Public Policy Analysis by William Dunn

Relative Frequency Planning Oral Briefings

Relative Frequency Histogram Displaying Ages of Women at Time
of Divorce (N = 100)

0.25

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

0.00
12 17 22 27 32 37 42 47 52 57 62 67
Age

Ogive Displaying Age of Women at Time of Divorce (N ϭ 100)
1.00

Cumulative Relative Frequency 0.90 Q1 (P75)
0.80

0.70 Q2 (P60) ϭ Median
0.60

0.50

0.40 Q1 (P25)
0.30

0.20

0.10

0.00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
Age

Note: Q and P are quartiles and percentiles.

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Y AXIS Planning Oral Briefings

Deaths Per 100 Million Miles Scatterplot Displaying Pattern of Observations around Regression
Line

20
18
16
14
12
10

8
6
4
2
0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
X AXIS

Interrupted Time Series Graph Displaying Effects of the 55 mph
Speed Limit

6

5

4

3
POLICY

2 INTERVENTION

1

0
65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90

Years

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Planning Oral Briefings

Frequency Histogram Displaying Ages of Women at Time of
Divorce with Data Table Attached (N ϭ 100)

25.00

20.00

Frequency 15.00

10.00

5.00

Ages 0.00
12 17 22 27 32 37 42 47 52 57 62 67
2.00 3.00 6.00 10.00 16.00 21.00 18.00 11.00 9.00 4.00
Age

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450 www.irpublicpolicy.ir

Index

Page references followed by "f" indicate illustrated B 176-177, 179-181, 189-190, 216, 221, 223,
figures or photographs; followed by "t" indicates a 240, 247, 257, 285, 291, 303, 308, 311, 324,
table. Balkans, 374, 376, 378 328, 334-336, 339-340, 351, 373, 376, 383,
Bardach, Eugene, 390 398, 400, 402, 406
2 bargaining, 20, 73-74, 96-97, 206, 389, 427 Charter, 403
Beliefs, 52, 66, 78, 80, 112, 122-123, 147, 180, 223, Children, 43, 92, 249-250, 252-253, 261, 263, 265,
2008 election, 119 279, 304, 327-328, 337-338, 400, 408,
318, 344, 375, 418 410-412, 417-418, 420, 422-423
A Bell, Daniel, 60, 257 education programs, 327-328
Berlin Wall, 119 China, 34
Abortion, 43 bias, 54, 213, 345, 415, 421 CIA, 439
right to, 43 Biden, Joseph, 381 circuits, 44
Bills, 436 Cities, 34, 41, 69, 82, 123, 153, 175, 264-265, 274,
Access, 12, 31, 108, 178, 217, 438 276-278, 282, 296-297, 301-302, 413, 420,
accessibility, 122 appropriations, 436 431
Accountability, 33, 55, 148, 314, 386, 430 boards, 251, 317 Citizens, 46, 48, 54, 62, 146, 156, 191, 200, 206,
Administration, 11, 14, 24, 32, 34, 37-39, 43, 50, 208-209, 211, 228, 231, 234, 240, 253,
municipal, 251 259-260, 313, 316-317, 347-348, 364, 366,
54-56, 60, 119, 148-149, 156, 184, 215-216, Borders, 354, 378 389-390, 399, 427, 431, 433, 437, 439
229-230, 244-245, 250-251, 259, 269, borrowing, 234-235 City, 21, 32-33, 43, 63, 80, 109, 140, 160, 174, 181,
307-308, 315, 317, 348-349, 353, 374, Bosnia, 376, 378 184-185, 191, 213, 236, 262, 269, 274, 278,
378-379, 389, 400, 420, 435-436 Bosnia-Herzegovina, 378 296, 298-299, 301, 328-329, 336-337, 367,
defined, 14, 215 Boston Globe, 349 390, 400, 417, 420, 427
advertising, 244 Boundaries, 32, 77, 79, 87-88, 90-91, 211, 214-215 commission, 390, 427
campaign, 244 Britain, 405-406 manager, 140, 390, 427
Advice and consent, 40, 59 Brookings Institution, 40, 62, 139, 204, 209, 241, treasurer, 43
affirmative action, 43, 258 city manager, 390, 427
Afghanistan, 73, 427, 435, 438 248-249 City managers, 269
age, 34-36, 55, 82, 92-93, 107-108, 218, 238, 255, Budget, 9, 42, 81, 119, 178-179, 181-182, 184-185, city treasurer, 43
258, 265, 274-275, 278-279, 305, 308, 319, Civil liberties, 61
327, 408, 413, 418, 423, 446-447, 449 199, 230, 235, 244, 248, 251, 257, 259, 410, civil rights, 186, 337
discrimination, 238 434-436, 438 civil rights movement, 337
drinking, 423 defense, 9, 434-436 Civil rights movement, 337
unemployment and, 238 preparation, 410 Civil service, 390, 427
Agency for International Development, 434 Budget deficit, 119 Civil society, 203, 316
USAID, 434 budgets, 229, 435 Civil War, 377-378
Agenda setting, 42-44, 111, 385, 393, 442 balancing, 435 Civilizations, 60, 138
Agendas, 44, 48, 51-52, 54, 59, 386, 393, 443 deficit, 435 Clark, Wesley, 348
Aggregates, 94, 177 Bulgaria, 378 Clean Air Act, 52, 407
Agriculture, 38, 108, 267 Bureau of Indian Affairs, 38 1970, 407
aid, 43, 55, 80, 84, 94, 120, 191, 304, 389-390, 427, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 55, 124, 249, 281 Cleavages, 62
439 Bureau of the Census, 55, 93, 100, 124, 249, 275-276, climate change, 112
foreign, 191, 389-390, 427 304 CNN, 439
Aid to Families with Dependent Children, 43, 304 bureaucracies, 52, 71, 149-152 coal, 46-47, 130, 222, 230
AFDC, 43, 304 Bureaucracy, 15, 149-151, 355, 372 coalition, 9, 42, 52, 179, 379
Air pollution, 23, 70, 258-259, 280, 285, 296-297, 389, administration, 149 Coalitions, 177
426, 429, 445 American, 355 Cold War, 102, 378, 380
air quality, 71-72, 123, 248, 252, 282 and public policy, 355 Collective action, 46, 371
Alabama, 60, 148, 229 constraints, 15 collective goods, 206-209, 219, 227
Albania, 378 control, 149-151 College students, 194
Alienation, 149, 173, 205, 259, 303 foreign policy, 355 Colorado, 268
Alinsky, Saul, 318 hierarchy, 149 Commerce, 33, 61, 238, 275-276
Allen, George, 8 problems of, 355 commissions, 206
Amendments, 18, 407 structure, 150-151 regulatory, 206
process, 18, 407 structure of, 150-151 committees, 48, 100-101, 166, 436
America, 14, 109, 177, 214, 257, 260, 389, 426, understanding, 355, 372 joint, 436
435-436, 438 Bureaucrats, 57 select, 166
American Society for Public Administration, 14, 315, Business, 28-29, 57, 60-61, 77, 80, 138, 238, 251, Common Sense, 18-19, 86, 146, 342
317 260, 357, 364, 400, 433 communications, 103, 113, 178, 386-389, 393, 395,
Americans, 54, 67, 184 French, 138 398, 400, 433, 442-444
Analogies, 89, 98-99, 118, 123, 270, 347, 366 Business cycles, 138 Communist parties, 119
Appeal, 113, 123, 350, 375 busing, 313 Soviet, 119
Appeals, 20, 35, 314 Community, 12, 15, 23, 40, 55, 63, 69, 156, 181, 186,
Appointment, 130 C 191, 199, 202, 210, 213, 219, 227, 231,
Appropriations, 436 234-235, 239, 255, 258, 313, 321, 337,
Appropriations bills, 436 California, 15, 123, 312, 328, 390, 430, 439 352-353, 375, 399, 419, 430, 433
Aristotle, 33-34, 363 campaigns, 289 standards, 191, 313
arms control, 109 Campbell, Angus, 257, 259 Comparable worth, 238
arms race, 173 Canada, 165, 258, 438 comparative advantage, 120
Army, 38, 128, 371, 377, 380 Candidates, 336 competition, 11, 20, 44, 154, 227
assembly, 37, 111, 390, 427 capital punishment, 423 Complexity, 4, 22, 33, 41, 44, 50-51, 58, 62, 73, 78,
Auditor, 334 capitalism, 46, 71 90, 110, 112, 117, 120, 174, 179, 193, 200,
Austerity, 178 Causality, 13, 153, 306, 347, 360, 374, 418 386
Austin, 355 census, 38, 55, 93, 100-101, 103, 106, 110, 124, 192, computers, 414
Australia, 18 conditions, 5, 12, 19-20, 22, 36, 45, 47-48, 50, 52, 63,
Authoritarian, 354-355 249, 253, 255, 275-276, 304, 377 66-67, 69-70, 72, 78, 112, 114, 119, 127,
Authoritarian regime, 354 Census Bureau, 101 130, 135, 137, 148, 150, 156, 165-166, 172,
Authority, 18-20, 35, 88, 118, 123, 166, 168, 181, 184, Centers for Disease Control, 409-411, 418-419, 421
187, 342, 346-350, 354, 395, 407 Central cities, 69, 175, 420
Central Intelligence Agency, 38
centralization, 108, 149, 229, 254
Chain of command, 108
Chapter, 1-2, 8-9, 18, 21, 25, 31, 58, 61, 65-66, 90,

