Medical Microbiology - Kayser

674 E Enterococci

Lancefield groups 235 Epidural abscess 646 enterotoxic (ETEC) 280,
normal microbial flora Epiglottitis 631 293
25 Episome 179 extraintestinal infec-
nosocomial infection Epitopes 44 – 45, 140 tions 292 – 293
343
Enterococcus conformational (struc- sepsis 293
faecalis 220, 236, 243 tural) 68 urinary tract infection
faecium 220, 236, 243 sequential (linear) 68 292 – 293
Enterocolitis 638 Epstein-Barr nuclear anti- F-factor 176 – 177
Enterocytozoon 539 gen (EBNA) 425 intestinal infections 292,
bieneusi 538, 540 Epstein-Barr virus 140, 638
418, 424 – 425 morphology 292
diagnosis 540, 639 clinical picture 424 nosocomial infection
localization 540 diagnosis 424 – 425 343
occurrence 540 pathogenesis 292 – 294
see also Microsporidia hematopoietic system prevention 294
(microsporidiosis) 648 therapy 294
Enterotoxins 15, 232, 282, nervous system 645 uropathogenic (UPEC)
293 respiratory tract 631, 293
cholera toxin 16, 632 verotoxin-producing
297 – 298 epidemiology 425 (VTEC) 294
mechanism of action pathogenesis 424 Ethambutol 191
298 therapy 425 Ethanol 39
Enterovirus 435 – 436 Erypselas 651 Ethylene oxide 39
Enteroviruses 434, Erysipeloid 252, 253 Eubacterium sp. 261
435 – 437 diagnosis 651 Euglenozoa 477
clinical pictures 436 Erysipelothrix rhusio- Eukaryotes 4 – 5, 6
diagnosis 436 pathiae 221, 252, 253 characteristics of 6
cardiovascular system diagnosis 651 Exanthema
647 Erythema infectiousum measles 466
eye infections 655 412 – 413 scabies 611
gastrointestinal tract diagnosis 650 subitum 425
638 Erythema migrans 326, diagnosis 650
nervous system 644, 327 vesicular 420
645 diagnosis 651 Exfoliatins 232
respiratory tract 631, Erythroblastosis fetalis 112 Exoenzyme S 309
633 Erythromycin 191 Exon 140
epidemiology 436 – 437 Erythrovirus 382 Exophiala werneckii 374
pathogenesis 436 Escape mutants 430 Exotoxins 15
pathogens 435 – 436 Escherichia coli 223, Bordetella pertussis 315
prevention 437 280 – 281, 292 – 294 Enterobacteriaceae 282
env gene 449, 450 antigen structure 292 exotoxin A 309
Envelope, viral 377, 378 characteristics 292 pyrogenic streptococcal
Enzyme immunoassay clinical pictures exotoxins (PSE) 238
(EIA) 128 – 129, 409 292 – 294 Exposure prophylaxis 31,
Eotaxin 83, 140 diagnosis 294 402
Epicillin 193 digestive glands 641, Eye infections 416,
Epidemic 27 642 655 – 657
Epidemic myalgia 653 gastrointestinal tract conjunctivitis 303, 416,
Epidemiology 25 – 34 638 655
sources of infection 30 nervous system 644 inclusion 336, 339
terminology 26, 27 urogenital tract 635 swimming-pool 336,
transmission 26 – 30 enteroaggregative (EAg- 339
see also Infectious dis- gEC) 280, 294 cysticercosis 564, 657
eases enterohemorrhagic endophthalmitis 365,
Epidermophyton spp. 355, (EHEC) 280, 294 656 – 657
373 enteroinvasive (EIEC) keratitis 428, 656
floccosum 374 280, 293 scleritis 655
see also Dermatophytes enteropathogenic toxoplasmosis 513
(EPEC) 280, 293

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Gastritis G 675

trachoma 336, 338 – 339, diagnosis 444, 641, 644, Freund’s adjuvant (FA) 141
655 650 Fructification
see also specific infections epidemiology 28,
444 – 445 sexual 351 – 352
&F pathogenesis 443 – 444 vegetative 351
pathogens 443 Fungal allergies 352 – 353
F antigens 281 prevention 445 Fungal culture 356
F-factor 176 – 177, 179 Flavobacterium meningo- Fungal infections see My-
Fab 52, 140 septicum 305 coses
Facultative pathogens 8, 9 Fleas 606, 618 – 620 Fungal thallus 350
Fas ligand 82 diagnosis 653 Fungi 6, 348 – 349
Fasciola (fasciolosis) sand fleas 619 – 620, 653 characteristics 348 – 349
555 – 556 see also Siphonaptera metabolism 351
Fleroxacin 189 morphology 349 – 350
clinical manifestations Flies 606, 616 – 617
556 bite reactions 616 dimorphism 350
diagnosis 556, 625, 641, diagnosis 653 nosocomial infections
643 myiasis 617 344 – 345
epidemiology 555 role as vectors 616 reproduction 351 – 352
gigantica 555 – 556 Flomoxef 192, 195
hepatica 543, 555 – 556, Flucloxacillin 193 asexual 351
641, 643 Fluconazole 356 sexual 351 – 352
life cycle 555 Flukes 546 taxonomy 349
occurrence 555 blood flukes see Schisto- see also Mycoses; specific
prevention 556 soma fungi
therapy 556 liver flukes Fungi imperfecti 348, 352
Fasciolopsis buski 543 Furazolidone 192
diagnosis 640 cat liver fluke Furuncles 232, 651
Favre-Durand-Nicolas dis- 557 – 558 Fusarium spp. 355, 369
ease see Lymphogranulo- Chinese liver fluke diagnosis 656, 657
ma venereum 557 – 558 solani 656
Fc fragment 53, 140 lancet liver fluke 557 Fusidic acid 191
Fermentation 161 see also Fasciola Fusobacterium spp. 225,
Fever blisters 420 lung flukes see Parago- 317, 319
Fifth disease 412 – 413 nimus
Filarioidea (Filariae) 545, Fluorescence microscopy &G
587 – 588 212
life cycle 587 see also Immunofluores- gag gene 449, 450
morphology 587 cence Gammaglobulins 141
see also specific parasites Fluorescence-activated Ganciclovir 404
Filariosis 587 – 588 cell sorter (FACS) 130, Gangrene see Gas gan-
diagnosis 622, 625, 649 132 – 133 grene
Loa loa 593 5-Fluorocytosine 357 Gangrenous cellulitis 651,
lymphatic 588 – 593 Follicular dendritic cells 653
Filoviruses 383, 471 (FDC) 62 Gardnerella vaginalis 221,
clinical picture 471 Folliculitis 651 252, 254
diagnosis 471 Fonsecea pedrosoi 355
epidemiology 471 Food poisoning 233 diagnosis 636
pathogenesis 471 Foreign body-associated Gas gangrene 246 – 248,
prevention 471 infection foci 159, 232, 653
Filtration 38 234
Fimbriae 158 Formaldehyde 39 clinical picture 248
Final room disinfection 41 Foscarnet 404 diagnosis 248
Five-day fever 334 Fosfomycin 191 pathogen spectrum 246
Flagella 157 – 158 mechanism of action 198 pathogenesis 247
Flaviviridae 28, 383, 442 Fractalkine 83, 141 prevention 248
Flaviviruses 442 – 446 Francisella 313 therapy 248
clinical picture 443 – 444 tularensis 225, 313, 316 toxins 246 – 247
diagnosis 648 Gastric lymphoma 638
Gastric ulcer 307, 638
Gastritis 307 – 308
diagnosis 638

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676 G Gastroenteritis

Gastroenteritis 282 – 283, Gerstmann-Stra¨ ussler- &H
285 Scheinker (GSS) syndrome
473, 474 H antigens 158, 281
diagnosis 638 Ghon’s complex 264 salmonellae 282,
viral 417 Giardia intestinalis 283 – 284
see also Salmonellae 478 – 480 phase variations 283,
Gastrointestinal tract in- 284
fections clinical picture 480
amebosis 503 – 506 diagnosis 480, 504 – 505, Haemaphysalis 607
anthrax 245 625, 639 Haematozoa 477
blastocystosis 504 – 505, Haemophilus
639 stool specimen hand-
cestodes 560 – 576 ling 621 aegyptius 303
cholera 296, 297 – 300, epidemiology 478 – 480 ducreyi 303
639 life cycle 478, 479
cryptosporidiosis occurrence 478 diagnosis 637
517 – 520, 639 pathogenesis 480 eye infections 655
cyclosporiases 515 – 516, prevention 480 influenzae 224, 300,
639 therapy 480 301 – 303
diagnosis 210, 621 – 622, Giardosis see Giardia in-
638 – 640 testinalis clinical pictures 302
E. coli 292, 293 – 294 Gingivitis 630 culture 302
gastritis 307 – 308, 638 Glanders see Malleus diagnosis 302
giardiasis 478 – 480, 639 Glomerulonephritis 238
isosporiasis 504 – 505, Glossina 616 ear infection 658
515, 639 Glutaraldehyde 39 joint infection 654
microsporidiosis Glyciphagus 612 nervous system 644
538 – 540, 639 Glycopeptides 191 respiratory tract
mucormycoses 368 Gonococci 630, 631, 632, 633
nematodes 576 – 586, pathogenicity determi- epidemiology 303
640 nants 274 morphology 301
salmonelloses 282 – 287, penicillin resistance 276 pathogenesis 302
639 see also Neisseria gonor- prevention 303
sarcocystosis 516 – 517, rheae therapy 302
639 Gonorrhea 273, 274 – 276 Halofantrine 533
trematodes 546 – 556 clinical picture 274 Halogens 39 – 40
Whipple’s disease 639 diagnosis 275, 637 Hand disinfection
yersiniosis 291 epidemiology 276 hygienic 41
see also specific infections prevention 276 surgical 40 – 41
Gatifloxacin 189 therapy 276 Hand, foot, and mouth
Gene 179 see also Neisseria gonor- disease (HFMD) 436
Gene chips 217 rheae Hansenula 369
Gene cloning 178 – 179 Gordona bronchialis 261 Hantavirus 460, 461
Gene expression regula- Graft-versus-host (GVH) diagnosis 633, 636, 650
tion 169 – 170 reaction 115 – 116, 141 epidemiology 462
Generation time 165 Gram staining 211 – 212 serotypes 462
Genital tract infections see Granulocyte macrophage Hantavirus pulmonary
Urogenital infections colony stimulating factor syndrome (HPS) 460, 461,
Genome (GM-CSF) 81 462
bacteria 179 Granuloma inguinale 637 Haplotype 141
viruses 377 – 378, 380 Granulomatosis infanti- Hapten 72, 141
septica 253 Heat disinfection/steriliza-
HIV 449 – 450 Granulomatous amebic tion 37 – 38
hybridization 409 encephalitis (GAE) 507 Helicobacter pylori 226,
segmented 388 Griseofulvin 357 307 – 308
Genotype 179 Guinea worm 596 clinical pictures 307
Gentamicin 189 Gut-associated lymphoid culture 307
Germ line 141 tissue (GALT) 48, 141 diagnosis 308, 638
German measles 441 epidemiology 308
diagnosis 650, 656 morphology 307
pathogenesis 307
therapy 308

