JABATAN SAINS Nama Pelajar LOW JIA HUI Angka Giliran 2023162314012 No Kad Pengenalan 051211-06-0506 Kumpulan/Unit SN Kod & Nama Kursus SCES1084: FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOLOGY I Nama Pensyarah PN HASLINAH BINTI ABDULLAH Tajuk Tugasan TASK 2: ESSAY WRITING Tarikh Hantar 31 OKT 2023 Pengakuan pelajar menerima maklum balas daripada pensyarah Saya mengesahkan bahawa maklum balas yang diberikan oleh pensyarah telah saya rujuki dan fahami. Catatan (jika ada) Tanda tangan Pelajar: Tarikh: 31/10/23 Markah: INSTITUT PENDIDIKAN GURU KAMPUS PENDIDIKAN TEKNIK TUGASAN PENTAKSIRAN BERTERUSAN INSTITUT PENDIDIKAN GURU TAHUN AKADEMIK: 2023 KAMPUS PENDIDIKAN TEKNIK
CONTENTS 1.0 ESSAY WRITING ……………………………………………………………………. 1 2.0 REFERENCES .……………………………………………………………………… 4
1 1.0 ESSAY WRITING EXPLORATION OF COCAINE Cocaine is a powerfully addictive stimulant drug. It is a naturally occurring sympathomimetic tropane alkaloid derived from the leaves of Erythroxylon coca (Melo et al., 2022). There are two major forms of cocaine that are commonly available. That is crack cocaine, which is the free base that is produced when cocaine hydrochloride reacts with ammonium or baking soda, and cocaine hydrochloride, which is a white powder that is soluble in water and mostly taken by inhalation. (Roque Bravo et al., 2022). Cocaine looks like a fine, white, crystal powder as shown in figure 1.0. Cocaine powder is either rubbed into the gums or snorted through the nose. In addition, the powder will be dissolved and injected into the bloodstream. Smoking cocaine that has been processed to form a rock crystal is another prevalent method of consumption. Vapors are created by heating the crystal and breathing them in. The word "Crack" for this type of cocaine refers to the sound made by the heated rock crackling. Some individuals may use Crack as a cigarette substitute by dispersing it over tobacco or marijuana. Figure 1.0 : Cocaine Cocaine use have a numberless of repercussions for the Central Nervous System (CNS). In brain regions involved in movement and reward regulation, it raises
2 dopamine levels, a naturally occurring chemical messenger. It blocks a number of neurotransmitter reuptake transporters, most notably the dopamine reuptake transporter and the norepinephrine reuptake transporter (Elfers et al., 2023). Usually, dopamine recycles back into the cell that released it and shut off the signal between nerve cells. However, cocaine prevents dopamine from being recycled. This has result in the stopping of the communication of two nerve cells. Thus, large amounts in the space between two nerve cells have built up. The reward circuit of the brain receives a massive dose of dopamine, which greatly encourages drug use. Continued drug usage may cause the reward circuit to adapt, making it less responsive to the drug. Consequently, people try to achieve the same high and withdrawal alleviation by taking larger and more frequent dosages of the drug. The use of these drugs is linked to the formation of ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes; the primary cause is a rise in arterial blood pressure, while cocaine-induced disruptions of normal hematological parameters may also be involved. The occurrence of intracranial and subarachnoid hemorrhages is equally related to the dysregulated increase in blood pressure. Headaches are also typical as a result of the rise in blood pressure and the effects of cocaine on the dopaminergic and serotoninergic systems. Seizures also occur frequently. They can occur in both longterm users and those who use for the first time because cocaine lowers the threshold for seizures by stimulating the limbic system repeatedly at low levels (kindling). Cocaine's blockage of noradrenaline is another reason that lead to the rising in the seizure occurrence. (Roque Bravo, 2022). Cocaine will also causes vasoconstriction by stimulating of the sympathetic nervous system. It also decreases the reuptake of catecholamine that is noradrenaline and adrenaline, far ahead of other neurotransmitters that is serotonin and dopamine, at presynaptic cleft and increases their supply at postsynaptic receptors. The adrenal medulla also produces norepinephrine and adrenaline (Farooque et al., 2020). The blockage of reuptake of norepinephrine will lead to an accumulation of this neurotransmitter in the synapses (Tan, interview). This excess norepinephrine amplifies the activation of adrenergic receptors in various parts of the body, including the heart, blood vessels, and other organs. The increased activity of adrenergic receptors leads to several physiological responses that are characteristic of the sympathetic nervous system, including increased heart rate, elevated blood
3 pressure, increased alertness, and a heightened state of arousal. Cocaine abuse can also have detrimental effects on the peripheral nervous system. The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a unique branch of the peripheral nervous system. The ENS contains elements of the neurotransmitter systems that are impacted by cocaine, such as the nicotinic and serotonergic receptors (Drake et al., 2018). The comorbidity of gastrointestinal symptoms with cocaine abuse may therefore be explained by the possibility that cocaine consumption directly affects the ENS ability to operate. According to Cabé et al (2021), a higher proportion of patients in the RDS+ (patients who reported depressive symptoms during withdrawal) group reported at least one occasion where cocaine use resulted in psychotic symptoms. With regard to the modality of usage, the RDS+ group exhibited depressive symptoms and snorted more frequently. Injectable or smoked pathways were less frequent in RDS+ group. People going through cocaine withdrawal will often experience extreme tiredness and low energy levels. After using cocaine, individuals will also experience reduced appetite. During withdrawal, they may have an increased craving for food (Tan, interview). At the same time, they will be anxiety and inability to feel pleasure. In conclusion, cocaine will bring serious effect on nervous system. Whether it is in the form of cocaine powder or ‘crack’ cocaine, it is highly addictive. Thus, it uses by people from various backgrounds ought to utilize it carefully since using it won't protect consumers from the intrinsic toxicity of the substance. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my deepest appreciation to Puan Tan that worked as a pharmacist. She helped me a lot in my assignment by giving me a lot of information regarding cocaine. Because of her useful information, I am able to done my writing smoothly.