106, 108-109, 116, 117, 128, 153, 155, 167,

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177-179, 193-194, 197, 202-203, 205, 223, defendant, 96 341, 383, 389, 410, 422, 425, 433, 436, 441
239, 241, 252, 256-258, 260, 262-264, 267, Defense, 8-9, 27, 33, 38-40, 62, 99-100, 180, 206, Education Act, 327
270-271, 277, 291-292, 295, 302, 327, 330, Educational level, 417
342-343, 347, 359, 361-362, 368, 374, 388, 218, 403-404, 407, 434-436 Efficacy, 46, 237, 372, 387
406, 431, 437 Defense Department, 218 efficiency, 4-5, 7, 13, 15, 24-25, 37, 45, 56, 148, 163,
social, 12, 19-20, 22, 36, 45, 63, 67, 69-70, 78, Defense expenditures, 9
Defense policy, 99 192, 197-199, 203-206, 210-220, 222,
112, 119, 130, 165-166, 177, 202-203, Deficit, 119, 335, 435 224-225, 229, 238-242, 245, 312-314, 316,
205, 223, 239, 252, 256-258, 260, 262, defined, 6, 14, 33, 69-72, 75-79, 82, 86, 88, 93-94, 324, 326, 329, 335, 344-345
264, 267, 270-271, 277, 292, 295, 302, Egypt, 108
343, 347, 359, 362, 368, 374, 406, 437 112, 116, 122, 154, 171, 192, 196, 206, elderly, 92, 204, 224, 250, 284
Confirmation, 86, 419 214-215, 253, 255, 271, 280, 295, 312, 328, election, 119, 174, 230, 374, 399, 445-446
Confrontation, 146 343, 346, 354, 388, 396-398, 410, 426 of 1992, 445-446
Congress, 18, 24, 28, 30, 43, 102, 124, 191, 252, 308, Delaware, 380-381 presidential, 445-446
329, 334, 343, 364, 366, 386, 390, 427, 436 Democracies, 355, 367, 374 Elections, 48, 154, 196
competitive, 436 democracy, 4, 7, 39, 42, 239, 263, 343, 374 Elementary and Secondary Education Act, 327
First, 24, 390, 427 assessment of, 7 1965, 327
in foreign policy, 191 defined, 343 Elementary education, 206
leadership, 102 Democrats, 335, 381 Elite, 104
organization, 24, 390 Demographic, 249, 416, 420-421 Elites, 48, 77, 96, 177, 397
oversight, 43 characteristics, 249 e-mail, 111, 186, 434
staff of, 386 Demography, 35 Emancipation, 205
strategic, 102 Department of Agriculture, 38 Embassies, 439
Congress, U.S., 43, 252, 386 Department of Commerce, 275-276 Employment, 18, 26, 36, 92-93, 123, 249, 258-259,
staff and, 252 Department of Defense, 38, 40, 180, 218, 435 262, 279, 291, 307, 309, 337, 367-368, 431
Congressional Record, 380 budget for, 435 Employment discrimination, 367
Congressional Research Service, 124, 379 Department of Energy, 242, 421 Employment opportunities, 123
Connecticut, 286, 288-291, 360 Department of Health and Human Services, 72 Encyclopedia of Associations, 41, 111
Conservatism, 343, 398 Department of Housing and Urban Development, 4, energy, 8, 12, 22, 24-25, 46-47, 52, 62, 69, 71, 83,
conservatives, 335 266, 419 120, 128, 132-135, 146, 174, 197-198, 206,
Constable, 263 HUD, 266 220, 222-223, 225, 229-230, 241-242,
Constituencies, 178 Department of Justice, 303 244-245, 249, 254, 278, 303, 329, 349-350,
constituents, 194, 358 Department of Labor, 43, 257, 259, 281, 431 389, 421
Constitution, 366 Department of State, 386 sources of, 249, 329, 350
Constructed, 70, 77-78, 82, 85, 112, 196, 203, 280 Department of Transportation, 86 energy crisis, 24, 46, 303
Consumer goods, 284 Departments, 4, 42, 206, 389, 433-434 Energy Department, 244
Consumer Price Index, 275, 280-281, 304 depression, 60, 257 energy policy, 8, 25, 71, 146, 174, 220, 222, 229-230,
CPI, 280 Detention, 97 245
consumers, 62, 84, 206-207, 224, 228, 280, 410 Deterrence, 99, 423 Engagement, 156
Consumption, 24, 26, 71, 83, 120, 127-128, 130, Detroit, 337 England, 35-37, 421
132-135, 174, 206, 222-223, 230-232, 254, Devaluation, 322 Enlightenment, 35, 57, 395
275, 303, 308, 413, 416, 419 Dictators, 380 Entrepreneurs, 15
controversy, 79, 196, 351 diplomacy, 348-349, 381, 402, 404-406, 435 policy, 15
Converse, Philip, 259 disability, 245 Environment, 41, 47, 56, 61-62, 71, 78, 99, 117-118,
Coordination, 91, 257, 423 Discontinuities, 135, 138 209, 222, 259, 284-285, 377, 410, 437
corporations, 15, 74, 267, 390 Discrimination, 43, 198, 204, 238, 303, 335, 364, nuclear power, 71, 222