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Human caliciviruses (HuCV) H 677

Helminths 7, 543 – 544 serological markers eye infections 656
classification 545 432 nervous system 644,
diagnosis epidemiology 433 645
differential diagnosis infection/immune re- respiratory tract 630
543 – 544 sponse relationship 104, urogenital tract 636
specimen handling 105 epidemiology 421
622 mutants 430 pathogenesis 419 – 421
zoonoses 29, 30 pathogenesis 431 therapy 421
see also specific parasites chronic aggressive type 1 419 – 421
hepatitis (CAH) 431 type 2 421
Helper T cells see T cells chronic persistent he- Herpesviruses 382,
Hemagglutination 126 patitis (CPH) 431 418 – 426
prevention 433 biology 419
indirect 124 booster vaccines diagnosis 418
inhibition test 124 433 – 434 therapy 418
Hemagglutinin 379 Hepatitis C virus (HCV) see also specific viruses
Hematopoietic system in- 442, 445 – 446 Hetacillin 193
fections 648 – 649 clinical picture 445 Heterolobosa 477
see also specific infections diagnosis 445, 641 Heterologous 141
Hemolysis 235 epidemiology 445 Heterophyes heterophyes
Hemolytic plaque assay pathogenesis 445 640
132 prevention 445 – 446 Heteroptera 606, 616
Hemolytic-uremic syn- Hepatitis D virus (HDV) Hfr (high frequency of re-
drome (HUS) 294 431, 472 combination) cells 177, 179
Hemophilus aphrophilus diagnosis 432, 641 High endothelial venules
304 Hepatitis E virus (HEV) (HEV) 141
Hemorrhagic colitis 294 438, 440 High responder 141
Hemorrhagic fever 461, clinical picture 440 Histocompatibility 141
463, 471 diagnosis 440, 641 Histoplasma capsulatum
diagnosis 650 epidemiology 440 (histoplasmosis) 354,
with renal syndrome pathogenesis 440 358 – 360
(HFRS) 460, 461, 462 Hepatitis G virus (HGV) clinical picture 359
Hendra virus 465, 466 442, 445 culture 358
epidemiology 467 diagnosis 641 diagnosis 359, 633
Henle-Koch postulates 3 Hepatocellular carcinoma eye infections 657
Hepaciviruses 442, (HCC) 431, 445 epidemiology 359 – 360
445 – 446 Hepatoviruses 434, morphology 358 – 359
clinical picture 445 437 – 438 pathogenesis 359
diagnosis 445 clinical picture 437 therapy 359
epidemiology 445 diagnosis 437 HIV see Human immuno-
pathogenesis 445 epidemiology 438 deficiency virus (HIV)
pathogens 445 pathogenesis 437 Hodgkin disease 424
prevention 445 – 446 prevention 438 Homologous 141
Hepadnaviruses 382, Hereditary angiedema 141 Homologous recombina-
429 – 434 Herpangina 630 tion 171, 180
diagnosis 429 Herpes Homologous restriction
prevention 429 genitalis 421 factor (HRF) 89
replication 385, 387 labialis 420 Hookworms 580 – 582
Hepatitis 641 neonatorum 421 Hospital disinfection 41
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) zoster 422 Hospital-acquired pneu-
437 – 438 see also Varicella-zos- monia 633
clinical picture 437 ter virus (VZV) Host-pathogen interac-
diagnosis 437, 641 Herpes simplex virus tions 7 – 8
epidemiology 438 (HSV) 418, 419 – 421 Host-versus-graft (HVG)
prevention 438 clinical picture 421 reactions 116, 141
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) diagnosis 421 House-dust mites 612
429 – 434 cutaneous infection Human caliciviruses
chronic hepatitis B 433 650 (HuCV) 439
clinical picture 431
diagnosis 432, 641

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678 H Human diploid cell virus (HDCV)

Human diploid cell virus Humoral 141 Immune defects 117 – 118
(HDCV) 469 – 470 defense factors 22 Immune hydrops fetalis
Human granulocytic ehr- immunity 23, 48 – 50, 112
lichiosis (HGE) 333 85 – 86, 402 Immune paralysis 141
Human herpesvirus 6 cytotoxic humoral im- Immune response (Ir)
(HHV 6) 418, 425 mune responses genes 142
109 – 113 Immunity 43, 141
clinical picture 425
diagnosis 425, 650 Hyalohyphomycoses 355, adaptive (acquired) 43,
epidemiology 425 369 44
pathogenesis 425 Hyaluronidase 238 balance between pro-
Human herpesvirus 8 Hybridoma 69, 141 tection and immuno-
(HHV 8) 418, 425 – 426 Hydatid cyst see Echino- pathology 103 – 105
clinical picture 425 – 426 coccus granulosus concomitant 553
diagnosis 426 Hydrolytic exoenzymes defects in immune de-
Human immunodeficiency 15 fenses 24
virus (HIV) 448, 451 – 455 Hymenolepis nana (hyme- evasion strategies
clinical picture 451 – 453 nolepiosis) 544, 575 12 – 15, 102 – 103
diagnosis 448, 453, 645,
648 clinical manifestations nonspecific immunity
575 12 – 13
HIV antibody detec- diagnosis 575, 640 specific immunity
tion 453 life cycle 575 13 – 15
HIV antigen detection occurrence 575 humoral 23, 48 – 50,
453 therapy 575 85 – 86, 402
PCR 453 Hypersensitivity reactions immunization influence
rapid HIV test 453 delayed type (DTH) 106 – 107
epidemiology 454 98 – 99, 114 – 115, 140 innate 43, 44
genome 449 – 450 IgE-triggered anaphy- primary response 143
genes essential to re- laxis 108 – 109 secondary response 143
plication 449 see also Immunopathol- specific 23
genes not essential to ogy transplantation immu-
replication 449 Hyphae 349 – 350, 351 nity 115 – 117
structural genes 449, graft-versus-host
450 &I (GVH) reaction
infection/immune re- 115 – 116, 141
sponse relationship Idiotype 56, 141 host-versus-graft
104 IgA 49 – 51 (HVG) reactions 116,
pathogenesis 451 – 453 141
prevention 454 functions 56 measurement 117
precautions for IgA protease 15 tumor immunity
healthcare staff 455 IgD 49, 56 107 – 108
replication 451 IgE 49, 51 see also Defense mech-
therapy 454 – 455 anisms; Immunological
combination treat- functions 56, 101 memory; Immuno-
ments 455 IgE-triggered anaphy- pathology; Immuno-
viral load determination laxis 108 – 109 regulation; specific
453 IgG 49, 51 infections
see also AIDS; Opportu- functions 56 Immunization 31 – 34
nistic pathogens heavy chain rearrange- active 31 – 34, 403
Human leukocyte antigen ment 54 vaccine groups 32
(HLA) 58, 59, 141 subclasses 49 antiviral protection
Human monocytic ehrli- IgM 49 – 51, 71, 93, 94 402 – 404
chiosis (HME) 333 detection 411 influence on immune
Human papillomavirus functions 56 defenses 106 – 107
(HPV) 414 Immune complexes passive 34, 403 – 404
Human T-cell leukemia 113 – 114, 141 recommended immuni-
virus (HTLV) 448, 449 in the presence of anti- zation schedule 33
HTLV I 449 body excess 114 rhesus immunization
HTLV II 449 in the presence of anti- 112
gen excess 113 – 114

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Isopropanol I 679

see also specific infec- immunostimulation 119 Influenza viruses 458 – 460
tions; Vaccines immunosuppression 44, antigen structure 459
Immunoconglutinins 141 120 antigenic shift 460
Immunoelectrophoresis classification 459
122 – 123, 124 tumor growth and 108 clinical picture 459
Immunofluorescence Immunotherapy 120 diagnosis 459
125 – 128, 141, 212 Immunotolerance 13, 44, cardiovascular system
direct 125 – 126, 127 90 – 94, 144 647
indirect 127 – 128 eye infections 655
Immunogen 45, 142 B-cell tolerance 93 – 94 respiratory tract 630,
Immunoglobulins 48 – 50 T-cell tolerance 90 – 93 631, 632
classes of 49, 50, 54 – 57 epidemiology 460
central 90 pathogenesis 459
class switching 54 – 56 complete, exhaustive prevention 460
functions 56 T-cell induction replication 458 – 459
variability types 56 91 – 92 structure 458
diversity 52, 53 – 54 peripheral 90 – 91 therapy 460
genetic organization T-cell indifference/ig-
53 – 54 norance 91 Insecta 606, 612 – 620
structure 50 – 53 Impedins 7, 11 see also specific parasites
Fab 52, 140 Impetigo 651
Fc fragment 53, 140 In-Pouch Test System 482 Insertion sequences (IS
hinge region 141 Inactivated polio vaccine elements) 173, 180
hypervariable region (IPV) 437 Instrument disinfection 41
141 Incerta 477 Integrins 84
see also Antibodies; IgA; Incidence 26, 27 Integron 172, 179
IgD; IgE; IgG; IgM Inclusion conjunctivitis Intercellular adhesion
Immunological cell death 336, 339 molecule (ICAM) 529
88, 90 Incubation period 9, 27 Interferon gamma-induci-
Immunological memory Infection 10 ble protein (IP-10) 82
94 – 99, 142 endogenous 10 Interferon-stimulated
B-cell memory 94 – 96 exogenous 10 genes (ISG) 401
need for 97 generalized 10 Interferons (IFNs) 75, 76,
T-cell memory 95 – 96, inapparent 10 81, 100, 141
98 – 99 latent 394
Immunomodulators 207 local 10 antiviral protection
Immunopathology 43 – 44, mode of 9 400 – 401
103 – 105, 108 – 115 nosocomial 10, 342 – 346 effects of 400, 401
type I: IgE-triggered sources of 30 production of 400 – 401
anaphylaxis 108 – 109 spectrum 9 Interleukins (IL) 75,
type II: cytotoxic hu- subclinical 10 77 – 78, 80 – 81, 100, 141
moral immune re- Infection defenses see De- immunostimulation 119
sponses 109 – 113 fense mechanisms; Im- Interstitial pneumonia 371
antiblood group anti- munity Intraperitoneal abscess
body reactions Infectious diseases 2 – 3, 10 643
111 – 112 clinical symptoms Intron 142
autoantibody re- 15 – 18 Invasins 7, 11, 282
sponses 110 – 111 fight against 31 – 34 Invasion and spread 12
type III: diseases caused exposure prophylaxis Invasive factors 282
by immune complexes 31 Inverted repeats 180
113 – 114 immunization pro- Iodamoeba bu¨ tschlii
type IV: delayed type, phylaxis 31 – 34 504 – 505
cell-mediated hyper- legislation 31 Iodine 40
sensitivity 98 – 99, see also Disinfection; Ionizing radiation 38
114 – 115 Sterilization Iraconazole 356
Immunoprecipitation general schemes of 101 Iron, cumulation by bac-
121 – 123 see also specific diseases terial cells 282
Immunoregulation Infectious mononucleosis Isologous 142
118 – 119 424 Isoniazid 191
diagnosis 631, 648 Isonicotinamides 191
Inflammation 18, 113 Isopropanol 39

