
Diet Krill, shrimp, and
skilled at diving, however,
skilled at diving, however, small fi sh At a zoo in New York, two captive
small fish
they have to keep their
they have to keep their Lifespan 15-20 years chinstrap penguins took it in turns
Lifespan 15-20 years
wits about them, as fur Adult weight 3-5kg (6.6-11lb) to incubate a rock – obviously
wits about them, as fur
Adult weight 3-5kg (6.6-11lb)
seals, leopard seals, and
seals, leopard seals, and Conservation Status the pair were feeling broody and
Conservation Status
killer whales will all hunt eventually a keeper exchanged
killer whales will all hunt
macaroni penguins.
macaroni penguins. the rock for a fertile egg. The pair
hatched a healthy chick, which they

LEAST
LEAST CONCERN
CONCERN
went on to raise as their own.
MACARONI PENGUIN
MA CARONI PENGUIN
Chinstrap penguin

e
a
p
ui
hi
st
r
n
n
p
g
n
Eudyptes chrysolophus
Eudyp
es chry
solophus
t
Class Aves C C hi n st r a p p e n g ui n
P P e r h a p s i t ’ ’ s j u s t a c o i i n c i i de n c e , b u t t h e o n l l y
t a c
Perhaps it’s just a coincidence, but the only
n
s j
s i
e
p
n
u
r
t
h
t t
s
c
n
a
e
h
y
c
o
e o
, b
de
u
species of penguin appearing to wear a
s p e c i e s o f p e n gu i n ap p ear i n g t o w ear a
species of penguin appearing to wear a
Sub Antar
Territory Sub Antarctic to the
ctic t
o the
helmet is also the most resilient
helmet is also the most resilient
Antarctic Peninsula h el m e t i s a l s o t h e m o s t r e s i l i e n t
Antarctic Peninsula
Krill and crustaceans
Diet Krill and crustaceans
This species is named for the thin black strip around its neck, giving it a
15 years
Lifespan 15 years T h i s s p e c i e s i s n a m e d f o r t h e t h i n b l a c k s t r i p a r o u n d i t s n e c k , g i v i n g i t a
e
, o
t
m
r
l
t i
s t
r c
m
o
h i
c
e
e
a
s w
n
i
h
p
o
r
a
e
a
c
g
p
l a
u
, a
e
s
a
r
g a h
n
i
a
e
t a
h
l
o
m
t
Adult weight 3.3-6.4kg r rather comical appearance, almost as though it is wearing a helmet, or
3.3-6.4kg
(7-14lb) sporting a beard. Unlike many other species, it appears that chinstrap
sporting a beard. Unlike many other species, it appears that chinstrap
Conservation Status
Conservation Status
penguin numbers have been increasing. Found over a vast range covering
penguin numbers have been increasing. Found over a vast range covering
more than 20,000 square kilometres (12,500 square miles) and eight
more than 20,000 square kilometres (12,500 square miles) and eight
million individuals strong, this penguin is thriving in a time when many
million individuals strong, this penguin is thriving in a time when many
VULNERABLE
others are struggling to survive.
others are struggling to survive.
54
054-055_MeetThePenguins.indd 54 16/08/2016 14:35

Penguins


Rockhopper penguin

Rockhoppers shun the traditional
waddle of other penguins, bounding
waddle of other penguins, bounding 1 3
between coastal rocks
s
e s
t a
m
o
g
s a
r
e m
u
e
h
s t
As the name suggests, these penguins are most at home 4
A
t h
a
o
m
e n
s
t
e
u
, t
n
s
g
e
i
n
g
e p
e
s
h
o r
k t
s
c
n
n l
e
w
k a
when leaping from rock to rock along rugged coastlines. It’s a
c
o
h
e
. I
t
s a
’
e
g
n
o
g f
d c
o
m r
g r
g
r
u
n
t
s
a
i
e
l
o
o
i
l
a
p
e
r
e
a
g
n
o
a
r w
g
t
h
r f
e
f far faster way to travel than waddling. They congregate on the 2
a
s
t
a
n t
e o
d
d
e
v
l
a
n w
h
l t
a
i
o t
h
e
y t
y c
a
n
r
. T
g
shores of Chile, New Zealand,
NORTHERN and the islands of northern
ROCKHOPPER PENGUIN Antarctica year after year at 1. Emperor 3. Gentoo
Eudyptes moseleyi the start of their breeding penguin penguin
Class Aves season. Each individual has Tallest Fastest
their favourite spot and usually Standing at Able to swim 22
returns to the same shoreline nearly 1.2 metres miles per hour
each year to begin the arduous (4 feet) tall, (36 kilometres
Territory South Atlantic task of finding their previous the emperor per hour), gentoo

Ocean
Diet Krill, crustaceans, squid mate among the hundreds of penguin, found penguins are the
and octopus thousands of other penguins. in Antarctica, is fastest diving
Lifespan Ten years It’s like finding a needle in a the tallest and bird, which is vital

Since the beginning of the 20th Adult weight Unknown haystack among all the bodies heaviest penguin. for their survival.
century, rockhopper penguins Conservation Status
have declined by 90 per cent. and the cacophony of noise
Unfortunately, no one really made by other penguins 2. Little blue 4. Galápagos
penguin
knows why, making it diffi cult ENDANGERED s searching for their partner. . p eng u i n penguin

i
p
r
t
h
e
n
ear
r
e
t
ar
c
h
or
i
g
n
f
to safeguard the penguins.
Smallest t Rarest
Sm
s
l
le
a
t
le
e
i
t
The little blue Found only on
l
T
h
blu
e
penguin, named
p e ng u i n , na m e d the Galápagos
because of the Islands, they are
because of the
p

e
i
u
e
él
d
A
Adélie penguin blueish plumage considered the
ng
n
i
blueish plumage
on its head,
on its head,
most rare as
The little fierce penguin with a big heart
grows to just 33
T h e l i t t l e fi e r c e p e n g u i n w i t h a b i g h e a r t grows to just 33 there are only
centimetres (13
g
e
z
e p
i
d
l
n
-
s a
i
s
e
é
m
r
e
r
u
p
a
i
Ad
n
e m
Adélie penguins are mid-sized compared centimetres (13 about 1,000
d
i
o
d c
inches) in height.
breeding pairs.
inches) in height.
t
u
o o
e
r p
m
a
l
l
r s
a
t r
t
e
h
h
u
i
s b
e
g
n
n
ADÉLIE PENGUIN t to other penguins but rather small
i
Pygoscelis adeliae in the grand scheme of things, ,
e
n
e o
h
n
f t
e g
a
h
c
n t
m
s
i
d s
h
g
r
Class Aves standing between 46-71
-
r
1
e
h
m
e
e
t
t
a
8
) t
s
n
l
l
i
c
s (
c
centimetres (18-28 inches) tall. .
8 i
2
n
e
Not a…
T h e y d o n ’ t l e t t h e i r s i z e h o l d N ot a …
They don’t let their size hold
c
t
. N
w
t them back, however. Noted
m b
e
d
e
v
, h
r
h
a
o
k
e
o
e
penguin
Territory Antarctic coast for their intense curiosity penguin
Diet Krill, Antarctic silverfish

t
l
f
e
d
f
or
p
o
-
e
anc
i
an
a
ac
m
s
l
,
k
and glacial squid and self-importance, a lack of
a
n
r
r
d t
h
t
e b
s
s h
t
a
a
d
s l
o
d p
a
l l
e
u
e
i
r
d
a
r
n
Lifespan 20 years natural land predators has led the birds
e
o
s
t

u
n
e
r
p
u
h
e
g
d
n
n

a
r
r
g
ffi

a

e


n
o
t
g
n
i
e
p
u
o
s
d
e
Adult weight 3.6-6kg t to become fearless in their approach of P Puffi ns and penguins are o en grouped together
f
h o
e
o
r a
h
p
a
e
r
l
i
e
e f
r
o b
c
o
s i
n t
c
e
m
s
a
p
y
h
a
h
n
e
r
u
m
b
e
r
p
a
o
f
h
a
l
i
c
e
t
s
a
a
n
d
g
l
s
o
y
s
i
o
(7.9-13.2lb) as they share a number of physiological and
n
m
s
v
n b
g s
e
u
i
a
e
n
, e
d s
a
g
o
e
h
t
n
t
t
i
n
p
d
Conservation Status humans, even being spotted standing social similarities. Even early explorers got the
r
e
s
o
r
l
t
c
h
o
e
t
s
a
i
o
g
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i
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r
a
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E
.
n
e
v
m
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p
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a
r
i
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l
s
o
s
s
h f
o
g
e t
i
e
t
t
s d
c
e w
e
r
o
o
nose to nose with ferocious dogs. Despite
u
o
i
n
. D
s
p
e
i
o n
s
u
n
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m a l e w i l l s p e n d l o t s o f t i m e c o m b i n g t h e l a n d s c a p e , a g o n i s i n g o v e r gland, which enables penguins to f for life, although this is where the likeness ends. .
pebbles until he has selected his favourite. He then presents his special excrete salt safely, as their kidneys

stone to a female, which, should she accept, will become his mate. are not as effi cient as ours. Adults have black
backs to blend in
with the murky
Magellanic penguin ocean when viewed
from above, and
MAGELLANIC PENGUIN white stomachs
Spheniscus magellanicus These birds are easily stressed, so it’s probably to match the sun
Class Aves hitting the light
best to leave well alone ocean surface when
Although there are many of these penguins living on the coasts on viewed from below.
Argentina and Chile, they are considered Near Threatened. Unfortunately,
Territory Argentina, Chile, there are a number of threats the magellanic penguins are faced with.
Falkland Islands Most notably, oil spills were claiming the lives of around 40,000 individuals