Corrections, 15 366-367, 369-370 environmental policy, 52, 55, 58, 174
Corruption, 204 against women, 43, 364, 366-367 Environmental Protection Agency, 80, 153, 182, 242,
cost of living, 253 age, 238 244, 248, 251, 258, 282, 284-285, 296, 407
costs, 3, 5, 8, 13, 16-17, 21-22, 24-26, 42, 45-46, 49, employment, 367 EPA, 282, 407
54, 74, 77, 82, 84, 106-107, 147, 149, racial, 198, 303, 366 environmentalists, 222-223, 375
154-158, 160-164, 173, 190-191, 195, wage, 238, 335 Equal opportunity, 335
197-203, 205-221, 224-236, 238-246, 266, Distribution, 32-33, 59-61, 77, 90, 96, 103, 107, 109, Equal rights, 343, 364, 366
274, 280, 284, 305, 313, 316, 324, 331, 347, 161, 177, 202-204, 251, 266, 274-277, Equal Rights Amendment, 343, 364, 366
368, 408-411, 417, 421-423, 431 296-297, 302-304, 316, 335, 353, 368-369, ERA, 364, 366
of health care, 199 401, 415, 422 Equality, 7, 204, 239, 241, 265, 276, 303, 313, 319,
Council for Excellence in Government, 42 Distribution of income, 276, 304, 316, 335, 368-369 364, 368
Council of Economic Advisers, 81 Diversity, 267, 388, 393, 443 political, 204, 239, 241
Counties, 109, 184 Division of labor, 34 Establishment, 100, 102, 215, 314
Courts, 43, 57 Docket, 411, 421 Ethnic cleansing, 19-20, 374, 376, 378
Crime, 12, 21, 55, 62, 70, 74, 92, 109, 129-130, 135, Dole, Bob, 381 Ethnicity, 11, 329
155-156, 175-176, 249, 253-254, 258, dollar, 23, 26, 201-202, 213, 217, 219, 226, 228, Europe, 34-35, 41, 62, 71, 119, 123, 308, 312, 378
276-278, 280, 303, 376, 389, 423, 429-431 232-233, 235, 252, 266, 280, 284, 291, European Union, 41-42, 248-249
Criminal justice, 41, 218, 248, 252-253, 258, 262, 270, 349-350, 437 Ex post facto, 327
277-278 domestic policy, 250, 382 Executive, 38, 43, 57, 62, 101, 103, 111, 206, 257,
Criminal law, 249 drinking age, 423 366, 384-387, 391-392, 410, 428-429, 434
crisis, 11, 24, 26-29, 46, 62, 82, 103, 138, 148, 205, Drinking water, 420 Executive agencies, 43, 62
229, 239, 274, 303, 355-357, 376, 379-380, drug abuse, 167 Executive branch, 38
387, 432 Drug Enforcement Administration, 215 Executive departments, 206
Crude oil, 24, 245 Drug policy, 34, 368 Executive Office, 257
Cuba, 27-29, 356-357 Executive Office of the President, 257
Cuban Missile Crisis, 11, 27-29, 82, 103, 355-357 E Executive order, 366, 410
culture, 86, 107, 257, 318, 367, 380 executive orders, 43
Culture of poverty, 86 Easton, David, 99, 312 Expansion, 34, 62, 184
Customs Service, 215 Economic development, 109, 269, 375, 435 expenditures, 9, 11, 36, 54, 135, 144, 151, 153-154,
Economic growth, 83, 128, 257 156, 178, 199, 213, 240, 250, 252, 255, 258,
D economic issues, 311 260, 266, 269, 327, 389, 427
economic policy, 217, 240 health, 54, 153, 199, 250, 255, 258, 389
death penalty, 423 Economic recession, 194 other, 9, 36, 135, 144, 153-154, 178, 213, 250, 252,
Debates, 18, 24, 54, 106, 181, 198, 211, 223, 237, Economic sanctions, 377, 379, 381-382
Economy, 37, 48, 71-72, 75, 113, 120, 218, 241, 244, 255, 258, 266
368, 371, 380, 423 tax, 154, 178, 427
Decentralization, 267 257, 308, 343, 346, 349, 374, 422-423 transportation, 153, 199, 427
Decision making, 4, 22, 27, 32, 40, 49-50, 56, 59, 64, global, 218 expertise, 58-59, 61, 126, 166, 375, 394, 401, 443
groups in, 48 technical, 59, 61, 166
80, 101, 110, 191, 193, 205, 229, 314, 316, issues, 48, 71-72, 423 Exponential growth, 61, 138
335-336, 378, 380, 401, 435 management, 257, 423 exports, 381, 402
Decision-making, 49, 73-74, 80, 146, 252, 330 stability in, 37 Externalities, 54, 211, 218-219, 228-230, 392, 407,
Decisions, 2, 10, 17, 23, 34, 39, 43, 47-48, 50, 56-57, systems in, 71
62-63, 73-74, 80, 82, 100, 155, 172, 181, education, 1, 31, 37, 41, 55, 61-62, 65, 84, 93, 101, 428, 431
184, 197, 200, 238, 268, 351, 365, 379, 390,
395-396, 402, 427 109, 111, 117, 123, 153-154, 165, 189, 206, F
Decriminalization, 368 209, 247-249, 257-259, 261-263, 265, 267,
289, 292, 311, 316-317, 327-329, 335, 339,