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680 I Isospora (isosporosis)

Isospora (isosporosis) 515 oxytoca 295 parasitoses 621 – 626
belli 504 – 505, 515 ozaenae 295 cultivation 623
diagnosis 639 pneumoniae 280, 295 immunological tech-
niques 624 – 626
Isotype 56, 142 diagnosis 633 material for PCR 624
Ixodes 607 rhinoscleromatis 295 molecular techniques
Koch’s phenomenon 266 624 – 626
persulcatus 610 Koplik’s spots 466 shipment of materials
ricinus 607 – 612 Kupffer cells 142 621
Kuru 473, 474 specimen handling
biology 607 – 609 Kveim test 99 621 – 623
diagnosis 610, 653
epidemiology &L respiratory tract infec-
609 – 610 tions 209, 623, 630 – 634
life cycle 609 Laboratory culture see
morphology 607 Bacterial culture: Fungal lower respiratory tract
tick bite prevention culture; Viral culture 632 – 634
610 Laboratory diagnosis upper respiratory tract
scapularis 610 630 – 631
Ixodida 607 bacteria 207 – 218 urogenital tract infec-
culturing methods tions 635 – 636
&J 212 – 214 viruses 405 – 411
see also Bacterial culturing see Viral
J genes 142 culture culture
Japanese B encephalitis identification of direct detection
443 pathogen 214 – 218 408 – 411
Japanese spotted fever 332 bacterial antigen de-
JC virus 415 – 416 tection 217 following biochemi-
chemical character- cal amplification
clinical picture 415 – 416 istics 215 409 – 411
diagnosis 416 diagnostic animal indications 405 – 406
pathogenesis 415 – 416 tests 217 serodiagnosis 411
Joint infections 653 – 654 molecular methods see also specific viruses
Junin virus 463 – 464 216 – 217 Laboratory safety 217 – 218
morphological char- LaCrosse virus 461
&K acteristics 214, 215 Lambliosis see Giardia in-
physiological char- testinalis
K antigens 281 acteristics 214, 215 Lamoxactam 192
K cells 142 microscopy 211 – 212 Lancefield groups 235
Kala-Azar 493 preconditions 208 Lancet liver fluke 557
sampling 208 – 210 Larva migrans externa see
see also Leishmania blood 210 Cutaneous larva migrans
(leishmanioses) cerebrospinal fluid (CLM)
Kanamycin 189 210 Larva migrans interna see
Kaposi sarcoma 425 – 426, gastrointestinal Visceral larva migrans
451 tract 210 (VLM)
Kauffmann – White pus and wound se- Laryngotracheobronchitis
scheme, salmonellae 283, cretions 210 631
284 respiratory tract 209 Lassa virus 463 – 464
Keratitis 428, 656 urogenital tract 210 diagnosis 464
Keratoconjunctivitis 416, transport of test ma- epidemiology 464
421 terial 208 prevention 464
Ketoconazole 356 see also specific bac- Latent infection 394
Ketolides 191 teria Laundry disinfection 41
mechanism of action 198 Legionella (Legionnaire’s
Kinetoplasta 477 gastrointestinal infec- disease) 311 – 312
Kingella kingae 222, 304 tions 210, 621 – 622, classification 311
Kissing disease 424, 425 638 – 640 clinical picture 312
Klebsiella 223, 280 laboratory safety diagnosis 312, 633
nosocomial infection 217 – 218 epidemiology 312
343 pathogenesis 312

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Lymphocyte function tests L 681

pneumophila 225, see also Mycobacterium therapy 253
311 – 312 leprae toxin 16
Leptospira interrogans prevention 253
culture 312 (leptospirosis) 226, Litostomatea 477
morphology 311 328 – 330 Liver abscess 502, 503, 642
therapy 312 classification 328 Liver and activation-regu-
Legislation 31 clinical picture 329 lated chemokine (LARC)
Leishmania (leishma- culture 328, 329 83, 142
nioses) 493 – 499 diagnosis 329 – 330 Liver cirrhosis 431, 445
aethiopica 496 Liver flukes
AIDS-associated 498 liver 641 cat liver fluke 557 – 558
braziliensis complex 496, nervous system 644, Chinese liver fluke
652 645 557 – 558
chagasi 495 epidemiology 330 lancet liver fluke 557
clinical manifestations morphology 328 see also Fasciola
496 – 498 pathogenesis 328 – 329 Liver infections 641 – 642,
cultivation 623 anicteric leptospirosis 643
cutaneous leishmaniosis 329 see also specific infections
493, 495 – 496 icteric leptospirosis Loa loa (loaosis) 589,
diagnosis 498 – 499, 329 590 – 591, 592, 593
623, 652 prevention 330 clinical manifestations
diagnosis 498 – 499, 623, therapy 330 593
625, 643, 649, 652 Lethality 26 – 27 diagnosis 593, 653, 655
distribution 493 Leukemia 69 epidemiology 593
donovani 495, 643, 649 Leukemia inhibitory factor life cycle 593
epidemiology 498 (LIF) 81 occurrence 593
immunology 498 Leukocidin 232 pathogenesis 593
infantum 494, 495, 643, Leukocytes 46 therapy 593
649 Levofloxacin 189 Lobar pneumonia 240
life cycle 494 – 496 Lice 606, 612 – 615 Lobosea 477
major 495, 652 body 613, 615 Lockjaw see Tetanus
mexicana complex 496, crab/pubic 613, 615 Lo¨ ffler nutrient medium
652 diagnosis 653 256
mucocutaneous leish- head 613 – 614 Lo¨ ffler syndrome 579
maniosis 493, 496, 652 see also Anoplura Loracarbef 189, 195
occurrence 494 Lincomycin 191 Louse see Lice
peruviana 496 Lincosamides 191, 195 Low responder 142
prevention 499 Linezolid 192 LTR sequence 449
therapy 499 Lipoid A 156 Lucilia spp. 617
tropica 495, 652 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) Lues see Syphilis
visceral leishmaniosis 18, 142, 155 – 156 Lumefantrine 533
493, 495 Listeria (listeriosis) 251, Lung flukes see Paragoni-
diagnosis 498, 499, 253 mus
623, 643, 649 connatal listeriosis 253 Lyme disease
Lentiviruses 449 infection/immune re- clinical manifestations
Lepromin test 99 sponse relationship 104 326 – 327
Leprosy 262, 269 – 271 ivanovii 252 diagnosis 327
clinical picture 270 monocytogenes 221, 251, epidemiology 327 – 328
diagnosis 99, 270, 646, 252 – 253 therapy 327
651 clinical characteristics transmission 28,
epidemiology 271 253 327 – 328, 607
immunity 269 – 270 culture 252 see also Ixodes ricinus
infection/immune re- diagnosis 253 see also Borrelia burg-
sponse relationship 104 dorferi
lepromatous 270 nervous system 644, Lymph nodes 48, 74
pathogenesis 269 645 Lymphocryptovirus 382
prevention 271 urogenital tract 636 Lymphocyte function tests
therapy 270 epidemiology 253 132 – 134
tuberculoid 269, 270 morphology 252
pathogenesis 252

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682 L Lymphocyte function tests

chromium release assay &M pathogenesis and
134 pathology 528 – 530
ELISPOT assay 132 Machupo virus 463 – 464
hemolytic plaque assay Macrolides 191 anemia 529
132 cytoadherence and
intracellular cytokine mechanism of action 198 rosette formation 529
assay 134 Macrophage inflammatory cytokine role
lymphocyte stimulation protein (MIP) 82 528 – 529
assay 132 – 133 Macrophage-derived che- prevention 534 – 537
mixed lymphocyte reac- mokine (MDC) 83 chemoprophylaxis
tions 133 – 134 Macrophages 21 535, 536 – 537
Lymphocytes 46 emergency stand-by
isolation of 129 – 132 disablement 13 treatment 536 – 537
subtype distribution 48 Madura foot 273, 355, 372 mosquito bite preven-
see also B cells; Lym- tion 535 – 536
phocyte function tests; T diagnosis 652 resistance 530
cells Madurella 372 therapy 531 – 534
Lymphocytic choriome- acute disease 532
ningitis (LCM) 142, diagnosis 652 drug resistance 532
462 – 464 mycetomi 355 relapse prevention
diagnosis 644 Major histocompatibility 532
infection/immune re- complex (MHC) 58 – 63, types of 527 – 528
sponse relationship 104 142 malignant tertian
Lymphocytic meningora- consequences of MHC (tropica) 521, 528
diculitis 327 variety 63 mixed infections 528
Lymphogranuloma vener- functions 60 – 62 quartan 521, 527
eum 336, 338, 339 tertian 520, 527
diagnosis 637 antigen presentation see also Plasmodium
see also Chlamydia tra- 60 – 62 Malassezia 369
chomatis MHC class I molecules furfur 355, 370, 374
Lymphoid lineage 46 59, 61, 75 Malleus 310 – 311
Lymphoid organs protein structure 60 diagnosis 648
primary 45, 47, 143 MHC class II molecules Mandibulata 606
secondary 45, 47, 48, 74 59, 61, 72 – 75 Manifestation index 27
MHC class III molecules Mansonella 593
antigen-presenting 59 ozzardi 589, 592
cells 62 MHC restriction 58, 142 perstans 589, 592
Lymphokine-activated transplant rejection and streptocerca 589
killer cells (LAK cells) 120, 115, 117 Mantoux skin test 99, 266
142 Malaria 520 – 537 Marburg virus 471
Lymphokines 77 clinical manifestations clinical picture 471
Lymphoma 526 – 527 diagnosis 471, 650
Burkitt 424 classic malarial par- epidemiology 471
gastric 638 oxysm 527 pathogenesis 471
HIV infection and course of infection 527 prevention 471
451 – 453 febrile patterns Mastadenovirus 382
T-cell 424 526 – 527 Mayaro virus 441
Lymphoreticular system incubation periods Measles 465, 466
infections 648 – 649 526 diagnosis 632, 645, 650
see also specific infections onset symptoms 526 eye infections 655, 656
Lymphotoxin 82 recurrence 527 exanthem 466
Lysogenic bacteria 180, 186 diagnosis 531, 625, 649 German measles 441,
Lysogenic conversion 180, blood specimen 650, 656
186 handling 622 prevention 467
Lysogeny 186 differential diagnosis Medical microbiology 629
Lyssaviruses 467 524, 525 Medina worm 596
diagnosis 645 disease control 537 Mediterranean fever 332
epidemiology 469 distribution 521 Mefloquine 533, 535
Lysteriolysin 16 epidemiology 530 – 531 Melioidosis 311
immunity 530
occurrence 520
parasites 520 – 521

