Form 4 Chemistry PBL Project Chapter 8

F4 CHEMISTRY PBL PROJECT: CHAPTER 8

MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES
IN INDUSTRY

NAME: LEE YU JIN
CLASS: 4S5
TEACHER: PN YONG SOOK HUI

Table of Contents

01 Question I: Glass
04 Question II: Ceramics
08 Question III:

Composite Materials and
their importance

10 Reference

QUESTION I

GLASS

Major
Component

Sand Limestone Sodium
carbonate
(Silicon dioxide) (Calcium carbonate)

Silicon dioxide Calcium carbonate

Sodium 01
carbonate

Transparent Hard

reflect, bend, Basic Brittle
transmit, Properties
and absorb Poor heat and
light of Glass electrical
conductor
High
compressive

strength

Low density Chemical
(2500 kg/m3) resistant

02

Types of Composition Properties Uses
Glass
Highly transparent Laboratory glass
Fused Glass Silica Able to withstand high rods
temperature Telescope mirrors
Soda-lime Glass 60-75% Silica Resistant to chemical Optical fibres
12-18% Soda attack Lenses
5-12% Lime
Low melting point Window
Easily shaped Household glass
Thermal shock resistant container
Does not withstand heat Light bulbs

Borosilicate Glass 70-80% Sand High melting point Cookware
7-13% Boron Resistant to thermal shock Laboratory
Lead Crystal trioxide Resistant to chemical apparatus
Glass 4-8% Sodium & shock Oven glass
Potassium oxide
2-7% Aluminium High density High reflective
oxide High refractive index lenses
Soft and easily melt Decorative glassware
25% oxygen
30%silicon
25% lead,
10% sodium/
potassium
10% calcium

03

QUESTION II

CERAMICS

Clay Earthen
elements

Major
Components

Water Powders

04

Hard

Basic Properties High melting point

Low thermal shock
resistance

High chemical resistance
to corrosion nd chemical

Good heat insulator

05

Difference between Traditional Ceramics and
Advanced Ceramics

Types of Properties Uses Examples
Ceramics
Chemically inert Building Brick, clay pipe,
Traditional Hard and strong materials pottery, cooking
Ceramics Do not conduct Household ware, dental
electricity goods crown, crucibles
High melting Manufacturing
point

Advanced High heat Catalytic Silicon nitride,
Ceramics resistance converter silicon carbide,
Physically stable Electroceramic zirconium oxide,
Chemically inert Semiconductor aluminia, boron
Hard carbide,

06

Application and Uses of Ceramics in Various Field

Field Applications
Aerospace
Electronic Engines, airframes, space shuttle and rocket
Medical Technology nozzle
Energy and Environment
Modern Industry Ceramic heat sink provides right climate for
high power electronics

Artificial bone and dental product
Zirconium oxide is used in orthopaedics

Aluminia reduces emission of toxic gases and air
pollutants in exhaust pipes

Zirconium oxide is used in ceramics knife
mortar

Ceramic Heat Sink

Artificial Bone 07

QUESTION III

Composite Materials and
their Importance

Composite material is a new material
composed by a mixture of two or
more substances and has better
characteristics than the original
substances

08

Five Types of Composite Materials

Types of composite properties uses
materials
Bridge
Reinforced concrete Strong but brittle and Building

weak in tension Dam

High compression and

stretching strength Bullet train (maglev train)
Can be moulded into any Magnetic resonance
shape imaging (MRI)
Computer chips
Superconductor No electrical resistance at Generators

very low temperature Transformer

High speed operation

High sensitivity CCTV cable
Computer network cables
Fibre optic High transmission Endoscope tube

capacity Video camera

High chemical stability

Water storage tank
Light Badminton rackets
Fibre glass Thin but strong Small boats

High compression and Helmet

stretching strength Solar panel

Can be moulded into any

shape Optical lenses
Car windshields
Photochromic glass Transparent when indoor Lenses in cameras

Photochromic pigment is Light intensity meters

sensitive to UV

Turns darker based on the 09
UV intensity

References Link

No. Site/ Book name https://www.britannica.com/technology/glass
1. Britannica
2. GharPedia https://gharpedia.com/blog/characteristics-
3. Saint Gobain Glass properties-glass-building-material/
4. Crystal Art USA
5. BV Glas https://www.saint-gobain-glass.co.uk/en-
6. Thomasnet gb/architects/physical-properties

7. The American Ceramic Society https://www.crystalartusa.com/typesofglass.aspx

8. Azo Material https://www.bvglas.de/en/about-glass/glass-is-a-
multitalented-material/types-of-glass/
9. Slideshare.net
10. Focus Chemistry SPM https://www.thomasnet.com/articles/plant-facility-
11. Spotlight Galaxy SPM Chemistry equipment/types-of-glass/

https://ceramics.org/about/what-are-engineered-
ceramics-and-glass/structure-and-properties-of-
ceramics

https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?
ArticleID=3634#:~:text=Properties%20of%20Advanc
ed%20Ceramics&text=Their%20hardness%2C%20ph
ysical%20stability%2C%20extreme,of%20materials%
20in%20the%20world.

https://www.slideshare.net/ZOTTY/applications-of-
ceramics

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Thank you
for reading