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Fairness, 4, 202, 204, 239, 316-317, 320-321, 335, Gulf War, 402 395, 397-398, 402, 407, 431, 435
369 Gun control, 12 Information, 2, 5-8, 10-15, 17-21, 24, 27, 31-33, 38,
guns, 312, 375, 427
farmers, 208, 412 42, 46, 48-49, 53-55, 57-58, 60-64, 66-67,
federal agencies, 40, 125, 249, 257 H 75, 86, 91, 105-108, 113, 118, 125-127, 146,
Federal budget, 436, 438 149-152, 160, 163-165, 171-172, 176, 178,
Federal Bureau of Investigation, 258, 278, 303 Harvard University, 22, 36, 39-40, 46, 57, 59, 64, 124, 182, 186, 191-194, 198, 214-215, 221,
Federal bureaucrats, 57 197, 203, 267, 307, 316, 336, 359, 401, 422 224-226, 228, 231, 237, 239-241, 244,
Federal funding, 390, 427 248-250, 253-256, 259-260, 263, 266-272,
federal government, 38, 40, 62, 138-139, 191, 231, Head Start, 123, 265, 328, 361 274, 277-279, 291-292, 304-305, 311, 318,
Head Start program, 265 322-323, 325-327, 329-334, 340-357,
244, 257, 407, 437 Health, 37, 41, 43, 54-55, 61-62, 69-70, 72-73, 90, 93, 360-361, 363-369, 373, 375, 381, 383-388,
power of, 62 390-391, 393-399, 401-402, 407-408, 411,
understanding, 407 114-115, 117, 122-123, 130, 153, 192, 419, 427-428, 431-432, 434, 437, 439,
Federal Highway Administration, 244 197-199, 209-211, 217-218, 229, 231-232, 442-444
Federal Register, 423 235, 241, 249-251, 254-255, 257-259, 262, Information costs, 17
federal revenue, 248, 251 270, 280, 282, 284-285, 303, 313, 323, 329, Inglehart, Ronald, 62
Feedback loop, 44, 152 331, 335, 389, 399-400, 407-409, 411, 418, Initiatives, 54, 257, 317, 435
finances, 34 422-423 Institute for Research on Poverty, 93
Firefighters, 63 Health care, 54, 69, 73, 90, 122, 197-199, 217, 229, Institutionalization, 37, 59, 198, 401
Fiscal accountability, 430 254-255, 258, 280, 331, 335 insurance, 54, 122
fiscal policy, 179 health care policy, 54 Integration, 63, 103, 313, 355
Food and Drug Administration, 353, 420 national, 54 Intelligence, 28-29, 38, 69, 77, 357, 438
food stamps, 93 Health care reform, 90 intensity, 76, 398
Ford Foundation, 41, 186 health insurance, 54, 122 interdependency, 69, 71
Foreign Affairs, 249, 377, 435 health maintenance organizations, 217 interest groups, 42, 62, 77
foreign aid, 191, 389-390, 427 Hearing, 244 activities of, 62
Foreign policy, 27, 103, 110, 191, 193, 250, 340, Heclo, Hugh, 90 economic, 42, 77
higher education, 123 role of, 62
355-356, 380, 435 highways, 24, 108, 126-127, 209, 237, 243-245, 308 interest rates, 81, 216, 235
bureaucracy, 355 Hitler, Adolf, 380 International Labor Organization, 390
State department, 435 Hofstadter, Richard, 110 international organizations, 41, 257
State Department and, 435 Hold, 103, 108, 119, 185, 320, 413 Internet, 18, 61, 64
understanding, 340, 355-356 Holland, 2, 101, 110 interstate highways, 24, 108, 243-245, 308
Formal agenda, 229 Hoover, Herbert, 37 Invasion, 27, 102, 356, 403-405
Founding fathers, 375 House of Commons, 41, 59 Britain, 405
France, 36, 71, 258, 380 House of Representatives, 54, 436 Japan, 102
fraud, 43, 204, 238, 369-370 Households, 23, 55, 92-93, 185, 259-260, 369 involvement, 39, 56, 60, 62, 268, 381
free press, 4, 46, 48-49, 61, 74, 98, 147, 177, 193, Housing, 4, 37-38, 55, 62, 93, 111, 165, 184, 206, 213, Iran, 354, 379
231, 248, 259, 262, 266, 338, 368, 419-420 Iraq, 33, 73, 354, 375, 379-382, 402-406, 435
202, 254, 267, 314, 318-319, 351, 356, 363, Housing and Urban Development, 4, 266, 419 Israel, 379, 381, 402-404
371, 375 Hull House, 36 issues, 3, 13, 16-17, 22, 34, 40-41, 44, 48, 55, 61,
freedom, 192, 216, 253, 319, 321, 371-372, 380, 415 human nature, 66, 78, 150, 205, 316 63-64, 71-73, 79, 105, 117, 124, 146,
Free-rider problem, 209, 228 human rights, 111, 376-378, 381, 389-390, 402, 427 167-168, 170-172, 178, 184, 191, 194,
Friedman, Milton, 4, 240, 312 groups, 111, 376-377, 389 197-198, 242, 247, 252, 260, 279, 311, 313,
Human Rights Watch, 111 316, 331, 334-335, 337, 359, 371-372, 382,
G Hussein, Saddam, 375, 379, 406 389, 397, 403, 407, 419, 423, 427, 436, 438,
444
Garbage can model, 44 I advocacy, 41, 191
Gas prices, 175 Italy, 419
Gasoline prices, 30, 156, 173, 236, 238 Idaho, 113
GDP, 374 Identity, 372 J
Gender, 11, 252, 364 Ideology, 63, 77-79, 119, 358
Gender equality, 364 Illinois, 108, 113, 197, 263 Jails, 96
General Accounting Office, 43, 182, 267, 307, 438 Immigrants, 437 Japan, 34, 102, 165, 258
General law, 62 Immigration, 436-438 Japanese, 41
Generalizations, 264, 268-271, 346 imports, 381, 402 Jencks, Christopher, 260
Genocide, 374, 378 incentives, 31, 52, 177, 262, 303, 389, 419, 433 Jihad, 438
Georgia, 182, 381, 411 Inclusion, 81, 248 Jobs, 3, 23, 195, 238
Germany, 36, 71, 258, 382 income, 23, 36, 55, 81, 92-93, 95, 106-107, 144, Johnson, William, 422
global warming, 5, 66, 112, 225, 376, 389, 426 Journalists, 37
Goods and services, 77, 206, 211, 213, 231, 280, 284 153-154, 184-186, 191, 194-196, 201-202, judges, 97
Government, 5, 11, 15, 27, 32-35, 38, 40-43, 56, 204, 209-213, 216, 218-219, 224, 228, 238, judicial system, 96
240, 253, 255, 258-259, 262-263, 266,
60-62, 64, 66-67, 71-72, 74, 78, 80, 92-93, 273-274, 276-278, 280, 295, 303-304, 316, structure of, 96
95, 100, 108, 118, 120, 124-126, 131, 318, 320-321, 325, 328, 331, 335, 337-338, Jurisdiction, 211-213, 230-231, 286
138-139, 144, 147-148, 152, 165, 182, 191, 368-369, 375, 416-417, 437 Jury trial, 103
198, 206, 208, 218, 224-225, 227-229, 231, distribution, 107, 202, 204, 266, 274, 276-277, Justice, 3, 5, 41, 117, 124, 181, 184, 186, 202-204,
234-235, 241, 244-245, 247-248, 257,
259-260, 265, 269, 303, 317, 343, 347-350, 303-304, 316, 335, 368-369 218, 224, 238-239, 248, 252-253, 258, 262,
354-355, 364, 366-367, 374-375, 379, 389, minimum wage, 194-195, 337 270, 277-278, 303, 311, 313, 315-316, 320,
399-400, 407-408, 426, 433, 435-438 Income distribution, 303, 335, 369 335-336, 369
coalition, 42, 379 Income inequality, 55, 369 justices, 43
corporations, 15, 74 Income security programs, 437
democratic, 61, 148, 198, 241 Income tax, 262 K
divided, 92, 95, 206, 317 Incorporation, 46
nature of, 66-67, 71, 74, 78, 92, 108, 148, 206, 231 Incremental policy, 146-147, 368 K Street, 42, 59
objects of, 124, 426 incrementalism, 48-50, 58, 147, 190 Kautilya, 33-34
territorial, 33 Independence, 48 Kenya, 439
tribal, 33 Independent, 14, 33, 48, 69-71, 83, 135, 154-157, Keohane, Robert, 371
waste, 78 Kingdon, John, 59
Government employees, 260 163, 174, 179, 181, 226, 262, 271, 289-290, Kurds, 379
Government regulation, 5, 72, 400 306, 313, 318-319, 413-416, 418-421 Kuwait, 379-381, 402-406
Government spending, 374 India, 34 Kyoto treaty, 343
governor, 41, 286-289, 291, 360, 390, 427 Individual, 34, 45-49, 57, 70, 74, 81, 88, 93-94, 96-97,
grants, 37, 186, 248 99, 101-102, 106, 108, 114, 146, 154, 160, L
federal, 248 166-167, 196, 203-204, 210-211, 223,
project, 186 234-235, 262, 308, 313, 317, 319, 322, 347, Labor, 34, 43, 55, 60, 124, 186, 194-195, 208, 243,
Great Depression, 257 371, 375, 394-396, 416, 443 248-249, 257-259, 270, 281, 369, 389-390,
Greece, 378 Industrial Revolution, 35, 37 431
Gross domestic product, 9 Industrialization, 154
growth, 9, 33-35, 37-38, 40, 58, 61-62, 83, 91, 118, inflation, 70, 140, 195, 216, 303 labor unions, 124
120, 125-126, 128-130, 137-142, 144, 152, influence, 2, 8, 15, 21-22, 25-26, 34-36, 40, 53, 58, Language, 16, 18-20, 25, 81, 84, 86, 94-95, 113, 193,
241, 243, 257, 274, 322, 374, 435 61-62, 72, 77, 96, 102, 104, 127, 151, 168,
small, 33, 139, 144 175, 178, 195, 257, 267-268, 328, 335, 384, 341-342, 345, 370, 372-373, 381, 386, 396
Lasswell, Harold, 3

