Destiny Disrupted

3n INDEX

Christian fundamentalists, 350-351 C6rdoba, 118-119
Christianity Cornwallis, General, 235
"Cradle of civilization," 4
early expansion, 13 Crassus, 13
monastic orders, 165-166 Crosthwaite, Sir Charles, 240
Roman Empire split and, 14, Crusades

205-206 alignments, 141-142
significant events of, 23 Assassins and, 142-143
See also Crusades; Orthodox Christian pilgrimages and, 135-136,

Christianity; Roman Church 137
Churchill, Winston, 315 crusader states, 139, 141, 144, 148
Civil War, U.S. (1860-1864}, 244, first contact, 137-138
Fourth Crusade, 147
282-283 "Franj" term, 137
"Clash of civilizations," 148, 218, 353 Jerusalem, 137, 140-141, 142,
Class divisions (1900s}
146-147
cultural divisions, 339, 342-343 jibad proponents, 142, 143, 144
description/effects, 336-339, 340, landless noblemen and, 136, 137
Muslim disunity, 138-140, 142
342-343,350 Muslim unity, 142, 143-148
Clive, Robert, 233-234, 235 Nicaea fall, 137, 138
Cold War effects, 317, 325, 326, 328, Northern Crusade, 199
overview/effects, 148-149, 200
334-335, 338-339, 346, 347, 351 residues of, 199
Collection ofAll Histories (Rashid al- Second Crusade, 144
slaughter/atrocities by Franj, 139,
Din}, 149
Columbus, Christopher, 177, 202, 140
theater of, 141 (fig.)
215 Third Crusade, 147
Committee for Union and Progress trade following, 149
Curtin, Philip D., 3
(CUP}, 291, 292-293, 294,
298-299, 302 Da Vinci, Leonardo, 194, 203
"Composite" bows, 152 Dabashi, Hamid, 277
Comte, Auguste, 277-278 Daniel, 7
Constantinople Daquq, 138
Byzantine fire, 176 Dar al-Funun, 261, 276
description, 14, 99, 176, 176(fig.) Dar al-lslam
Ottomans' taking, 175-177
symbolic significance, 174-175 Dar al-Harb vs., 44, 327, 347
See also Istanbul description, 29-30, 44
Constitutionalism D'Arcy, William Knox, 314, 315
democracy and, 276-277
Iran, 276, 277-279
Ottoman Empire, 288, 290, 291
Turkey, 302
Copernicus, 210, 211

INDEX 377

Darius ("the Great"), 8-9, 10 Engels, Friedrich, 275
David and Goliath, 156 English longbow, 213
Democracy Ethnic cleansing, UN definition, 294
Eunuchs, 227, 228
Atlantic Charter, 333 Europe (1291-1600 CE)
constitutionalism and, 276-277
lrnn,278-279,333-334 Americas and, 215, 216, 219
Islam-West relationship (today) and, books' significance, 203-205
crusading spirit, 199-200
349, 351-353, 355, 356 kings' significance, 213, 214
Jamaluddin-i-Mghan, 263-264 mercantilism, 215-216
oil and, 335-336 merchants' status, 203
Turkey, 302 nation-state emergence, 212-214
Deobandis, 307, 308, 343, 344 patrons of art, 203
Dervishes, 169, 170 Protestant reformation/reformation,
Descartes, Rene, 211
Desert Storm, 345 206-210,212,216,247,
Devshirme progrnm, 173, 180, 248-249
science developments, 210-211,212,
222-223,286 216
Diaz, Bartholomew, 215 seafaring prowess, 200-201,
Din-i Illahi ("the God Religion"), 193 202-203,216
Diocletian, 13 trnde/route to Indies, 200-203,
Dress code, 197, 303, 304-305 201(fig.), 214-215
Dulles, John Foster, 334 university beginnings, 204-205
Duval, Pierre, 244 Europe (1500-1800 CE)/Islamic world
European advisors, 219-220, 226,
East India Companies/Company, 229,230
232-233,234-235,258 European competition, 230,
231-233
Egypt European dominance summary, 246,
cotton market and, 243-244 249-251
defeat of Mongols, 156-157 "Great Game," 236-239, 237(fig.),
following World War I, 312-313 240-241
French/British competition over, 243, India trnde, 218-219, 232-233
244,285 internal politics and, 232-233
mamluk rule, 157, 242-243 military technology and, 219-220
Mohammed Ali and, 242-243, private European companies,
254-255 231-233
Napoleon and, 241-242 relationship complexity, 217-218
status, 157 sea routes, 218(fig.)
See also Nasser, Gamal Abdul trnde, 218-219, 218(fig.), 220,
223-225,230,231-233
Eisenhower, Ike, 326, 334
End ofHistory and the Last Man, The

