The Periodic Table of Elements

Chemistry f4 : Chapter 4

The Periodic Table
Of

Elements



The Development of The Periodic
Table of elements

Antoine Lavoisier

Classified elements according to certain group such as gases ,
non-metal , metal & metal oxide

Johann W. Dobereiner
The atomic mass of strontium atom , Sr was similar to the
average mass of calcium atom , Ca and barium atom ,BA .These

elements had the same chemical properties

John Newlands

Arranged elements according to their increasing atomic
masses. He arranged seven elements in a row.

Lothar Meyer

Plotted the graph of atomic volume against atomic mass of
elements. He found that the elements at equivalent positions on

the curve of the graph had similar chemical properties

Dmitri Mendeleev

Arranged the elements according to their increasing atomic
masses. Only elements with similar chemical properties were
arranged in the same vertical columns.

Henry Moseley
Studied the frequencies of X-ray release by various elements
and eventually found a relation between the X-ray spectrum

and proton numbers

Arrangement in the Periodic Table of Elements

Elements Proton Electron Valence Group Number Period • Increasing number of proton
of shell
Number Arrangement 1 filled

2 with • Number of valence electron – position in group
electron
Lithium , 3 2.1 1 3+10 = 2 • Number of shell – position in period
Li 20 2.8.8.2 2 13 2
13 2.8.3 3 4
Calcium , 14 2.8.4 4 4+10 = 4
Ca 7 5 14 3
8 2.5 6 3
Aluminium 35 2.6 7 5+10 = 3
, Al 36 2.8.18.7 8 15 3
2.8.28.8 2 1 / 2 valence group = no. of
Silicon , Si 6+10 = 2 2 electron valence electron
16
Nitrogen , 2 4 Element group = no. of
N 7+10 = valence
17 4 4
Oxygen , O electron + 10
8+10 = 4
Bromine , 18
Br 3 to 8 valence
electron
Krypton ,
Kr

Elements In Group 18 Uses of Group 18 in
Elements in Daily Life
He Elemen Atomi Meltin Boiling Density
Ne Noble gases are ts c g point point (gcm^-3 HELIUM NEON
Ar chemically Used for
Kr unreactive due to Helium, Radius (C) (C) 0.00017 Used to advertising
Xe valence shell that are He (nm) 0.00080 fill weather
Rn fully filled with 0.050 -270 -269 0.00170 Used in flashlight
Og electrons. Neon, 0.00350 balloons of camera
Noble gases have Ne 0.070 -248 -246 0.00550
achieved Used to fill KRYPTON
a stable duplet or Argon, 0.094 -189 -186 - electronic bulbs
octet Ar
electron arrangement, 0.109 -156 -152 ARGON
causing the atoms of Krypto
noble gases n, Kr 0.103 -122 -108
to not donate , Xenon,
accept nor share - -71 -62
electrons with the Xe
atoms of Radon,
other elements.
Rn

Used for Used to
lighthouse treat cancer

lamps RADON

XENON

Elements in Group 1 Changes in Physical Properties of Elements When Going Down Group 1

Li Element Atomic Melting Boiling
Na radius point (C) point (C)
Chemical Properties of Group 1 Elements (nm)

K Lithium , 0.133 186 1342

Rb Li

Cs Sodium, 0.186 98 880

Fr Na 64 760
Potassium, 0.203
Group 1 elements have one electron in the
K
violence shell. In a chemical reaction,

these atoms donate one electron and form

an ion with the +1 charge Group 1 elements have low melting point and boiling

point if compared to other metals like iron that has a

melting point of 1540 C and boiling point of 276o C

Group 1 elements are soft metals , with low density

and float on the surface of the water

Physical and Chemistry Properties of Other Elements in Group 1

# Like other alkali metals, rubidium, cesium and francium Reaction of Group 1 Elements with Water , Oxygen and Chlorine Gas
elements are soft metals with shiny surfaces and have low melting
point and boiling point. # When alkali metals react with water, alkaline
hydroxide solution
# Rubidium and cesium are metals that are
very reactive and burn easily. Rubidium and cesium are usually and hydrogen gas is formed..
combined with other elements. 2Li(s) + 211,0(1) > 2LIOH(aq) + H,(g)

# Thus, they are difficult to be # When alkali metals burn in oxygen gas, a white
isolated chemically. Francium element is an unstable radioactive solid that is metal oxide will be formed
isotope with a short half-life. All three elements are very reactive 4Li(6) + 0,(R) > 2Li,0(6)
with water and oxygen.
# When solid metal oxide will form an alkaline
Changes in Reactivity of solution when dissolved in water.
Elements Going Down Group 1 LiO() + HO()- 21.iOH(aq)

# Lithium, Li The reactivity of alkali metals in Group 1 # When alkali metals burn in chlorine gas, a white
is due to the tendency of an solid, that is metal chloride will be formed
atom to donate its valence electrons . 2Na(s) + Cl (g) > 2NACI(s)

# The number of shells filled electrons increases when going down
Group 1.

#This causes the increase in atomic size.
Reactivity increases Sodium, Na The position of valence electrons
is placed further away from the
nucleus of an atom.

