GROUP 7 POLITICAL THEORIES (A) KARL MAR

Universiti Utara Malaysia
Political Theories (A) | GFPA2023 | A211

Karl Marx

Theory of Exploitation
Theory of Revolution
Theory of Abolition of Private Property
Theory of Abolition of Country

Nurul Jihanie | Nicole Tan | Elizabeth Loh | Lam Ci Kin

Contents 08

01 Theory of Abolition of
Private Property
Introduction
- Biodata

02 11

Theory of Exploitation Theory of Abolition of
Country

05 15

Theory of Revolution Conclusion

BIODATA

KARL HEINRICH MARX

Born: 5 May 1818
Trier a der Moselle, Prussian, German
Confederation

Died: 64 years old
14 March 1883
London, England

EDUCATION & JOB 1835
1836
UNIVERSITY OF BONN
Faculty of Law 1842

UNIVERSITY OF BERLIN
Faculty of Law & Philosophy

RHEINISCHE ZEITUNG/RHINELAND
Editor
Published inflammatory articles that
caused the government to close the
newspaper

PERSONAL LIFE

FAMILY

Karl Marx was born in a middle-class family
His Father was a typical Englightenment rationalist

LIFE STORY

Became a determined communist.
Published The Economic & Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, The Class Struggle in France,
Louis Bonaparte's 18th Brumaire and Critique of The Gotha Programme.
Expounded the humanitarian view of Communism formed under the influence of Ludwig
Feuerbach's philosophy.
Established a life-long cooperative relationship with Friedrich Engels.
Wrote The German Ideology, Grundrisse, three volume Theories of Surplus Value, first
volume Das Kapital
Participated in political activities and debated with Pierre-Joseph Proudhon's idealist
socialism thtough The Poverty of Philosophy
Founded the New Rhenish Newspaper in Cologne
Formulated his labour value theory and the concept of surplus-value and exploitation.

Introduction of The Theory of Exploitation

The exploitation theory holds that profit is the outcome of wage employees being
exploited by their employers.
Karl Marx's theory of exploitation is by far the most influential ever given presented,
holding that workers in a capitalist society are exploited because they are compelled to
give their labour power to capitalists for less than the full worth of the goods, they
generate with their workforce.
However, exploitation, according to Marx, was a feature that defined every level of
society, not only capitalism.
Indeed, the exploitative character of class relations is most visible in feudal society, not
capitalism

How the Idea Was Emerged ?

The cornerstone of Marx’s analysis of the
economics of capitalism is the notion of
exploitation: profits come about because
capitalists can expropriate surplus labour
from workers.
Surplus labour time is the period that an
employee works more than what is required
for them to reproduce the products; this
time is expressed in products that belong to
the capitalist class of production, the labour
employed.
Exploitation is said to exist when some
agents work more time than is embodied in
the goods, they can purchase with their
revenues or wages.
Therefore, that is how the idea of
exploitation emerged

Critics & Agreement or Disagreement

Marx's focus on labour seems unreasonable to Robert Paul Wolff.
A "corn theory of value" would be equally valid and meaningless as Marx's "labour theory
of value" as any commodity might hypothetically replace labour.
The labour theory of value is not universally accepted, however, as a need for Marx's
theory to hold, and to provide just example, G.A. Cohen claims that Marx's theory of
exploitation is irreconcilable with the labour theory of value.
For Marx, capitalists take the value provided by workers and then use it for their own
gain.
Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk, for example, "labor cannot raise its share at the cost of capital,"
he claims, arguing that capitalists do not exploit their workers, but rather support them
by giving them an income far in advance of the revenue from the products they create.
He claims that the theory of exploitation misses the time dimension in production.
By this argument, Böhm-Bawerk argues that the worker does not create the whole value
of a product, but that work can only be compensated at the present value of any
predictable production.