(Fukuyama), 346

378 INDEX

Europe at time of Crusades Gillespie, April, 345
innovations/effects, 134-135 Ginsberg, Alan, 170
land inheritance, 136 Gokalp, Ziya, 292
Muslims' view of, 133, 148, 149 Gold from Americas, 215, 216, 219,
subsistence living, 133-134
See also Crusades 224
Golden Age of Islam, 87, 120
Faisal, 311, 316
Farabi, al-, 101 See also Abbasid age; Umayyad
Farangi Christians, 200 khalifate, Andalusian
Fatehpur Sikri, 193
Fatima, 21, 37, 38, 87, 120, 184 "Great Game, The," 236-239,
Fatimids/khalifate, 120-121, 121 (fig.), 237(fig.}, 240-241, 310, 335

129, 140, 145 Great Indian Mutiny (1857-1858},
Fatwas, 161 239-240,258,262
Fedayeen, 131, 155
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 280-281, 284 Great Wall of China, 150, 270
Firdausi, 124-125, 186, 188 Greco-Buddhist art, 11
Firmest Bond, The Qournal}, 265 Greek language, 77
Fly swatter affair, 244 Guilds, 168, 182, 223-224, 273-274
Fourteen Points (Wilson}, 310, 314, Guns' first use, 157

319, 320, 333 Hadith, 94-96
Franj Wars, 148 Hafsa, 114
Haganah, 322
See also Crusades Hager, 17
French Revolution, 241, 254 Hajj as Islamic pillar, 92
Fukuyama, Francis, 346, 347 Hallaj, al-, 109-110
Halliday, Denis, 346
Gabriel, angel, 19 Hamas, 344
Galen, 211 Hamid, Sultan, 267
Galileo, 102, 211 Hamid II, Sultan, 291
Gama, Vasco da, 218-219 Hamzah, 57
Gandhi, Mahatma, 266 Hanafi school, 98
Gelvin, James L., 287 Hanbali school, 98, 105-106
Genghis Khan. See Chengez Khan Hanging Gardens of Babylon, 6
Genocide, 294 Hanifa, Abu, 98
George-Picot, Francois, 297, 297(fig.) Harems, 226-228
Ghazali, 110-113, 114-115 Haroun al-Rashid, 89
Ghazan, Mahmoud, 157-158 Harvey, William, 211
Ghazi emirates/orders, 171-172 Hashimites
Ghaznavid dynasty, 124-126, 150
Gibbon, Edward, 140 description, 83, 84
rebellion against Umayyads, 83, 84, 87
World War I and, 295-297, 298,

311-312, 316

INDEX 379

Hassan (Ali's son), 65, 68, 7I Idolatry, 9-IO, 30, 253, 254
Hassan Sabbah, I29-I31, I42 ljma, 97, 263, 264
Hebrew language, 80 ljtihad, 97, 247-248, 267
Henry the Navigator, Prince, 201-202 11-Khan dynasty, 159
Herder, Johann, 279, 280, 283 Imam
Herf, Jeffrey, 350
Herzl, Theodor, 284, 32I Hidden Imam, 184-185, 186, 229,
Hess, Moses, 32I 341
Hezbollah, 344
Hidden Imam, I84-I85, I86, 229, meaning, 70-71
Shi'ism and, 70-71, 82, I29,
341
Hijra, 22-24 I84-I85, I86, 340,341
Hind, 57 Incoherence ofthe Incoherence, The (Ibn
Hinduism/Hindus, 9, Il8, I25, I65,
Rushd), II2
I93-I94 Incoherence ofthe Philosophers, The
Hisdai ibn Shaprut, I20
History ofthe Prophets and Kin%! (Ghazali), Ill
Independence movements overview,
(Tabari), 34-35
Hulagu, I55-I56, I61, I72 3I7-3I9
Humanists, 205 India
Hume, David, Ill
Hundred Years' War (1337-I453), 2I2 British rule, 233-235, 239-240,
Huns, 150 257-259,262
Huss, Johann, 207
Hussein bullet grease issue, 239
fragmentation of, 117, 23I
martyrdom, 68-70, 69(fig.), 71-72, Great Indian Mutiny (1857-I858),
340
239-240,258,262
Shi'ism and, 70, ?I-72, 82, I87, Hindu/Muslim relationship, 231,
254
239
Hussein, Saddam, 331, 344-345, 346, independence, 3I8-3I9
351-352 Moghul Empire and, I91, I92,

Ibn al-Athir, I61 I93-I94
Ibn al-Haytham, 2Il trade with Europeans, 200, 2I8-2I9,
Ibn al-Nafis, 2Il
Ibn Hanbal, 98, I05-I06, I64 232-233
Ibn Ishaq, 33-34 Indulgences of the Church, 208
Ibn Khaldun, 5 Industrialization
Ibn Rushd (Averroes), Il2, 204
Ibn Sina (Avicenna), 102, 204, 2Il China and, 270-271
Ibn Taymiyah, 16I-165, 249, 252 Industrial Revolution/Europe,