Diet Cuttlefish, squid, krill and annually throughout the 1990s. This number has been reduced in recent
crustaceans
Lifespan 25 years years but the development of future oil extraction offshore of the Falkland
Adult weight 2.7-6.5kg Islands threatens to further deplete penguin populations. The plight of these
(6-13.4lb) penguins and images of the oil-covered birds attracted well-wishers and
Conservation Status
tourists from around the globe. Sadly some were doing more harm than
good. Young chicks that encounter tourists undergo a severe stress response
good. Young chicks that encounter tourists undergo a severe stress response
NEAR THREATENED called corticosterone. The long-term effects of this response means the © Thinkstock

chicks may grow to have trouble with problem solving and finding food.
55
054-055_MeetThePenguins.indd 55 16/08/2016 14:35

SAVING THE









GREVY’S ZEBRA













With the population
decreasing by half in the
last two decades, there’s

never been a better time to

jump into action and help
save these marvellously
stripy stallions



Words Ella Carter
Grevy’s zebras are one of three zebra species, all very
easily recognised by their iconic black and white stripes.
The Grevy’s joins the plains zebra (also known as Burchell’s
zebra) and the mountain zebra in sporting this amazing
monochrome coat. The exact function of these gorgeous
stripes isn’t fully understood, but scientists hypothesise

that they are a type of camouflage to deter and confuse
predators, or that the stripes could even play a part
in zebra temperature control! All of the world’s zebra
species live in Africa, existing in social herds and grazing
on grasses and shrubs. Yet unlike the plains zebra, which
has a healthy population, the mountain zebra is listed on
the IUCN Red List as being vulnerable and – worse still –
Grevy’s zebras are an endangered species in desperate
need of protection.
Larger and more mule-like than the other zebra species,
with a thick mohawk-style mane, Grevy’s zebras live in
a very specific area of Kenya and Ethiopia. Once, these

zebras were known to roam the scrublands and plains
of much of Eastern Africa, but their home range has
drastically decreased over the last few decades. Sadly,
these zebras have also fallen victim to environmental

factors such as drought, as well as human influences, which
is why conservation trusts and charities are stepping in to
ensure that this zebra species gets what it needs to survive.

56





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Saving the Grevy’s zebra








































































GREVY’S ZEBRA
Equus grevyi
Class Mammalia



Territory Semi-arid scrublands
of southern Ethiopia and
northern Kenya
Diet Graze on grasses
and plants
Lifespan 20 years
Adult weight 350-450kg
(770-990lb)
Conservation Status

ENDANGERED


57





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Saving the Grevy’s zebra

Grevy’s in danger



A drastic decline posed a threat to the survival of
these species, but numbers are now on the up
In the last 30 years, estimates show an 80 per drink every other day. If there simply isn’t
cent decline in global numbers of Grevy’s zebras. enough water (and also food) to be found, this
The habitat that supports Grevy’s zebras is part can severely affect the survival of the foals,
to blame, as it has come under intense pressure meaning that the new generations of Grevy’s
from human influences. Farming is overtaking zebras might not survive to further the species.

more of their homeland, and irrigation is draining Local conservation laws protect the Grevy’s
the water, making it less available for the zebras. zebras, and hunting for the zebras’ beautiful
Overgrazing of livestock has also meant that skins was outlawed in the Seventies, but
the quality of their environment has declined, occasionally still happens illegally.
and zebras have had to compete against other Thankfully, to combat these issues facing
domestic animals for resources. the Grevy’s zebra, there are many dedicated
Droughts in the area continually pose threats conservation programs that have produced
to the species, as lactating mothers need to evidence that numbers are slowly increasing. Native populations




































How to spot a Grevy’s zebra





















Grevy’s stripes are thinner and more plentiful than other Grevy’s zebras have very large heads compared to the
zebras’ stripes, and look almost horizontal on the backs of plains zebras, with oversized, rounded ears. Their long

the legs. The stripes don’t reach down to the zebra’s belly, noses are o en tipped with a velvety brown muzzle, and a
and a thick black stripe runs the length of its spine and tail. thick mane of coarse, dark hair runs down the neck.

58





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Herd life Saving the
Grevy’s zebra

Grevy’s zebras roam together in small herds to find food and water With their habitat dwindling, the Grevy’s zebra has
never needed more help. Luckily, the following
On the dry plains of the horn of Africa, Grevy’s males have been known to defend their patch organisations are coming to the rescue.
zebra herds live in much smaller groups than when there’s water nearby, and also when The Grevy’s Zebra Trust
those of their zebra cousins. They communicate there are breeding females around. They mark www.grevyszebratrust.org
with facial expressions and vocalisations, and their territory with loud vocalisations and dung Established in 2007, the Grevy’s Zebra Trust
will strengthen bonds with one another by piles, and can hold dominance until a younger, is an independent wildlife conservation
grooming. Zebras are vegetarian beasts, and stronger and altogether more strapping trust in Kenya, dedicated to conserving
aside from their main diet of grasses, water is challenger may appear. These younger males the Grevy’s zebra and its habitat. The
the most important aspect of their environment. will live in separate bachelor groups until they organisation covers an area of the north of
However, zebras aren’t afraid to walk in order to challenge for dominance over a herd. the country of 10,000 square kilometres
quench their thirst, and these zebras can go up Foals are most often born in the rainy (3,861 square miles), and 93 per cent of

to five days without water, making great treks seasons, and usually have reddish-brown stripes the Trust’s team come from communities
across the desert to find a drink. that fade to black in time. They stay with their within the Grevy’s zebra range. They work

Male zebras aren’t hugely territorial, but when mothers for up to three years, before becoming
water is such an important resource, breeding more independent. together with local communities, along
with research partnerships, to monitor
the zebras. The Trust also has many other
schemes in place to ensure that the zebras

stand a fighting chance for survival, such as
water-management programs throughout
the dry season, habitat restoration through
planned grazing, and a widespread
educational scheme to prolong the success
of the Grevy’s Zebra Trust, as support from
the local community is essential to the

survival of the zebras. To find out more, go
to www.grevyszebratrust.org.
African Wildlife Foundation
www.awf.org
In partnership with other organisations
dedicated to preserving the Grevy’s zebra
(such as the Kenya Wildlife Service),
the African Wildlife Foundation (AWF)
set out in 2002 to conduct a census
on the Grevy’s zebra populations living
in Kenya’s protected areas as well as
community lands. It takes and records
data on the population sizes, movements
and distribution of the zebras, among
other things. This is important to get a
clear picture of the zebra population. The
AWF is now using its data to make more
people aware of the plight of the zebras,
and to work on securing further key areas
for Grevy’s zebra conservation. For more
information head to http://www.awf.org/
projects/grevys-zebra-protection.
Saint Louis Zoo
www.stlzoo.org
As well as conserving the species in the
wild, zoos worldwide are contributing to
keeping the Grevy’s zebra species from
extinction with successful captive breeding
programs. Marwell Zoo manages the
International Studbook for the species (see
our interview section for more information
on Marwell’s conservation efforts), but
another zoo that has had much success
is the Saint Louis Zoo in Missouri, USA.
This zoo has celebrated the birth of more
than 30 Grevy’s zebra foals in the last five

decades. The zoo’s ungulates/mammals
curator also manages the Grevy’s zebra
Species Survival Plan (SSP), and the zoo
itself contributes to the conservation of the
animals in the wild, as well.

59





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Saving the Grevy’s zebra

















































Aside from its main diet of
grasses, water is the most
important aspect of the
Grevy's zebra's environment

Zany zebras
Marwell Zoo is at the forefront of Grevy’s zebra conservation, and this What are the key achievements in Grevy’s zebra conservation?

month in particular, these wild horses are in the stripy spotlight Surveys over the last ten years show that population figures have stabilised. This is a

first and hugely important step to increasing numbers again.
Tanya Langenhorst is a conservation biologist at Marwell Zoo. She told us Another success was the vaccination of Grevy’s zebra against anthrax during an
about the work the zoo is doing to protect Grevy’s zebras in the wild, and outbreak in 2006. Conservation organisations and the zoo world pulled together and
PR assistant Emily Slater showcased their amazing Zany Zebras trail. acted quickly to protect the core population in Kenya. Without this, we could have lost
huge numbers of animals that would have delayed the recovery of the population.
How is Marwell involved in protecting Grevy’s zebras? We supplemented Grevy’s zebra feeding through two periods of drought, and
We’ve been working with Grevy’s zebras since 2003, and over the last decade we successfully enabled females to keep lactating and feed their foals. We could have
have published results of extensive surveys and monitoring of populations, pioneered otherwise lost recruitment from a whole year.

the use of digital recognition soware to identify individuals, and created a national
photographic database. Why is it important to preserve the longevity of the Grevy’s zebra?
We’ve carried out groundbreaking research on unstudied populations, and gained Not only could we lose this wonderful animal, but it could weaken the ecosystem and
insights into the ecology and movements of the zebra using camera traps and its ability to support other species, and the people that depend on precious natural
GPS collars. We also helped to carry out successful operations to save the species resources. People would also lose the social and economic benefits that Grevy’s zebras

from disease outbreaks and effects of drought, and supported community-based can bring through community conservation initiatives and alternative forms of income

conservation initiatives. like eco-tourism.
Marwell also manages the International Studbook and the European Endangered
Species Programme (EEP) for Grevy’s zebras. Emily, can you tell us about Marwell Zoo’s Zany Zebra trail?
It’s a 10-week long public arts trail in Southampton (16 July – 25 September 2016)
What has recording data told you about the species and how has it helped? with 150 zebra structures to find. There are 47 almost-life-size zebras and 103 small

