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Heat Affected Zone Welding Heat Affected Zone Welding
Concerns Concerns
Cooling Transformations in the • Changes in Structure Resulting
Weld in Changes in Properties
• Cold Cracking Due to Hydrogen
Let us now start to investigate concerns in the true heat affected zone. This is the Two major concerns occur in the heat affected zone which effect weldability these
region where melting does not occur, but temperatures reach high enough values are, a.) changes in structure as a result of the thermal cycle experienced by the
for phase changes or changes in structure and properties to occur. Before we look passage of the weld and the resulting changes in mechanical properties coincident
at the exact changes in structure and properties, and weld deficiencies which with these structural changes, and b.) the occurrence of cold or delayed cracking
might result from these changes, we need to review the thermal cycles which due to the absorption of hydrogen during welding. A separate section is
resulted in these changes, and categorize the types of deficiencies which might presented below for each of these occurrences.
occur.
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Look At Two Types of Alloy Systems
First let’s review the thermal cycles experienced in the heat affected zone as a There are two types of alloy systems which we will consider, those which do not Note that the heat of welding has effected the structure of this material even
result of the passage of the weld. The figure illustrated here shows the have an allotropic phase change during heating like copper, and those which have though there are no allotropic transformations. Recall that cold worked structures
temperature vs time curve at various distances from the weld metal. We have an allotropic phase change on heating like steel. We will first consider those undergo recovery, recrystalization and grain growth when heated to ever
seen similar thermal cycles in the heat transfer section above. As the welding arc materials which do not have an allotropic phase change. The top schematic increasing temperatures. So it is in this material. As we traverse from the cold
passes by the plane of reference and heat from the molten pool is conducted illustrates this type of material. There are several ways that materials without any worked elongated grains in the unaffected base metal, we come to a region where
outward from the weld into the Heat Affected Zone, the temperature increases to allotropic phase changes can be strengthened. Two typical methods are cold the cold worked grains undergo recovery and then shortly there after they
a maximum temperature until the arc is past, and then heat continues to flow working and precipitation strengthening (review the section on material recrystalize into fine equiaxed new grains. Traversing still closer to the weld region
outward cooling each location. Points closest to the weld fusion line reach the strengthening if you are not familiar with these types). We will first consider that we note grain growth where the more favorably oriented grains consume
hottest maximum temperatures while points removed from the fusion line do not this material has been cold worked (note the elongated cold worked grains neighboring grains and grain growth occurs. The grains within the weld epitaxially
reach as high a temperature and the maximum temperature occurs at a slightly present in the base material (region A)). The weld metal is represented by region nucleate from the grains in the heat affected zone at the fusion boundary, and
later time than that near the fusion line. Note that almost every thermal cycle C, and the heat affected zone is region B. grain growth continues into the solidifying weld metal making very large grains.
imaginable occurs over this short distance of the heat affected zone. Thus a
variety of structural and property variations are expected. In the next section we
will examine some of the structural changes expected (they are dependent upon
the type of material welded and the prior processing of the material) and the
resulting property changes.
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Cold Worked Alloy Without Allotropic Transformation
Welding Annealed upon
Precipitation Cooling
Hardened Alloys
Without Allotropic
Phase Changes
Welded In:
• Full Hard
Condition
• Solution
Annealed
Condition
Introductory Welding Metallurgy, Introductory Welding Metallurgy,
AWS, 1979 AWS, 1979
When welding on the already aged (full hard) material, the unaffected base metal
One of the factors that occur when cold worked grains recrystalize and grain A second way of strengthening materials without allotropic phase changes is by will have aged precipitates that are just the right size for strengthening. The heat
growth occurs we have already discussed, and that is the material softens. Thus precipitation strengthening. Recall that in precipitation strengthening, the base affected zone, on the other hand, will experience some additional heating. In the
the heat affected zone and weld metal will not hold the same strength level as the metal is solutionized, rapidly cooled and then aged at some moderately elevated region farthest from the weld the heat will be sufficient to overage the
cold worked base metal. Another consequence of increased grain size is perhaps temperature to promote precipitate formation. There are two ways that precipitates with the resulting loss in strength. In regions closer to the weld, the
equally important and that is that the larger grains are more brittle. A “Charpy” precipitation hardened material can be welded. One is to weld on the full hard, heat will be so excessive that the temperature will exceed the two phase region
impact test (we will discuss this more later) is used to determine how much that is the already aged base metal. The second is to weld on material which has and the single phase solutionizing region on the phase diagram will be entered.
impact energy a structure will absorb over various temperature ranges. This is been solution annealed and rapidly cooled, but not yet given the ageing heat Again, a loss in strength will occur, but this region at least might be able to be re‐
illustrated in the figure where the large grains illustrated by curve 4 will only treatment. In either case, when welding, the heat affected zone will see some aged to recover some strength.
absorb high energy at very high temperatures above about 100 degrees additional time at temperature (varied temperature over the distance of the HAZ)
Fahrenheit. At lower temperature like at freezing, they absorb very little energy. as illustrated above, and this will effect the aged or overaged condition of the
Contrast this with the cold worked grains as illustrated by curve 1 where even precipitates.
down to minus 100 degrees a large amount of energy is still absorbed. Materials
that do not absorb large amounts of energy are said to be brittle and they can
fracture with only slight impacts by foreign objects. Thus the weld region is
subject to impact fracture with these type materials.