269-270,272-273,274,276
Iran (after I840s), 276
Islamic world and, 270, 27I,

273-276
social context and, 270-276
women and, 274
lntifadas, 332

380 INDEX

Iran growth of, xvi(fig.)
American hostages, 343 shared references, 197-198
Book ofKings, The (Firdausi) and, stories/lessons and, xxi-xxii
125, 186 as "the world," 117, 119, 133, 142,
British/Russian zones of influence,
238 198
CIA coup/Shah, 334 three kbalifates, 118-119, 120-121,
education, 261, 276
European deals/control, 236-238 121(fig.), 128-129
industrialization, 276 Islam beginnings
nationalism and, 187, 310, 334
oil, 314-315, 334 battle success reasons, 47-49
Qajar dynasty, 230, 236-238, 261, battles, 25-28, 37, 43-46, 55, 57, 74
278-279, 304, 314-315 conversions to, 20, 22, 24, 25, 26,
revolution background/outcome,
339-341,343-344,346 28,29-30
secular modernism, 261, 276, documentation/stories, 33-35
277-279,304,305,333-334,355 as political entity, 24-25
Shi'ism, 185, 186, 187 religious freedom and, 22, 39,
views of U.S., 334-335
war with Iraq, 344-345 46-47,48,78
See also Safavids of Persia See also specific individuals
Islam in Modern History (Smith), xvii
Iraq Islam-West relationship (today)
creation, 311, 316 democracy and, 349, 351-353, 355,
Kuwait annexation/effects, 345-346
oil, 316 356
Saddam Hussein, 331, 344-345, incompatibilities, 353-356
346, 351-352 religion and, 350-351, 356
UN sanctions, 345-346 views of each other, 349-353
U.S. war against, 351-352 women's role, 354-356
war with Iran/U.S. support, 344-345 Islamic doctrine/law
See also Mesopotamia after Mohammed's death, 93
argument by analogy, 50, 96-97,
Isfahan, 189
Ishmael, 17, 20 105-106
Islam core creed and, 78
during Mohammed's life, 92
broad meaning of, 356-357 five pillars, 91-92
community vs. personal salvation, Omar and, 49, 50-52
shades of gray and, 103, 113
166,209,351 structure, 359(fig.)
description/lifestyle (seventeenth See also Hadith; Qur'an; Scholars;

century), 195-198, 196(fig.) Shari'a; Ulama
at end of Omar's kbalifate, 47, 48-49 Islamic Jihad, 332, 344
Islamic Salvation Party, 344
"Islamic Socialism," 326, 330
Ismail (Egypt), 243-244

INDEX 381

Ismail (Safavid), 185-188 Ibn Taymiyah views, 162-163
lsma'ilis (Seveners), 129, 184 meanings, 30, 44, 61-62, 73, 354
Israel Omar and, 44, 73
Umayyad Empire and, 73
birth, 322-323, 323(fig.) Wahhabism, 256-257
U.S. support, 341 "Jihadists," 332, 342, 344, 346-347
See also Palestinian-Israeli conflict; Jizya, 47, 178, 192, 195
Junayd, al-, 107, 110
Zionism Juzjani, 153
Istanbul, 177, 178
Ka'ba temple, 20, 30, 295
See also Constantinople Kabir (poet), 193-194
Ivan the Terrible, 235-236 Kalendar/Kalendari brotherhoods,
Ivan the Third, 235
169
Jahan, Shah Qust King), 194 Kant, Immanuel, 279-280
Jalaludin-i Rumi, 170-171 Karbala and Hussein, 69-70, 69(fig.),
Jamaluddin-i-Mghan
71-72, 82
background, 261-262 Kashmir, 319
career/beliefs, 252, 262-268, 278 Kemal, Mustafa. See Atatiirk
influence/disciples, xvii, 268, 308, Kerouac, Jack, 170
Khadija, 18, 20, 21, 36-37, 113
340 Khaled bin al-Walid, 26, 43
"non-aligned movement," 266 Khalifates
pan-lslamism, xvii, 265, 267, 309,
Rightly Guided Khalifas, 33, 65-66,
327 75
tobacco concession/boycott,
three khalifates, 118-119, 120-121,
266-267,268,278 121(fig.), 128-129
Janissaries, 173, 177, 180,222-223
Jawali, 141-142 See also specific khalifotes
Jerusalem Kharijites, 65, 81-82
Khomeini, Ayatollah, 340-341,
Crusades, 137, 140-141, 142,
146-147 343-344,345
Khosrow, Kay, 13
Muslim conquest of, 46-47 Khusrow, Anushervan, 13
Jews Khwarazm-Shahs kingdom, 151-152
Kindi, a!-, 101, 175
discrimination of, 178-179, 289, Kipling, Rudyard, 236
320,321,324 Kitab-al-Tawhid (The Book of

early history, 6, 17, 25, 27-28 Unity!Abdul Wahhab), 255
Nazis and, 320, 321, 324 Knights Hospitaller, 199
orthodox Judaism, 356 Kurds/Kurdish language, 319
See also Israel; Palestinian-Israeli Kuwait and Iraq, 345-346