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Mucormycoses M 683

diagnosis 648 clinical manifestations Monokine induced by
Membrane cofactor pro- 540 interferon gamma (MIG)
tein (MCP) 89 diagnosis 504 – 505, 542, 83
Membrane proteins 623, 625 Monokines 77
151 – 152 Mononucleosis
gastrointestinal tract
outer membrane pro- 639 chronic 425
teins 155 respiratory tract 634 infectious 424
Membrane toxins 15, 16 stool specimen hand- Moraxella 278
Meningitis 273, 276 – 278, ling 621 catarrhalis 223, 278
644 urogenital tract 635
clinical picture 277 epidemiology 542 diagnosis 630, 632,
cryptococcal 367 life cycle 539 – 540 658
diagnosis 277, 644 morphology 539 lacunata 278
epidemiology 277 parasites 538 diagnosis 655, 656,
prevention 277 – 278 therapy 542 657
therapy 277 Microsporum spp. 355, 373 Morbidity 26, 27
viral 644 canis 373, 374 Morbilli 650
see also Neisseria me- gypseum 374 Morbillivirus 465
ningitidis see also Dermatophytes; diagnosis 650
Meningococci 276 – 278 Microsporidia (micro- Morbus hemolyticus neo-
culture 276 sporidiosis) natorum 112
infection/immune re- Migration inhibition fac- Morganella 223, 280
sponse relationship 104 tors (MIF) 142 morganii 295
morphology 276 Milker’s nodules 428, 650 nosocomial infection
transmission 277 Minimum bactericidal 343
see also Neisseria me- concentration (MBC) 205 Mortality 26
ningitidis Mininum infective dose 9 Mosquitoes 606, 616
Meningoencephalitis 253, Minimum inhibitory con- bite prevention
367 centration (MIC) 204 – 205 535 – 536
early summer (ESME) Minocycline 194 bite reactions 616
607 Mites 606, 610 – 612 control 537
primary amebic (PAM) forage/domestic 612 role as vectors 616
507 house-dust 612 see also Malaria
spring-summer (SSME) Mitogen 142 Moxifloxacin 189
443 Mixed lymphocyte culture Mucocutaneous leishma-
Meropenem 194 (MLC) 142 niosis see Leishmania
Mesosomes 152 Mixed lymphocyte (leishmanioses)
Mesostigmata 606, 612 reaction (MLR) 142 Mucor spp. 354, 367 – 369
Messenger RNA 180, Mobiluncus Mucorales 367
387 – 388 curtisii 261 culture 367
splicing 388 diagnosis 636 diagnosis
Metamonada 477 mulieri 261 eye infections 657
Metastigmata 606 diagnosis 636 nervous system 645,
Methicillin 193 Modification enzymes 180 646
Methylene blue 211 Modulins 8, 11 respiratory tract 633,
Metronidazole 192 Molds 349 634
Mezlocillin 193 see also Fungi morphology 367
MHC see Major histocom- Molecular mimicry 13 pathogenesis 367 – 368
patibility complex Molluscum contagiosum Mucormycoses 354,
Microphages 21 426 – 429 367 – 369
Microscopy 211 – 212, 356 diagnosis 426, 650 clinical pictures
electron microscopy Monkeypox viruses 426 367 – 368
(EM) 409 Monobactams 192, 195 cutaneous 368
fluorescence microscopy Monoclonal 142 diagnosis 368 – 369
212 Monoclonal antibodies 69, disseminated 368
Microsporea 477 70 gastrointestinal 368
Microsporidia (microspo- Monocyte chemoattrac- pulmonary 368
ridiosis) 477, 505, 538 – 542 tant protein (MCP-1) 82 rhinocerebral 368
therapy 369

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684 M Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

Mucosa-associated lym- Mycophyta see Fungi Naphtoquinones 533
phoid tissue (MALT) 48, 57, Mycoplasma Nasopharyngeal carcino-
142 ma 424
Multiple sclerosis 115 hominis 340, 341, 342 Natural killer (NK) cells 85,
Mumps virus 465, 466 diagnosis 635, 636 142 – 143
Necator (ancylostomosis)
diagnosis 641, 644, 645 pneumoniae 228, 340, 580 – 582
prevention 467 341 – 342
Murein 152, 153 americanus 580
Muscle infections diagnosis 632, 633, clinical manifestations
653 – 654 647 582
Mutation Mycoplasmas 6, 228, control 582
bacteria 170, 171, 180 340 – 342 diagnosis 582, 640
viruses 389, 390 classification 340 life cycle 580 – 582
Mutation rate 171 clinical pictures 341 morphology 580
Mx protein 401 culture 341 occurrence 580
Mycelium 350 diagnosis 341 therapy 582
Mycetoma 355, 372 epidemiology 341 – 342 Necrosis 392 – 393
diagnosis 652 morphology 148, structural changes
Mycobacteria 222, 262 340 – 341 392 – 393
nontuberculous (NTM) pathogenesis 341 Necrotizing fasciitis 654
271 – 272 therapy 341 streptococcal 654
see also Mycoplasma Necrotizing pneumonia
clinical pictures 271 Mycoses 353 – 357 365, 634
culture 271 cutaneous 352, 353, 355, Needle complex 17
diagnosis 271 372 – 374 Negative factor (nef) 449
infections caused 272 diagnosis 356, 652 Neisseria 222, 273 – 274,
morphology 271 host-pathogen interac- 647, 655
therapy 271 tions 353 gonorrheae 222, 273,
see also Mycobacterium opportunistic 352, 353, 274 – 276
Mycobacterium 222, 262 354 – 355, 362 – 372
africanum 263 yeast mycoses culture 274
avium/intracellulare 369 – 370 diagnosis 275
complex 222 primary 352, 353, 354,
bovis 263 358 eye infections 656,
eye infections 655, 656, subcutaneous 352, 355, 657
657 372 joint infection 654
leprae 222, 269 – 271 therapy 352, 356 urogenital tract 635,
clinical picture 270 see also specific fungal 636, 637
diagnosis 270, 646, 651 pathogens morphology 274,
immunity 269 – 270 Mycotoxicoses 353 275
morphology 269 Myelin basic protein (MBP) pathogenesis 274
pathogenesis 269 142 penicillin resistance
tuberculosis 222, 263 Myeloid lineage 46 276
diagnosis Myeloma 69, 142 see also Gonorrhea
Myiasis 617 meningitidis 222,
cardiovascular sys- cutaneous 617 273 – 274, 276 – 278
tem 647 diagnosis 653 antigen structure
nervous system 644, Myocarditis 647 276 – 277
645 culture 276
respiratory tract 632 &N diagnosis 277, 644
urogenital tract 635, morphology 275, 276
636 N-formimidoyl thienamy- pathogenesis 277
see also Tuberculosis cin 193 sources of infection
bacteria (TB) Naegleria (naegleriosis) 277
see also Leprosy; Myco- 507 transmission 277
bacteria; Tuberculosis; see also Meningitis
Tuberculosis bacteria fowleri 507 Neisseriaceae 222, 274
(TB) diagnosis 646 Nematocera 606, 616
Mycogenic allergies bite reactions 616
352 – 353 Nail mycosis 374 role as vectors 616
Nairovirus 461

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Opisthorchis (opisthorchiosis) O 685

Nematodes 545, 576 pathogenesis 272 – 273 Ofloxacin 189
diagnosis 640 therapy 273 Omidazole 192
intestinal infections Nonanthropogenic evolu- OmpA (outer membrane
576 – 586 tion 203 protein A) 155
larval infections Noncapsid viral proteins Onchocerca volvulus
601 – 605 (NCVP) 388 (onchocercosis) 589,
tissue and vascular sys- Noncytocidal infection 590 – 591, 594 – 596
tem infections 587 – 601 393 – 394
see also Helminths; spe- Nonnucleoside reverse clinical manifestations
cific parasites transcriptase inhibitors 594 – 595
(NNRTI) 454
Neomycin 189 Norfloxacin 189 eye changes 595
Nephelometry 122 Normal flora 24 – 25 reactions to adult
Nephropathica epidemica North American blasto- parasites 595
(NE) 461, 635 mycosis 354 – 361 reactions to microfi-
Nervous system infections diagnosis 361 lariae 595
644 – 646 therapy 361 control 595 – 596
North Asian tick fever 332 diagnosis 595, 652
encephalomyelitis Norwalk virus 439, 440 eye infections 655, 657
645 – 646 diagnosis 638 epidemiology 594
meningitis 273, Nosema 539 life cycle 594
276 – 278, 644 Nosocomial infections 10, occurrence 594
see also specific infections 342 – 346 pathogenesis 594
Netilmicin 189 control 345 – 346 prevention 595
Neuraminidase 379 therapy 595
Neuraminidase inhibitors operational measures Onchocercoma 595
404 345 Oncogenes 395, 396
Neurocysticercosis organizational mea- Oncoviruses 394 – 396,
564 – 565 sures 345 – 346 448
Neurosyphilis 321 structural measures genome structure
Neurotoxins 15 346 394 – 395
botulinum 250 definition 342 replication 394 – 395
Nipah virus 465, 466 frequency 344 tumor induction
epidemiology 467 pathogens 342 – 345 395 – 396
Nitrofural 192 sources of infection 345 with an oncogene 396
Nitrofurans 192 endogenous infections without an oncogene
Nitrofurantoin 192 345 395 – 396
Nitroimidazoles 192 exogenous infections Onychomycosis 374
Nocardia (nocardioses) 345 Oophoritis 636
221 – 222, 272 – 273 transmission 345 Operator 180
asteroides 222 Nucleoid 148, 150, 180 Operon 168 – 169, 180
brasiliensis 222, 652 Nucleoside reverse tran- anabolic 170
clinical pictures scriptase inhibitors (NRTI) catabolic 170
272 – 273 404, 454 transcriptional regula-
Nude mice 143 tion 170
pulmonary nocardio- Nutrient media 164, 212, Ophthalmia neonatorum
sis 273 213 276
surface nocardiosis Nystatin 356 Opisthorchiida 545
273 Opisthorchis (opisthorchio-
systemic nocardiosis &O sis) 557 – 558
273 clinical manifestation
culture 272 O antigens 156, 281 558
diagnosis 273 salmonellae 282, diagnosis 558, 625, 641,
cardiovascular system 283 – 284 643
647 Vibrio cholerae 297 epidemiology 558
cutaneous infection felineus 543, 556, 557
652 Ocular infections see Eye life cycle 558
eye infection 656, 657 infections occurrence 557
epidemiology 273 Oeciacus hirundinis 616 prevention 558
morphology 272 therapy 558
occurrence 272

