Version 1

BPP012B

Effect of Dehydrothermal (DHT) Treatment on the Physicochemical and Mechanical Properties of
3D Porous Chitosan-Collagen-Glycerol Membrane for Potential Wound Dressing Applications

I. Zainol1*, C.N.A Jaafar2 and S. Ullah1

1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris,
35900 Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia

2Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43000 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

The aim of this study was to develop 3D porous scaffolds from blending of chitosan/fish scales
collagen/glycerin. The 3D porous scaffolds were fabricated via freeze dry technique. The effects of
dehydrothermal (DHT) treatment on the physicochemical and biological properties of porous scaffolds
were investigated. The tensile properties were carried out using universal testing machine (UTM) while
porosity and swelling ratio of scaffolds were investigated by using common procedure. The crosslinking
density was calculated using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) technique. Scanning electron microscope
(SEM) was used to observe the morphology of the 3D porous structure. The results showed that the 3D
scaffolds were porous with interconnected pores with pore size between 100 to 200 microns. The ester
band due to crosslink increased with increasing DHT temperature from 90°C to 105°C and 120°C but
decreased with increasing temperature from 105°C to 120°C. The tensile modulus of scaffolds increased
with increasing DHT temperature with exposure period of 24 and 48 hours, however decreased on
exposure period of 72, 96 and 120 hours. The swelling ratio of scaffolds decreased with increasing
temperature on exposure period 24 hours and 48 hours (120°C) however, did not affect upon DHT
treatment at 105°C with exposure period 48 hours. In conclusion, the 3D scaffolds treated with DHT
exhibited excellent biostability and sufficient mechanical strength which suitable for wound dressing
applications.

Keywords: Wound dressing, Chitosan, Fish collagen, Porous 3D scaffold

BPP013B

Improvement of Tensile Properties of 3D Printed Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene by Altering Part
Orientation

Abdul Manaf Abdullah1*, Dasmawati Mohamad2, Tuan Noraihan Azila Tuan Rahim3, Hazizan Md Akil4
and Zainul Ahmad Rajion5

1School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah
Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

2School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan,
Malaysia

3AT Glove Engineering Sdn Bhd, No. 9, Jalan Seramik Chepor 11/7, Kawasan Perindustrian Seramik
Chepor, 31200 Chemor, Perak

4School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains
Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

5Kulliyyah of Dentistry, IIUM Kuantan Campus, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota,
25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

Part orientation during 3D printing process affects various characteristics such as accuracy, production
cost and surface quality. This study aims to explore the effect of part orientations on tensile and
morphological properties of 3D printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). The tensile specimen was
initially designed using a computer-aided design software (Solidworks 2013, Solidwork, USA). The
designed specimen was 3D printed at x-y, y-z and x-z orientations (n=5/orientation). The tensile
properties of the 3D printed specimens were assessed using a universal testing machine (Shimadzu
AGX-2plus, Shimadzu, Japan) and statistically analysed using a parametric test of One-Way ANOVA.
The fractured surfaces and side walls of the tensile specimens were observed using a field emission
electron microscope (FESEM). The tensile strength and modulus of the specimens printed at x-y and y-
z orientations increased by approximately 113 and 105% respectively, in comparison to the x-z oriented
specimens. The superior mechanical properties presented by x-y and y-z oriented specimens were
attributed by robust layer arrangements as observed in FESEM micrographs. Part orientation seemed to
significantly affect the mechanical properties of the 3D printed part. This finding could be used as a guide
to print functional 3D printed part with improved mechanical performance.

Keywords: Part orientation, Tensile properties, 3D printing

BPP016B

Synthesis of Imprinted Polymer of Bisphenol a Glycerolate Dimethacrylate (Bis-GMA-IMP) for
Formaldehyde Recognition System in Aqueous Medium

Almajed Asaad Abdullah Sfoog1, Norlaili Abu Bakar1*, Nurulsaidah Abdul Rahim1, Wan Rusmawati Wan
Mahamod1, Norhayati Hashim1,2, Siti Kamilah Che Soh3,
Aiza Harun4 and Alizar Ulianas5

1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris,
35900 Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia

2Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan
Idris, 35900 Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia

3Faculty of Science and Marine Environmental, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus,
Terengganu, Malaysia

4Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi Mara, 26400 Bandar Jengka, Pahang, Malaysia
5Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Science, Universitas Negeri Padang,
Sumatera Barat 25131, Indonesia

*Corresponding Author: [email protected]