conflict; Zionism
Jihad

Ali/Ayesha conflict and, 61-62
Crusades and, 142, 143, 144

382 INDEX

Language Mecca
nation-states and, 213, 214 battles with Medina, 25-28
See also specific languages Mohammed's birth/early life, 18-22
pilgrimages, 21, 30-31, 68
Latin language, 203-204 religion as business, 18, 21
Lawrence, Thomas Edward ("Lawrence
Medicine foundation/innovations, 6,
of Arabia"), 296 102,211
League of Nations, 311
Lebanon Medina
Mohammed's work in, 22-23,
France and, 311 24-25,28,48
Israeli invasions, 344 Pact of Medina, 22-23, 26
Leibniz, Gottfried, 357 See also Yathrib
Lenin, Vladimir, 304, 307
Lepanto battle (1571), 221 Mediterranean world
Levant, 49, 80, 144, 149 before Islam, 1, 2(fig.), 3-4
Lewis, Bernard, 159 Middle World and, 3-4, 12
Lincoln, Abraham, 283
Luther, Martin, 207-208, 212 Mehmet, Sultan/"the Conqueror,"
174-175, 177
Madrassas, 128, 258
Mahdi ("expected one"), 175, 185, 268 Mercantilism, 215-216
Maher, Bill, 164 Meritocracy, 157
Mahmud, Sultan, 124-125, 126 Mesopotamia, 4, 5-7, 8-9
Malik, Ibn, 98 Michelangelo, 194, 203
Malik Shah, Sultan, 127-128, 132 Middle World
Maliki school, 98
Malouf, Amin, 130 before Islam, 4-13, 14-15, 15(fig.)
Mamluk rule, Egypt, 157, 242-243 Mediterranean world and, 3-4, 12
Mamluks, 121-122, 123, 124, 157 "Middle East" and, 1, 3
Mandates plan, 310-313, 312(fig.) overland routes, 2(fig.)
Mansur as khalifa, 86, 87 Milestones (Qutb), 327
Manzikert battle (1071 CE), 127, Mirza Habib, 277
Mirza Taqi (Amir Kabir), 276, 305
136 Moat, Battle of the, 27-28, 55
Marathas, 231 Modernity
Maronite Christians, 311 description, 250, 251
Marwan, 58-59 See also Secular modernism
Marx, Karl, 275 Moghul Empire
Masud, Sultan, 125-126 art!architecture, 193-194
Mathematics, 5, 6, 101 decline, 231-241
Mathnawi Ma'nawi Qalaludin-i Rumi), Din-i Illahi ("the God Religion''),

170-171 193
Mazzini, Joseph, 281-282, 283 guns/gunpowder and, 191
Hindus and, 192, 193, 195,

230-231

INDEX 383

India and, 191, 192, 193-194 Othman and, 57, 58, 60
intolerance/restoration of Islam, selecting successor, 67
Syria/Egypt rule by, 57, 64
194-195, 231 Umayyad Empire and, 65, 67,
overview/leaders, 189-195
religious/universal tolerance, 75-76,85
Mufti ofJerusalem, 324
192-193,230-231 Mujahideen-e-Khalq, 340
territory, 189 Mumtaz Mahal, 194
See also specific areas/countries Murat I, 173
Mohammed Muslim Brotherhood
baraka of, 71
birth/early life, 18-22 description/expansion, 268,
death, 31 308-310,326-327,332,344
miracles and, 74
move to Yathrib (Medina), 21-22 "jihadist" offshoots, 332, 344
plots against, 21, 22, 25-26, 28, 72 Mu'tazilites, 103-106, 110
revelations, 19-20, 23 Muzaffar al-din, 278
sermons/beliefs, 20-21, 24-25, 27,
Nadir Shah, 308, 310, 344
29,30-31,48,54,57-58,81 Nanak, Guru, 193, 195
work in Medina, 22-23, 24-25, 28, Napoleon Bonaparte, 241-242, 244,

48 254,280-281
Monads, 357 Napoleon III, 281
Moneylending, 289 Nasiruddin, 266, 267
Mongols Nasser, Gamal Abdul

origins/lifestyle, 150, 152 background, 324-325
technology/strategy, 152, 160 as Egyptian leader, 325-329, 330, 334
See also specific individuals Nation-states
Mongols/Islamic world artificial/imperialist borders and,
Assassins and, 143, 155
conversion to Islam, 157-158, 159, 310-314,318-319
emergence, 212-214
249 language and, 213, 214
defeat by Egypt, 156-157 Nationalism
impacts, 154, 160-168, 249 Austro-Hungarian Empire, 282
invasions/genocide, 27, 152-161, description, 279-280
Germany, 280-281
154(fig.) Italy, 281-282
Montesquieu, Charles, 277-278 nation-state vs., 279
Morier, James, 277 nation-statism vs., 319, 320
Mosaddeq, Mohammad, 334, 339 Ottoman Empire, 282, 291-292
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 254 Pakistan's birth and, 261, 279,
Mu'awiya
318-319
Aliand,60,63-64,64-65, 72 politicians' use of, 310, 314
Ayesha and, 61