Example Events

MALAYSIA

Graduates of universities exploited in terms of the
workforce.
Offered a very low starting salary
Employers care about the company's dependency
without taking care the employees welfare

NORTH KOREA

Exploitation in labor and commercial sexual their
citizens
Women and children forced into prostitution in China
Coercive labor is part of the system run by the
government.
Only government can decide the citizens job.
Government hold their citizen in labor camp without
provide enough basic needs and salary

Effect on Modern Days

Tax System in Malaysia

Next is the implication of the idea on modern days is that most
countries apply a fair tax system to all groups of their citizens.
For example, Malaysia taxes its citizens according to total
annual and monthly income. Malaysia practices a system of
classification of income divided according to total monthly and
annual income such as B40, M40 and T20. Meanwhile, for the
middle- and low-income earners, they are not subjected to high
taxes such as the T20. This system is seen as related to the
theory of exploitation brought by Karl Marx because Malaysia
has changed in a better direction in balancing people's income
classes to be fairer and less discriminatory.

Introduction of The Theory of Revolution

In the realms of political science, a revolution is a substantial change in the existing
order, usually the established state and social organizations. Traditionally, revolutions
assume the shape of an organised framework at effecting change, whether that change
be economic, technological, political, or social. Karl Marx claimed that revolution would
be both inevitable and inescapable for the growth of the human community. He
forecasted that employers and employees would soon realise they would have nothing to
lose but their chains and arise against the invisible ruling industrialists and capitalists.
Karl Marx following the Revolution, a new global 'Communist' society would arise, where
everyone else, regardless of status, status, or nationality, would be fairly represented

Introduction of The Idea:
Revolution Socialism

Revolutionary socialism is a political

ideology promoting a democratic

proletariat revolution based on Karl

Marx and Friedrich Engels' beliefs. In

the 19th and 20th centuries,

revolutionary socialism arose as a

genre within Marxism, combining the

doctrines of democratic socialism and

other Marxist theorists. The

frustrations of Stalinism, Maoism, and

National Bolshevism spawned

revolutionary socialism. Many

Marxists still believe in revolution, but

they don't want to forfeit their

democratic rights because of the so-

called "revolutionary leader" or

democratic centralism. Because

revolutionary socialism believes that How the Idea Was Emerged ?

the proletariat can only be fully Three main influences were demonstrated
to have affected Karl Marx: German
liberated through a common idealist philosophy, French socialism, and
English and Scottish political economics.
democratic. Revolutionary socialism Political economy predates the twentieth-
century separation among economics and
rejects national Bolshevism, Stalinism, politics, emphasizing the inextricability of
socioeconomic linkages. Marx expanded
and Maoism due to ideological on and critiqued the very well-known
political economists of his time, the
differences. British classical political economists.

Example Events

REVOLUTION BETWEEN KARL MARX, CHINA, & RUSSIA

The Communist Manifesto and Karl Marx’s views,
sometimes known as Marxism, had a significant impact on
the establishment of the People’s Republic of China and its
governing body. When Mao Zedong, a senior Communist
Party of China leader, led the Red Army into Jingangshan in
1927, he recognised the necessity of the government
mobilising these people, and meeting their desires for land
and property ownership was crucial to their mobilisation.
The Chinese Revolution and the Russian Revolution are
clearly distinguishable. We can see the importance of
Marxism since classical Marxism concentrated more on the
urban region. Karl Marx is still revered around the world
two centuries later, despite massive and deep cultural
changes. To maintain the big ship of national rejuvenation
sailing in the correct direction, President Xi stated that
Chinese Communists must continue to learn from Karl
Marx, study, and practise Marxism in the new period.

Effect on Modern Days

Bourgeoisies & Proletarians

According to Karl Marx, the bourgeoisie and the proletariat are
two different socioeconomic categories. The bourgeoisie is the
social order dominated by the so-called working class. The term
bourgeois is still used to denote a resident of a walled town in
mediaeval France. Its meanings were significant in the 18th
century, when members of the academic and production middle
classes, as well as their intellectual and political allies,
beginning to seek political influence corresponding with their
economic status. The capitalists assured that they were the
working class's only survival strategy.