Abstract

Imprinted Polymer of Bisphenol A Glycerolate Dimethacrylate (Bis-GMA-IMP) was synthesized using
bisphenol A glycerolate dimethacrylate (Bis-GMA) (functional monomer), triethylene glycol-
dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) (cross linker) and formaldehyde (CH2O) as a template molecule via
photopolymerization (380 – 515 nm) for 60 seconds. Elimination of template from polymer was done
with methanol/acetic acid (9/1) for 8 hours. The FTIR spectrum showed that the broad peak at 1650 –
1750 cm-1 region in Bis-GMA-IMP/FA become sharp after washing demonstrate the elimination of
excessive carbonyl group (formaldehyde). The surface morphology of Bis-GMA-IMP/FA showed the
presence of pores as compared to non-imprinted polymer (Bis-GMANIP). The recognition study
demonstrates that Bis-GMA-IMP/FA with 0.1% template exhibit higher binding capacity (0.19 mg/g) for
formaldehyde as compared to others Bis-GMA-IMP/FA and Bis-GMANIP. Freundlich isotherm showed
good heterogeneity (1/n = 0.72) of Bis-GMA-IMP/FA and formaldehyde in aqueous medium.

Keywords: Imprinted, Formaldehyde, Molecular recognition, Rebinding, Isotherm

BPP017B

Effects of Temperature and Concentration of Simulated Body Fluid on Bone Apatite Formation
using Electrospun Poly(Ε-Caprolactone) Fibre Substrate

Nur Aqilah Ibrahim1, Nor Dalila Nor Affandi1*, Ahmad Mukifza Harun2, Mohammad Khursheed Alam3,4
and Noor Najmi Bonnia1,5.

1Textile Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam,
Malaysia

2Engineering Faculty, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
3College of Dentistry, Jouf University, 72721 Sakaka, Saudi Arabia

4Department of Dental Research Cell, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of
Medical and Technical Sciences, 600077 Chennai, India

5Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450
Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

A versatile synthetic matrix material for bone regeneration using electrospun fibres was introduced in this
study. In this work, the electrospinning parameters were controlled to produce favourable porous fibre
substrate that can aid in forming calcium phosphate during an in vitro biomineralisation process. The fibre
substrate underwent two concentrations of simulated body fluid (SBF) to incubate the electrospun poly(ε-
caprolactone) (PCL) fibre substrate at different temperatures (37 °C and 25 °C) for 7, 14, and 21
incubation days. The resultant substrate exhibited a large pore diameter (11.06 ± 30 µm) and uniform
thick layer (0.36 ± 0.04 mm). From SEM analysis, a ball-shaped apatite structure was formed. An increase
in bone apatite was observed when the SBF concentration increased from 1.0 x to 3.0 x. The EDX
analysis showed that by increasing the incubation days to 21, the resultant crystal apatite decreased at
body temperature of 37 °C. The estimated amount of calcium (Ca) decreased from 2.11 to 0.30 wt %,
whereas the amount of phosphorus (P) reduced from 1.94 to 1.60 wt % at SBF 3.0 x. However, at room
temperature of 25 °C, more crystal apatite was observed under the SEM as the incubation days
increased. The current study suggested that the bioactivity of electrospun PCL substrate can be done at
body temperatures as well as room temperature.

Keywords: Electrospinning, Poly(-caprolactone), Simulated body fluid, Bone apatite, Temperature

BPP018B

Cellulose Nanofibre Dope with an Antimicrobial Compound Produced through the Multi-Solvent
Technique

Mohamad Zaki Abdullah1, M Shuaib B M Saheed1, Mohd Fazli Mohammat2, Shahrul Nizam Md
Salleh13*

1Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Persiaran UTP, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
2Institute of Science (IOS), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Level 3, Block C, UiTM 40450 Shah Alam,
Selangor, Malaysia

3Centre of Innovation in Nanotechnology, SIRIM KULIM, Lot 34, Jalan Hi-Tech 2/3, Kulim Hi Tech Park,
09000 Kulim, Kedah

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

This paper presents a preliminary study of the multi-solvent effect on the formation of cellulose nanofibre
dope with antimicrobial compounds through the electrospinning method. The study aims to compare the
surface morphology of undoped and doped cellulose nanofibre with an antimicrobial compound. The
cellulose nanofibre doped with an inhouse synthesized antimicrobial compound was developed as an air
filter membrane specifically targeting the spreading of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA). The prepared solution was characterized using a contact angle tensiometer, and the electrospun
nanofibers were characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The undoped and doped
cellulose nanofibre were successfully produced through the tri-solvent technique. The difference in
morphology between both fibres may be due to the antimicrobial doped in the solution altering the surface
tension of the solution, therefore affecting the surface of the nanofibres.