384 INDEX

Nationalism (continued) Orthodox Christianity, 14, 205, 235
Turkey, 302 Othman (khalifa)
U.S. Civil War and, 282-283
See also Arab nationalism; Pan-Arab assassination/murderers, 59, 60, 61, 62
nationalism; Zionism background/description, 21, 53-55
as successor/beliefs, 33, 52, 55-59,
Nebuchadnezzar, 6
Nelson, Lord, 241 73, 75
Newton, Isaac, 211 Othman (Ottoman), 172
Night of Power (Lailut al-Qadr), 23
9/11 attacks/effects, xvii, 347, 349, Ottoman Empire
architecture, 180, 194
351-352, 355 Armenians, 179, 288-290
Nineveh, 6 beginnings, 172
Nizam al-Mulk, 127-129, 132 Constantinople and, 175-177
Non-Aligned Movement, 266, 326 devshirme program, 173, 180,
Nuruddin, 144-145, 146 222-223,286
Eastern Orthodox community in, 179
Occultation, 184 European friction, 220
Occupied Territories, 329, 332 expansion of territory, 173-178, 183
Oil guilds/Sufis connection, 168, 182,
223-224,273-274
1973 embargo, 341-342 janissaries, 173, 177, 180, 222-223
democracy and, 335-336 Jews move to, 178-179
foreigners' control, 314-316 millet system, 178-179,290
nationalizing industry, 334 nationalism, 282, 291-292
politics of, 334-335 ruler as khalifa, 183
social impacts, 335-338, 342 Safavids of Persia and, 183, 187-188
technocracy vs. traditional economy, secular modernism, 261, 287-288,
290-291,292-293
336-338 social order, 178-182
uses, 315, 316, 335 Sufism, 168, 169-172, 178,
See also specific countries 181-182,223,223-224,273-274
Old Man of the Mountains, 142 tax system!"farms," 180-181,
Omar 242-243,286-287,289
death, 47, 51-52 Timur's victory, 173-174, 179
description/background, 21, 31, 36, See also specific areas/countries

40-41, 81 Ottoman Empire decline
as successor/beliefs, 33, 40, 41-44, capitulations to Europeans, 285-287
constitutionalism conflict, 288, 290,
45-47,48,49,50-52,55,56,71, 291
73, 94, 96, 114 corruption/bribes, 224-226
"The One," philosophical concept, Deportation Act, 293-294
99-100 expansion cessation, 222-223
OPEC (Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries), 341-342

INDEX 385

guild system, 223-224 Pan-Islamism
inflation, 225, 226 Jamaluddin, xvii, 265, 267, 309,
losses of territory, 292-293 327
massacre of Armenians, 290, 293-294 Muslim Brotherhood, 309
princes/succession, 227-228
revenue decline, 222 Paper invention, 88
speed of, 220-221 Parthians, 11-13
Sultan's harem and, 226-228 Pasha, Talaat!Enver/Djemal, 293, 294,
Tanzimat (reorganization measures),
299
286-287 Pasteur, Louis, 211
trade/raw materials and, 223, 224 Peace of Augsburg (1555), 212
Vienna and, 221-222, 223 Perlman, S. J., 309
vizier's power, 228 Persian Empire
World War I and, 293-295,
history, 7-13
296(fig.), 297, 297(fig.), 298-299 peak of, 188-189
Persian language, 77, 124, 194
Pact of Medina, 22-23, 26 Persian viziers, 122-123
Pahlavi. See Reza Shah Pahlavi Persian Wars, 10
Pakistan birth, 261, 279, 318-319 Persians
Palestine Liberation Organization description, 80, 84
qanats, 154
(PLO), 330, 332, 344 Umayyad Empire and, 80, 81, 82,
Palestinian-Israeli conflict
83, 84, 85(fig.)
1948 war, 323-324 See also Safavids of Persia
Arab refugees (Palestinians), 324, Peter the Great, 236
Peter the Hermit, 138
330,344 Phillip II, France, 147
following World War II, 313-314, Philosophers of Islam
overview, 99-1 06
320 science vs. theology, 102-1 06,
fourth war (Yom Kippur), 341
Jewish terrorism, 321-322 110-113, 114
Jews move to Palestine, 284-285, scientific foundations, 101-102,

320-321 211-212
otherArabsand,322-323,328 studying other philosophies, 99-102,
partition, 322-323, 323(fig.)
public relations, 324 110-111
Six Day War/consequences, 328, universe schema, 100-101
Plato, 100, 101, 204
329-333 Plotinus, 99-100
terrorism, 321-322, 332 Polo, Marco, 130, 200
See also Israel; Zionism Prayer (Muslims), 91, 92, 196, 275
Pan-Arab nationalism, 313, 326, See also Salaat (namaz)
Prostitution, 50
327-328
See also Arab nationalism

386 INDEX

Protestant reformation/reformation, Refutation ofthe Materialists
206-210,212,216,247,248-249 Oamaluddin), 264