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686 O Opisthorchis (opisthorchiosis)

viverrini 557 Oxidative burst, inhibition pathogenesis 466 – 467
Opisthotonus 248 of 13 pathogens 464 – 465
Opportunistic pathogens Oxytetracycline 194 prevention 467
8, 9, 24, 448, 451 – 453 Oxyurida 545 structure 465
Oxyuriosis see Enterobius Parapox 382
Enterobacteriaceae vermicularis (enterobiosis) Parapoxviruses 426, 427,
295 – 296 429
microsporidia 538 – 542 &P diagnosis 650
mycoses 352, 353, Parasexuality 174, 180
354 – 355, 362 – 372 P1/elF-2 kinase 401 Parasitemia, transitory 10
Paecilomyces lilacinus 355 Parasites 9, 476
yeast mycoses Pancreatic abscess 641 see also Helminths; La-
369 – 370 Pancreatitis 641 boratory diagnosis; spe-
pseudomonads 310 Pandemic 27 cific parasites
see also specific patho- Papillomas 650 Paratope 143
gens Papillomaviruses 382, Paratyphoid fever 282
Opsonization 86, 143 413 – 414 Parechoviruses 434, 436
Oral polio vaccine (OPV) clinical syndromes 436
437 clinical picture 414 Parotitis epidemica see
Orf virus 428, 650 diagnosis 414, 650 Mumps virus
Organotropism 398 epidemiology 414 Parvovirus B19 412 – 413
Oriental sore 493, pathogenesis 414 diagnosis 413, 650
495 – 496 pathogens 413 epidemiology 413
diagnosis 652 prevention 414 pathogenesis 412 – 413
see also Leishmania Pappataci fever 461 Parvoviruses 382, 412 – 413
(Leishmanioses) Para-aminosalicylic acid Pasteurella 303 – 304
Orientia tsutsugamushi (PAS) 192 multocida 224, 303 – 304
330, 332 Parabasalea 477 Pasteurization 37
Ornithosis 335, 337 – 338 Paracoccidioides brasilien- Pathogenicity 8, 9, 11
clinical picture 337 sis 354, 361 determinants 7 – 11
epidemiology 338 Paragonimus (paragoni- genetics of 20 – 21
therapy 338 mosis) 558 – 559 Pathogenicity islands (PIs)
Oropouche virus 461 africanus 544 20 – 21
Oroya fever 334, 649 clinical manifestations Pathogens 4 – 7
epidemiology 335 559 host-pathogen interac-
Orthohepadnavirus 382 diagnosis 559, 625, 634 tions 7 – 8
Orthomyxoviruses 383, epidemiology 559 killing of, kinetics 35 – 36
458 – 460 life cycle 559 Pediculus (pediculosis)
clinical picture 459 occurrence 559 613 – 615, 653
diagnosis 459 prevention 559 humanus capitis
epidemiology 460 therapy 559 613 – 614
pathogen 458 Parainfluenza virus 465,
pathogenesis 459 466 biology 613
prevention 460 diagnosis 631, 632, 647 clinical manifestations
therapy 460 epidemiology 467 614
Orthopox 382 Paramomycin 189 control 614
Orthopoxvirus 426, 427, Paramyxoviridae 383, diagnosis 614
429 464 – 465 epidemiology
diagnosis 426 Paramyxovirinae 465 613 – 614
Osteomyelitis 654 Pneumovirinae 465 morphology 613
Ostitis 654 Paramyxovirus 465 occurrence 613 – 614
Otitis externa 658 diagnosis 641 therapy 614
Otitis media 338, 658 Paramyxoviruses humanus corporis 613,
Oxacillin 193 464 – 467 615
Oxalactams 192 clinical pictures Pefloxacin 189
Oxazolidinones 192 466 – 467 Pelveoperitonitis 636
Oxidants, as disinfectants diagnosis 467 Pemphigus 651
40 epidemiology 467 neonatorum 233
Oxidation 161 Penems 193
pathways 162

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Pneumovirus P 687

Penicillins 193, 195 therapy 615 falciparum 520 – 522,
resistance 276 Phylogenetic relationships 524 – 526, 528, 531, 532
218
Penicilliosis 355, 370 Phytohemagglutinin P. falciparum erythro-
Penicillium marneffei 355, (PHA) 143 cyte membrane pro-
370 Picornaviruses 383, teins (PfEMP) 529
Peptococcus niger 244 434 – 438 pathogenesis
Peptostreptococcus 244 528 – 530
Perforin 76, 78 diagnosis 434 life cycle 521 – 526
prevention 434 development in mos-
cytotoxicity in CD8+ T transmission 434 quito 526
cells 100 Piedra erythrocytic develop-
Pericarditis 647 black 374 ment 522 – 524
Peritonitis 642 – 643 white 374 exoerythrocytic de-
following peritonea dia- Piedraia hortae 374 velopment 521 – 522
lysis 643 Pili 158 malariae 520 – 522,
primary 642 toxin-coregulated pili 524 – 527, 531, 532
secondary 642 (TCP) 298 ovale 520, 524 – 527, 531,
Permeases 151 Pilin, molecular variation 532, 537
Persisters 196 14, 18 vivax 520, 524 – 527, 531,
Pertussis see Whooping Pinocytosis 22 532, 537
cough Pinta 320, 323 – 324 see also Malaria
Pestiviruses 442 diagnosis 324, 651 Platyhelminthes 545, 546
Pfeiffer disease 424 see also Treponema pal- see also Helminths; spe-
Phaeohyphomycoses 354, lidum cific parasites
369 Piperacillin 193 Plaunt-Vincent angina 631
Phages see Bacteriophages Piroplasmea 477 Pleistophora 539
Phagocyte resistance 282 Pityriasis 355, 374 Plesiomonas 300
Phagocyte toxins 13 Plagiorchiida 545 Pleurodynia 653
Phagocytosis 21 – 23 Plague 28, 280, 289 – 290, Pneumococci see Strepto-
Phagosome, inhibition of 619 coccus pneumoniae
fusion 13 bubonic 290 Pneumocystis carinii
Pharmacokinetics 200 clinical picture 289 – 290 (pneumocystosis) 354,
Pharyngitis 338, 630 diagnosis 290, 648 370 – 372
Phenanthrene methanoles epidemiology 28, 290 clinical pictures 371
533 prevention 290 culture 371
Pheneticillin 193 therapy 290 developmental cycle
Phenols 39 see also Yersinia pestis 370 – 371
Phenotype 180 Plaque forming cell (PFC) diagnosis 371 – 372, 623,
Phenotypic interference 143 634
391 Plasma cells 48, 67, 143 morphology 370 – 371
Phenotypic mixing 391 Plasma coagulase 231 pathogenesis 371
Phialophora verrucosa 355 detection 233 therapy 372
Phlebotomus 616 Plasma membrane see Cy- Pneumonia
papatasi 608 toplasmic membrane bacterial 240, 302, 336,
Phlebovirus 460, 461 Plasmids 148, 150, 341
epidemiology 462 167 – 168, 180 community-acquired
Phocanema 604 conjugative 175 – 177 633
Phosphonoformate 404 diagnosis 632 – 633
Phosphorylcholine (PC) F-factor 176 – 177, 179 hospital-acquired 633
143 resistance 167, 168, 176, interstitial 371
Phthirus pubis (phthiriosis) 177 lobar 240
613, 615 vectors 179, 181 necrotizing 365, 634
biology 615 virulence 168, 177 viral 467
clinical manifestations Plasmodium 520 – 537 see also Pneumocystis
615 diagnosis 649 carinii (pneumocysto-
diagnosis 615, 653 sis); Respiratory tract
epidemiology 615 blood specimen infections
morphology 615 handling 622 Pneumovirus 465
occurrence 615 differential diagnosis
524, 525

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688 P Pokeweed mitogen

Pokeweed mitogen 143 diagnosis 474 eye infections 655, 656,
pol gene 449, 450 epidemiology 474 657
Poliomyelitis 435 – 436 killing of 35 joint infection 654
pathogenesis 473 nosocomial infection
vaccines 437 Problematic bacteria 24, 343
Poliovirus 435, 435 – 436 201 opportunistic 310
Problematic patients 201 Pseudomonas aeruginosa
clinical syndromes 436 Progressive multifocal 224, 308 – 310
Polyarthritis 115 leukoencephalopathy clinical pictures 310
Polyclonal 143 (PML) 415 – 416 culture 309
Polyenes 356 Proguanil 533, 534 diagnosis 310, 651
Polymerase chain reaction Prokaryotes 4 – 5, 6
(PCR) 216, 409 – 411 characteristics of 6 ear infection 658
Promoter 180 respiratory tract 633
HIV viral load determi- Propanol 39 urogenital tract 635
nation 453 Prophage 180, 182, 186 epidemiology 310
material for 624 Propicillin 193 morphology 309
Polymicrobial gangrene Propionibacterium nosocomial infection
654 acnes 261 343
Polymyxins 194 avidum 261 occurrence 309
mechanism of action granulosum 261 pathogenesis 309 – 310
198 Prostatitis 635 prevention 310
Polyomaviruses 382, Prostigmata 606, 612 significance 309
415 – 416 Protease inhibitors 404, therapy 310
clinical picture 415 – 416 454 see also Pseudomonads
diagnosis 416 Protein synthesis Pseudophyllida 545
epidemiology 416 viruses 387 – 388 Pseudoscabies 29, 610
pathogenesis 415 – 416 Psittacosis see Ornithosis
pathogens 415 control 388 Pulex irritans 618
Pontiac fever 311, 312 see also Transcription; Pulicidae 618 – 619
see also Legionella Translation clinical manifestations
Porins 155 Proteus 223, 280 619
Porphyromonas spp. 225, mirabilis 295 control 619
317, 319 diagnosis 619
Postantibiotic effect (PAE) nosocomial infection epidemiology 619
196 343 life cycle 618 – 619
Posttranscriptional regu- vulgaris 295 morphology 618
lation 19 Proto-oncogene 395 Pulmonary abscess 634
Posttranslational control Protozoa 6 – 7, 476 – 478 Pulmonary infections see
388 classification 477 Respiratory tract infec-
Poxviridae 382, 427 zoonoses 29 tions
Poxviruses 426 – 429 see also specific protozoa Pyelonephritis 292, 635
clinical picture 428 Providencia 223, 280 Pyrimethamine 533
diagnosis 426, 429 nosocomial infection Pyrogenic streptococcal
epidemiology 429 343 exotoxins (PSE) 238
pathogenesis 428 rettgeri 295
pathogens 427 stuartii 295 &Q
prevention 429 Prozone phenomenon 143
Predictive value 209 Pruritis 611, 614, 615 Q fever 330, 332
Prenatal infection 13 Pseudoalleles 143 epidemiology 333
Prepatency 9, 27 Pseudoallescheria 369 transmission 28
Preservation 35 boydii 372
Prevalence 26 – 27 diagnosis 652 Quarantine 31
Prevotella spp. 225, 317, Pseudogenes 143 Quasispecies 391
319 Pseudomembranous coli- Quinine 533
Primaquine 533 tis 246, 251 4-Quinolones 189, 195
Primary amebic menin- clinical course 251
goencephalitis (PAM) 507 diagnosis 251, 638 mechanism of action
Priming 143 Pseudomonads 224, 198, 199
Prions 4, 472, 473 – 474 308 – 309, 310
clinical picture 473 – 474