www.irpublicpolicy.ir 453

Law enforcement, 107, 156, 231, 244, 258, 429-430 National Recovery Administration, 38 identification, 11
Laws, 19-20, 33, 36, 118, 126, 147-148, 153, 198, National Review, 109 party competition, 11, 154
National Rifle Association, 111 Patriot missiles, 379
216, 238-239, 286, 346, 356, 358-359, 371, National Science Foundation, 15, 40, 257, 259 Patriotism, 373
431 National security, 9, 12, 22, 38, 40-41, 70, 109, 240, Patrons, 81
civil, 118 peace dividend, 378
implementation of, 216, 238 303, 319, 321, 348-349, 389, 434-436 Pennsylvania, 54, 113, 262-264, 328, 338
Le Monde, 109 National Security Advisor, 348-349 Pentagon, 52
leadership, 102, 355 National Security Council, 348 People, 36, 76, 87, 98, 109, 116, 120, 185-186,
congressional, 102 Nationalism, 52, 380
Left, 11, 13, 79, 140, 154, 161, 201, 234, 274, 327, 196-198, 228, 232, 241, 243, 313-314, 335,
362, 364, 387, 421-422 German, 380 360, 364, 378, 380, 388, 412, 419-420
Legislation, 123, 191, 194, 201, 209, 326, 366, 385, NATO, 19-20, 348 Perestroika, 79
390, 399, 427, 432 natural disasters, 131, 255 permits, 113, 119, 142, 154-155, 160, 163, 176, 201,
veto, 390, 427 Natural resources, 235 209-210, 217, 226, 248, 261, 282, 289,
Legislators, 12, 194-195 Nebraska, 380 327-328, 358
Legislature, 195, 375, 390, 427 Netherlands, 36, 75, 367 Persian Gulf, 379-380, 402
Legislatures, 43, 57, 248, 395 Netherlands, The, 36, 75, 367 Persian Gulf War, 402
Legitimacy, 102, 178 New Deal, 38, 262 Plato, 34
Liberalism, 343 New institutionalism, 75 plea bargaining, 96-97
liberals, 335 New Jersey, 113, 262-264, 328, 381 Plea bargains, 97
liberty, 4, 13, 239 New Republic, 109 police, 12, 32, 131, 137, 155-156, 160, 213, 219, 249,
Library of Congress, 124 New York, 2-4, 6-7, 10, 17-18, 22-24, 31-32, 34-35, 253, 272, 278, 303, 379, 429
Libya, 377 department, 303
life expectancy, 216 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48-50, 55-56, 59-63, 67, policies, 4-14, 16-18, 20-24, 31-33, 36, 38, 41-44,
local government, 182, 225, 347, 367 70, 74, 76-78, 80, 88, 90, 92, 94, 97-101, 50-59, 63-64, 71-74, 84, 86, 90, 97, 102,
scope of, 182 103, 107-110, 116, 119, 123-124, 128, 131, 104, 111-112, 118-119, 121-125, 146, 153,
Local governments, 35, 182, 235, 248-249, 390, 427, 135, 138, 145, 148, 153, 166, 177, 181-182, 155, 177, 180, 189-246, 247-251, 253,
430, 437 191, 193, 200, 202, 210, 216, 218, 220, 242, 258-262, 264-270, 276, 286, 296, 311,
Los Angeles Times, 376, 378 248-250, 252, 254, 256-260, 262-264, 267, 315-316, 322-324, 326-327, 329-330,
Lowi, Theodore, 251 269, 274, 279, 307, 314-315, 318-320, 328, 336-337, 340, 343, 347, 355, 367-368, 372,
Luxembourg, 55, 419 335-337, 341, 351-352, 355-357, 363, 365, 383-384, 388, 406, 428, 430-431
370-371, 377-378, 381, 387, 390, 396-397, continuing, 4
M 401, 413, 427, 430, 439 offset, 97
New York City, 63, 274, 337 social welfare, 9, 38, 43, 55, 202-203, 206,
Majority, 38, 43, 46-48, 152, 185, 240, 313, 336-337, New York Times, 24, 108-109
364, 375 News, 109, 111, 347, 361, 384-385, 387 210-211, 218-219, 262, 267
newspapers, 109, 376, 386 Policy, 1-30, 31-64, 65-88, 90-116, 117-142, 144-158,
opinion, 364 Newsweek, 109
rule, 47-48, 240, 313 No Child Left Behind, 327 160-168, 170-182, 184-187, 189-194,
status, 43, 48 nomination, 174 197-206, 208-211, 214-218, 220-224, 226,
majority rule, 47-48, 240 candidate, 174 228-232, 234-242, 245-246, 247-282,
Mandate, 434-436 Nominee, 55 284-292, 294-297, 300-310, 311-336, 338,
Marijuana, 167 Nongovernmental organization, 265 339-382, 383-423, 425-432, 433-439,
Market economy, 374 nongovernmental organizations, 250 441-445, 448
Market failures, 407-408 North Carolina, 55, 148, 248, 307 categories, 42, 64, 92-93, 228, 251, 267-268, 274,
Maryland, 17, 42 North Dakota, 264, 397
Mass media, 165, 179, 387 Norway, 258 282, 286, 303, 408, 413
Massachusetts, 337, 419 NSC, 435-436 entrepreneurs, 15
media, 165, 179, 387, 389, 395, 433, 438, 444 nuclear power, 71, 146, 222, 230, 349-350 process model, 27, 355-356
Median age, 238 nuclear power plants, 71, 349 Policy adoption, 42-43, 54, 111, 177, 385
Medicaid, 93 policy agenda, 349
Medical costs, 228 O Policy evaluation, 11, 111, 250, 253, 311-312, 316,
Medicare, 54, 93
Medicare Trust Fund, 54 Occupational health, 251 323-324
Michigan, 3, 74, 259-260, 387, 421 Occupational safety, 250, 400 Policy formulation, 42-43, 54, 110-111, 267, 385
Microsoft, 376, 394-395, 444 Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 250, policy impacts, 11, 24, 250, 256
Middle class, 37, 216, 355 policy implementation, 42-43, 55, 111-112, 177, 221,
Middle East, 119, 381 400
Migration, 108, 429 OSHA, 250 255, 269, 385
military, 38, 40, 45, 60, 100, 165, 218, 357, 364, 371, Occupations, 60, 337 Policy makers, 11-12, 19-20, 22, 31-32, 35, 38, 41,
Office of Economic Opportunity, 262
373, 379-382, 402-406 Office of Management and Budget, 42, 235, 257, 259, 48-50, 54, 57-58, 61-64, 80-82, 96, 104, 108,
draft, 403 112-113, 119, 121, 126, 146, 155-156, 164,
Military force, 379 410 172, 181-182, 184, 197, 222, 234, 249, 255,
Military forces, 379 Office of Strategic Services, 38 260, 290, 297, 315, 325-326, 329, 334,
Military intervention, 381, 402-406 Ohio, 99 340-341, 357, 359, 365, 379, 383, 386,
minimum wage, 194-195, 337 Oil, 22, 24, 26, 98, 113, 130, 174-175, 223, 239, 245, 393-399, 426, 434, 443
mining, 109, 112 Policy making, 4, 6, 15, 20, 22, 31, 34-35, 41-42, 45,
minorities, 43, 123, 184, 238, 367, 378, 390, 427 308, 381, 400 50, 52-53, 55-64, 74, 102, 110, 146, 148,
discrimination against, 367 oil companies, 175 205-206, 208, 238, 242, 253, 329, 340, 347,
Missouri, 24 Olson, Mancur, 46 355, 358, 363, 365, 367-368, 377, 383, 387,
mobilization, 62, 337 OPEC, 22, 24, 26, 308 395-396, 398, 401
Mobilize, 43 opinions, 36, 118, 146, 364 Policy outcomes, 5-9, 11-12, 24, 26, 32, 51, 54-55, 64,
money, 19, 81, 118, 216, 228, 232, 234-235, 251, 346, Opposition, 5, 12, 24, 124-125, 178, 181, 195, 108, 112, 117-142, 144-158, 160-168,
170-182, 185-187, 190-191, 201, 221,
381, 423 229-230, 308, 365, 410 247-282, 284-292, 294-297, 300-310,
Moynihan, Patrick, 381 order, 12, 22, 33, 37, 55-56, 68-69, 71, 73, 75, 77, 94, 311-312, 322-326, 328-332, 346, 384-385,
multinational corporations, 390 390, 427-428
Myths, 12, 77, 108 96, 106-107, 112, 114, 119, 129-130, 139, Policy outputs, 153, 250-251, 255-256, 260, 262, 264,
145-146, 170, 172, 178, 198, 203-204, 326
N 238-240, 245, 256-257, 261, 290, 302, 313, Policymaking, 5, 45, 52, 56, 64, 103, 110, 182, 192,
319, 331, 351, 366, 410, 419 315, 398
Nation, 70, 257, 378, 405 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Policy-making process, 31-59, 61-63, 77, 88, 177-178,
national, 8-9, 11-12, 14-15, 22, 24-27, 38-41, 43, Development, 176 364, 376, 384, 393, 395, 399, 401, 442-443
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, 24 political conflict, 177-178
54-55, 57, 62-63, 70, 72, 106, 109, 111, 113, OPEC, 24 Political culture, 367
144, 167, 220, 222, 229-230, 237-240, Outlays, 437 political participation, 154, 267
242-243, 245-246, 248, 257, 259, 263, 265, Oversight, 43 Political science, 3-4, 9, 13-14, 16, 27, 31-32, 39-40,
272, 284, 303, 305, 307-308, 317, 319, 321, 59-60, 62, 67, 75, 77, 79, 82, 90, 100, 112,
328, 348-349, 352, 378, 386-387, 389, 396, P 341, 355, 362, 377, 401
398, 409, 416, 423, 426, 434-436 Political values, 239, 260
national defense, 8, 27, 39, 62 Palestinian Authority, 354 politicians, 15, 34, 37, 62
National League of Cities, 41 Parliaments, 57 Politico, 60
national power, 434 Parties, 46, 119, 226, 329, 331, 345, 370, 421, 438 Politics, 15, 27, 32-35, 52, 59, 61-63, 119, 129-130,
149, 154, 196, 229, 238-239, 241, 251, 259,
political, 46, 345
Partisanship, 58
Party, 11, 154, 174, 231, 344-345, 372, 378, 381