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Precipitation Hardened Alloy Welded in Full Hard Condition Precipitation Hardened Alloys Welded in Solutioned Condition
Introductory Welding Metallurgy, Introductory Welding Metallurgy,
AWS, 1979 AWS, 1979
Let us now turn our attention to the materials which do have an allotropic phase
Here are presented hardness traverses of welds made in the pre‐weld full hard On the other hand, welding precipitation hardened material in the solution change during heating. A typical material like steel is ferrite at low temperatures
material. Curves for the as welded condition and a subsequent hardening heat condition with a low heat input, only slightly ages the material in the heat affected and transforms to austenite when heated. Each time the material goes through
treatment after welding are presented, and also curves for low heat input and zone. Subsequent post‐weld ageing strengthens the entire weld region (only a one of these phase changes, new finer equiaxed grains grow starting from the
high heat input conditions are presented. Note the softening as mentioned slight overaging occurs in the slightly ages regions from the weld). With high heat grain boundaries of the previous grains present. So in the case of cold worked
previously in the as‐welded condition. Note that heat input also has an effect on input, however, the case is somewhat different as moderate aging occuring on steels in the base metal, the elongated cold worked grains will undergo recovery,
the extent of softening in the as welded condition. In some cases, a post‐weld welding and post‐weld treatment only serve to accentuate the overaging process. recrystalization and grain growth just as discussed above. But now the
aging treatment can restore hardness in some of the regions of this weld, but it So care must be exercised when establishing a welding procedure for welding the recrystallized grains at higher temperature will undergo the allotropic phase
never fully erases the effect of the weld overaging. precipitation hardened alloys. change, reducing the grain size again which then is followed by grain growth at
still higher temperature (nearer the weld). This variation in grain structure is
schematically shown in the lower figure above.
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Steel Alloys With Allotropic Transformation
Introductory Welding Metallurgy, Introductory Welding Metallurgy,
AWS, 1979 AWS, 1979
We have already seen that the cooling rate from welding can vary depending upon
This illustration shows the various regions in the heat effected zone and what a number of weld variables. The two most important are preheat and heat input. As we have learned before, the cooing rate from austenite can effect the room
microstructure would be predicted as related to the iron‐carbon phase diagram. The cooling rate is fastest when no preheat and low heat input are used to make temperature structure as defined by the continuous cooling transformation
Note that at the far extent of the weldment in the base metal, ferrite and the weld. On the other hand, the cooling rate is slowest when high preheat and diagram. Rapid cooling results in non‐equilibrium hard brittle martensite. Slow
cementite are expected. Closer to the weld some dual phase ferrite austenite will high heat input are employed. cooling results in some higher temperature transformation products such as
occur at temperature of welding. Closer yet we would expect single phase bainite, ferrite and pearlite which tend to be softer. Examining two welding
austenite, and then maybe some austenite of delta ferrite and liquid mixtures procedures here, one with no preheat (number 1) and the other with preheat
until at the maximum temperature the liquid phase would be present as the (number 2) we find some differences in structure. The no preheat weld has a
welding arc traverses. These are the structures at temperature, but we now must narrower HAZ and rapid cooling and the austenite transforms to martensite on
consider what happens during cooling. cooling giving a hard martensite peak near the fusion line. The weld with preheat
has a wider HAZ, a slower cooling rate producing ferrite pearlite and bainite and
the fusion line peak is softer. There is also more outer HAZ region grain growth
and overaging so that the softening in the HAZ is greater. Thus, once again,
welding procedures have to be carefully tailored for the material being welded.
Slide 16
Stainless Steel
Knife‐Line Attack in the HAZ
HAZ • CHrA2Z3C6 precipitate in
Weld – Band where peak
Knife‐line attack temperature is 800‐
1600°F
• Can occur even in
stabilized grades
– Peak temperature
dissolves titanium
carbides
– Cooling rate doesn’t
allow them to form again
Finally, a defect called knife‐line corrosion attack can occur in some stainless steel
heat affected zones. A discrete band in the heat affected zone of the austenitic
stainless steel welds experiences peak temperatures in the 800°‐1600°F
temperature range associated with sensitization. Chromium carbide precipitation
in this region can lower the chromium content near the grain boundaries to less
than 12%, thereby causing sensitization.
Stabilized grades can also suffer from knife‐line attack. Elevated temperatures in
the heat‐affected zone can dissolve titanium and niobium carbides. The fast
cooling rates in the welded joint do not allow these carbides to reform. This
leaves excess free carbon, which can then form chromium carbides.