GROUP 2 - ADAPTATONS OF PLANTS IN DIFFERENT HABITATS

GROUP 2

ADAPTATION

OF PLANTS

MEMBER : MOHAMAD AZFAR HAZIQ BIN MOHAMAD AZIZ IN DIFFERENT
MOHAMAD SHAFIQ HARIS BIN MOHAMAD YUSOF
HABITATS
MUHAMMAD FARIS FARIHIN BIN NORSALEHIN

CONTENTS OF THIS BOOK

Here’s what you’ll find in this BOOK :
1. ADAPTATIONS OF PLANTS
2. CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS BASED ON HABITATS
-Halophytes
-Hydrophytes
-Mesophytes
-Xerophytes
3. ADAPTIVE FEATURES OF HYDROPHYTES, HALOPHYTES, MESOPHYTES AND XEROPHYTES
ENJOY LEARNING WITH THIS BOOK!

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ADAPTATONS OF PLANTS

Adaptations are special features that allow a plant to live in a
particular place or habitat. These adaptations might make it very
difficult for the plant to survive in a different place. This explains
why certain plants are found in one area, but not in another.

CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS
BASED ON HABITATS

01 02 03 04

HALOPHYTES HYDROPHYTES MESOPHYTTES XEROPHYTES

HALOPHYTES EXAMPLE : MANGROVE

- Plants that live in
swampy habitats at the
river mouth, the meeting
point of fresh water and
seawater. This swampy
area is rich in salt
content.

EXAMPLE :
SEA LAVENTER

EXAMPLE :
SEA PURSLANE

OTHER EXAMPLE : PICKLE WEED

Salicornia is a genus of succulent,
halophyte flowering plants in the
family Amaranthaceae that grow in
salt marshes, on beaches, and
among mangroves. Salicornia
species are native to North
America, Europe, South Africa, and
South Asia.

HYDROPHYTES EXAMPLE :
WATER LILIES
- Plants that live in
aquatic habitats, either EXAMPLE :
on the water surface or WATER LATTUCE
submerged in the water.

EXAMPLE : LOTUS

OTHER EXAMPLE : AZOLLA FILICULOIDES

Azolla filiculoides is a species of
Azolla, native to warm temperate
and tropical regions of the
Americas as well as most of the old
world including Asia and Australia.

MESOPHYTES

- Plants that live in a EXAMPLE : GOLDEN RODS
habitat that is not too
dry nor too wet with
an adequate supply of
water.

- Most plants are
mesophytes

EXAMPLE : OXEYE DAISY

EXAMPLE : HIBISCUS

OTHER EXAMPLE : ROSE

A rose is a woody perennial
flowering plant of the genus Rosa, in
the family Rosaceae, or the flower
it bears. There are over three
hundred species and tens of
thousands of cultivars. They form a
group of plants that can be erect
shrubs, climbing, or trailing, with
stems that are often armed with
sharp prickles.

XEROPHYTES EXAMPLE :
CROWN
Plants that live in -OF-
a habitat that is THORNS
hot and dry with a
minimum presence EXAMPLE :
of water, that is, a CACTUS
place with very high
temperatures such as
the desert.

EXAMPLE : PINEAPPLE

OTHER EXAMPLE : HEN AND CHICKS

Hen and chicks is a common name
for a group of small succulent
plants, a term that indicates a
plant that possesses enlarged parts
to store water. It belongs to the
flowering plant family
Crassulaceae, native to southern
Europe and northern Africa.

ADAPTIVE FEATURES OF HALOPHYTES,
HYDROPHYTES,MESOPHYTES AND XEROPHYTES

HYROPHYTES

HALOPYTHES XEROPHYTES

MESOPHYTES

ADAPTIVE FEATURES OF HALOPHYTES

Photosynthesis

- Irrigation with saline water has different effects on plant growth according to different effects
and mechanisms the salts absorbed by plants do not control growth directly, but that they do
influence turgor, photosynthesis and/or the activity of specific enzymes salt accumulation in the
old leaves accelerates their death and thus decreases the supply of carbohydrates and/or growth
hormones to the meristematic regions, thereby inhibiting growth. The fact that plant growth is
limited by a reduction in the photosynthesis rate and by an excessive uptake of salts affects the
production of specific metabolites that directly inhibit growth.