Keywords: Electrospinning, Nanofibre, Cellulose

BPP019B

Synthesis, Characterisations, X-Ray Structure, DFT Studies and Antibacterial Activity of 3-
Bromo-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzylidene hydrazone Ligand

Yusnita Juahir1*, Wan Mohd Hilmey W Mohd Arifin1, Uwaisulqarni M. Osman2,
Noorshida Mohd Ali1, Suzaliza Mustafar1 and Sivaranjan Kuppan1

1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris,
35900 Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia

2School of Fundamental Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu,
Malaysia

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

The present study involves a synthesis of Schiff base ligand namely 2’-(3-Bromo-5-chloro-2-
hydroxybenzylidene) benzenesulfonohydrazide (3Br5ClSALBSH) derived from the simple condensation
reaction of benzenesulfonylhydrazine and 3-bromo-5chlorosalicylaldehyde. The synthesized ligand is
characterized by various analytical techniques such as XRD, DFT and FESEM analyses. XRD result
shows the molecule crystallized in the triclinic system unit cell (space group P-1) contains twelve
molecules in two groups of six independent molecules with unit cell dimensions; a = 14.8824(2)Å, b =
16.4981(2)Å, c = 19.2761(3)Å, α = 82.7180(10)°, β =74.6040(10)° and γ = 72.7080(10)°. The molecular
geometry was also optimized using density functional theory (DFT/B3LYP) method with the 6-311G(d,p)
basis set and compared with the experimental data. Additionally, the ligand is characterised by FESEM
analysis. The FESEM images shows the ligand are irregular in shape and size. From the optimized
geometry of the molecule, vibrational frequencies, molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) distribution,
non-linear optical properties, frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) of the ligand have been calculated in the
ground state theoretically. Further the synthesised ligand was screened for the antibacterial activity
against gram positive bacteria. The Schiff base ligand exhibited significant antibacterial activity against
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteria.

Keywords: Benzenesulfonohydrazide, Triclinic, Density Functional Theory (DFT), FESEM, Antibacterial
activity, MRSA

BPP022B

Water and Air Permeability of Melt-Blown Polypropylene Filled Recovered Carbon Graphene
Oxide

Nor Dalila Nor Affandi1, Noor Najmi Bonnia2*, Zurianti Abd Rahman3 and Engku Zaharah Engku
Zawawi4

1Textile Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam,
Selangor, Malaysia

2Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450
Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

3Industrial Physics, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam,
Selangor, Malaysia

4Polymer Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam,
Selangor, Malaysia

*Correspondence author: [email protected]

Abstract

Recent studies revealed the surgical masks appeared to be incapable of blocking the dispersal of virus
from the patients to the outer face mask surface and environment completely. This is because particles
with the size of 0.04 to 0.2 μm are believed can penetrate the surgical masks meanwhile the size of the
virus was estimated as 0.08 to 0.14 m. Hence, this study was carried out to enhance the filterability of
face masks with the addition of graphene oxide (GO). This research is about dispersing GO that
synthesized from a recovered carbon from waste tire using Hummer’s meth-od on PP fabric.
Polypropylene (PP) melt-blown fabric was used due to its non-absorbent properties for the basic medical
masks. PP fabric filled with GO is expected to enhance the fabric face mask properties with the benefits
of GO. Produced GO powder was dispersed on a polypropylene fabric through the sonication method.
This is an environmentally friendly method that helps to turn waste into wealth. Raman spectrometer
analysis peak proved that graphene oxide was successfully synthesized from a waste carbon tyre. The
peaks showed the D band at 1367cm-1 and G band at 1593 cm-1 respectively. The intensity ratio of the D
band relative to the G band (ID/IG) is 0.92. The morphological analysis of graphene oxide was
characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with an electron diffraction X-ray
spectrometer (EDX). The result shows that GO particles stalked together on the surface of the sample
structure, bumping pieces, and coarse surfaces. The elemental composition of carbon (C) is higher than
oxygen (O) which showed a good composition of graphene oxide. While on the PP fabric -GO, results
show that GO successfully attached to the fabric and exhibited good air and water permeability as
compared to control PP fabric. This result confirmed that graphene oxide possibly could be used as a
filler to improve the filterability properties of fabric PP

Keywords: Melt blown polypropylene, Recovered carbon black, Water permeability, Air permeability