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Rhinoviruses R 689

Quinopristin 194 viruses 390 mucormycosis 368
Quorum sensing 19 – 20 Reduviidae 616 mycoplasmas 341
Regulator 180 nosocomial infections
&R Regulon 170, 180 344
parainfluenza virus 466
Rabies 28, 468 – 470 virulence regulon 19 pertussis 632
clinical course 468 Reinfection 10 pharyngitis 630
diagnosis 645 Rejection see Transplants rhinitis (common cold)
epidemiology 469 Relapses 10 438, 447, 630
prevention 469 – 470 Relapsing fever 324 – 326, severe acute respiratory
postexposure prophy- 613 syndrome (SARS) 446,
laxis 469 – 470 447 – 448, 634
see also Rhabdoviruses clinical picture 325 sinusitis 630
diagnosis 649 tonsillitis 630
Radial immunodiffusion epidemiology 325 – 326 see also Pneumonia;
technique 122, 123 prevention 325 – 326 specific infections
Radiation therapy 325 Restriction 171, 177 – 178
see also Borrelia Restriction endonucleases
as disinfection/steriliza- Reoviruses 383, 455 – 457 181
tion method 38 clinical picture 456 Reticuloendothelial sys-
ionizing 38 diagnosis 455, 456 tem (RES) 143
nonionizing 38 epidemiology 456 – 457 Retroviruses 383,
Radioallergosorbent test pathogenesis 456 448 – 450
(RAST) 131 pathogens 456 carcinogenic 394 – 396
Radioimmunoassay (RIA) Replication
128 – 129 DNA 168, 181 genome structure
Radioimmunosorbent test 394 – 395
(RIST) 130 semiconservative 181 replication 394 – 395
RANTES 82, 143 viruses 381 – 386, 387 tumor induction
Rat bite fever 648 395 – 396
Rearrangement 143 adsorption 384 pathogens 448 – 449
B-cell receptor 55 nucleic acid replica- release from infected
IgG heavy chain 54 tion 384 – 385, 387 cell 389
T-cell receptor 54, 55 penetration and un- replication 385, 387
Receptors 384 coating 384 see also Human immu-
B-cell receptor 45 – 46, Replicon 181 nodeficiency virus
48 – 50 Resistance plasmids 167, (HIV); Human T-cell
168, 176, 177 leukemia virus (HTLV)
genetic rearrange- Respiration 161 rev gene 449
ment 55 Respiratory chain enzymes Reverse transcriptase 448
CCR chemokine receptor 151 Rhabditida 545
139 Respiratory syncytial (RS) Rhabdoviruses 383,
CXCR chemokine recep- virus 465, 467 467 – 470
tor 140 diagnosis 630, 631, 632 clinical picture 468
Duffy antigen receptor Respiratory tract infec- diagnosis 467, 468 – 469
for chemokines (DARC) tions 295 epidemiology 28, 469
85, 140 adenoviruses 416 pathogenesis 468
T-cell receptor (TCR) 45, aspergillosis 365 pathogens 468
57 – 58, 62 bronchiolitis 467, 632 prevention 467,
genetic rearrange- bronchitis 632 469 – 470
ment 53, 54, 55 chronic obstructive pul- Rhesus factor 112, 143
Recombination monary disease (COPD) Rheumatoid factor (RF)
bacteria 143, 170, 632 143
171 – 173, 180 – 181 empyema 634 Rhinitis
homologous (legitimate) influenza viruses allergic 352
171, 180 458 – 460 common cold 438, 447,
illegitimate 181 laboratory diagnosis 630
site-specific 172, 181 209, 623, 630 – 634 Rhinoviruses 434, 438
somatic 144 lower respiratory tract clinical picture 438
transposition 172 632 – 634
upper respiratory tract
630 – 631

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690 R Rhinoviruses

diagnosis 438, 630, 631, fever (RMSF) 331, 332 gastrointestinal tract
632, 633 Rod bacteria 149 210, 621 – 622
epidemiology 438 Rolitetracycline 194 pus and wound secre-
pathogenesis 438 Romana sign 492 tions 210
pathogens 438 Roseola infantum 425 respiratory tract 209,
prevention 438 Roseolovirus 382 623
Rhipicephalus 607 Rosette formation 529 serum 623
Rhizomucor 367 Ross River virus 441 urogenital tract 210, 623
see also Mucormycoses Rotaviruses 455 – 457 see also Laboratory di-
Rhizopus spp. 354, 367 agnosis
see also Mucormycoses clinical picture 456 Sandfly fever 461
Rhodococcus equi 261 diagnosis 455, 456, 638 Saprophytes 9
Rhodotorula spp. 355, 369 epidemiology 456 – 457 Sarcocystis (sarcocystosis)
Ribavirin 404 pathogenesis 456 516 – 517
Ribosomes 151 Roundworms 576 clinical manifestations
Rickettsia large 577 – 579 517
akari 332 Rous sarcoma virus 394 diagnosis 504 – 505, 517,
conori 332 Roxithromycin 191 639
diagnosis 645, 647, 651 Rubella virus 440, 441
prowazekii 227, 330, 332, diagnosis 650, 656 stool specimen hand-
613 prevention 441 – 442 ling 621
rickettsii 227, 330, 332 Rubeola 650 epidemiology 517
sibirica 332 Rubivirus 440 – 441 hominis 516 – 517
typhi 332 Rubulavirus 465 life cycle 516 – 517
Rickettsiaceae 5, 227, 330 prevention 517
classification 331 &S suihominis 516 – 517
clinical pictures 331 therapy 517
culture 331 Saccharomyces 369 Sarcomas 107
diagnosis 331 Safety issues 217 – 218 Kaposi sarcoma
morphology 148, 331 St. Louis encephalitis 443 425 – 426, 451
pathogenesis 331 Salmonellae (salmonel- Sarcoptes scabiei 608,
therapy 331 loses) 282 – 287 610 – 612
see also Rickettsia biology 611
Rickettsial pox 332 clinical pictures 285 clinical manifestations
Rifampicin 194 diagnosis 285, 639 611
Rifamycin 194 enteric salmonellosis control 612
Rift Valley fever (RVF) 282, 285, 286 diagnosis 612, 653
461 enterica 223, 280, epidemiology 611
Ringworm 374 282 – 283, 639 morphology 611
beard ringworm 374 enteritidis 280, 286 transmission 29, 511
Risus sardonicus 248, 249 epidemiology 287 see also Scabies
RNA paratyphi 282, 286 Satellite phenomenon 302
messenger RNA 180, pathogenesis 285 Scabies 610 – 612
387 – 388 prevention 287 clinical manifestations
taxonomy 283 611
splicing 388 control 612
transfer RNA 181 Kauffmann-White crustosa 611
RNA viruses 377 – 378, scheme 283, 284 diagnosis 512, 653
387 – 388, 434 – 471 therapy 285 – 287 exanthema 611
double-stranded 385, transmission 28 occurrence 611
387, 455 – 457 typhi 280, 282, 286 transmission 29
replication 385, 387 typhimurium 280 see also Sarcoptes scabiei
single-stranded 385, typhoid salmonellosis Scedosporium spp. 355,
387, 434 – 455, 457 – 471 282, 285, 286 369
Salpingitis 338, 636 apiospermum 355
antisense-strand or- Sampling 208 – 210, 407, Schistosoma (schistosomo-
ientation 457 – 471 409, 621 – 623 sis) 546 – 554
sense-strand orienta- blood 210, 622 clinical manifestations
tion 434 – 455 cerebrospinal fluid 210, 552 – 553
Rocky Mountain spotted 623

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Spirillum minus S 691

cercarial dermatitis Selection Siphonaptera 606,
553 antibiotic resistance 618 – 620
cerebral schistosomo- 201 – 202
sis 553 clonal selection theory clinical manifestations
hepatosplenic form 67 619, 620
553 T cell maturation 46, control 619
intestinal schistoso- 63 – 64 diagnosis 619, 620
mosis 553 epidemiology 619
pulmonary schistoso- Sennetsu fever 333 life cycle 618 – 619
mosis 553 Sensitivity 209 morphology 618, 619
urinary schistosomo- Sensor proteins 151 occurrence 618
sis 552 Sepsis 10, 253, 296, 334 prevention 620
control 554 therapy 620
diagnosis 554, 623, 625 E. coli 293 Sisomicin 189
cutaneous infection meningococcal 276, 277 Site-specific recombina-
652 nosocomial infections tion 172, 181
gastrointestinal tract 344 Skin infections see Cuta-
640, 643 Septic arthritis 654 neous infections
respiratory tract 634 Serodiagnosis 405, 411, Skin snip 624
urogenital tract 636 623 Skin-associated lymphoid
distribution 547 Serratia 223, 280 tissue (SALT) 48
epidemiology 551 marcescens 295 Slapped cheek syndrome
haematobium 543, 546, nosocomial infection 412 – 413
548, 551 – 553 343 Sleeping sickness 483,
diagnosis 636 Serum resistance 13, 282 485 – 491
immunity 553 – 554 Serum sickness 113, 143 clinical manifestations
intercalatum 547, 548, Sesquiterpene lactones 488 – 489
551 533 diagnosis 490, 625
japonicum 546 – 547, Severe acute respiratory distribution 485
548, 551, 553 syndrome (SARS) 446, epidemiology 488
life cycle 549 – 551 447 – 448 prevention 490 – 491
migration in human diagnosis 634 therapy 490
body 551 Severe combined immu- see also Trypanosoma
mansoni 543, 546, 548, nodeficiency disease brucei
550, 551, 553, 643 (SCID) 143 Small, round-structured
mekongi 547, 548, 551, Sexually transmitted dis- viruses (SRSV) 439, 440
553 eases see specific diseases Smallpox 426, 427, 428
morphology 547 – 548 Shell vial assay 408 diagnosis 650
occurrence 546 – 547 Shigalike toxins 288, 294 eradication 427
pathogenesis 551 – 552 Shigatoxin 288 infection/immune re-
acute phase 551 Shigella 280, 287 – 289 sponse relationship 104
chronic phase boydii 223, 287 Sodoku 648
551 – 552 classification 287 – 288 Somatic mutation 144
penetration phase 551 clinical picture 288 Somatic recombination
prevention 554 diagnosis 288, 638 144
spindale 553 dysenteriae 223, 287 Soor see Candida
therapy 554 epidemiology 288 – 289 Sources of infection 30
Schizopyrenidea 477 flexneri 223, 287 nosocomial infections
Scleritis 655 pathogenesis 288 345
Scopulariopsis 369 sonnei 223, 287 South American blasto-
Scrapie 473 Shingles 422 mycosis 354, 361
Secernentia 545 see also Varicella-zoster diagnosis 361
Secondary lymphoid organ virus (VZV) therapy 361
chemokine (SLC) 83 Shutoff phenomena 393 Sparfloxacin 189
Secretion system proteins Siderophores 13 Specificity 209
151 Sigma factors 168, 170, 181 Spectinomycin 189
Secretory piece 143 Signal proteins 151 Spirilla 149
Selectins 84 Simplexvirus 382 Spirillum minus 308
Sindbis virus 441 diagnosis 648
Sinusitis 365, 630