4 2.0 REFERENCES Cabé, J., Brousse, G., Pereira, B., Cabé, N., Karsinti, E., Zerdazi, E.-H., Icick, R., Llorca, P. M., Bloch, V., Vorspan, F., & De Chazeron, I. (2021). Influence of Clinical Markers of Dopaminergic Behaviors on Depressive Symptoms During Withdrawal in Cocaine Users. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.775670 Drake, L. R., & Scott, P. J. H. (2018). DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Cocaine. ACS Chemical Neuroscience, 9(10), 2358–2372. https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00117 Elfers, K., Menne, L., Colnaghi, L., Hoppe, S., & Mazzuoli-Weber, G. (2023). Shortand Long-Term Effects of Cocaine on Enteric Neuronal Functions. Cells, 12(4), 577. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12040577 Farooque, U., Okorie, N., Kataria, S., Shah, S. F., & Bollampally, V. C. (2020). Cocaine-Induced Headache: A Review of Pathogenesis, Presentation, Diagnosis, and Management. Cureus. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.10128 Melo, C. A. A., Guimarães, H. R. G., Medeiros, R. C. F., Souza, G. C. de A., Santos, P. B. D. dos, & Tôrres, A. C. S. P. (2022). Oral changes in cocaine abusers: an integrative review. Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, 88(4), 633– 641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjorl.2021.04.011 Roque Bravo, R., Faria, A. C., Brito-da-Costa, A. M., Carmo, H., Mladěnka, P., Dias da Silva, D., & Remião, F. (2022). Cocaine: An Updated Overview on Chemistry, Detection, Biokinetics, and Pharmacotoxicological Aspects including Abuse Pattern. Toxins, 14(4), 278. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins14040278
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6 Script Me : Hi, I am Jia Hui from IPGKPT, may I interview you 4 questions regarding cocaine to accomplish my assignments? Puan Tan : You may send the list of the question ya, we will try our best to assist you. Me : What are the examples for stimulant drugs? Puan Tan : The examples of stimulant drugs are amphetamines, betel nut, caffeine, cocaine, ice, khat, synthetic cathiones and nicotine. Me : Well, cocaine is one of the famous drug among these. So, could you explain how cocaine affects human nervous system? Puan Tan : Cocaine acts by binding to the dopamine transporter, blocking the removal of dopamine from the synapse. Dopamine then accumulates in the synapse to produce an amplified signal to the receiving neurons. This is what causes the euphoria commonly experienced immediately after taking the drug. Me : Ok, what is the short-term and long-term effect of cocaine? Puan Tan : Short-term effect of cocaine included euphoria and rush, increased activity and wakefulness, increased attention and decreased fatigue, impaired judgement, decreased appetite, decreased thrist and hyperthermia. Cocaine will also lead to irregular heartbeat, tachycardia, increased respiration, nausea, vomiting and abdominal cramping. : While long-term effect of cocaine is changing in brain structure, obsessive behavior, reperirive motor activity, function and blood vessels, depression, paranoia, memory loss, hyperstimulation of peripheral nervous system (PNS), hypertension, increased intestinal permeability and systematic arterial vasoconstriction. Me : Ok thanks, and what is the withdrawal symptoms of cocaine? Puan Tan : Withdrawal symptoms of cocaine is slowed thinking, difficulty concentrating, fatigue, slowed physical activity, suicidal thoughts, anxiety,
7 depression, exhaustion, restlessness, vivid dreams, increased appetite, drug cravings, chills, inability to feel pleasure, tremors, nerve pain and muscle aches. Me : Ok, so sorry for interruption and thank you very much. Puan Tan : Most welcome.
26% SIMILARITY INDEX 16% INTERNET SOURCES 6% PUBLICATIONS 18% STUDENT PAPERS 1 7% 2 4% 3 3% 4 2% 5 2% 6 2% 7 2% 8 bio essay ORIGINALITY REPORT PRIMARY SOURCES www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Internet Source assets.cureus.com Internet Source Submitted to CSU, Dominguez Hills Student Paper Submitted to Richmond-upon-Thames College Student Paper Submitted to Cyryx College, Maldives Student Paper Julien Cabé, Georges Brousse, Bruno Pereira, Nicolas Cabé et al. "Influence of Clinical Markers of Dopaminergic Behaviors on Depressive Symptoms During Withdrawal in Cocaine Users" , Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2021 Publication Submitted to Flinders University Student Paper Submitted to VHS Virtual High School Student Paper
1% 9 1% 10 1% Exclude quotes Off Exclude bibliography Off Exclude matches Off Submitted to Technological University Dublin Student Paper sndisya.blogspot.com Internet Source