Grevy’s zebras can move over huge distances, so it’s diffi cult to conserve them just in sculptures designed and decorated by schools and youth groups from across the south.
© FLPA; freevectormaps.com and track their locations. This tells us what they do, how far they move, and where map and a free app on Android and iOS phones.
There’s also a trail of mini zebras around the zoo. To find the zebras, we have a free

conventional protected areas. We therefore fit collars to a number of study animals

The Zebratastic Weekend is at the end of the project in October. All of the sculptures
they find food and water. We can also see how they react to human activities – it’s vital

for planning conservation action. One of our study animals recently crossed the Chalbi
are put on display at the Ageas Bowl in Southampton. They then get auctioned off, and
Desert during a journey of 500 kilometres (310 miles) in just one month – that’s the
the money raised goes to help Grevy’s zebra conservation. The scheme is to raise both
equivalent of walking from Marwell to Newcastle, but in stifling heat!

funds and awareness – lots of people don’t realise that zebras are endangered!
60
056-060 Grevys Zebra.indd 60 16/08/2016 14:45

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HIW81_230x297HouseAd.indd 1 30/06/2016 16:19

IF
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M M M M M M
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MAGNIFICENT
H
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MO H
MOTHS
MOTHS
MO
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When you picture a moth, a dull brown insect
probably comes to mind. But with their diverse
colours, shapes and sizes, these incredible critters
will make you think butterflies are boring

Words Naomi Harding
The brightly coloured
warning moth
The stunning suraka silk moth
(Antherina suraka) is also known as
the Madagascan emperor moth, or the
Madagascan bullseye moth, thanks to
its bright colours and two ‘bullseye’
spots on its forewings. These fake eyes
are used to warn off predators when it
feels alarmed or threatened.
62
062-067_Moth gallery.indd 62 16/08/2016 17:04

Magnificent moths






























































































63





062-067_Moth gallery.indd 63 16/08/2016 17:04

Magnificent moths









































































Luna moths have
only one life goal

Like many moths, the adult luna
moth or American moon moth
(Actias luna) does not have a mouth
and is therefore unable to eat. It
emerges purely to breed and only
lives for around seven days out of
its cocoon. The moth has pale green
wings and long curving tails, which
serve to confuse bats, skewing their
echolocation calls to prevent them
from being caught and eaten.


64





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Magnificent moths































Arch moths are
large for their family
The arch moth (Bracca matutinata) is
a member of the Geometridae family
and is particularly big compared to
its relatives, with a wingspan of six
centimetres (2.36 inches). The yellow
and black spotted critter can be found
in Queensland and New South Wales.





The scarlet tiger
moth is a day-flier

One of the most beautiful moth
species found in Europe, the scarlet
tiger moth (Callimorpha dominula) is a
day-flying species. It is easily identified
by the blueish black, yellow-spotted
forewings and red hindwings that
hide beneath. You are most likely to
spot one in damp places such as wet
forests, bogs and stream edges. This
is one of the few tiger moths that has
mouthparts and feeds on nectar.

























65





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Magnificent moths












































































One of the world’s
largest silk moths

You can find the comet moth (Argema
mittrei) deep in the rainforests of
Madagascar. They are so adapted to
hot and humid conditions that holes in
their cocoons act as drainage channels,
preventing the pupa from drowning
after a heavy downpour before it’s had
the chance to transform.
The comet moth is 20cm long.

66





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Magnificent moths



A moth with wings
like a kaleidoscope

Originally mistaken for a butterfly, the
wings of the Madagascan sunset moth
(Chrysiridia rhipheus) actually have no
pigment. The appearance is the result
of optical interference, an optical illusion
when two or more light waves interact
as they bounce from the microscopic
scales on the wings’ surface.




































































© NaturePL; FLPA





67





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Not for sale






























































































68





068-073_Rhinos.indd 68 16/08/2016 16:20

NOT FOR SALE






RHINOS






















Earlier this year, South Africa backed away from a
proposal to legalise the rhino horn trade. We talk to Save

The Rhino International about the arguments for and
against, and the rhino’s future if a solution can’t be found


Words Alex Dale

Sadly, among the nouveau-riche of Asia’s middle classes, rhinos for billions of dollars a year, while leaving a trail of
rhino horn is very much back in fashion. It’s a devastating devastation behind, impacting not only wildlife and local
trend for one of the most striking and recognisable land communities, but also global security.”
mammals to roam our planet. As a result, the Javan rhino was quickly poached
“The current poaching crisis is attributed to the growing to extinction in Vietnam. But the problem extends far
demand for rhino horn in Asian countries, mainly Vietnam beyond the country’s borders – or even those of the Asian
and China”, says Katherine Johnson, Communications continent. With the reclusive Sumatran and Javan rhinos
Manager of the UK-based charity, Save The Rhino being both rare and difficult to track down, poachers have
International. “Vietnam has been identified as the largest turned to Africa’s rhino population in order to meet their
user country, in part due to economic growth and rise of demands – with devastating results. The number of rhinos
a wealthy business elite who are the key consumers for poached on the continent has risen for the last six years
rhino horn.” on the bounce, and by a frightening margin. In 2007, the
The boom in demand can be traced back to a rumour country of South Africa, home to an estimated 80 per cent
that circulated within the Southeast Asian country a of the world’s rhino population, lost 13 rhinos to poaching.
decade or so back that rhino horn, crushed into a powder, In 2015, that number rose to 1,175.
had ‘cured’ a politician’s cancer. It reignited a myth that Worryingly, the crisis has spread to neighbouring
has existed in the region for centuries: that the rhino’s countries in southern Africa. “During 2015, Namibia lost
horn boasts healing qualities. Soon, locals hoping to cure 80 rhinos to poaching, up from 25 in 2014 and just two
everything from fevers to hangovers were seeking the in 2012,” says Johnson. “In Zimbabwe, it is reported that
remedy – whatever the cost. at least 50 rhinos were poached last year, more than
As we know, rhino horn is made of keratin – the same double the previous year. For Africa as a whole, the total
protein found in our fingernails and hair – therefore it can number of rhinos poached during 2015 was the highest
claim no medicinal properties whatsoever. But that hasn’t in two decades.” If the killing continues to rise at this rate,
deterred poachers from dusting off their rifles. The going Save The Rhino International predicts that we could see a
rate for horns in Asia has skyrocketed; pound for pound, tipping point where rhino deaths begin to outstrip births –
it is now worth more in Vietnam than gold or platinum. perhaps as soon as this year, 2016.
And the rising prices are only further fuelling the level of Against this backdrop, it may seem strange that the
demand: among the wealthy, rhino horn is coveted as a conversation in rhino conservation circles this year was
status symbol. dominated by the possibility that South Africa would table © Shutterstock/Tom Franks
“The high price fetched for the horn has attracted the a proposal to CITES (the Convention on International Trade
involvement of ruthless criminal syndicates,” says Johnson. in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) to end
“They use high-tech equipment to track down and kill the the 39-year ban on the international rhino horn trade.

69





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Not for sale


Yet, on paper at least, you can make a convincing
argument for its legalisation. It’s a matter of working with
demand, rather than against it; like our fingernails, rhino

horn grows back, as long as it’s cut above the root. The
country is sitting on a massive stockpile of farmed rhino
horns worth around 1 billion US dollars, and in theory,
making it available on the international market would
allow the demand to be met without the need for more

slaughter. Hypothetically, it is an infinite resource.
However, Save The Rhino International is not in favour
of a one-off sale of the stockpile for a number of reasons.
Firstly, there are concerns that legalising the rhino horn
trade would in turn legitimise it. Before the current
poaching crisis, trade bans and awareness campaigns
had done much to reduce demand in countries such as
Japan, Taiwan and Yemen.
WHITE RHINOCEROS Between 1990 and 2005,
Ceratotherium simum South Africa lost just 14
Class Mammal rhinos a year through
poaching, which proves it is
possible to reduce demand
through education.
Territory Grassland and Secondly, for a one-
savannah habitats in Southern off sale to work, South
Africa. Also introduced into Africa would need to find

Kenya and Uganda.
If poaching continues at the current rate
Diet Herbivore a trade partner capable “If poaching continues at the current rate
Lifespan 40-50 years of managing a tightly
then it is a very real reality that most wild
Adult weight 3,168-7,920lb controlled trade in rhino then it is a very real reality that most wild
(1,440-3,600kg)
Conservation Status horn. Even if a partner, such
rhinos will be poached until all species are
as China, came forward, rhinos will be poached until all species are
demand in other countries
NEAR THREATENED would still have to be met almost extinct within the next ten years” almost extinct within the next ten years”
illegally. And in
any case, there’s no guarantee that buyers would flood

BELOW A charging the market with their freshly-acquired horns. Instead they
black rhino can reach might stockpile them and wait for the species’ extinction,
55 kilometres per hour
(34 miles per hour) at which point they could sell them off for an even more
significant profi t.