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692 S Spirurida

Spirurida 545 digestive glands 641, Lancefield groups 235
Spleen 48 642 normal microbial flora
Splenic abscess 642 ear infection 658 25
Splenomegaly 144 eye infections 655 oral 236, 242 – 243
Sporadic occurrence 27 gastrointestinal Streptococcus
Sporangiospores 351 tract 638 agalactiae 220, 236, 242
Spores muscle/joint infec- bovis 236
tion 654
bacterial 159 – 160 nervous system 646 diagnosis 654
fungal 351, 352 peritonitis 642, 643 milleri 642, 643, 646
respiratory tract nosocomial infection
asexual 351 630, 631, 633, 634 343
sexual 352 urogenital tract 635 pneumoniae 220,
Sporothrix schenckii 355, epidemiology 233 234 – 235, 236, 240 – 242
372 fine structure 230
diagnosis 652, 655, 657 morphology 230, 231 antibiotic resistance
Sporotrichosis 355, 372 nosocomial infection 241 – 242
diagnosis 652 343 antigen structure 240
Sporozoites 370 pathogenesis clinical pictures 240
Spotted fever 330, 332 232 – 233 culture 240
diagnosis 651 invasive infections diagnosis 241
epidemiology 331 232
Japanese 332 mixed forms 233 cardiovascular sys-
Rocky Mountain 331, toxicoses 233 tem 647
332 prevention 233 ear infection 658
Spread 12 therapy 233 joint infection 654
Spring-summer menin- toxins 17, 231 – 232 peritonitis 642
goencephalitis (SSME) epidermidis 220, 230, respiratory tract
443 234 630, 631, 632, 633,
Spumaviruses 449 saprophyticus 220, 230, 634
Sputum analysis 209 234 epidemiology 242
Staining 146 – 148, diagnosis 635 morphology 240, 241
211 – 212 see also Staphylococci pathogenesis 240
differential 148, Stenotrophomonas malto- prophylaxis 242
211 – 212 philia 225, 310 therapy 241 – 242
Gram staining 211 – 212 Sterilization 34 – 35 pyogenes 220, 234, 236,
simple 148, 211 chemical methods 237 – 240
Staphylococci 220, 39 – 40 clinical pictures 238,
229 – 234 kinetics of pathogen 239
coagulase-negative sta- killing 35 – 36 culture 237
phylococci (CNS) 234 mechanisms of action diagnosis 238
eye infection 656, 657 36 – 37 cutaneous infection
infection/immune re- physical methods of 651
sponse relationship 104 37 – 38 digestive glands 642
normal microbial flora dry heat 37 – 38 ear infection 658
25 filtration 38 muscle infection
nosocomial infection moist heat 37 654
343 radiation 38 peritonitis 642
Staphylococcus 229 – 230 Stomatitis 630 respiratory tract
aureus 220, 230 – 233 Stool samples 621 – 622 630, 631, 634
antibiotic resistance Streptobacillus monilifor- epidemiology 240
233 mis 226, 305 extracellular toxins
clinical pictures diagnosis 648 and enzymes 238
232 – 233 Streptococci 234 – 236 fine structure 237
culture 230 classification 220, 235 morphology 237
diagnosis 233 eye infections 655, 656, pathogenesis 238, 239
657 prophylaxis 240
cardiovascular sy- hemolysis 235 therapy 238
stem 647 see also Streptococci
cutaneous infection Streptogramins 194
651 Streptokinase 238

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Tapeworms T 693

Streptolysin O 238 antibody assays specificity 62
Streptolysin S 238 321 – 322 subpopulations 64 – 66
Streptomyces somaliensis tolerance 90 – 93
652 antilipoidal anti-
Streptomycin 189 bodies 321 – 322 central 90
Strigeatida 545 immunofluores- complete, exhaustive
Stripping 144 cence test (FTA-ABS) T-cell induction
Stromal cells 62 322 91 – 92
Stromal cell-derived factor Treponema pallidum peripheral 90 – 91
(SDF) 83 immobilization T-cell indifference/ig-
Strongylida 545 (TPI) test 322 norance 91
Strongyloides (strongyloi- Treponema pallidum
dosis) 582 – 585, 602 particle agglutina- cd T cells 66
tion (TP-PA) 322
clinical manifestations pathogen identifica- T-cell lymphoma 424
584 tion 321 T-cell receptor (TCR) 45,
diagnosis 584 – 585, 626, epidemiology 323 57 – 58, 62
640, 652 latent 321
nonvenereal 323 genetic rearrangement
specimen handling prevention 323 53, 54, 55
622 stage I (primary) 321 Taenia (taeniosis) 544,
fuelleborni 582 – 583 stage II (secondary) 321 560 – 565
life cycle 582 – 584 stage III (tertiary/late) asiatica 29, 562
morphology 583 321 saginata 560 – 563
occurrence 582 – 583 syphilis connata 321
pathogenesis 584 therapy 323 clinical manifestations
prevention 585 see also Treponema pal- 562
stercoralis 544, lidum diagnosis 562, 625,
582 – 583, 640 640
therapy 585 &T epidemiology
Subacute sclerosing pan- 561 – 562
encephalitis (SSPE) 466 T cells 45, 46 – 48, 71 – 72 life cycle 560 – 561,
Subdural abscess 646 activation 71 – 72, 73 563
Subdural empyema 646 by superantigens 72 occurrence 560
Sulfadoxine 533, 534 antigen recognition 52 pathogenesis 562
Sulfonamides 194, 195, antiviral protection 79, prevention 562
533 402 therapy 562
mechanisms of action autoimmune 114 – 115 transmission 29
198, 199 cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) solium 564
Sulfones 533 64 – 66, 75 – 76 clinical manifestations
Superantigens 15, 17, 72 perforin-dependent 564
endogenous 72 cytotoxicity 100 cysticercosis 564 – 565
exogenous 72 detection of, tetramer diagnosis 564, 623,
T-cell activation 72 test 131, 134 625
Supercoil 181 helper T cells (CD4+) 64,
Superinfection 10 72 – 75, 141 cutaneous infection
Suppressor cell 144 subpopulations 75, 78 653
Surface disinfection 41 interactions 72 – 75 eye infection 657
Surfactants 40 in antigen recognition gastrointestinal
Susceptibility 8, 11 65 tract 640
Swallow bug 616 maturation 47, 63 – 64 muscle infection
Swimming-pool conjunc- negative selection 46, 654
tivitis 336, 339 63 nervous system 646
Syngeneic transplants 116, positive selection life cycle 563, 564
144 63 – 64 occurrence 564
(2’-5’)(A)n Synthetase 401 memory 95 – 96, 98 – 99 prevention 564
Syphilis 320 – 323 MHC restriction 58, 142 therapy 564
clinical picture 320 – 321 nonlytic responses 100 transmission 29
diagnosis 321 – 322, 637, Tapeworms 560
651 beef 560 – 563
broad 575 – 576
dwarf 575
dwarf dog 566 – 571
dwarf fox 571 – 574

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694 T Tapeworms

fish 575 – 576 Tolerance see Immunoto- extraintestinal phase
pork 564 – 565 lerance 510
tat gene 449 Tonsillitis 630 intestinal phase 510
Teicoplanin 191 Torulopsis glabrata 355, oocysts 509 – 510
mechanism of action 198 369 tachyzoites 508 – 509
Telothromycin 191 Toxic shock syndrome occurrence 508
Temocillin 193 (TSS) 233 ocular toxoplasmosis
Temperature coefficient 36 Toxic shock syndrome 513
Terbinafine 357 toxin-1 (TSST-1) 17, 232 pathogenicity 512
Terminator 181 Toxin-coregulated pili prenatal toxoplasmosis
Tetanospasmin 248 (TCP) 298 513, 514
Tetanus 246, 248 Toxins prevention 514 – 515
clinical picture 248, 249 primary infection 512
diagnosis 248, 646 bacterial 15, 16 – 17 during pregnancy 512
epidemiology 249 AB toxins 15, 16 in immunocompetent
prophylaxis 249 – 250 endotoxins 140, 156 persons 512, 513
therapy 248 enterotoxins 15, 232, in immunosuppressed
see also Clostridium te- 282, 293 persons 512, 513 – 514
tani exotoxins 15 reactivation toxoplas-
Tetanus toxin 16, 248 membrane toxins 15, mosis 512 – 513
Tetracyclines 194, 195, 533 16 therapy 514
mechanism of action 198 superantigen toxins Tracheobronchitis 365
Tetramer test 131, 134, 144 15, 17 Trachipleistophora 539
Thelohania 539 Trachoma 336, 338 – 339
Thienamycin 193, 195 fungal 353 diagnosis 338 – 339, 655
Threadworms, dwarf see also specific toxins see also Chlamydia tra-
582 – 585 Toxocara (toxocarosis) chomatis
Thymus 62 603 – 604 Transcription
T cell maturation 47 canis 646 bacteria 168 – 169, 181
Thymus-expressed che- regulation 170
mokine (TECK) 83 diagnosis 634, 657 viruses 387
Ticarcillin 193 clinical manifestations Transcriptional regulation
Tickborne encephalitis 603 18 – 19
(TBE) 28, 443, 607 diagnosis 603, 625 Transduction 171,
diagnosis 644, 645 distribution 603 174 – 175, 181
see also Ixodes epidemiology 603 Transfer RNA 181
Ticks 606, 607 – 610 life cycle 603 Transformation 174, 181
castor bean 607 – 610 mystax 646 bacterial 170 – 171, 174
common sheep prevention 604 blastic 144
607 – 610 therapy 604 see also Tumor transfor-
tick bite prevention 610 Toxoplasma gondii (toxo- mation
Tinea plasmosis) 508 – 515 Transforming growth fac-
barbae 355, 374 clinical manifestations tor ß (TGFß) 83
capitis 355, 374 512 Translation
corporis 355, 374 diagnosis 513 – 514, 625 bacteria 169, 181
nigra 374 viruses 387 – 388
pedis 355, 374 cardiovascular system posttranslational con-
unguium 355, 374 647 trol 388
versicolor 374 eye infections 657 Transmission 26 – 30
Tinidazole 192 hematopoietic system pathways 26, 28
Tissue specimens 624 649 viruses 397
Tobramycin 189, 195 nervous system 646 see also specific patho-
Togaviruses 383, 440 – 442 respiratory tract 634 gens
clinical picture 441 epidemiology 514 Transplants
diagnosis 441, 644, 645 prenatal toxoplasmo- allogeneic 116, 139
pathogenesis 441 sis 513 bone marrow 116
pathogens 441 transmission 29 rejection 63, 115 – 117
prevention 441 – 442 immunity 512 acute 117
life cycle 508 – 511
bradyzoites (cysto-
zoites) 509
external phase 510