The proletariat refers to the bottom or one of the lowest social and
economic groups in a community. Karl Marx invented the term
"proletariat" to designate a class of paid workers in manufacturing
output whose principal income source was the market of their
labour power. The proletariat is exemplified by the following
examples. The proletariat, or labour, offers their services to capital
owners such as governments, corporations, non-profits, and small
businesses. Workers who conduct manual labour are referred to as
"blue collar." Historically, the proletariat was made up entirely of
blue-collar workers. White Collar is the final example. Workers
who perform non-physical labour, such as working on a computer,
are referred to as white collar. These employees were paid more
than blue-collar workers. Depending on their financial level, white
collar workers might be classified as proletariat or bourgeoisie

Introduction of The Theory of Abolition of Private Property

Private Property and Communism, Marx interprets communism as "the exploitation of
the many by the few," or the abolition of "bourgeois property," or private property in the
means of production. Breaking down bourgeois capitalism does not imply the abolition of
property, but it does imply the elimination of property used for exploitation.
Marx describes private property as ‘human self-estrangement’, and perpetuates that
communism will steer to the ‘true provision of the human essence’. Marx declares at the
outset that communists have no regards other than the regards of the entire common
laborers.
Communists differ from other socialist parties in that they are only concerned with the
regular interests of all workers, rather than the interests of any single national
movement.

How the Idea Was Emerged?

Abolition of private property means, then, only the abolition of bourgeoisie
property. This configuration of property depends on its fundamentally unequal
distribution.
Marx stated, "communism does not deprive anyone of the ability to appropriate
the products of society; rather, it deprives one of the ability to conquer the labour
of others through such appropriation."
The freedoms advocated by Marx include at least three dimensions.
One is genuinely independent when the circumstances of one's life are
unpredictable and unexpected, and when one is capable of exercising control and
direction over one's affairs.
According to Marx, it is not only a means of establishing one's freedom, but also a
necessary component of the whole development of one's own skills and abilities,
not just one-sided development.
Additionally, liberty includes the objectification of man through his acts,
products, and interactions.
Liberty can be obtained only in and through public, via interaction and
participation with others.
To put it another way, Marx is opposed not just to disregarding the interests of
others in order to pursue one's own, but also to the divisions and separations of
these interests in the first place

Example Events

POLAND & HUNGARY

Poland and Hungary, all member states of the European Union
(EU) have engaged in some form of land restoration to previous
owners.
These countries fall into three major categories: those seeking
to reestablish ownership rights, those seeking compensation
for former landowners and farm labourers, and those seeking
reparation

UNITED STATES

The United States is one of a number of countries that
impose estate or inheritance taxes.
This research compares the United States' estate and
inheritance tax system to that of other countries and
analyses recent global developments in estate and
inheritance taxation.
Both estate and inheritance taxes are broadly
comparable in that they are both activated by death

CALIFORNIA, OREGON, WASHINGTON, & BRITISH COLUMBIA

California, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia
launched the West Coast Infrastructure Exchange
(WCX) with funding from two Rockefeller Foundation
grants worth $750,000 to produce cost reductions and
make projects more realistic through collaboration.
Infrastructure is critical to a strong economy because
it supports people and generates jobs in construction
and maintenance

Effect on Modern Days

Tax Policy & Control of Insufficient Resources

A change in tax policy is one way for the wealthy to protect their money.
One way for the wealthy to safeguard their fortune is to amend the taxation system.
When private property rights are expanded, market exchange values become more dominant.
Private property rights restrictions diminish contention based on monetary transactions for
goods and services.
They increase the significance of individual qualities in motivating sellers to distinguish against
rival purchasers.
Consumers are less likely to discriminate against retailers under these restrictions.