The proposal raises as many questions as it does
answers. The fear is of a repeat of 2008’s disastrous
decision to legalise the sale of African elephant ivory
stockpiles to China and Japan, which saw elephant
poaching numbers rise to an all-time high.
In the end, South Africa opted to back away from the
proposal, a decision Save The Rhino International believes
is the right one. “This is a good and brave decision by
the South African government,” says Cathy Dean, the

company’s Director. “They are to be applauded firstly for
having gathered a panel of experts to form the official

Committee of Enquiry to consider all the issues involved in
legalising the trade in rhino horn, and secondly for taking
on board the recommendations made by the Committee
BELOW Juvenile
white rhinos will
stay with their
mother for two to
four years

















70





068-073_Rhinos.indd 70 16/08/2016 17:44

Rhinos


LEFT Black Innovative techniques
rhinos bathe in
dust to clean
themselves and
cool down in the
Sun’s baking heat






3D Printing Poisoning horns Surveillance drones Horn dying
Several US-based companies have First proposed in 2010, this process One of the more promising emerging Another idea that proved flawed. The

On the up announced their intentions to begin involves drilling into an anaesthetised technologies are silent, night vision- concept is that by injecting traceable
Despite the printing synthetic horns genetically rhino’s horn and injecting it with enabled drones that are used to patrol dye into the horn, it can later be traced
major threat of identical to the real thing, thus poison, hypothetically deterring poaching hotspots, allowing rangers by airport scanners, even if it has been

poaching, black flooding the market. However, some poachers since it would be unfit for to be deployed before a kill can take ground into a fine powder. But rhino


rhino population are opposed to this development, human consumption. But it isn’t very place. Improvements need to be made horn isn’t porous, meaning poachers
numbers are citing fears that it would lead to practical, it’s expensive, and it carries to the design to allow these bulky can easily remove the dye before
slowly on the rise. increased demand for ‘the real thing’. risks to the rhinos’ lives. machines to navigate African terrain. selling the horn on the market.
Two horns
All rhino horns vary in “ There are concerns that
shape and size. Black
rhinos have two horns. legalising the rhino horn

Just like fingernails,
these continue to grow
throughout a rhino’s life. trade would legitimise it”
when reaching their decision.” Nonetheless, the debate
looks set to rage on. Following South Africa’s withdrawal,
Swaziland launched an 11th hour proposal of its own,
leading to claims from other countries that it was acting
as South Africa’s ‘puppet’. A leaked document instead
pointed to the countries’ desire to recoup the costs of
rhino protection.
But for Save The Rhino International, the answer still lies
in education. In May 2016, the company partnered with
Vietnamese organisation Education for Nature to launch a
new campaign called Save The Rhino Vietnam. It is fronted
by Arrow and Lagaan actor Paul Blackthorne, who has
delivered speeches at schools and universities, and met
influencers from the business and political spheres keen to

raise awareness of Vietnam’s role in the trade.
But if the solution is unclear at this time, then the urgent
import to find one is crystal clear. “If poaching continues at

the current rate then it is a very real reality that most wild
rhinos will be poached until all species are almost extinct
within the next ten years,” says Johnson. “We wouldn’t
lose all rhinos, but there is a high likelihood that we would
be left with very heavily guarded small populations of
Hooked-lip rhino rhinos that are not wild as we know them today. A sudden © NaturePL; Thinkstock

Black rhinos can be identified by their and desperately sad end to a mammal that has roamed
hooked lip, which is unlike white rhinos’ our planet’s grasslands for

flat lip-base.
millions of years.























71





068-073_Rhinos.indd 71 16/08/2016 16:21



Not for sale

Rhinos in numbers



Under threat








Javan rhinoceros
60 left in the world
The rarest large mammal on the
planet, the entire Javan rhino
population is isolated to a single
Indonesian national park.







Sumatran rhinoceros
100 left in the world
This hairy relative of the ancient
woolly rhino is the world’s oldest
surviving mammal.

Global threats to rhino populations



Greater one-horned rhinoceros
3,500 left in the world
Found in India and Nepal, numbers
have rebounded from less than 200
a century ago, but the sub-species
remains under threat.







Black rhinoceros
5,200 left in the world
The smaller of the two African rhino
species, numbers have rebounded
from just 2,400 in the early nineties.





Political conflict Conflict with humans Habitat loss

In areas plagued by war or political Indian rhinos thrive in Logging and urbanisation has
White rhinoceros instability, it is easier for poachers to areas with fertile soil, fragmented populations of the
20,000 left in the world kill rhinos. This is the reason behind which puts them in Sumatran rhino in Southeast

The southern sub-species is one of the huge discrepancy in numbers of conflict with humans Asia, hindering their
conservation’s great success stories, southern white rhinos (20,000) and hoping to use the same reproduction and causing
rebounding from just 50 remaining northern white rhinos (just three). land for farming. their numbers to plummet.
individuals in 1900.
It don’t matter
if you’re black
or white... Black vs white rhinos
Both black and white rhinos are actually of which...
grey in colour. The white rhino’s name 3 0 0
comes from the Afrikaans word ‘weit’,
meaning wide, which was misinterpreted
by European settlers. As for black rhinos? Northern white rhinoceroses Are capable Western black rhinos leˆ in

They likely got their name from their (one male, two female) leˆ on of producing the wild. The subspecies was

penchant for wallowing in mud. the planet young declared extinct in 2011.
72





068-073_Rhinos.indd 72 16/08/2016 16:22

Rhinos


“By the end of 2015, Ol Pejeta had raised

and dispersed over US $7.5m”








Kruger
National Park

Kruger National Park, South Update from Ol Pejeta
Africa is home to the world’s
largest rhino population Richard Vigne is the CEO at Ol Pejeta Conservancy
How has the situation with your rhino population
6,000 white rhinos estimated to
be found in Kruger National Park changed in the past year?
The current rhino population stands at 136 rhinos:
73 per cent of all rhinos 108 black rhinos, 25 southern white rhinos
poached worldwide in 2013 and three northern white rhino. So far we have
were located in Kruger recorded a few births but also recorded four deaths. Three black
rhinos were poached and one southern white rhino, Ringo, died of
Kruger is targeted by poachers
due to its 256 km border with natural causes.
neighbouring Mozambique
What initiatives do you have in place with the local communities
The cost of a mass one-off to raise awareness of the plight of the rhinos?
dehorning of all rhinos in Kruger Each year more than 25,000 school children drive through the
National Park is estimated at US gates of Ol Pejeta Conservancy for a conservation education
$8.8 million program to increase awareness on conservation and the plight
of rhinos. Schools within the conservancy’s local communities
have entry fees waived to incentivise use of the conservancy as a
learning tool. To wade deeper in exposing the plight of rhinos, we
have a project engaging communities for a balanced approach in
tackling rhino poaching.
Meaningful engagement with 18 local communities ensures
that projects across key development sectors in education,
31 4 informed, enlist community participation and achieve mutual
health, agriculture, energy and enterprise are community-
benefits. Consistent interaction helps maintain good relations

TONNES DAYS with the surrounding community, which is vital in gaining support

for conservation efforts, raising awareness about the plight of
Estimated weight of It is estimated a rhinos, and in helping to peacefully resolve inevitable incidents of
South Africa’s stockpile park ranger is human/wildlife conflict.

of rhino horns, worth killed every four
an estimated $2 billion days protecting Ensuring the sustainability of Ol Pejeta Conservancy, in
on the international rhinos from particular the concerns over the ever-increasing threats to the
market. poachers. Kruger rhino population, is inextricably linked to community involvement
National and in sharing of conservation benefits with the 25,000 people

Population decline Park that live in the communities along its borders. By the end of 2015,
Ol Pejeta Conservancy had raised and dispersed over US $7.5
million in support of its community development programme.
1,000,000 This translates to better infrastructure in schools, mobile clinics
for remote communities, education bursaries for poorer families,
solar power for small businesses, water storage systems and
Estimated total rhino population in the wild 600,000 confidence from community members, which in turn helps to
800,000
energy-saving stoves for households. Each project is underlined
with a conservation message and the need to increase trust and

reduce incidents of insecurity.
What kind of security measures are in place at Ol Pejeta?
First, close community relations act as our early warning system
by providing intelligence information on possible threats. The
400,000
perimeter fence of the entire conservation area is electrified

to keep out intruders. We have armed rangers coupled with a
dog unit which consists of tracker, search and assault dogs.
200,000
Additionally, we have rhino patrol teams who carry out daily
monitoring of endangered black rhinos.

