contoh thesis mini

MINI THESIS
SCHOOLWIDE ENRICHMENT MODEL
MARA JUNIOR SCIENCE COLLEGE

TUN GHAFAR BABA
2020

INNOVATIVE PRODUCT OF A SOLUBLE A TOOTHPILL
WITH EFFERVESCENT EFFECT
(INNOVATION)

1. Fakhri Aiman Bin Amrenorman (507) MJ195164
2. Muhammad Mustaqim Bin Jamaluddin (507) MJ195059

3. Aizad Zulqarnaen bin Mohd Zuber (507) MJ195016

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ADVISOR:
Miss Samsunnisha Begum Binti M. Sultan Suhaibuddeen

CHAPTER TABLE OF CONTENT PAGE
1 3
2 CONTENT 4
3 5
Acknowledgement 6
4 Author’s Certification 7
5 Advisor’s Certification
Abstract 8
Preface 8
Introduction 9

1.1 Problem Statement 10
1.2 Background and Importance 10
1.3 Objective 10
Literature Review
2.1 Reviews of Past Project 11
2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of product. 11
2.3 Innovation Summary 11
Methodology 11
3.1 Data Collecting 12
3.2 Laboratory Experimentations 14
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3.2.1 Apparatus 14
3.2.2 Materials
3.2.3 Procedure 15
3.3 Product Survey Responses 16
3.4 Estimated Cost 17
3.3 Planning and Organization
Results and Assessment 18
4.1 Laboratory Experimentations 19
4.2 Product Survey Responses
4.3 Ideas to Improve Project
Conclusion
5.1 Advantages and Disadvantages
References

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are truly indebted to many individuals who help us complete this SEM project. We
would not have completed the project without their dedication to sacrifice their time to help us.
First and foremost, we would like to thank our facilitator, Miss Samsunnisha Begum
Binti M. Sultan Suhaibuddeen. Her guidance and support are highly appreciated.
Next, we would like to thank our supervisor from University Putra Malaysia, Pn.
Sazlinda binti Kamarudin. Without her willingness to help us with the materials and methods,
we would not have succeed in this project.
Then, we would like to thank all of our parents. Their sacrifices made this project easier
to complete.
Thank you to all that helped us to complete this SEM project.

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AUTHOR’S CERTIFICATION

We hereby declare that this thesis of ours entitled innovative product of a soluble a toothpill
with effervescent effect is a result of our own research for SEM project except as written in
the references. The thesis had not been accepted for any SEM project is not currently
submitted in candidature of any other project.

Name : Muhammad Fakhri Aiman Bin Amrenorman
Date : 21 January 2020
Signature :
Name : Muhammad Mustaqim Bin Jamaluddin
Date : 21 January 2020
Signature :
Name : Aizad Zulqarnaen bin Mohd Zuber
Date : 21 January 2020
Signature :

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ADVISOR’S CERTIFICATION

I hereby certify that I have read this thesis and proven that it was their work and original
products.
Name : Miss Samsunnisha Begun Binti M. Sultan Suhaibuddeen
Date : 21 January 2020
Signature :

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ABSTRACT

INNOVATIVE PRODUCT OF A SOLUBLE A TOOTHPILL WITH
EFFERVESCENT EFFECT

toothpaste is undeniably one of the most important thing we use every morning and
night. Despite toothpaste being useful, the tube of the toothpaste being stored in, can cause
pollution due to it being made from plastic. Another problem is the toothpaste tube is not
suitable for traveling because it may burst because of the pressure exerted while in the
luggage. Therefore alternatives must be discovered. In this project, we aim to produce an
organic toothpill that is refillable to reduce plastic usage. The toothpaste we are producing is
pill-shaped so it can be easily stored . The organic substances are specifically weighed in
specific ratios and mixed together in a jar to be compress into pill-shape. The mixture is then
tested for solubility and pH to get the most suitable product to be used safely and functions as
the normal toothpaste. New method is used to add effervescent effect in to the toothpill while
maintaining the best pH in alkaline level. Among 33 respondents of student of MRSM TUN
GHAFAR BABA , 66.7% give positive responses to the toothpill. This research shows that this
product is safely used to human ,more eco-friendly by reducing uses of plastics and saving
spaces in packaging.

MUHAMMAD FAKHRI AIMAN BIN AMRENORMAN
13 DECEMBER 2019

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PREFACE

Day by day, nature is getting polluted by humans. One of the most common material
that is destroying nature is plastic. Therefore, we must reduce our daily usage of plastics as it
will take a very long time to decompose plastics. Awareness is being raised until now to
minimize plastic usage. In our researched, we discovered a way to replace the ingredients of
toothpaste with natural ingredients, made them portable and also reduce plastic usage. Since
regular toothpaste tubes are non-refillable, we found out a way to make our version of
toothpaste to be refillable. Thus, reducing the usage of plastic.

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The idea is generated from our group leader, Muhammad Fakhri Aiman Bin
Amrenorman when he saw a toothpaste commercial. He thought about making an easy-to-use
solid toothpaste that is made from organic materials and is aimed to aid the process of brushing
one’s teeth during travel. After a group discussion, we ended up agreeing with his idea.