Critics and Agreement/Disagreement

McLellan, D. T., & Henri Chambre (2018) says that, similarly to Rousseau,
Marx views private property as a juridical creation formed by civilization,
not nature, and Marx never explicitly specifies the mechanism by which
private property was formed.
Marxists leave the original acquisition to their imagination, as he does not
prescribe its production by one's own labour.
Furthermore, Marx believed that if someone owns something and does
something that others will condemn as wrong, they lose their rights to that
property.
Rousseau shows his own explanation of disproportion roots and moral
effects.
Rousseau views nature in its natural state as absolute anarchy.
No individual's declaration to a parcel of the ordinary produces a duty on
another person in this situation. In its natural state, the only genuine right
exists: "natural liberty," which is described as the "absolute right to
everything that tempts him and that he can acquire."
Rousseau reaffirms his position that rights do not exist in their natural
state, arguing that they only exist when people consent to them through
the social compact.

Jean Jacques Rousseau

INTRODUCTION OF ABOLITION OF THE COUNTRY

Karl Marx's idea of abolition of the country Funeral of the Anarchist Galli - Carlo Carrà
illustrates Marxist's philosophy on country and
government. Friedrich Engels announced the
abolition of the country, then attributed it to Marx.
From Engel's perspective, as society develops, the
governing bodies will lose their significance to
rule, yet the people are less reliable towards the
government.
The concept of "country" will be abolished, leaving
the public organisation formed by the proletariats
to operate the society

Interpretation: Leninism

In 1918, Lenin published the book "State and
Revolution." and stated that Marx's interpretation of
the country meant that the country would exist
because people of different classes would have
contradictions challenging to reconcile.
When these contradictions cannot be resolved, the
upper class establishes the country to oppress the
lower class.
Lenin believed that Engels' interpretation of the
country's theory of the country's abolition was
biased.
He refers to "The Origin of Family, Private Ownership,
and the country," Engels interprets the country as
the country's existence to achieve reconciliation by
managing and suppressing class conflicts.
Marx's view is that if the role of reconciliation is valid
when class contradictions do not exist, the country
does not exist.
Therefore, if the bourgeoisie continues to interpret
the country as a mediator of class contradictions,
they will avoid the country's abolition.
This shows that the so-called country as an
intermediary agency is a lie to the proletariats.
Therefore, in Marx's view, the country is an organ
governed by one class that oppresses another class.

State and Revolution 1917 - Vladimir Lenin

Interpretation: Maoism

As the founding leader of the Communist Party of China, Mao Zedong's thought was
used as China's national operation thought, called Maoism. Mao Zedong mentioned his
understanding of the theory of country abolition in his book "On the People's
Democratic Dictatorship":

People will die when they are old, and so does the
party. Classes are eliminated, and everything that
is a tool of class struggle, the party and the
country apparatus Because of its loss of function
and no need, it will gradually decline and die,
complete its historical mission, and move to a
higher level of human society.

The development logic is seemingly similar to Report on An Investigation of
the theory of the abolition of country, but there The Peasant Movement In Hunan
are unusual details here.
Mao Zedong's defined the country as a tool of 1927 - Mao Zedong
class oppression as he believed that the
revolution should focus on localised practice
rather than staying in theoretical discussion and
blindly following the revolutionary theories
taught by the Soviet Union.
Mao Zedong's "Report on An Investigation Of The
Peasant Movement In Hunan," published in 1927,
discussed the necessity of establishing peasant
power in the countryside: "Landlord power is the
backbone of all power.
If the peasants do not seize power, all rent and
interest reductions are absolutely no possibility"
.
It can be concluded that Mao Zedong's
interpretation of Marxism-Leninism equates the
proletariat with the peasants and misuses the
theory of the abolition of the country as a tool to
control peasants' thinking.

Example Events

CHINA SOVIET UNION

Mao Zedong's practice of the theory of On November 7, 1917, Vladimir Lenin led the
Bolsheviks in an October coup and formed the
the abolition of the country is full of Soviet Union. Lenin convened the Second All-
Russian Soviet Congress and passed the Draft
controversy because his suppression of Notice to Workers, Soldiers, and Peasants, the
Decree on Peace, and the Decree on Land.
the people by forces violates the core The "Decree on Peace" advocates the abolition
of secret diplomacy, announcing the
idea of ​the theory of the abolition of the unconditional abolition of Russian landlords
and calling on workers from Britain, France,
and Germany to get rid of all slavery and all
exploitation.