454 www.irpublicpolicy.ir

321, 327, 351, 355, 358, 368 79, 81-82, 85, 90, 93, 97, 100, 102-103, 107, congressional, 380
budgetary, 229, 238, 368 109-112, 117, 124, 129-130, 135, 144, 146, Representative, 16, 36, 154, 166, 168, 178, 258-259,
information about, 239, 259 148-154, 165, 170-171, 177-178, 182, 185,
machine, 32 189, 193, 197-203, 205-210, 216-217, 225, 267, 294, 346, 351, 364, 409, 417
policy and, 32, 368 227, 229, 231, 234, 238-239, 242, 244, Representative government, 364
polls, 366 247-253, 258-260, 262, 267-269, 280, 289, Representatives, 54, 101, 364, 411, 422, 433, 436
pollution, 23, 67, 70-72, 84, 92, 112, 135, 184, 191, 307, 311, 313-318, 321, 323-324, 326-327, Republic, 109, 364, 378
329, 335-336, 339, 344, 347, 349, 351, 355, Research and development, 38, 80, 165, 173, 241,
229-230, 234, 248-249, 253-254, 258-259, 359, 362-363, 365-368, 370, 372, 377, 383,
280, 282, 285, 296-297, 301-303, 347, 367, 387, 389-390, 395, 398-399, 407, 410, 384
376, 389, 422, 426, 429-430, 445 421-422, 425-427, 429, 433, 435, 441, 445 residential segregation, 276
pollution control, 254 going, 42, 97, 407 revenue, 54, 182, 184, 206, 208, 248, 251
poor, 21, 36, 77-78, 184, 203-204, 213, 216, 222-224, goods, 46, 60, 77, 206-209, 217, 227, 231, 250,
229-230, 260-261, 263, 327, 400 sales tax, 184
Population, 35, 52, 94, 97, 111, 124, 128-130, 138, 280, 321, 335, 407 sources, 184
144, 147, 161, 238, 248-249, 258-259, Public agenda, 43-44, 399 Revenue sharing, 248
262-263, 273-274, 276-278, 280, 290, 292, Public choice, 61, 148-149, 152-154, 208 Revenues, 23, 156, 184, 206-207, 240, 251, 437
294-295, 303-304, 309, 346, 351-353, 374, Public diplomacy, 435 Revolutions, 77, 350, 356
409-410, 430, 437 Public employees, 149-150, 178 Rider, 185, 209, 228
density, 138, 238, 430 public goods, 46, 206, 208-209, 407 Riders, 185-186
Positivism, 3, 16, 312, 322, 372 Public health, 37, 249, 262, 407 Right, 4, 10, 13-14, 24, 26, 43, 67-71, 75, 78-79, 85,
Postindustrial society, 60-61 Public hearings, 146, 185, 421
Poverty, 16, 36, 45, 55, 70, 72, 77-78, 86, 92-96, 104, Public Interest, 56, 206 87, 92, 96, 106, 108, 161, 180, 191, 193,
209, 211, 240, 248, 259-260, 274-276, public opinion, 52, 146, 262, 366, 370 206, 224-225, 239-240, 274, 315, 320-321,
278-279, 286, 303-304, 331, 335, 337, 376, Public opinion polls, 366 343, 363, 369, 371, 378, 422
386 public order, 33, 129-130 rights, 1, 31, 33, 46, 65, 108, 111, 117, 123, 186, 189,
levels, 55, 70, 72, 77, 93, 95, 248, 279 public policies, 11, 18, 44, 52, 59, 74, 97, 112, 124, 195, 198, 203, 223, 229, 247, 311, 337, 339,
war on, 16, 45, 92, 240 343, 364, 366, 376-378, 381, 383, 389-390,
Poverty line, 92-93, 95, 248, 259-260, 274 146, 153, 229, 248, 251, 253, 258, 267-268, 402, 422, 425, 427, 433, 441
Poverty rates, 278-279 315, 323-324, 326, 329 civil, 186, 203, 337, 377-378, 390, 427
power, 3, 35, 48, 56, 58, 61-63, 71, 77, 96, 99, 109, agricultural, 146 individual, 46, 108, 203, 223
116, 118, 126, 141-142, 144, 146, 177-178, economic, 18, 59, 74, 153, 248, 253, 258, 323 natural, 123
204, 208, 210, 222, 230, 280-281, 304, 314, energy, 52, 146, 229, 329 privacy, 198
316, 335, 346-347, 349-350, 363, 365, 380, environmental, 52, 153, 229, 248, 251, 258 property, 33, 203, 223, 229
398, 416, 434, 436 health care, 229, 258 to privacy, 198
commerce, 61 implementation of, 248, 267, 329 Roe v. Wade, 43
Doctrine, 35 social welfare, 267 rogue states, 349
expressed, 118, 126, 178, 210 Public policy, 1, 3-5, 11, 14, 17-18, 31, 37, 39-42, 49, Rose, Richard, 90, 355
nuclear, 71, 99, 146, 222, 230, 349-350, 380 57, 59-60, 63-64, 65, 68, 71, 75, 85, 90, Rule, 36, 47-48, 75, 77, 90, 92-94, 115, 146, 217, 240,
war, 99, 380 102-103, 107, 109-110, 117, 124, 144, 146, 272, 289, 291, 313, 316, 335, 349-352, 354,
powers, 59, 82, 149, 153, 165, 346, 355, 380, 401 148, 152-154, 177, 182, 189, 193, 197, 368-370, 373, 407, 410-411, 418, 420-423
Pragmatism, 3, 351, 370 201-203, 206, 208, 216, 238-239, 247, Rules, 19, 36, 49, 72, 92-93, 95, 97, 102, 113, 146,
Precedent, 146 250-253, 262, 269, 280, 311, 315-317, 321, 198, 202, 204, 253, 304, 312-314, 318,