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Tuberculosis T 695

chronic 117 morphology 597 control 490 – 491
graft-versus-host murrelli 600 diagnosis 490, 625,
(GVH) reaction nativa 600 646
115 – 116, 141 nelsoni 600 epidemiology 488
host-versus-graft occurrence 597 gambiense 483,
(HVG) reactions 116, prevention 601 485 – 491, 646
141 pseudospiralis 600 life cycle 486 – 487
hyperacute 116 – 117 pupuae 600 pathogenesis 489
measurement 117 spiralis 590 – 591, rhodesiense 483,
syngeneic 116 597 – 599, 600 485 – 491, 646
xenogeneic 116 see also Sleeping sick-
Transport of specimens diagnosis 647, 654 ness
bacteria 208 therapy 601 cruzi 483, 491 – 492
viruses 407, 409 zimbabwensis 600 clinical manifestations
Transposable elements Trichomonas vaginalis 492
(transposons) 173, 181 481 – 482 diagnosis 492, 625,
composite 173 clinical manifestations 647
conjugative 173, 177 482 epidemiology
Tn3 173 diagnosis 482, 636 491 – 492
Transposase 181 epidemiology 481 – 482 life cycle 491
Transposition 172, 181 life cycle 481 occurrence 491
Trematoda 545, 546 occurrence 481 pathogenesis 492
diagnosis 640, 643 prevention 482 prevention 492
see also specific parasites therapy 482 see also Chagas disease
Trench fever 334, 613 Trichomonosis see Tricho- morphology 483 – 484
Treponema 320 – 324 monas vaginalis specimen handling 622,
carateum 320, 323 – 324, Trichophyton spp. 355, 373 623
651 mentagrophytes 373, 374 see also Trypanosomosis
pallidum 226, 322 rubrum 374 Trypanosomatidae 483,
culture 320 tonsurans 374 484
diagnosis 321 – 322 see also Dermatophytes Trypanosomatidea 477
Trichosporon Trypanosomosis
cutaneous infection beigelii 355, 369, 374 African 483, 485 – 491
651 diagnosis 657 clinical manifestations
eye infections 655, Trichuris trichiura (tri- 488 – 489
656, 657 churiosis) 544 diagnosis 490, 625
genital tract 637 clinical manifestations distribution 485
nervous system 645 580 epidemiology 488
endemicum 320, 323, diagnosis 580, 640 prevention 490 – 491
651 life cycle 579 – 580 therapy 490
morphology 320 occurrence 579 American 483, 491 – 492
pallidum 320 – 323 pathogenesis 580 clinical manifestations
pathogenesis therapy 580 492
320 – 321 Trimethoprim 190 diagnosis 492, 625
pertenue 320, 323, 651 mechanisms of action epidemiology
see also Syphilis 198, 199 491 – 492
vincentii 631 Triplet code 181 occurrence 491
Trichinella (trichinellosis) Tropheryma whipplei 261 prevention 492
597 – 601 diagnosis 639 therapy 492
britovi 600 Trophozoites 370 see also Trypanosoma
clinical manifestations Tropical, pulmonary eosi- Tsukamurella sp. 261
599 – 601 nophilia 590 Tsutsugamushi fever 330,
extraintestinal phase Trypanosoma 483 – 492 332
601 brucei 485 epidemiology 333
intestinal phase 601 Tuberculin 264
diagnosis 601, 626, 647 antigenic variation reaction 99, 266
muscle infection 654 489 Tuberculosis
epidemiology 599 brucei 484 clinical picture 264 – 266
life cycle 597 – 599 clinical manifestation
488 – 489

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696 T Tuberculosis

diagnosis 266 – 268 epidemiology 287 venereal diseases 637
rapid methods therapy 285 – 287 see also specific dis-
267 – 268 see also Salmonellae eases
respiratory tract 632 Typhus 330, 332, 613
traditional method epidemiology 331 vulvovaginitis 364, 636
266 – 267 Tyroglyphus 612 see also specific infections
urogenital tract 635 Tyrophagus 612
&V
epidemiology 268 &U
immunity 99 V factor 302
infection/immune re- Ulcers Vaccination-associated
sponse relationship 104 acute necrotic ulcerous paralytic poliomyelitis
Mantoux test 99 gingivostomatitis 631 (VAPP) 437
mortality rates 268 duodenal 307, 638 Vaccines 32
prevention 268 gastric 307, 638
BCG vaccine 268
disposition prophy- Ulcus molle 303 experimental 32
laxis 268 diagnosis 637 inactivated 32, 403
exposure prophylaxis live attenuated 32, 403
268 Ureaplasma urealyticum naked DNA vaccine 32,
primary 262, 264 – 265 228, 340, 341, 342 403
pulmonary 265 poliomyelitis 437
secondary 262, diagnosis 635 purified microbial im-
265 – 266 Urethral syndrome 635 munogens 32
source of infection 268 Urethritis 292, 338, 339, toxoids 32
therapy 267, 268 482 with recombinant
transmission 268 viruses 403
Tuberculosis bacteria (TB) diagnosis 635 see also Immunization
262, 263 – 268 non-gonococcal (NGU) Vaccinia virus 426 – 429
cell wall 264 339 Vaginitis (vaginosis) 252,
culture 264 Urethrocystitis 292, 635 254, 482
immunity 266 Urinary tract infection see diagnosis 636
morphology 263 Urogenital infections Vancomycin 191
pathogenesis 264 – 266 Urine sampling 210, 623 mechanism of action
see also Mycobacterium Urogenital infections 295 198
Tularemia 313, 316 cervicitis 636 Variant specific surface
diagnosis 648 chlamydiae 336, 339 antigens (VSSA) 486, 489
Tumor immunity 107 – 108 diagnosis 210, 623, Varicella-zoster virus
Tumor necrosis factor 635 – 637 (VZV) 418, 421 – 422
(TNF) 82 E. coli 292 – 293 clinical pictures 422
in malaria 528 – 529 endometritis 636 diagnosis 422
Tumor transformation listeriosis 636
392, 394 microsporidiosis 635 cutaneous infection
carcinogenic retro- mycoplasmas 341 650
viruses 394 – 396 nephropathica epidemi- eye infection 656
DNA tumor viruses 396 ca 461, 635 nervous system 645
Tunga penetrans (tungao- nosocomial infections epidemiology 422
sis) 618, 619 – 620 344 pathogenesis 421
biology 619 oophoritis 636 prevention 422
clinical manifestations pelveoperitonitis 636 therapy 422
620 prostatitis 635 Varicellovirus 382
diagnosis 620, 653 pyelonephritis 292, 635 Variola virus 426 – 429
morphology 619 salpingitis 636 diagnosis 650
prevention 620 schistosomiasis 636 Vectors 179, 181
therapy 620 tuberculosis 635 bacteriophages 186
Turicella otitidis 261 urethritis 292, 339, 482, viruses 390
Typhoid fever 280, 282, 635 Venereal diseases 637
286 urethrocystitis 292, see also specific diseases
clinical picture 285 635 Verocytotoxins 288, 294
diagnosis 285, 639 vaginitis (vaginosis) 252, Verruga peruana 649
254, 482, 636

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Whooping cough (pertussis) W 697

Vibrio classification 380 – 381, adsorption 384
cholerae 224, 296, 382 – 383 DNA viruses 384 – 385,
297 – 300 course of infection 398 387
antigens 297 culture see Viral culture nucleic acid replica-
classification 297 defense mechanisms tion 384 – 385
culture 297, 299 399 – 402 penetration and un-
diagnosis 299, 639 coating 384
morphology 297 nonspecific immune RNA viruses 385, 387
pathogenesis defenses 400 – 401
298 – 299 specific immune de- double-stranded
source of infection fenses 401 – 402 RNA 385, 387
299 definition 376 – 377 single-stranded RNA
toxin 16 diagnosis see Laboratory 385, 387
transmission 299 diagnosis size 377
see also Cholera dissemination in organ- structural patterns
parahemolyticus 300 ism 397 – 398 379 – 380
diagnosis 638 generalized infection complex symmetry
vulnificus 300 396, 397 – 398 379
local infection 396, cubic (rotational)
Viral capsid antigen (VCA) 397 symmetry 379
424 envelope 377, 378 helical symmetry 379,
Viral culture 406 – 408 enzymes 379 380
excretion 399 transmission 397
amplification culture genetics 389 – 392 zoonoses 29
408 genome 377 – 378, 380 see also specific viruses
host system selection segmented 388 Visceral larva migrans
408 hemagglutinin 379 (VLM) 602 – 605
identification 408 host-cell reactions Angiostronglylus 604
information provided to 392 – 394 Anisakis 604
laboratory 407 cell destruction Dirofilaria 605
laboratory processing of 392 – 393 Toxocara 603 – 604
material 407 latent infection 394 Visceral leishmaniosis see
sampling and transport tumor transformation Leishmania (leishma-
of specimens 407 394 nioses)
significance of results virus replication Vulvovaginitis 364
408 without cell destruc- diagnosis 636
Viral proteins (VP) 388 tion 393
Viremia, transitory 10 host immunity evasion &W
Virion 377 102 – 103
see also Viruses identification 408 Warts 413 – 414
Viroids 472 maturation 388 diagnosis 650
Virulence 8, 9, 11 morphology 377 – 380 molluscum contagiosum
determinants of 7 – 11 new viral species 428
regulation of 18 – 20 391 – 392 see also Papilloma-
Virulence genes 20 – 21 nongenetic interactions viruses
Virulence plasmids 168, 391
177 pathogenesis 396 – 399 Waterhouse-Friedrichsen
Virulence protein secre- antibody-dependent syndrome 277
tion 17 enhancement of in- Wax D 264
Virus infection factor (vif) fection 399 Weil disease see Leptospira
449 portal of entry 397 interrogans (leptospirosis)
Viruses 4 prevention 402 – 404 Weil-Felix agglutination
as vectors 390 protein synthesis test 331
attenuated 390 387 – 388 West Nile fever 443
capsid 377, 378, 380 quasispecies 391 Western blotting 123, 125
characteristics 376 release from infected Whipple’s disease 639
chemotherapy 404 – 405 cells 388 – 389 Whipworm 579 – 580
replication 381 – 386, Whooping cough (pertus-
problems of 404 – 405 387 sis) 313, 315 – 316, 632
resistance develop-
ment 405

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698 W Whooping cough (pertussis)

clinical picture 315 – 316 &X morphology 289
diagnosis 316 pathogenesis
epidemiology 316 X factor 302 289 – 290
prevention 316 Xenodiagnosis 492 therapy 290
therapy 316 Xenogeneic transplants transmission 28
see also Bordetella 116 see also Plague
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome pseudotuberculosis 280,
144 &Y 289, 290 – 291
Wolbachia 595 clinical pictures 291
Wolhynian fever 334 Yaws 320, 323 culture 291
Wound infections 344 diagnosis 323, 651 epidemiology 291
Wuchereria bancrofti morphology 291
588 – 592 Yeast 348, 349, 350 occurrence and sig-
clinical manifestations reproduction 351 nificance 290
588 – 590 see also Fungi pathogenesis 291
Yersinioses
acute symptomatic Yeast mycoses 355 extraintestinal 291
infection 588 opportunistic 369 – 370 intestinal 291
asymptomatic infec- see also Yersinia
tion 588 Yellow fever 443 – 445
chronic symptomatic diagnosis 641 &Z
infection 590
tropical, pulmonary Yersinia 280, 289 – 291 Ziehl – Neelsen staining
eosinophilia 590 enterocolitica 223, 280, 211, 212, 263
control 590 – 593 289, 290 – 291 Zoonoses 26, 28 – 30
diagnosis 590, 649 clinical pictures 291
epidemiology 588 culture 291 arthropods 29, 30
life cycle 588 diagnosis 291, 638 bacteria 28, 29
occurrence 588 epidemiology 291 helminths 29, 30
pathogenesis 588 morphology 291 protozoa 29
therapy 590 occurrence and sig- viruses 28, 29
nificance 290 Zovirax 404
pathogenesis 291 Zygomycoses 354
therapy 291 Zygospores 352
pestis 223, 280,
289 – 290, 619
culture 289
diagnosis 290, 648

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