Plastic is one of the most significant factors of pollutions in the entire world. Innovations
must be done to find the perfect alternatives to replace plastics in various products. For our
research, we purposely made toothpaste solid so that it can be stored in bottles that can be
reused. As we know, toothpaste tube will be thrown away as soon as they are finished, reffering
to Lindsay McCormick (2019) from an interview on FOX busines,she state that “ one billion
toothpaste tubes end up in landfill every single year which is enough plastic ti fill up Empire
State Building 50 times in on year”. This will cause masive pollutions that will affect the mother
nature. By reducing plastic usage, we hope to help the Earth by reducing the main factor of
pollution.



1.2 BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE

The toothpaste that we are using right now are packed in a plastic tube that cannot or
hard to be recycled. As we know toothpaste tube takes years to decompose plastic used is
also no biodegradeable and can take anywhere from 500 to 700 to break down. That is why
nowadays toothpaste tube have mostly linear life cycle’ stated by Vldamir Puskas (2017) in his
article. These toothpaste will be made into a tablet that will dissolve in water and packed in a
recyclable bottle.

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1.3 OBJECTIVE

This study us solely to done to:
a) reduce plastic usage.
b) raise awareness for the whole world to know the effects of using plastics in their daily

life.
c) ease the appliance of toothpaste to brush our teeth.



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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 REVIEW OF PAST PROJECT
A research has been conducted about this kind of toothpaste that being made into a

tablet. The past project was conducted by Sara Ponte and Nichole Pinch in 2017. In this
project, the workability of the toothpaste is tested by giving some testimony to taste its flavour
and how it feels after using it. The toothpaste contains cream of tartar, soda bicarbonate, soda
saccharin. All this substances are compressed until a tablet shape is formed. For the
flavouring, they used black pepper oil, gunpowder tea, sea salt and chili powder.

2.2 ADVANTANGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF PAST PROJECT
This project helps in reducing the usage of toothpaste tube that piles up to 15 billion

tubes every year worldwide. It helps our Earth by reducing the plastic usage which are the
main issue right now.

The flavour of the toothpaste are not suitable for kids due to its weird taste.

2.3 INNOVATION SUMMARY
In Malaysia, other than straws and plastic bag, toothpaste tube also contribute to the

high rate of plastic waste disposal which cause problem to society and country itself since it
can lead to pollution. Because of this, we came out with an idea to replace the toothpaste into
tablet form that does not need to be packed in a plastic tube. At the same time, it is a concern
that natural coarse aggregate used in the toothpaste tube which is petroleum is a non-
renewable source. So, an alternative needs to be introduced in order to conserve petroleum
for the future usage.

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CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 DATA COLLECTING
This study uses three types of data research methods to receive the required
information.
• Laboratory experimentations
• Product survey responses

3.2 LABORATORY EXPERIMENTATIONS
3.2.1 APPARATUS

a) Compressor
b) 500 ml beaker
c) Spatula
d) Electronic weighing balance
e) pH meter

3.2.2 MATERIALS
a) Xylitol
b) Bentonite Clay
c) Baking powder
d) Citric acid
e) Water

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3.2.3 PROCEDURE

1. Weigh each material individually according to the specific ratio of Xylitol: Bentonite clay
: Baking powder : Citric acid.

2. Mix the weighed materials into a jar and mix thoroughly.

3. Insert 10 g of mixture into the tablet template and apply pressure to the template until
the mixture is packed enough to form a solid tablet.,

4. Remove the tablet from the template.

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5. Test the tablet by dissolving it in 100 ml of water . record the pH of solution and time
taken for tablet to completely dissolve in water.
6. Repeat step 1. until step 5. by not adding citric acid with ratio of bentonite clay : xylitol
: baking powder is 1:1:1 .
7. Tabulate all the data recorded .

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3.3 PRODUCT SURVEY RESPONSES

This product had been tested to be used as replacement to toothpaste among the
student of MRSM Tun Ghafar Baba. The responses are tabulated in pie chart to show the
contrast between number of positive and negative responses about our product from the
respondent.

3.4 ESTIMATED COST

ITEM PRICE (RM/kg) QUANTITY (kg) COST (RM)
Xylitol 167.40 0.06 10.10
Bentonite Clay 118.00 0.06 7.08
Baking Powder 8.90 0.09 0.80
Citric Acid 110.40 0.01 1.10
TOTAL 19.08

3.5 PLANNING AND ORGANISATION

RESEARCH PROGRESS June July TIME (MONTH) Dis Jan
2019 2019 Aug Sept Oct Nov 2019 2020
Introducing the main idea 2019 2019 2019 2019
to EC Advisor
Discussing the plan of the
investigation
Identifying the pros and
cons of the project
Writing the thesis

Meeting with supervisor at
UPM

Further discussion

Creating the prototype

Creating the final product

Product survey responses
& Project presentations

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CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND ASSESSMENT

4.1 LABORATORY EXPERIMENTATIONS

The mixture have made for several times to obtain the best ratio for each substances
used in our product. The substances used are bentonite clay, baking powder, xylitol and citric
acid. Every mixture is tested their solubility by solving it in water. Water in this test represent
as saliva in mouth.