10 per cent of WOA profits go to Ol Pejeta to help combat rhino © Thinkstock; freevectormaps.com
0
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 poaching. Find out more at animalanswers.co.uk.
Year data was recorded
73




068-073_Rhinos.indd 73 16/08/2016 16:22

E x p l o r e th e E a r th
Explore the Earth






















































CHINA’S










WILD SIDE













With landscapes varying from deserts to mountain plateaux
and bamboo forests, the world’s most populous country is

home to a surprisingly diverse population of wildlife


Words Adam Millward

74





074-081_ExploretheEarth_China.indd 74 16/08/2016 14:46

China’s wild side


Travel expert
Melissa Scott has been an expedition leader for Natural Habitat Adventures since
1987. She leads tours in China as well as North America. She holds a BS degree in Map key
environmental education with special emphasis on the sciences. 1 Panda Base, Chengdu
2 Xishuangbanna Nature Reserve
China represents an incredible diversity of habitats – from oceanic 3 Zhangjiajie National Park
ecosystems to the top of the tallest mountains on Earth. We are 4 Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve
fortunate to visit a small but important biome in Sichuan Province that 5 Tian-e-Zhou Oxbow Nature
plays host to some of the few remaining giant panda populations to be 6 Mingsha Shan
found. In the late 1970s, the Chinese government began setting aside
areas to protect the quickly vanishing temperate broadleaf and mixed bamboo forests
necessary for survival of the endangered panda. In doing so, they also helped a variety
of other dwindling wildlife populations rebound. While visiting these areas, travellers
have the opportunity to view Tibetan takin, Tibetan and rhesus macaques, tu€ed deer,

Reeve’s muntjac, long-tailed goral, Chinese serow, a variety of bird life including the

magnificent golden pheasant and, if very lucky, the golden snub-nosed monkey.
Bactrian camel
You can take a bumpy ride
through ‘singing’ sand-dunes
on the fringes of the Gobi
Desert courtesy of these
charismatic beasts.
Black-necked crane
During the summer, these
sacred birds can be found Yangtze finless

on the ‘Roof of the World’, porpoise
aka the Tibetan Plateau, Endemic to the
which has an average Yangtze River, this
altitude of 4,500 metres is one of the rarest
(14,760 feet).
cetaceans on the
Giant panda planet. Conservation
efforts are under
One of the most famous endangered animals in the way to stop it going
world, some 1,600 of these bears are thought to remain the same way as its
– mainly in the Qinling and Minshan mountain ranges. larger cousin, the
Wild sightings are very rare, so dedicated sanctuaries Yangtze river dolphin.
around Chengdu are the best option.
What you need to know

When to go Asian elephant Giant salamander
The best time to visit is spring or autumn. These slightly smaller The world’s largest
amphibian can be
cousins of the African
However, owing to its size, the seasons vary elephant have a small seen in streams and
across regions, so you should check your but growing population rivers in China’s central

destination’s specific climate.
in the dense tropical highlands. There are
How to get there forest near the borders thought to be fewer

Direct flights from London to Beijing of Laos and Myanmar. than 50,000 left.
are frequent, from where you’ll most
likely need to make at least one onward
domestic fl ight.
What the weather will do
This depends on both when and where you
go, as the climate can vary wildly. Expect
heavy showers, high humidity and storms
in the summer (May to August).
What to take
It’s best to prepare for all eventualities by
packing lots of light layers and a decent
jacket that’s water and wind-proof. You’ll
also want a sturdy pair of hiking shoes.

What you’ll see
You need to be realistic about your
chances of seeing wild pandas, but you
will see breathtaking landscapes and
mind-boggling art and architecture.

75





074-081_ExploretheEarth_China.indd 75 16/08/2016 17:06

Explore the Earth



Go in search of a

“river goddess”


The chances of seeing a river dolphin, also called
baiji, are about as slim as they come. Although
still listed as critically endangered by the IUCN,
sightings have been so few in the last two decades
that many scientists are convinced that the baiji
is functionally extinct. Once venerated as the
“goddess of the river”, in the 20th century, a
combination of pollution, indiscriminate fishing
methods and increased river traffic all took their
toll. But just because the odds are against it
doesn’t mean there’s any harm in keeping an eye
out… after all, it’s not every day that you get the
chance to potentially rediscover a species.
Cetacean lovers shouldn’t despair though, as
Yangtze finless porpoises are still found in the river,
as well as its tributaries and offshoot lakes. Known
for their cheeky smiles and keen intelligence,
spotting these gentle creatures can be tricky
owing to the absent dorsal fin. One of your best
bets for a sighting is to head to a protected area
such as Tian-e-Zhou Oxbow Nature Reserve in
Hubei Province – home to about 60 porpoises.

























Hang out with pandas


Let’s face it, for any wildlife lover park is also home to two red panda
venturing to China, these furry black- enclosures.
and-white conservation superstars If you’d rather try your luck at
are probably going to be at the seeing pandas in the wild, your best
top of your must-see list. The bet is to sign up for an organised tour
city of Chengdu is known as the to the Qinling or Minshan Mountains
panda capital of the world, so (there are several operators in
this should be your first stop. Chengdu and Xi’an). November is
Near here you’ll find Panda the best month to visit as the early
Base, a research and breeding snows help to reveal tracks. However,
centre set up in 1987 that is the odds of a sighting are extremely
at the cutting edge of panda low. It’s worth factoring in a stop at
breeding and rehabilitation. a reserve too to make sure you don’t
The park comprises a range go home disappointed.
of microhabitats that occur Another option is to volunteer for a
in the bears’ native setting, day at a centre like Dujiangyan, during
including bamboo forest, streams which you’ll get the opportunity
and caves, enabling visitors to to assist keepers with feeding and
observe the animals engaging cleaning duties as well as observe the
with their natural environment. The pandas’ behaviour up close.

76





074-081_ExploretheEarth_China.indd 76 16/08/2016 17:05

China’s wild side



Heritage Sites












Great Wall
This wonder of engineering was started in the
3rd century BCE and was being extended right
up to the 17th century CE. It stretches more
than 20,000 kilometres (12,400 miles) and
includes towers, garrisons and fortifications.











Mausoleum of
Qinshihuang
The tomb of the first Qin Emperor holds
thousands of life-size clay figures, known as
the Terracotta Army.











The Forbidden City
This complex of ornate buildings and tranquil
gardens at the centre of Beijing – formally
known as the Imperial Palaces – was the heart
of Chinese power for more than 500 years.











Historic Centre of Macao
The former Portuguese colony is a fusion of
cultures. Western-inspired architecture, such
as the fortress and China’s first lighthouse,
number among its many charming buildings.











The finless porpoise is the Longmen Grottoes
only species of porpoise A warren of man-made caves carved into the
that lives in freshwater. The karst rock near the ancient capital of Luoyang
endangered Yangtze finless plays host to 100,000-plus Buddhist statues
porpoise is a subspecies of and etchings.
the finless porpoise

77





074-081_ExploretheEarth_China.indd 77 16/08/2016 17:05

Explore the Earth































Peek at a pika


If there were an award for the cutest animal in
China, it’s hard to imagine the pika not being
among the nominees. But cuteness aside,

these fluffy relations of rabbits play a crucial
role in their habitat. They are the major food
source for all the predators on the largely
barren Tibetan Plateau, from brown bears to
Tibetan foxes. What’s more, their burrows
provide essential shelter for smaller critters

like snow-finches to escape the cold.


Watch wild


elephants

make a splash

Although it’s still early days, China’s
largest land animals are a welcome
success story, with their numbers on
the rise thanks to a government drive
to protect them. However, there’s a
long way to go, with only about 250
individuals restricted to a few pockets in
the far south of the country.
At Xishuangbanna National Park,
there are daily displays with a few tame
elephants (this may not be to everyone’s
taste). For a far more natural encounter,
you’ll want to book a night or two in the
treetop hotel here. This accommodation
gives you a front-row seat to the 70-plus
wild Asian elephants who come to the
valley stream to bathe, drink and play.











78





074-081_ExploretheEarth_China.indd 78 16/08/2016 14:46

Predators of the
Out-of-the-blue Tibetan Plateau

monkey business


Golden snub-nosed monkeys certainly stand out, but
they can actually be quite hard to find – not merely

because of their endangered status, but also because
they spend much of their lives in the treetops. They share
their mountain forest home in central China with species,

including goat-like takin, muntjac deer and flying squirrels.
Pallas’s cat


This fluffy wildcat, also known as the manul, has
evolved very dense fur to withstand the bitter
Listen for a living fossil temperatures of the plateau. It typically rests during the
day and hunts around dusk.
Giant salamanders are the largest amphibians and medicine. One of their
on the planet with the biggest specimens last remaining strongholds
reaching up to 1.8 metres (5.9 feet) in length. is Zhangjiajie National Park where you may be
Their ancestors date back to the time of the lucky enough to spot one in the reserve’s pools
dinosaurs, but recent decades have seen their and shallow streams. They are well camouflaged,

numbers plummet by as much as 80 per cent, so you’ll want to listen out for their call, which is
owing to their continued capture for both food said to sound like a child’s cry.

Tibetan sand fox
Living up to their wily nature, these high-altitude foxes
have been recorded striking up an alliance with bears
when hunting pika, though it’s hard to see what the bear
is getting out of the deal!












Tibetan blue bear
A highly elusive subspecies of brown bear that can on
very rare occasions be seen in the summer months
hunting or foraging. A mix of white hair in its outer coat
lends this bear its subtle blue tint.





Meet some


colourful

feathered friends Tibetan wolf
Unlike most wolves, this subspecies lives in very small
packs, typically travelling in pairs or as a trio. Some
scientists believe this wolf is the closest relation to
Thanks to its position straddling the edges of modern-day domestic dogs.
the Tibetan Plateau and the temperate forest,
Wolong Nature Reserve provides a unique
habitat for a wide range of wildlife, including
some 300 types of bird. Many species of
laughingthrush, parrotbill and firethroat call

this region of Sichuan home. Some of the most
striking residents are from the pheasant family,
including the Temminck’s tragopan, Chinese
monal and golden pheasant. If you’re lucky, you
might witness the tragopan’s unusual courtship Snow leopard
display, which involves the male making itself as China is home to the largest population of these big

tall as possible, raising two fleshy horns on its cats, known locally as ‘mountain ghosts’. Their huge
head and showing off its vibrant blue wattle. paws act like snowshoes, distributing their weight and
also helping them to creep up on prey.
79





074-081_ExploretheEarth_China.indd 79 16/08/2016 14:46

Explore the Earth




Watch black-

necked

cranes dance



One of the most elegant displays
of nature in China can be observed
in the high-altitude wetlands of
the Tibetan Plateau, where, during
summer, black-necked cranes
perform mesmerising dances that
include moves such as jumping, wing-
flapping, bowing and plant tossing,
among other actions. Although it
is generally agreed that courtship
is their primary motive, experts
believe that cranes dance for other
reasons too, including stress relief
and strengthening bonds with their
lifelong partners. Due to its remote
habitat, this species was the last crane
to be formally documented in 1876.
