Pushto language, 31 0 Renan, Ernest, 265
Reuters, Baron Julius de, 237-238
Qadisiya battle, 44-46 Revival ofthe Religious Sciences, The
Qajar dynasty, 230, 236-238, 261,
(Ghazali), 113, 114-115
278-279, 304, 314-315 Reza Shah Pahlavi (father), 304, 310,
Qiyas, 50, 96-97, 105-106
Q~ilb~h, 184,185-186,195-196,219 333-334
Qur'an Reza Shah Pahlavi (son), 334, 339-340
Richard I (Lionheart), England, 147
compiling, 49, 93, 94 Ridwan, 138
definitive edition preparation, 55-56, Rightly Guided Khalif~, 33, 65--66, 75
Roman Church
93
interpretation and, 93-94, 354 Bible interpretation, 203, 206, 207,
language of, 24-25 209
Mu'awiya's use in battle, 64
qira'ut, 29 heretics and, 205, 206
tawhid and, 103-104 hierarchy, 206
See also Hadith; Scholars individual salvation, 166, 207-208,
Quraysh tribe/members, 18, 21,
209,351
25-28,44,54 reform/Protestant Reformation,
Qutb, Sayyid, 327, 328, 332, 343
206-210,212,216,247,248-249
Rabia al-Basri, 107-109, 110 Roman Empire
Radical Islamists (today)
bodyguards, 122
dress-code policy, 304-305 decline/division, 13-14, 119, 121
past and, 148, 163 legacy of, 303-304
secular modernism fall and, 346-347 Parthians and, 12-13
See also specific groups; specific See also Byzantine Empire
Romanus Diogenes, 127
individuals Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 316, 333
Radulph of Caen, 139 Rothschild, Lord Lionel, 298
Rajputs, 195 Rumi, Jalaludin-i, 170-171
Rashid al-Din Fazlullah, 149, 155 Ruqayya, 54
Rida, Rashid, 268, 308 Russia
Rashidun, 33 expansion/"Great Game," 235-239,
Razi, Abu Bakr a!-, 104-105
Reform movements (Islam) 237(fig.), 240-241, 335
Orthodox Christianity and, 235
approaches overview, 251-252 Rustum, Sassanid commander, 44-45
reasons for, 247-251
See also Secular modernism; specific Sadat, Anwar a!-, 341
Safavids of Persia
individuals; specific movements
art/architecture, 188-189, 194

INDEX 387

decline, 228-230 Europe (1291-1600 CE), 210-211,
Europeans and, 228, 229, 230 212,216
guards (Qizilbash), 184, 185-186,
failure in Islamic world, 102-106,
195-196, 219 110-113,114,212,264-265
leadership, 183-184, 228-229
overview, 183-189 Islamic philosophers and, 101-1 02,
Shi'ism and, 184-187, 229 211-212
Sunnis and, 229-230
Saffah, 86, 87 Scientific method, 211
See also Abbas ibn Abd al-Murralib Scientific Society, Aligarh, India,
Said, Edward, xx
Salaat (namaz) as Islamic pillar, 91 260-261
Saladin, 144-146 Secular modernism
Salafism, 163, 164-165
Samanid dynasty, 124 in 1920s, 301-306
Sancho (the Fat), King, 120 Mghanistan, 304, 305, 307, 308
Sargon, 5-6 Arab nationalism and, 297-298
Sassanid dynasty, 13, 14-15, 15(fig.), Atatiirk, 301-304
dress-code policy and, 303, 304
37,43-46,186 fall of, 343-347
Saud, Aziz ibn (1900s), 311-312 Iran, 261, 276, 277-279, 304, 305,
Saud, Aziz ibn (early 1800s),
333-334,355
254-255 Jamaluddin-i-Mghan, 252,
Saud, Mohammed ibn, 253-254,
262-268
295 Ottoman Empire, 261, 287-288,
Saudis/Saudi Arabia
290-291,292-293
beginnings, 311-312 Qajar Shahs oflran, 261
U.S. oil deal, 316 Sayyid Ahmad, Sir (of Aligarh), 252,
Wahhabism, 295, 306, 316, 331
World War I, 295, 296, 297, 298 259-261,264,269,305
SAVAK, 340 Six Day War and, 331
Sawm (roza) as Islamic pillar, 92 Turkey, 301-304
Sayfi Heravi, 153 women's role, 303, 304
Sayyid Ahmad, Sir (of Aligarh) See also specific groups; specific
background, 257-259
secular modernism and, 252, individuals
Sdim the Grim, Sultan, 187-188
259-261,264,269,305 Sdjuks/Sdjuk era, 126-128, 128(fig.),
Scholars (Islamic)
131, 132, 135, 150, 151
beginnings, 50, 94-99 September 11 attacks/effects, xvii, 347,
See also Hadith; Ulama
Science 349,351-352,355
Chaldeans, 6 Shafi'i, Imam a!-, 98
Shafi'i school, 98
Shahadah as Islamic pillar, 91
Shahanshah, 186
Shajar al-Durr, 156, 157
Shams-i Tabrez, 170