presidency, 102, 174 335, 339, 347, 351, 355, 359, 362-363, 320-321, 335-336, 345, 349, 351, 370, 387,
election, 174 367-368, 370, 377, 383, 387, 389, 398, 392, 428
President, 4, 16, 54-55, 81-82, 92, 102, 111, 174, 257, 425-426, 433, 441 formal, 36, 204, 320-321, 349, 370, 392
308, 327, 375, 377, 379, 381, 390, 402, domestic, 250 Russia, 165
404-405, 427, 434-436, 438 effective, 17, 37, 40, 59, 63, 90, 109, 193, 202,
press, 2-5, 9, 15, 17-18, 22, 32-34, 36, 39-40, 42, 46, S
48-49, 51-52, 55-57, 59-63, 67-68, 74-77, 251, 347, 387, 398
79, 88, 90-91, 98-100, 110, 119, 124-125, formulation of, 71, 85, 239 Safety, 43, 55, 109, 114, 201, 206, 237-238, 245,
138, 147-148, 155, 177-178, 181-182, 191, policy evaluation, 11, 250, 253, 311, 316 250-253, 259, 262, 272, 289, 291, 307, 360,
193, 196-198, 202-204, 229, 231, 238-241, policy implementation, 42, 177, 269 374, 400, 408, 429
248-251, 254, 257, 259, 262, 265, 267, 269, values in, 317, 377
272, 279, 302, 307-308, 312, 314-316, public services, 149, 202, 344 Sales tax, 184, 186
318-321, 336, 340-341, 349-351, 355-356, public support, 146, 367, 445 Sample, 2, 38, 51, 90, 111, 115, 135, 161, 168, 255,
358-359, 363, 371, 375, 377-378, 380, punishment, 74, 319, 367, 423
386-387, 389-390, 401-402, 413, 426, 444 purchasing, 74, 280-281, 304 262, 268-270, 284, 294, 296, 302, 304, 333,
prices, 30, 77, 156, 173-175, 206-207, 209, 211, 213, 346, 351-353, 374, 409, 411-416, 418-420
218-219, 222, 224, 227-228, 230, 235-236, Q sampling bias, 421
238-239, 280, 410, 422 sanctions, 377, 379, 381-382, 402, 405-406, 423
Prisons, 367 Quarrels, 113 Saudi Arabia, 379
Privacy, 61, 198 School busing, 313
private property, 223 R school districts, 327
Privatization, 344-345, 355 schools, 5, 14, 269, 313, 316-317, 351, 389, 423
Probation, 74 Race, 54, 173, 258, 278-279 Scriven, Michael, 341
problems, 2-15, 21, 25, 27, 31-32, 35-45, 48, 50-51, Racial discrimination, 198, 303, 366 searches, 99
53, 55-62, 65-88, 90-116, 118, 121, 123, Racial segregation, 276 Seattle, 264
144, 148, 152, 155, 165-167, 176-177, 184, Rainfall, 85-86, 155 Secondary education, 327
197, 199-200, 202-203, 206, 208-211, 218, Ranney, Austin, 355 Secretaries, 101
221, 229, 244, 247, 251, 253, 255, 259-261, ratings, 106 Secular, 129-131, 135, 137-138
284, 290-291, 303-305, 314-315, 323, 327, Realignment, 62 Securities and Exchange Commission, 38
334, 355, 363, 365, 367, 379, 381, 384-385, Recall, 139, 156, 161, 163, 327 security, 4, 7-9, 12-13, 22, 25, 33, 38, 40-41, 45, 70,
389, 395-398, 402, 407, 422, 426, 428-430, Recession, 26, 30, 127, 156, 194, 235, 238 81, 88, 93, 109, 111, 192, 201, 219, 235,
433 Recessions, 52 239-240, 251, 303, 313, 319, 321, 348-349,
procurement, 72 Recidivism, 328 357, 379, 381, 389, 402-406, 430, 434-437
Program budgeting, 218 reconciliation, 264, 266 military, 38, 40, 45, 357, 379, 381, 402-406
Prohibition, 54, 130 Reconstruction, 15, 36, 435 Segregation, 276
Proletariat, 37 Recovery, 38, 316 residential, 276
property, 25, 33, 43, 178, 203, 219, 223, 229, 246, Redacted, 438-439 Selective perception, 77
258, 303, 369, 408 Redistribution, 211, 213-214, 240 self-interest, 102, 150-151, 378
taxes on, 43 Referendum, 184 Sen, Amartya, 336
property rights, 33, 229 reform, 35, 54, 90, 262, 269, 278, 375, 434 Senate, 377, 379-382, 402-406
proposals, 182, 435 Reforms, 18, 92, 123, 131, 239, 261, 285-286, Senate, U.S., 379-380, 405
Propositions, 13, 62-63, 118, 126, 147, 153, 346, 356, Senator, 24, 111, 308, 344-345, 375, 380-381
358-359 288-290, 294, 296, 359, 377, 435-436 Senators, 381
Prosecutor, 74, 96 Registration, 375 Settlements, 33
Prosecutors, 97 Regulation, 5, 72, 84, 215, 239, 251, 400, 410 Sierra Club, 111
Public, 1-5, 11, 14-18, 23, 31-33, 37-46, 49-50, 52, Sit-ins, 146
55-57, 59-61, 63-64, 65, 68, 71, 73-75, 77, of business, 251 Social change, 69, 78, 101, 128, 166, 171, 256-258,
Regulations, 43, 216, 229, 251, 408, 410 267-270, 397
Regulatory agencies, 248, 410 Social contract, 320
Regulatory commissions, 206 Social costs, 209, 234-235
representation, 26, 78-79, 85, 91, 145, 155, 274, 277, Social groups, 37, 222, 234
Social inequality, 11, 260
351, 380 Social issues, 40