Ride a camel on


the Silk Road

While elephants splash about in the tropical
south, in the far north Bactrian camels patrol
the arid borderlands of the Gobi Desert. These
hardy, two-humped beasts have survived in this
harsh terrain for centuries and once played an
instrumental role in transporting goods on this
section of the Silk Road, which connected Asia
to Europe. Nowadays, they offer up-close – if
bumpy – tours of Gansu’s otherworldly sand-
dunes, which are said to “sing” or “echo” as they
are continually re-sculpted by the wind.



















80





074-081_ExploretheEarth_China.indd 80 16/08/2016 17:30

China’s wild side


Top tips


Present and correct
Giving and receiving gifts is still common
practice in China, but don’t feel obligated
to spend big. Small gifts like CDs, books
and candy are perfectly acceptable.

Travel light

Hand luggage on domestic flights in

China is limited to just five kilograms (11
pounds) – that’s half the allowance in
Europe. Make sure you don’t exceed it or
you may have to pay excess baggage.
Don’t holiday on holidays

Avoid visiting China during official
holidays. Doing so will ensure shorter
queues at parks and monuments as well
as much less crowded photos. Better
still, transport terminals and transits
between cities will be far less chaotic.












Key kit















Suunto Traverse
Hiking shoes Pollution mask Instant camera ChineseSkill app S u u n to T r a v e r se
GPS Watch
Merrell’s Moab Gore-Tex C h i n a ’ s c i t i e s a r e r e n o w n e d The 10MP Polaroid Snap You won’t become fluent G P S W atc h ©freevectormaps.com; Thinkstock; NaturePL; Getty; Alamy; Xinhua News Agency/REX/Shutterstock
China’s cities are renowned

o
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shoes are designed for for high pollution, but that fits easily into your pocket in Mandarin using this app, Outdoor functions
h
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doesn’t mean you have to and boasts several modern
their padded soles and miss out. Filter out dust, settings that you might not with the basics. Its game- compass) combined with
breathable lining. Suited for pollen and vehicle fumes expect, including colour based learning makes the advanced GPS navigation.
rocky mountainsides, these with the Respro Techno, styles such as sepia and task far less daunting and Follow your progress en-
shoes are perfect for China’s which comes in several black and white. Photos you can squeeze it in when route and save points of

diverse terrain. colours and sizes. make for perfect gifts. you have five minutes. interest along the way.
£115 £35.99 £89.99 Free £285
www.merrell.com respro.com polaroid.com iTunes/Android suunto.com
Who to travel with
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See historic sites and pandas at Chengdu 18 days on the Himalaya-hemmed Tibetan 12-day wildlife-focused trip in Sichuan’s Minshan
on this nine-day trip; £1,845 per person Plateau, home to everything from Pallas’s cats Mountains from $10,495 (approx. £7,675);

including flights and accommodation to black-necked cranes; price TBC includes transfers, accommodation and permits.
81
074-081_ExploretheEarth_China.indd 81 16/08/2016 17:05

You wouldn’t believe

How starfi sh




use their bodies







COMMON STARFISH Starfish are more than just beautiful
Asterias rubens sea stars; having been on Earth for 450
Class Asteroidea
million years, they have developed into
surprisingly complex creatures
Territory North Atlantic

Diet Oysters, clams, mussels Starfish are also known as sea stars, which is possibly more
and sea urchins accurate because they’re not fish. They belong to the same

Lifespan 5-10 years
Adult weight Unknown group of animals that includes sea urchins and sea cucumbers.


Conservation Status There is more to starfish than first meets the eye. They may
not have brains, but they are able to navigate the oceans, give
birth and regenerate lost limbs. Far more than just ornaments
NOT EVALUATED of the ocean, they have complex life cycles, and are able to ABOVE There are over
smell predators and take evasive action. 2,000 species of starfi sh.
The most common have
fi ve arms, but some
species have up to 40
species have up to 40
“They may not have brains
“They may not have brains
but they are able to navigate Anus Thorn
but they are able to navigate
the oceans, give birth and
the oceans, give birth and
regenerate lost limbs”
regenerate lost limbs” Central disc










Filtering

Starfish don’t have
brains, hearts or even
blood; instead, their Circular
bodies are filled with channel


filtered seawater. The
madreporite acts like
a sieve to filter the Gonad

water before it enters
the body.
Digestive glands Stomach


Mouth Feeding
The star-shaped carnivore consumes
its prey, such as mussels and clams,
by turning its stomach inside out.
First the arms hold on tightly, prizing Radial channel
open the shell, then the stomach
Movement
© NaturePL; Thinkstock © NaturePL; Thinkstock Although it may seem as though they drift around the ocean protrudes from the mouth and
extends out of the body. The starfish
aimlessly, starfish are very in control of their movements. They use a

then inserts the stomach into the
hydraulic system of compressing and expelling seawater to move the
shell and digests the mollusc, drawing
tube feet. To stay stationary they use suction to attach to surfaces.
the nutrients up into the body.
82



082_YouWouldntBelieve.indd 82 16/08/2016 14:51

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AAS_032_SA4ha.indd 1 04/08/2016 12:57

Wildlife photography


Learn to see in black




and white







Don’t just hastily convert your colour shots to monochrome;
discover how to craft them from the very beginning for your

best ever results



























Select your settings
Consider the light
Edit to perfectionn
E d i t t o p e r f e c t i o
When a shot hasn’t quite gone to plan, it
can be all too tempting just to convert it
to black and white to ‘save’ it. While black
and white certainly can help to eliminate
certain distractions such as a colourful
background deterring attention away from
your subject, the best black and white
shots are considered from the start. Certain
shots just won’t look good in black and
white, such as bright blue skies causing

flat results, or, if you don’t get your lighting
just right, your image will be a dull grey
with little tonal difference. Without the
interest of colour, too, your compositions
have to be spot on to hold the viewer’s
attention. Keep your compositions simple
and you may wish to use a wide aperture
for a shallow depth of field to blur any

distractions in the background. Follow this
guide and we will give you top advice on
lighting, shapes, textures and tones, as well
as a simple editing guide, to help you on
your way to monochrome shots that really
stand out.
l
-
co
e
re
d
n
s
id
u
s
i
By using well-considered
B
y
w
l
e
n
g

lighting, this shot is full of detail,
texture and contrasting tones
84 84
084-087_BW Photography.indd 84 16/08/2016 14:52

Wildlife photography



Tip 1

Keep it Raw


Shoot in RAW to keep
control of your tones
When intentionally shooting
for black and white, you could
just select a preset mode on
your camera and have it already
converted for you. While this
may work well in some cases
and save you time, to take
proper control over your tones
you may want to shoot in RAW.
This means you’ll have a colour
version of your shot so you can
convert and customise the look
you want. However, if you select
your camera’s Monochrome
Picture Style, you’ll be able to
preview your shots in black and
white on the back of the camera
as you shoot, letting you see
roughly the result you’ll get.






















By shooting in RAW, you are
able to take much more control
over the type of monochrome
conversion you want
Tip 2
Consider

your ISO


Decide what level of noise is
acceptable to you before you shoot
Black and white is a lot more forgiving when
it comes to image noise, the fine speckling

that can appear in your image when your
ISO is set to a high level. This ‘grainy’ look
can be quite appealing sometimes if you
want to create a gritty, textured look in your @ Thinkstock; Design Pics Inc/REX/Shutterstock
images. If you want your images clean and
noise free, however, keep the ISO low. You
can also go some way to reduce the noise in
editing software, or, if it’s the look you want,
you could even add some more in.


85 85





084-087_BW Photography.indd 85 16/08/2016 14:52

Wildlife photography


Tip 3

Learn to see in tones of grey

Strip away the colour and your image has to work much harder to be effective
It is always a good idea to think in terms of greys Also keep your eye out for shapes and patterns
when shooting for black and white, as when you that will really capture the eye, and your
take away the colour, you have to rely on other composition is really important when the colour
things to work for you. Look for contrasting tones, has gone. Looking for areas of texture rather than
so bright highlights and darker areas, especially flat, smooth subjects is also effective in black and

when it comes to what backgrounds the animals white and this will really help to give more interest
are next to – if they are too similar in tone, the to your image. For instance, you may want to focus
effect in black and white won’t be as strong. in on the texture of animal skin or fur for your shot.


Draw attention to the animal’s
shape by shooting a silhouette
against a bright background












































Tip 4
Consider the light

Use the light to emphasise shape and texture
Your lighting is always important in photography, but
ever more so in black and white. Use side lighting on the
animal to create powerful shadows and enhance texture
and details. Wait for the Sun to be low in the sky and
your image will have much more depth to it. It’s actually
best not to shoot on bright sunny days for black and

white shots as the sky will be a flat block grey; shooting Consider how the
in more overcast or even stormy conditions can add light falls onto
texture and detail to the cloud formations, which can your subject to
really enhance your monochrome shots. try to enhance the
detail and texture
of their skin
86





084-087_BW Photography.indd 86 16/08/2016 14:52

Wildlife photography


Tip 5

Take control

of your edits

Make black and white shots
really pop with Silver Efex Pro 2
Silver Efex Pro is a great tool for
converting to black and white, and
it’s now free along with other great
bits of software in the Nik Collection
(download it now from www.google.
com/nikcollection). Once it’s installed,
open it up, import your image
(File>Open Images) and begin making
black and white shots that stand out.
