#When the nuclear Attraction force towards the valence electrons
weakens, the electrons are more easily donated.

Elements in Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements
Group 17

F

Cl

Br

I

At Changes of Physical Properties of Elements
Ts when Going Down Group 17

Elements Physical State Melting Point Boiling Point (C) Density (cm¯3) X + e¯ = X¯
(C)
Chlorine, Cl Gas -101 -34 0.00300 Group 17 elements have 7 electrons in the valence shell.
Bromine, Br Liquid -7 59 3.11900 In chemical reactions, these atoms receive one
Solid 114 -42 4.95000 electron and form ion -1 charge
Iodine, I

Going down the group, the increase in molecular size
will cause the attraction force between molecules to
become stronger. The melting point and boiling point

of halogens will increase because more than heat
energy is required to overcome the intermolecular

forces

The reaction # Generally, all halogens are soluble in organic
of chlorine with water will solvents and do not conduct heat nor electricity.
produce hydrochloric acid and
hypochlorous acid. # Fluorine is a light-yellow poisonous gas. This gas
CL(g) + HO()- HC(aq) + HOC(aq) which is very reactive and corrosive

The reaction of iron with bromine will produce will cause a strong explosion when combined with
iron(II) bromide. hydrogen gas.
2Fe(s) + 3Br,(1)→ 2FeBr (s)
# Astatine is a rare radioactive
When halogens react with an alkaline element because it is not chemically stable.
solution, metal halide, metal halite
and water will # Increasing
be formed. atomic size will cause the Chlorine. CI

1,(s)+ 2N2OH(aq)→ Nal(aq) + NaOl(aq) + H,O(1) valence shell to be further from
the nucleus.

# This will cause the
nuclear attraction force towards
the electrons to become weaker.

# Thus, the difficulty in attracting
electrons to fill the valence shell will increase

Elements in Period 3

Changes in Physical Properties of Elements Across Period 3

Increase in the number of protons across
Period 3 will increase the charge in the

atom’s nucleus. The electronegativity of
elements will increase because the nuclear
attraction force towards the electrons
increases

Transition Elements Special Characteristic for Several Transition
Elements in the Periodic Table of Elements

1. Transition elements function as a catalyst to increase the rate of
reaction without undergoing chemical change at the end of the reaction

All transition elements are metal with the 2. Transition elements are colored ions or compound
following properties: 3. Transition elements have more than one oxidation number
4. Transition elements are form complex ion
• solid with shiny surface
• very hard compared to group 1 and 2
• have high densities
• have high melting points and boiling points

Iron, Fe is used in the Haber Platinum , Pt. used in the Ostwald
Process to produce ammonia Process to produce nitric acid

Uses of Transition Elements in Industry

Vanadium(V) oxide , is used in the Nickel or Platinum is used in the hydrogenation
Contact Process to produce sulphuric acid process in vegetables oils to produce margarine

Nur Hani Syakirah – 4 Akhtar

REFERENCES

Internet : Books :

• https://www.google.com/search?q=periodic+table&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEw • Chemistry Form 4 textbook KSSM,2019, Lim Kuok Chen, Dr.
iNmpr6xcrvAhUXEbcAHQirDvUQ2- Nur Jahan Ahmad, Dr. Chua Kah Heng, Wong Choy Wan,
cCegQIABAA&oq=periodic&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQARgAMgQIIxAnMgQIIxAnMgUI Lee Sze Yien, Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd
ABCxAzIICAAQsQMQgwEyBQgAELEDMgIIADICCAAyAggAMggIABCxAxCDATIC
CAA6BAgAEEM6BwgAELEDEENQlNHJA1jv58kDYLL2yQNoAHAAeACAAX6IAY8 • Super Skills Ulang Kaji SPM, Chemistry ,2019 , Toh Kim Kau , Yeap
GkgEDNi4zmAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWfAAQE&sclient=img&ei=dAlcYI2Q Kom Kheng, Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd
IZei3LUPiNa6qA8&bih=657&biw=1366#imgrc=eyeryKb-xfKy4M
Nur hani Syakirah bt. Ayub Khan – 4 Akhtar
• https://www.google.com/search?q=chemist+antoine+lavoisier&tbm=isch&ve
d=2ahUKEwj32OnE48rvAhXB_jgGHXTND5oQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=chemist+antoi&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQARgAMgIIADIGCAAQBRA
eOgQIIxAnOgYIABAIEB46BAgAEBhQyBBYzbYBYNHCAWgAcAB4AoABrgKIAbsIk
gEHOS4wLjEuMZgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1nwAEB&sclient=img&ei=eSh
cYLe4KMH94-EP9Jq_0Ak&bih=657&biw=1366

• https://www.google.com/search?q=elements+in+group+18&sxsrf=ALeKk02D
9ntTHSpBWSoWP6qpUd2Anqcy7g:1616652603387&source=lnms&tbm=isch
&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj0pJmh5MrvAhWz4zgGHeYYDScQ_AUoAXoECAEQAw&
biw=1366&bih=657