eSUBSTANCE MASS IN A MASS IN A RATIO (n) pH value
Trial 1 Trial 2
MIXTURE (Kg) TABLET (g)
58
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 1 Trial 2

Bentonite clay 0.1 0.200 2.5 2.73 1 6

Xylitol 0.1 0.200 2.5 2.73 1 6

Baking powder 0.1 0.300 2.5 4.09 1 9

Citric acid 0.1 0.033 2.5 0.45 1 1

Mass substance in a tablet = n / sum of n * mass of a tablet ( 0.01 kg )

The table shows the test conducted to determine the pH value for each ratio used,
1:1:1:1 or 6:6:9:1, for (bentonite clay : xylitol : baking powder : citric acid). Presence of citric
acid cause the decreasing of pH value, so the pH value suitable for teeth must be slightly
above 7. The pH is measured using pH meter shows the first trial get acidic pH, 5 which is not
suitable to neutralize the acid produced by bacterial activities in our mouth. The second trial
shows the best result is with pH value of 8.

CITRIC ACID TIME TAKEN FOR A TABLET VOLUME OF A RATE OF

TO COMPLETELY DISSOLVE IN TABLET (mm3) SOLUBILITY
WATER (s) (mm3/s)

Presence of 15 100 6.67

citric acid

No presence of 30 100 3.33

citric acid

Rate of solubility = volume of a tablet / time taken to completely dissolve in water

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The table shows the test of rate of solubility of a tablet in 100 ml of water. The presence

of citric acid show the rate of solubility 6.67 mm3s-1 which is higher than a tablet without citric
acid, 3.33 mm3s. this is important for a tablet to mould in mouth faster and easier when dissolve
in saliva.

The graph represent as graph of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy ( FTIR ) test
conducted to determine the bond in the organic substances present in the toothpill. The result
show different type of bond formation in toothpill for example C=C at 995.27 shows bonding is
strong from alkene group
4.2 PRODUCT SURVEY RESPONSES

This product had been tested to be used as replacement to toothpaste among the
student of MRSM Tun Ghafar Baba. The responses are tabulated in pie chart to show the
contrast between number of positive and negative responses about our product from the
respondent.

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The pie chart shows 66.7% positive responses and 33.3% negative responses. This
means 2/3 of the responses agrees our toothpill can replace our toothpaste, while 1/3
disagrees.

The study found that xylitol acts as a natural sweetener to make the tablet toothpaste
to be more appealing taste-wise. Bentonite clay rich in minerals that help the user to
remineralize their teeth while the baking powder help in neutralize the teeth from sugar acid.
The presence of citric acid help in effervescent effect that make our product easily dissolve in
mouth. The combined ingredients also made the tablets very easy to apply and appealing to
people living in the modern day. However, the texture of the tablet toothpaste might take some
time to get used to as it does not feel exactly like regular toothpaste.

4.3 IDEAS TO IMPROVE PROJECT
Further research should be done to improve the taste and texture of this toothpill

products to make it more appealing for consumers.

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CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

5.1 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT
The main advantage of this product is that it will reduce plastic usage. The toothpaste

is also easily transportable as it will not squeeze out if you were to put it in a bag with other
appliances. The combination of the materials will do almost everything that a regular toothpaste
will do but in a different way. For instance, the commercial toothpaste nowadays are being sold
with only few purposes for teeth as marketing strategies such as toothpaste with teeth-
whitening and sugar acid neutralizer purposes are sold separately with different price while our
product can do the same but in same price.

However, this product is not expected to be cheap if it was to be made in a small scale.
This is because, some of the ingredients might cost more if bought in small portions. Secondly,
our product does not taste like regular toothpaste to be widely commercial as a new look of
toothpaste todays

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Internet – Online Posting

Bite Toothpaste Bit
https://bitetoothpastebits.com/pages/ingredients

LauraParker.A Whopping 91% Plastic Isn’t Recycled.20 December 2018. National
Geographic,20 January 2020.
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2017/07/plastic-produced-recycling-waste-
ocean-trash-debris-environment/

Tricia Mool. How The PH Of Toothpaste Can Affect your Enamel.Colgate, 20 January
2020.
https://www.colgate.com/en-us/oral-health/life-stages/adult-oral-care/ph-of-
toothpaste-and-enamel-0316

Katie Wells, Benefits Of Bentonite Clay.31 July 2019.Wellness Mama, 12 December
2019.
https://wellnessmama.com/5915/bentonite-clay-benefits/

Kristeen Cherney. Can Store-bought Baking Soda Really Treat Acid Reflux?.24 April
2018. Healthline,12 December 2019
https://www.healthline.com/health/gerd/baking-soda

2. Visit

Level 2, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor. 21
December 2019.

3. Television programs

Mornings With Maria.Lindsay McCormick.18 February 2019.Vegan Toothpaste Pill
Aims To Cut Plastic At Landfills.FOX Business Network.FOX Business. Headquartered
in 21st Century Fox's studios, Manhattan,

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