Gaseous exchange

- There are many pores on this root which are called lenticels to enable the exchange of gases with
the atmosphere.

ADAPTIVE FEATURES OF HALOPHYTES

Support

• The root system that branches widely and exists in various shapes and sizes:
- Provides support for the plants to continue living in the soft and muddy soils.
- Prevents plants from being uprooted due to strong wind.
• The root system of mangrove trees also produces hundreds of breathing roots that
grow vertically upwards above the surface of the soil, called pneumatophores.

Uptake of water and mineral salt

• Leaves with thick cuticle and sunken stomata can reduce the rate of transpiration.
• Succulent leaves can store water.
• Leaves with a special structure known as hydatode eliminate excess salt.
• Old leaves can store salt and fall off when the concentration of salt stored is too high

ADAPTIVE FEATURES OF HYDROPHYTES

Photosynthesis

- The leaves which are broad, thin, and
flat help these plants absorb maximum
sunlight for photosynthesis

Gaseous exchange

- Most of the
stomata are distributed on the upper
epidermis of the leaves. The upper
epidermis of the leaves is also covered
by a waxy, waterproof cuticle to ensure
the stomata are always open. The stem of
these plants consists of light tissues with
plenty of air spaces between the cells. These
tissues are known as aerenchyma tissues

ADAPTIVE FEATURES OF HYDROPHYTES

Support

- Most hydrophytes have fibrous roots that provide a large surface area
and trap air bubbles to enable the hydrophytes to be more stable and
lighter. The adaptation of the roots enables them to float or stay upright
in the water as well as the buoyant force exerted by the surrounding
water.

Uptake of water and mineral salt
- Submerged plants such as Elodea sp., are plants that grow completely
inside the water. These plants have leaves that are thin and small to
increase the total surface area per volume and to increase the diffusion
rate of water, mineral salts and dissolved gases directly into the plants
through the epidermis. The submerged plants do not have stomata and
waxy cuticle on the leaves. Their stems which are small and hollow help
these plants float upright in the water and help to reduce water flow
resistance.

ADAPTIVE FEATURES OF MESOPHYTES

Photosynthesis

- Mesophytic leaves are thin and large
- the leaves consists of layers of tissues that are specialized to make life processes
such as photosynthesis more efficient.
Leaf adaptation of mesophytes are to reduce the rate of transpiration while increasing
the rate of photosynthesis.

Gaseous exchange

Mesophytes do not have any special internal structure. Epidermis is single
layered usually with obvious stomata. Opening or closing of stomata is related
to water availability. In sufficient supply of water stromata remain open while
in limited supply of water stomata are closed to prevent excessive
transpiration leading to wilting.

ADAPTIVE FEATURES OF MESOPHYTES

Support

- The roots of mesophytes are well developed, branched and provided with a root cap.
The shoot system is well organised. The stem is generally aerial, branched, straight, thick
and hard. Leaves are thin, broad in middle, dark green and of variable shape and
measurement

Uptake of water and mineral salt

- Mesophytes do not have any specific morphological adaptations. They usually
have broad, flat and green leaves; an extensive fibrous root system to absorb
water; and the ability to develop perennating organs such as corms, rhizomes and
bulbs to store food and water for use during drought

ADAPTIVE FEATURES OF XEROPHYTES

Photosynthesis

- The stem of the cactus carries out photosynthesis.

Gaseous exchange

- One adaptation is a reduction of leaf surface area, with much fewer stoma. Normally
in xerophytes, the few stoma they have are situated in sunken pits. These pits have a
high concentration of water vapor, which reduces the concentration gradient between
the inside and outside of the plant. The third feature of xerophytes to reduce the loss
of water is a thicker cuticle. This increases the thickness of the membrane that water
have to diffuse across in order to escape the cell. All of the adaptations are in
accordance with Fick’s law, minimizing the rate of diffusion of water out of the plant.

ADAPTIVE FEATURES OF XEROPHYTES

Support

- The presence of thorns can also help the cactus to get water supply by collecting dew.
- The dew will drop on the ground and is absorbed by the roots. Besides, the thorns can
also prevent the plant from being eaten by animals.

Uptake of water and mineral salt

- The roots of xerophytes grow widely and can penetrate deep
into the soil to absorb water and mineral salts. The absorbed
water is stored in the roots, stems and leaves.

THE END
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