App options
Apps for shooting and editing
black and white photographs
Lenka
Kevin Abosch
Free on iOS and Android
An app with a simple
interface, Lenka lets you preview
how your shot will look in black and
white before you press the shutter.
What we like most are the tones
it creates, with deep blacks and
bright whites. You can also manually
focus too.
Explore the presets Tweak your options


On the leƒ-hand side are a series of preset options. Click the filters at the top to just You can now customise this preset by heading to the right-hand panel. In Global
see certain types such as ‘Classic’ or ‘Modern’ and then click on the thumbnail to Adjustments, you can use the sliders to change the brightness, contrast and Dramatic Black

preview the effect on your image. structure (which is a sharpening tool that is great for enhancing texture). & White

JixiPix So ware
iOS: £1.49/$1.99
Android: £1.89/$1.99
Dramatic Black & White lets you
choose from a variety of presets,
including infrared, and you can put
a spotlight on your subject using a
simple elliptical tool.
Simply B&W @ Thinkstock; Reinhard Hölzl / imageBROKER/REX/Shutterstock
James Moore
Free on iOS (iOS only)
This app gives you
access to some classic film looks

such as T-Max and Delta as presets,
and you also have options for colour

Perfect the look Add final touches filters, controls for brightness,


In Colour Filter, you can select to filter certain tones in the image, brightening the In the Finishing Adjustments panel, you can now add colour tones, vignettes, burnt contrast and grain, as well as
colour selected. In Film Types, you can also pick presets that replicate certain film, as edges and borders. Just select the drop-down and toggle through to see the results. vignettes and borders.

well as customise this. Click Save and your image will be processed.
87
084-087_BW Photography.indd 87 16/08/2016 14:52

o
eep
Keeping in touch
K i n g i n t uc h Contact us at…
@WorldAnimalsMag
worldofanimalsmag

Star letter
“@WorldAnimalsMag STAR
I’ve learned so much Thanks to our readers Rod and LETTER
Jen Bell for sending in photos
about wildlife & now of themselves with the magazine on
I want to go to Costa their own wildlife trip at the Kruger
National Park in South Africa.
Rica! Thank you for
another beautiful We thought it would be fun to take some pics
of your mag in Kruger National Park and the
issue!” Elephant museum at Letaba rest camp - it
seemed like a great place to do so.
@TardisGeek22

“@WorldAnimalsMag A magazine
with amazing images and incredible
knowledges that will expand your
horizon!”
@tongucakademi35




Superpower dogs update
Sup er p o w er d o g s upd a t e
er lots of hard training, Halo and her handler Cat are on a much-deserved
This month, a er lots of hard training, Halo and her handler Cat are on a much-deserved
This month, a

holiday. While they rest and recuperate, here are ten facts about the Dutch shepherd breed
holiday. While they rest and recuperate, here are ten facts about the Dutch shepherd breed

A er WWII, the breed was on the
brink of extinction as the war had
meant that little breeding had
taken place. Luckily, enthusiasts The breed
“Love this mag…” began breeding once more to Dutch shepherds are o en originated on

farms in the
save the Dutch shepherd.
@foxyfl ic confused with their similar- Netherlands.
looking cousins, the German
shepherds and Belgian malinois,
but they are smaller in size.
Dutch shepherds, as their
name suggests, were used
as an all-round working
dog, for minding and herding
livestock and as guard dogs.
Their intelligence and strong
physical form make them ideal The Dutch shepherd has been a
dogs for police work, search recognised breed since 1898.
and rescue work as well as
disability assistance dogs.
Latest These dogs are lively, intelligent,
affectionate and loyal.

digital
edition About the film: These dogs can

e
r
i
v
Superpower Dogs is a forthcoming 3D live- - be very stubborn
n
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In our latest a c t i o n I M A X fi l m u n l i k e a n y t h i n g y o u ’ v e e v e r and very cheeky
action IMAX film unlike anything you’ve ever
s a
D
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working dogs – search and rescue dogs, service
Never Knew w o r k i n g d o g s – s e a r c h a n d r e s c u e d o g s , s e r v i c e
About Animals, discover weird and d o g s , a v a l a n c h e d o g s . . . W e a r e m a k i n g a m o v i e The coat colour for this breed
dogs, avalanche dogs... We are making a movie
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wonderful facts from the animal about the Olympic heroes of the dog world.” is always a gold or silver
h
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brindle (speckled pattern).
v
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kingdom. From the creatures that Through the magic of the giant screen the movie
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a
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c o
i
n t
e g
and its accompanying exhibition in collaboration

can fly without wings, to incredible and its accompanying exhibition in collaboration
transformations and translucent with the California Science Center will immerse
with the California Science Center will immerse
species that you can see right you into the way that dogs think and work, and
you into the way that dogs think and work, and
tell the incredible story of how man’s best friend
through, be prepared to be amazed. tell the incredible story of how man’s best friend Dutch shepherds have three coat

is able to fight crime and save lives. types: long, short and rough.
88
088-089_Community_WOA37.indd 88 16/08/2016 15:09

Wildlife journeys Animal antics
this month
Exploring an Ionian island Our favourite animal news and

Production Editor, Amelia Jones had some stories. Let us know yours at
[email protected]
nice wildlife surprises on her visit to the lush
mountains and clear waters of Kefalonia In the news
A hidden gem in the Ionian Sea, the Greek Tiger numbers rise
island of Kefalonia is the perfect place to Endangered bengal tiger
numbers have nearly doubled
unwind and take in the views and wildlife. At in Nepal in just three years
the hotel, a fl ock of swallows were regular according to a survey which
evening visitors, dipping and diving with great ZSL helped carry out.
speed and grace to scoop water from the
surface of the swimming pool, while on the
beach I came across a beautiful preying mantis
on the wooden walkway. However, it was the
marine life that really caught my eye.
I followed a number of colourful fi sh around
with my GoPro and snorkel and even saw
a few hermit crabs. The highlight of the trip
was spotting a loggerhead sea turtle while
parasailing high up over Skala on the south Animals on film

east coast. Seeing this majestic creature in the Tell us Nine Lives
wild was magical. Luckily, I managed to get this about one of your We can’t wait to see Kevin
close up view in Argostoli a few days later, as wildlife holidays by Spacey’s new film which tells

the turtles came to the fi shing boats for scraps. emailing your story and the story of a businessman
photos to animals@ who gets transformed into a cat
animalanswers aŽer he loses sight of the right

Reader photos .co.uk priorities in life.















Green heron
Johnny Walker
Saw this green heron at the edge of a small pond. It
hurried to higher ground to observe me.
Amazing animal
Cat gets promotion
Felix, a station cat from
Huddersfield was promoted

to Senior Pest Controller for © Courtesy Everett Collection/REX/Shutterstock; Thinkstock; ZSL
her years of mouse-catching
services. She received a
new high-vis jacket and a
name badge on behalf of the
Transpennine Express rail
network.

Tapping beetle QUESTION
Evelyn Joubert OF THE MONTH
I took the photo during a weekend away with my
Colourful pollinator daughter and two grandchildren. I was excited to What is the funniest
Karthikeyan Shanmugasundaram spot this little creature. The last time I came across thing your pet has
This hummingbird hawk moth is collecting nectar from the flower. I saw this a tapping beetle (Toktokkie) was 48 years ago. ever done?


moth hovering around in my garden and it moved very fast from a flower to Tell us at questions@
flower. AŽer many chases and missed moments I fi nally got this beautiful Have you been inspired by a WOA cover or animalanswers.co.uk


action shot of this hummingbird moth. feature? Send us your best wildlife photos.
89




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SUPER
SUPER DOLPHINS WHY GANGS
AMAZING ABILITIES OF HERO CANINES ANIMAL
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A-Z OF
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Animal
Xxxxxxxxxxxxx “Around 725,000


answers people are killed


indirectly by

mosquitoes”




Send your animal questions to us at:

[email protected]
























What is the

most dangerous Deaths per year 725,000

Mosquito
animal worldwide? Freshwater snail 110,000
60,000
Ascaris roundworm
Venomous snake
50,000
When thinking of which animal is the most dangerous, Rabid dog 40,000
12,000
Assassin bug
it’s easy to immediately assume that some of the larger Tsetse fly 9,000

predators would be at the top of the list. Lions kill fewer Tapeworm 2,000
1,000
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and the diseases they transmit. Diseases such as malaria, , The mosquito is the e Wolf 10
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dengue and yellow fever are all spread by mosquitoes. animal responsible for the
most deaths worldwide
most deaths worldwide
Do alligators
have tongues?
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their long snouts. To make prey and open their mouths
sure they aren’t constantly wide underwater.
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tongue. This valve stops water i its mouth by a membrane, so
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into their stomachs, or more you anytime soon.
you anytime soon.
Follow us at... @ W o r l d An i ma l s M ag worldofanimalsmag
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92 92
092-094_AnimalAnswers.indd 92 16/08/2016 15:13

Animal answers



Are killer whales dolphins?

Orcas aren’t really whales but are the other. Orcas are ‘toothed whales’ and
largest member of the delphinidae, the confusingly, all toothed whales are
oceanic dolphin family. As a group they actually dolphins.

are known as the cetaceans (the name When orcas were first discovered
of the order to which they belong) and they were given the name ‘whale
when people talk about cetaceans killer’ as some orcas prey on other
collectively they are usually referring cetaceans, but over time the words A cross-section of an
to whales, dolphins and porpoises. flipped to ‘killer whale’, as it is slightly elephant’s prehensile trunk

So whales and dolphins are closely easier to say. When you think about it
related, as they are in same order, but like that, it makes it less bizarre that

they are still quite different from each they aren’t really whales.