www.irpublicpolicy.ir 455

Social mobility, 259-260 Technocrats, 58, 60, 257 239-240, 242, 248, 252, 255-256, 259-260,
Social policy, 10, 12-13, 16, 39-40, 57, 249, 261-262, technology, 8, 32, 35, 37, 41, 43, 55, 59-61, 100-101, 263-264, 271-273, 280, 282, 287-288,
305-306, 311-314, 316-319, 321-324,
328 103, 108, 126, 138, 165, 173-174, 176, 208, 329-331, 335, 343, 347, 352, 357, 361,
Social Security, 93, 251 228-230, 257, 259, 267, 337, 381, 388, 401, 363-364, 368, 370, 377, 396, 401, 413-416,
Social Security Administration, 251 431, 443 423
Social services, 9, 93, 229, 248 telecommunications, 55, 61 Verba, Sidney, 371
social welfare policies, 55 Television, 438 Veto, 308, 390, 427
Socialism, 119 Terms, 3, 5, 8, 10, 12, 20, 23, 27, 46, 51, 61-63, 69-70, Victim, 78
77-79, 86, 94, 101-102, 105, 122, 131, 141, Vietnam War, 52
Soviet, 119 147, 152, 154, 162, 168, 177, 192, 197-198, Violence, 380
Socialists, 375 200-201, 210-211, 213-214, 216, 218-220, Virginia, 153, 381
Socialization, 15-16 238, 254-255, 258-259, 262, 265, 278, 280, Vote, 308, 336, 379, 381, 405
solar energy, 47, 229 295, 312, 314, 318, 322, 325, 328-329, 334, choice, 336
sources of information, 17, 249-250 343, 349, 355-356, 363, 372-373, 376, 380, voting, 46, 146
South, 108, 214, 341, 349, 378, 413, 417 389, 391, 396-397, 415, 420, 426, 431, 437
South Africa, 341 Territory, 88 W
South America, 214 terrorism, 354, 376-377, 389
South, The, 413 The Internet, 18, 61, 64 wages, 194-195, 226, 280-281, 335, 337
Sovereignty, 48, 378 The Netherlands, 36, 75, 367 minimum wage, 194-195, 337
Soviet Union, 27-29, 102, 119, 356-357 The View, 72, 315, 378, 405
Specialization, 18, 37, 108 Think tank, 64 Wall Street Journal, 109
speech, 346 Think tanks, 15, 40-41, 100, 127, 250 War, 16, 33-34, 37-39, 45, 52, 60, 82, 92, 99, 102,
spending, 312, 374, 435 Third parties, 226
Third World, 380 127, 138, 240, 262, 343, 371-374, 377-382,
choices, 312 Time, 9, 15-17, 22-24, 26-27, 29, 31, 34-35, 38, 40, 402
stability, 37, 52, 381 42, 45, 48-49, 51-52, 60, 63-64, 67, 74, declaration of, 377
staff, 38, 43, 56, 60, 101, 116, 154, 178, 252, 255, 76-78, 82, 84, 86, 90, 97, 104, 106-107, 109, War on terror, 240
116, 118, 120, 122, 125, 128-135, 137-147, Warner, John, 381
264, 266, 268, 327, 329, 333, 352, 386, 389, 152, 157-158, 161-162, 171, 173-174, 176, Warrant, 7, 18-20, 27, 106-107, 125-127, 139, 148,
394, 400, 427, 435-436, 438, 443 178-179, 181, 191, 194-197, 202, 205, 214, 165, 224-225, 237, 291-292, 315, 342-357,
agencies, 38, 43, 56, 60, 327, 329, 386, 435-436 216, 224-226, 228, 232-234, 238, 242-244, 359-361, 363-369, 381, 402-406
committee, 43, 436 246, 247, 249-251, 255, 257-258, 262-264, Warrants, 18-20, 22, 106, 342-343, 346, 349, 376
congressional, 252, 400, 436 271-274, 276, 278, 280, 282-283, 285-292, Washington, D.C., 409, 419
personal, 56, 101, 386 294, 296, 301, 305-307, 312, 323, 326-328, Washington, George, 38, 51
White House, 435-436 333-334, 337, 343, 345, 356-357, 359-361, Washington Post, 24, 109, 308
standard operating procedures, 72, 90, 102, 357, 387 368, 381, 386, 388, 390-391, 394-395, Washington University, 38
bureaucratic, 102 406-408, 410, 412, 416, 418, 421-423, 427, wealth, 40, 61, 77, 96, 276-277, 314, 316, 335
Standardization, 265, 331 430-431, 433, 438-439, 444-449 weapons, 218, 354
Standards, 3, 33, 37, 42, 67, 71-72, 191, 198, 230, Torture, 371 nuclear, 218
248, 251, 313-315, 317, 347, 367, 370, 388, Towns, 108, 368 Weapons systems, 218
396, 407-408, 411, 421-422 toxic wastes, 321 Weber, Max, 34
Standing, 56, 239, 345, 371 trade, 4, 17, 21, 33, 52, 214, 241, 438, 444 Welfare, 9, 38, 41, 43, 55, 61-62, 92-93, 111, 117, 123,
Stanford University, 39 international, 438 130, 153-154, 195, 202-206, 210-211,
START, 69, 123, 125, 220, 265, 328, 345, 361, 393, training, 15, 39, 43, 60, 195, 210, 218, 226-227, 236, 218-219, 235, 249-250, 252, 257, 259, 262,
443 239, 266, 291, 294, 430-431, 443 267, 278, 316, 320-322, 351, 368-370, 375,
state, 3, 20, 22, 32-33, 35, 37, 41, 43, 59-62, 72, 86, transfer payments, 95 389, 407, 431-432
99-100, 102, 108-109, 111, 113, 115, 119, Transportation, 23-24, 27, 62, 86-87, 109, 112, 153, welfare policies, 55
121, 146, 165, 171, 191, 203, 216, 223, 225, 165, 174, 184-186, 199-200, 206, 210, 218, Welfare reform, 262, 278, 375
228, 231, 235, 248-249, 251, 257-259, 263, 228, 236, 243, 259, 308, 338, 344, 390, 410, Western Electric, 263
269, 286, 313, 330, 334-336, 338, 346, 427, 431 Westinghouse, 265
348-349, 354, 363, 368-369, 377-378, 380, Treaty, 343 White House, 108, 380, 435-436
382, 386, 390-392, 400-401, 403, 427-428, Trial, 96-97, 103, 343 White House staff, 435
430-431, 434-435, 437 trials, 97 Whites, 185, 416-417
creation of, 41, 60, 377 Tribe, Laurence, 79 Wildavsky, Aaron, 3, 57, 116, 368
origins of, 32 Turkey, 378 Wilson, Woodrow, 37
understanding, 35, 37, 86, 119, 363 Turnover, 255, 303 Wisconsin, 3, 93, 377
State Department, 43, 86, 348-349, 378, 434-435 WISH, 81-82, 135, 155, 259, 272, 277-278, 280, 288,
state governments, 191 U 331, 354, 381, 437
state legislature, 390, 427 women, 43, 111, 123, 216, 238, 252, 258-259, 364,
statehood, 378 Underclass, 36 366-367, 390, 427, 446-447, 449
states, 22, 24, 27-29, 34-36, 38, 40-42, 46, 54-56, 60, Unemployment, 5, 21, 26, 30, 35, 69-70, 86, 96, 104, Workers, 35-37, 62, 123-124, 194-195, 250, 252, 263,
70, 73, 77, 81-82, 92-94, 113, 118, 121, 280, 284
123-124, 128-129, 131, 139, 147, 153, 165, 113, 137, 194, 238, 240, 309, 374, 376, Workforce, 37, 93
174, 191, 193, 203, 216-217, 224, 238, 244, 429-430 World Bank, 41, 248, 336, 343
248-249, 251, 255, 258, 274, 276, 278, 281, Unions, 124 World Health Organization, 123
284, 290-291, 303-304, 307-308, 310, 318, United Kingdom, 41-42, 59, 165, 258 WHO, 123
335, 337, 343, 345, 347-350, 354, 356-357, United Nations, 41, 201, 248-249, 257, 379, 390, 427 World Trade Center, 52, 438
361, 364-365, 367-369, 374, 376, 378-379, United States, 22, 24, 27-29, 35-36, 38, 40-42, 54-55, World War I, 37
381, 390, 402-404, 411, 419-420, 427, 434, 60, 73, 81-82, 92-94, 123-124, 139, 165, World War II, 38-39, 262, 374, 382
436-438 191, 217, 248-249, 276, 278, 281, 284,
Stock exchanges, 138 303-304, 307-308, 335, 337, 343, 348, Y
Stone, Deborah, 4, 22, 191, 314, 335-336 356-357, 367-369, 374, 376, 378-379, 390,
strikes, 19-20, 27, 131, 149, 255, 262, 438 411, 419-420, 427, 434, 436, 438 Yale University, 2, 4, 18, 22, 59, 63, 79, 90, 124, 196,
Suburbs, 420 Universities, 41, 108, 249-250, 253, 317 204, 314-315, 336, 340, 351, 377, 387, 401
Supreme Court, 43 British, 41
Supreme Court justices, 43 Urban areas, 21, 36, 138, 240, 274, 284 Yugoslavia, 348, 378
Surplus, 37, 421 Urban Institute, 225, 274, 390, 427
surpluses, 421 Urbanization, 35, 135, 154, 430
Surveys, 16, 37, 209, 228, 255, 267, 324, 333, 370, U.S. Bureau of the Census, 93, 100, 124, 249, 304
374, 429 User fees, 184, 186
Sweden, 258 Utah, 381
Switzerland, 265 Utilitarianism, 320

T V

Tax, 23, 43, 154, 178-179, 184, 186, 194-195, 216, values, 4-7, 13, 15-17, 32, 46, 51-52, 55-56, 59-60,
234, 262, 338, 390, 427 62-64, 67, 73-74, 79-81, 83, 85-86, 102, 104,
112, 118-119, 121-123, 128, 130-135, 138,
income, 23, 154, 184, 186, 194-195, 216, 262, 338 140-142, 144, 152-153, 155-156, 158,
Tax burden, 194, 216 160-162, 165, 181, 183, 191-194, 196,
Taxation, 368 202-206, 211, 216, 219, 223, 228, 233-236,
taxes, 23, 43, 120, 178, 184, 191, 239, 338, 344-345,

390
sales, 23, 184

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