388 INDEX

Shanama (The Book ofKings/Firdausi), Steam engines, 254, 270, 271, 315
124-125, 186, 188 Stephenson, George, 271
Suez Canal/Zone, 243, 308-309, 312,
Shari'a definition/description, 97
Shariati, Ali, 340 325-326,334
Sharif Hussein Ibn Ali, 295-296 Sufi brotherhoods, 165-166, 169, 171,
Sheikh al-Islam ("Old Man of Islam"),
182, 183-184
179 Sufism
Sherley, Robert/Anthony, 219-220
Shi'i/Shi'ism Asia Minor, 168, 169-172
dervishes, 169, 170
Abbasids and, 86-87, 120 description/spread, 106-110,
Aliand,64, 70, 71, 82,184,186
beginnings, 39, 70-71, 81 165-168,193-194,196,202
beliefs/description, 39, 70, 71-72 futuwwah ideals, 166-168, 171
Hussein's martyrdom and, 70, 71-72, Ghazali, 112-113
ghazi orders, 171-172
82,187,254 Ottoman Empire, 168, 178,
11-Khan dynasty, 159
imam significance, 70-71, 82, 129, 181-182,223-224,273-274
Wahhabism and, 257
184-185, 186, 340, 341 Suleiman the Magnificent/the
lrnn, 185,340-341,343-344
Persians and, 82, 83-84, 185 Lawgiver, 183, 221-222, 223
Twelvers, 184, 185, 186 Sumer/inventions, 5-6
Umayyad Empire and, 82 Sunnis, 39, 71, 97-98, 185, 186,
Wahhabism and, 254, 257
See also Fatimids/khalifate; Safavids of 187
Sykes, Mark, 297, 297(fig.)
Persia Sykes-Picot Agreement, 297, 297(fig.),
Shirk, 255
Shurn, 52,67,263-264 298,311
Siddhartha Gautama, 23 Syria
Siffin battle, 63-64
Sikhs, 193, 195, 231, 250 Frnnce and, 311, 313
Sinon (Assassin), 146 Napoleon and, 242
Sinon (Ottoman architect), 180
Siraj ai-Dawlah, 233 Tabari, Ibn Jarir al-, 34-35
Six Day War/consequences (1967), Taj Mahal, 194
Talha, 62
328,329-333 Taliban, 11, 84, 308, 347, 352
Slavery, 51,202,217,282-283 Tancred, King, 141, 142
Smith, Wilfred Cantwell, xvii Tarzi, 268
Soviet Union fall, 346 Tawhid, 103-104, 255
Spanish Inquisition, 178-179 Tazieh, 187
Spiritual Manuscript, The Qalaludin-i Templars, 199
Term limits, 192
Rumi), 170-171 Terrorism

Assassins, 130, 131, 132, 143

INDEX 389

Bush war against terrorism, 349, Umayyad Empire
351-352 Abbasid revolution, 82, 83, 84,
85(fig.)
Palestinian-Israeli conflict, 321-322, Arabization by, 77, 80
332 beginnings, 65, 72, 73
expansion, 74, 75, 76(fig.), 78, 79
See also specific events; specific groups inequalities/social gradients,
Teutonic Knights, 199 80-81
Thirty Years' War, 212 Islamification by, 77-78, 80
Time oflgnorance, 133 Mu'awiya and, 65, 67, 75-76, 85
Timur-i-lang (Tamerlane), 160, overview, 72-86, 76(fig.)
Persians and, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84,
173-174,179,185,249 85(fig.)
Tobacco concession/boycott, 266-267, See also specific individuals

268,278,315 Umayyad kbalifate, Andalusian,
Tode Mongke, 157 118-119, 120-121, 121(fig.)
Toynbee, Arnold, xiii
Treaty of Balta Liman (1838), 286 Umayyads
Treitschke, Heinrich von, 281, 283 description, 54, 60, 72-73
Turkey Othman and, 54, 56-57
slaughter of, 85-86, 118
becoming nation-state, 301, 310
demotion of Islam/clergy, 301-302, Umm al-Darda, 114
Umm Hakim, 114
303 Umma birth/definition, 23
secular modernism, 301-304 Universal Declaration of Human
women's role, 303
See also Atatiirk Rights (UN), 333
Turkish language, 301, 302, 303 University beginnings, 204-205
Turko-Mongol tribes, 150 Urban (engineer), 175
Turks Urban II, Pope, 137, 138
Abbasid age and, 122, 123-124 Urdu language, 239, 258, 259
attacks on Ghaznavid area, 126 Usamah ibn Munqidb, 148
Seljuks/Seljuk era, 126-128,
Vandals, 80
128(fig.), 131, 132, 135, 150, Vesalius, Andreas, 211
151 Vikings, 136, 200-201
in seventeenth century Islamic world, Volksgeist, 280, 281
195-196
Wafd political parry, 268
Uhud battle, 26-27, 37, 55, 57 Wagner, Richard, 281
Ulama Wahhabism

becoming member of, 98-99 beginnings, 252-255
beginnings, 50, 94-99 Deobandis, 307, 308, 343, 344
science and, 104-1 06
social power of, 98, 105
Urn Kulthum, 54