Lenin succeeded in eradicating class
distinctions, achieving class unity, and
defining the Soviet government's role as an
institution allocating social resources. As a
result, what can be summed here is that Lenin
is a committed Marxist.

country which the government should

not have the power to suppress.

Regarding the abolition of the country in

a communist society, Mao Zedong

pointed out: "The abolition of the

country requires an international

condition. People have state apparatus,

but you do not have it. It is hazardous."

This claim indicated his belief that the

proletariat's development always needs

to be led by the government, and

therefore the country cannot die.

Mao Zedong's practice of the theory of

the country's abolition is harmful

teaching material that is biased or even

misleading.

The control over the people proves that

it has not given up its ruling power over

the peasants and will even carry out

brutal, oppressive methods to

consolidate the party's power.

In the end, the "country" still exists, and

the proletariat has not developed for

independent production and

distribution.

Effect on Modern Days

VIETNAM CHINA

The Social Republic of Vietnam Since the Mao Zedong era, China has closely
implements a socialist system, with the admired Marxism, communism, and socialism
Communist Party of Vietnam as the sole until Deng Xiaoping introduced economic
ruling party. reforms in 1978, introducing Socialist Market
Vietnam's practice of socialism is Economy (SME) into China, its economy began
relatively weak. to achieve rapid development.
The dispute about the country's name China joined the World Trade Organization and
changing in 2013, from a socialist began to develop import and export trade
republic to a democratic republic, has vigorously.
exposed the ambiguity of Vietnam's Until China's gross domestic product (GDP)
socialist ideology. overtook Japan and became the world's
Vietnam subscribed to Ho Chi Minh's second-largest economy.
ideology, a product of the creative and Analysing modern China economically and
flexible use of Marxism-Leninism. The politically, it can be found that the practice of
"Declaration of Independence" by Ho Chi the theory of country abolition is fading away.
Minh mentioned that "it has become a Economically, modern China implements a
free and independent country." capital market economy and pursues a neo-
In the practice of the theory of the colonial-like "One Belt One Road" policy.
abolition of the country, Vietnam's
measures are active, and it is constantly
pursuing opened up policies for the
people to effectively guide the capital
market economy to increase the
country's productivity and effectively
prepare the people for the abolition of
the country.

CONCLUSION

Karl Marx's views of capitalism are emphasized in Marxian economics, which
he addressed in his 1867 book Das Kapital. Marxism is a political theory that
encompasses the Marxist conception of the working class as well as Marxian
economics. According to Marx's capitalist theory, capitalism is such a phase
in a natural development of economic structures that have evolved over
time. Karl Karl Marx founded Marxism in the late nineteenth century, which
is an ideology that combines social, political, and economic concepts.
The Communist Manifesto, written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848,
was the very first formal assertion of Marxism. The theories of Marx and
Engels set the foundation for communism's theory and practise, which
promotes a communist state in which all capital and wealth is owned
communally. It focuses on the battle in between working and ruling classes,
and it favours communism and socialism over capitalism. In the capitalistic
system, labourers who don't own economic assets such as factories,
buildings, or materials have limited authority.



Marx believed that capitalism would lead directly to its own demise. The
repressed labour would become alienated, eventually overthrowing the
masters and seizing control of the means of production, ushering in a fair
society. He claims that they would be propelled by huge, impartial elements
of history that manifest themselves in a variety of social actions and
conflicts. According to Marx, each culture is inextricably tied to social
divisions, and its inhabitants are much more closely linked to each other
than to other social groups.
Although the former Soviet Union, China, and Cuba had officially communist
administrations, no genuinely communist country has ever existed that has
totally abolished private possessions, money, or class divisions. In periods of
excessive inflation, employees are also easily replaceable, depreciating their
genuine worth. It establishes the concept of political conflict and revolution.

Thank You For Your Reading

Nurul Jihanie | Nicole Tan | Elizabeth Loh | Lam Ci Kin