An elephant’s trunk is the
equivalent of a human’s
nose and upper lip
Is an elephant’s
trunk made of
bone or muscle?

Elephant trunks contain 40,000 muscles, know that the trunk existed, as there are
divided into 150,000 individual units. The no bones within the trunk.
human body has just 640 skeletal muscles It takes a long time to learn how to use
by comparison, so you can imagine just their trunks and baby elephants aren’t

how complex it truly is. quite used to their appendage at first.
Interestingly, if you were to look at an They even suck their trunks in the way
elephant’s skeleton, you would never that human babies suck their thumbs.
How many species are there on
Earth and how do we know if we
haven’t discovered all of them?

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We don’t actually know how many species there are on Earth, purely
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because we are still discovering them. A study published in 2011
n
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offered the most accurate estimation yet and places the world’s
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t total number of species at 8.7 million, give or take 1.3 million. .
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T There are thought to be around 6.5 million species on land
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Q . H o w m an y
Q. How many
sharks are killed by
sharks are killed by
ABOVE The phylogenetic relationships humans each year?
between species and their common
ancestors was referred to metaphorically
by Charles Darwin as the ‘tree of life’ Find out at…
animalanswers.co.uk
092-094_AnimalAnswers.indd 93 16/08/2016 15:13

Animal answers

[email protected]
How do snakes sleep if they don’t have
What is the strongest eyelids and can’t shut their eyes?

material produced Snakes are able to sleep, despite not stop the eye from drying out. These
shed just like the rest of the snake’s
having any eyelids and being physically
unable to close their eyes. Humans
skin, which is very bizarre to watch.
by animals? have eyelids not only to aid with sleep is asleep or not. You could guess by its
There’s no real way to tell if a snake
but also to protect our eyes.

But even without eyelids, a snake’s lack of movement but snakes oen sit
For a long time, spider silk was wrapped in protein and are tightly eyes are still protected. They have a very still anyway. There has been very
assumed to be the strongest packed. They are so strong they transparent layer covering the surface little research on snakes and sleep so
material made by animals. We now even outperform man-made metal of the eye called ‘spectacles’, which the exact mechanisms are unknown.
know that limpet teeth are much alloys in terms of how much force
stronger. Limpets are tiny aquatic they can withstand.
creatures that cling on to rock Generally speaking, the bigger
faces beneath wide shells. Their the structure is the weaker it is.
teeth are just one millimetre (0.04 So you’d expect tiny limpet teeth
inches) long and contain goethite; to be strong but, amazingly, they
an iron-containing mineral. are able to retain their strength
To reinforce the strength of regardless of size due to the

the teeth, the goethite fibres are arrangement of minerals.
Limpet teeth are
not only strong, but
they are also curved,
adding extra strength
to their structure













Emerald tree
boas rest by
coiling around
a tree branch


How do ants Ants need oxygen
just like we do but
breathe if they have evolved to gain
it through an entirely
different method

don’t have lungs?

Ants, like many other invertebrates, have
developed an entirely different system of
breathing to ensure they get enough oxygen.
Instead of having lungs and breathing in air like
we do, they have lots of tiny little holes in the
abdomen called ‘spiracles’. There is one pair per
segment. The holes branch out to a network of
tubes called trachea, which permeate the entire
body. This system is what stops ants getting as
big as humans; while it’s incredibly efficient for

their small size, it wouldn’t scale up.
Instead of having a pumping heart, their general
movement is enough to ensure air is moving in
and out of the spiracles. As it is a passive process,
© Thinkstock; Dreamstime Follow us at… @WorldAnimalsMag worldofanimalsmag
they don’t ever get out of breath either.





94





092-094_AnimalAnswers.indd 94 16/08/2016 15:13

Xxxxxxxxxxxxx

Interview with a…

Tiger keeper








Tony Cholerton, a senior tiger keeper at ZSL London Zoo, speaks to us

about what it’s like to spend every day with these big cats


Tell us how exactly you became a gives our visitors a real insight into the world of and human-tiger conflict. Alongside our

tiger keeper. the Sumatran tiger and the threats they face in conservation programme in Indonesia,
I have always been passionate the wild. where we work to make changes to continue
about working with animals, so as their survival in the wild, our work as part
soon as I could, I signed up to be You recently had Sumatran tiger cubs born at of the international breeding programme is
a volunteer at ZSL London Zoo. the zoo. Tell us what this was like. absolutely vital. When our two cubs are old
My first role was working with the tropical birds, We knew roughly when Melati was due to give enough, they’ll move to other zoos where

which I loved. The experience really cemented birth, so it was really exciting coming in each they will start their own breeding groups. This
my desire to work professionally with animals, so morning to see if she had gone into labour. I ensures that a healthy population of Sumatran
I applied to become a trainee keeper. I worked was working with her the day before, and I saw tigers will continue to exist around the world.

my way up from trainee, and began working signs that she was very close – she was finding
with mammals, like the giraffes and okapis, it difficult to get comfortable and couldn’t settle, What do you recommend budding

before joining the team that looks after the lions, so I was sure that it was about to happen. When conservationists do if they want to become
tigers and gorillas. I came in the next day, she had made her own a tiger keeper?
way into her special cubbing den and was in Spend as much time as possible working
What does your job entail? labour. A few hours later, we all watched on our with and learning about animals. Volunteering
Our mornings are usually taken up with the cubcam system while she gave birth to the two at a local kennel, animal shelter or stables
cleaning of the enclosures – there’s a lot of cubs. Because Melati and Jae Jae have a really all goes a long way towards demonstrating
mucking-out involved – and doing enrichment strong bond, we decided to leave them together your dedication to animal care. Anything can
training with the animals. When Melati, our throughout the pregnancy and birth. Soon after happen if you work hard enough and care
female Sumatran tiger, first moved to ZSL the twins were born, we spotted Jae Jae paying passionately about animals.

London Zoo, she hadn’t had much previous his first visit, and we’re really pleased with how

training. But by working to positively reinforce attentive he’s been to them ever since. “I get to experience
certain natural behaviours, she’s now well at
ease with us weighing her and carrying out the Why is keeping tigers and this birth in so many unique
veterinary checks that ensure she’s a happy and particular important for the zoo?
healthy tigress. The Sumatran tiger is classified as Critically moments… every

Endangered, with just 300 of these beautiful
What is the best part of your job? animals left in the wild. Their numbers are day is different”
The fact that I get to experience so many unique sadly declining due to habitat loss, poaching
moments that I’ll remember my whole life –
every day is different as an animal keeper. Most Melati with her
recently, coming in and finding out that Melati cubs at ZSL

was in labour with the cubs was a real highlight. London Zoo

And the worst?
When Melati’s last litter were old enough, they
moved to new homes at other zoos. This was so
they could start their own breeding groups as
part of the international breeding programme for
critically endangered Sumatran tigers – managed
by ZSL’s conservation experts. Because we
worked so closely with them, it was really hard
to say goodbye to the cubs. But what’s more
important is that we know they’ve all gone to
excellent zoos where they’ve been matched with
the perfect partner for them to have their own
cubs with.

What has it been like getting a new tiger
enclosure at the zoo?

Tiger Territory is incredible. It was specifically
designed as an ideal habitat for Sumatran tigers
to breed, and allowed us to welcome cubs into
the world at ZSL London Zoo for the first time in © ZSL London Zoo

18 years. It has special areas for us to train with
our tigers, Jae Jae and Melati and the cubs, and
PB 95





095_Tiger interview.indd 95 16/08/2016 17:40

Animal trivia







Test your animal knowledge



1. GIRAFFE BEHAVIOUR 3. FLAMINGO SPECIES

a
o
What is it called when giraffes curl their C a n y o u n a m e th e fl a mi ng o s p ec i i e s ?
n y
Can you name the flamingo species??
p
e th
C
e fl
o s
m
ec
s
e
a
a
mi
u n
ng
upper lip and draw air into their mouths?
2. MEET THE PENGUINS a. b.
Can you spot which penguin is the tallest, fastest,
smallest, rarest?

Emperor penguin Little blue penguin c. d.
a. b.

4. SLOTH DIGESTION

How many days does food take to pass
through a sloth’s digestive system?
Gentoo penguin Galápagos penguin a. 50 days b. 100 days
c. d.
c. 30 days d. 20 days

5. WHO AM I?

Match the burrow to the animal
a. b. c. d. e.
I echolocate to When I’m under Some say I could I am able to swivel It is too hot in
make up for my moonlight, my probably spot a my ears like satellite the day so I hide
poor eyesight armoured exoskeleton mouse on a football dishes to scan my underground
illuminates pitch lit by only a surroundings until nighttime
single candle













© Thinkstock Shrew Owl Scorpion Rabbit Jerboa




96 Answers 1. Flehmen response 2. a) Tallest b) Smallest c) Fastest d) Rarest 3. a) Lesser fl amingo b) Greater fl amingo c) Andean fl amingo d) Caribbean fl amingo 4. a) 50 days 5. a) Shrew b) Scorpion c) Owl d) Rabbit e) Jerboa PB





096_Quiz.indd 96 16/08/2016 17:44

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98 PB
098_Next month_WOA37.indd 98 16/08/2016 15:20

Stolen from the wild.



Her mother killed.




Please help end this cruelty.
P l e a s e h e l p e n d t h i s cru e l t y .




Join our campaign to end bear bile farming.














www.animalsasia.org
01579 347148
[email protected]
Reg charity: 1086903






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