390 INDEX

Wahhabism (continued) Ottoman Empire and, 293-295,
enemies/jihad, 256-257 296(fig.), 297, 297(fig.), 298-299
Saudis/Saudi Arabia, 295, 306, 316,
331 Saudis and, 295, 296, 297, 298
spread, 306-307, 331 World War II, 317
tenets of, 255-257 World Zionist Congress, 284
Wycliffe, John, 206-207
Waqfs, 77, 98
Waqqas, Sa'd ibn Abi, 43, 44 Xerxes, 10
Washington, George, 233, 235
Water Carrier's Son, 307-308 Ya'qubi, 88
Watt, James, 254, 271 Yaqut al-Hamawi, 154
Watts, Alan, 111-112 Yarmuk battle, 114
Weitzman, Chaim, 321 Yathrib
Wilson, Woodrow, 310-311, 314, 319,
Mohammed's move to, 21-22
320,333 See also Medina
Women's role Yazid, 67-70
Young Turks, 290-291, 304, 305
before 1000 CE, 18, 50-51,
113-114 Zaghlul, 268
Zaidi sect (Fivers), 129, 184
change around 1000 CE, Zakat as Islamic pillar, 92
114-115 Zangi, 144
Zawaheri, al-, 332
dress code, 197, 305 Zia al-Haq, 343
education, 51 Zionism
gender role separation, 114-115,
beginnings, 283-285, 298
197,274,354-355 European anti-Semitism and, 298,
Islam-West incompatibilities on,
320,324
354-356 Jewish claim, 284, 322
secular modernism, 303, 304 nationalism differences, 283-284
seventeenth century, 196-197 See also Israel; Palestinian-Israeli
stability/instability and, 115
Sultan's harem, Istanbul, 226-228 conflict
Works ofShams-i Tabrez, The Qalaludin-i Ziyad, 75-76
Zoroaster, 9-10
Rumi), 170 Zoroastrianism, 9-10, 13, 49
World War I Zubayd, 62

European theater, 294
Hashimite family, 295-297, 298
mandates plan, 310-313, 312(fig.)

Tamim Ansary is the author of the memoir W't-st ofKabul,
East ofNew York and coauthor with Afghan land mine vic-
tim Farah Ahmadi of the New York Times bestseller The
Other Side of the Sky. He has been a major contributing
writer to several secondary school history textbooks. He
writes a monthly column for Encarta.com and has published
essays and commentary in the San Francisco Chronicle, Salon,
Alternet, TomPaine.com , Edutopia, Parade, L.A. Times, and
elsewhere. Ansary, director of the San Francisco Writers
Workshop, lives in San Francisco.

PublicAffairs is a publishing house founded in 1997· It is a tribute
to the standards, values, and flair of three persons who have
served as mentors to countless reporters, writers, editors, and
book people of all kinds, including me.

I. F. SToNE, proprietor of I. R Stone's Weekly, combined a com-
mitment to the First Amendment with entrepreneurial zeal and
reporting skill and became one of the great independent journal-
ists in American history. At the age of eighty, Izzy published The
Trial of Socrates, which was a national bestseller. He wrote the
book after he taught himself ancient Greek.

BENJAMIN C. BRAD LEE was for nearly thirty years the charis-
matic editorial leader of The Washington Post. It was Ben who
gave the Post the range and courage to pursue such historic
issues as Watergate. He supported his reporters with a tenacity
that made them fearless and it is no accident that so many
became authors of influential, best-selling books.

RoBERT L. BERNSTEIN, the chief executive of Random House
for more than a quarter century, guided one of the nation's pre-
mier publishing houses. Bob was personally responsible for
many books of political dissent and argument that challenged
tyranny around the globe. He is also the founder and longtime
chair of Human Rights Watch, one of the most respected human
rights organizations in the world.

For fifty years, the banner of Public Affairs Press was carried by its
oWIIer Morris B. Schnapper, who published Gandhi, Nasser, Toyn-

bee, Truman, and about 1,5oo other authors. In 1983, Schnapper
was described by The Washington Post as "a redoubtable gadfly."
His legacy will endure in the books to come.

Peter Osnos, Founder and Editor-at-Large

HISTORY

NATIONAL BESTSELLER

WE IN THE WEST share a common narrative of world history. But our

story largely omits a whole civilization whose citizens shared an entirely different
narrative for a thousand years.

In Destiny Disrupted, Tamim Ansary tells the rich story of world history as the
Islamic world saw it, from the time of Mohammed to the fall of the Ottoman Empire
and beyond. He clarifies why our civilizations grew up oblivious to each other, what
happened when they intersected, and how the Islamic world was affected by its slow
recognition that Europe- a place it long perceived as primitive and disorganized-
had somehow hijacked destiny.

"Vivid, often wrenching.... Meticulously researched and balanced.... A gripping
drama that pulls the reader into great, seminal events of world history:'
- The Oregonian

"A must-read for anyone who wants to learn more
about the history of the Islamic world:'
- San Francisco Chronicle

"An informative and thoroughly engaging look at the past,
present, and future of Islam. A must-read...." ·

- KHALE·o HossEJNJ,

author of The Kite Runner and A Thousand Splendid Suns

www.mirtamimansary.com