Extended Abstract : Environmental Science and Ecology

12th SCiUS Forum

Title : Removal of Cyanide from wastewater of auto parts OE2_18_02
manufacturing industry by Electrocoagulation process

Field : Environmental Science and Ecology
Author : Mr.Wongsatorn Prommeechai
Mr.Patiphat Ratchaponsaen
School : Mr.Korakrit Boonprasatsuk

Surawiwat School, Suranaree University of Technology

Advisor : Assis.Prof.Dr.Jareeya Yimrattanabovorn, Suranaree University of Technology

Abstract
The manufacturing of automotive parts produce wastewater often contains cyanide, a chemical

that is toxic to humans and environment. If cyanide was unproperly eliminated, it will affect humans and
environment. The objective of this study was to study the treatment of cyanide from automobile industrial
wastewater by electrocoagulation process. Many factors were taken into account the efficiency of cyanide
treatment by electrocoagulation process. The factors consisted of iron and aluminum electrodes was compared,
reaction time, and the cyanide concentration. The controlled conditions for compering electrodes were set for
45 min sedimentation time, 600 ml wastewater volume, size of the sedimentation tank. and the stirring speed
at 250 rpm. It was observed that the Fe–Fe electrode had more removal of cyanide than the Al–Al electrode.
By using 40 minutes of reaction, cyanide removal efficiency higher than 97%.

:Keywords Cyanide, Electrocoagulation process, Auto parts manufacturing industry and Wastewater

treatment

Introduction
The manufacturing of automotive parts in an industry generates income and causes economic

growth for Thailand. At the same time, the automotive parts manufacturing industry has created pollution to
the environment as well In the manufacturing of automotive parts, heavy metals are used, especially Hydrogen
cyanide, used in metal plating processes, are extremely toxic. if the industrial plant has a wastewater treatment
process that cannot effectively remove cyanide. It will cause contamination. into public water sources and
affect the health of people who continue to use water for consumption and consumption currently. By the way,
there are many technologies used to treat cyanide. Each technology has different advantages and disadvantages.
Electrode precipitation process (Electrocoagulation) is highly effective in treating both soluble and insoluble
substances, low cost. The amount of sludge produced by this system is less than that produced by a chemical
precipitation system.

Methodology
1. System simulator Electrocoagulation

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In The EC experimental sets was shown in Figure 1 as previous study of Yimrattanabovorn et al.
(2020), and had two sets for different electrode iron set and aluminium set.

2. Water analysis
The cyanide concentration was measured by a UV-visible spectrophotometer. at 590 nm as periods

research of Padmarajaiah et al.(2002). Spectrophotometer method for cyanide trace measurement in an alkaline
media that had been devised

3. Factors Affecting removal Efficacy
The variables studied were the type of electrodes. and reaction time The constant factors were

determined, for example, the sedimentation time 45 minutes, the volume of wastewater used 600 mL, the size
of the reaction tank. and the stirring speed is 200 rpm.

Fig.1 schematic a model of the electromagnetic precipitation experiments

Results, Discussion and Conclusion
1. Effect of electrode
In the electrocoagulation batch mentioned in Fig. 1, two electrodes (Fe and Al) were examined for

cyanide removal. The efficacy of the Fe and Al electrodes in removing cyanide was 93 percent and 65 percent,
respectively, as shown in Fig. 2.

2. Effect of reaction time
The results of cyanide removal over 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 minutes using the Fe electrode were

obtained as shown in Fig. 3. From these results, It can be observed that the cyanide removal efficiencies
significantly increased and saturated at 40 minutes. Induration time factor shown in Fig. 3, the interval with
the greatest cyanide removal efficacy was at 40 min, with cyanide removal efficacy of 98%

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CYANIDE REMOVAL(%)100
80
60 Al-Al
40
20
0
Fe-Fe

Fig.2 Removal efficiency of Fe and Al electrodes in an electrocoagulation system where cyanide
concentration = 30 mg/L, voltage = 24 V, and reaction time was 40 min.

Cyanide removal (%) 100
90
80 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
70 Reaction time (min)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

0

Fig.3 Shows the effect of the reaction time affecting the effectiveness of cyanide removal.

An electrocoagulation approach was used to evaluate the removal of cyanide from wastewater under
varied operational circumstances. The Fe–Fe sets showed more cyanide removal efficiency than the Al–Al
sets, it was discovered. When combined with a 40-minute reaction time, it has a removal efficiency of more
than 97 percent. The electrocoagulation process was shown to be a successful aspect for treating cyanide
wastewater with a cheap treatment cost. As a result, it is a procedure that may be used in the industrial sector.

Acknowledgements
This project was supported by Science Classroom in University Affiliated School (SCiUS). under

Suranaree University of Technology. The funding of SCiUS is provided by Ministry of Higher Education,
Science, Research and Innovation. This extended abstract is not for citation.

References

[1] สุรางคณา อินชู. การบาบดั สียอ้ มท่ีใชใ้ นอุตสาหกรรมส่ิงทอโดยใชร้ ะบบการตกตะกอนดว้ ยไฟฟ้าแบบแบตช์

และแบบไหลต่อเน่ือง. (วศิ วกรรมมหาบณั ฑิต วศิ วกรรมศาสตร์ มหาวทิ ยาลยั เทคโนโลยสี ุรนารี,2562) ,1-210

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[2] Padmarajaiah N, Mattighatta S, Hemmige S, Jainara S, Novel Sensitive Spectrophotometric Method
for the Trace Determination of Cyanide in Industrial Effluent. The Japan Society AnalyticalSciences
2002, 18, 1027-1030

[3] Yimrattanabovorn J, Ainchu S, Panomasak O, Toduang T, Klingthale S, and Wichitsathian B,
Comparison of Electrocoagulation Using Iron and Aluminium Electrodes with Chemical
Coagulation for removal of Vat Dye Solution. Naresuan University Journal: Science and
Technology 2020, 28,1-13.

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Title : Wood plastic composite from mangosteen peel OE2_17_01

Field : and plastic bottle wastes
Author : Environmental Science and Ecology
Mr.Krittapat Thongfua
School : Mr.Nitipoom Phramsrichai
PSU Wittayanusorn Surat Thani School

Prince of Songkhla University,Surat Thani Campus

:Advisor Asst. Prof. Dr. Narissara Mahathaninwong (Prince of Songkhla University, Surat Thani Campus)

Asst. Prof. Dr. Suphatchakorn Limhengha (Prince of Songkhla University, Surat Thani Campus)

Dr.Wissarut Ketaiam (Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology)

Mr.Thanet Kunamaspakorn (PSU Wittayanusorn Surat Thani School)

Abstract

The purpose of this project was to study and produce wood plastic composite (WPC) from
mangosteen peel and plastic bottle wastes in order to add value to waste materials. Mangosteen peel powder
was mixed either with waste polyethylene (PE) bottles or with commercial PE pellets at the ratio of 30:70 by
weight in the internal mixer at temperature of 150 °C for 0,5, and 10 minutes. All mixed materials were then
hot-pressed at stress of 1,500 psi and temperature of 160 °C for 15 minutes. Subsequently, they were pressed
at stress of 1,500 psi and temperature of 50 °C for 10 minutes. The Hardness and bending testes were examined
according to Thai Industrial Standard (TIS no.2998-2562). The hardness values of WPC from waste PE bottles
were higher than that of commercial PE pellets. In addition, the hardness value of WPC from waste PE bottles
with internal mixing time of 10 minutes was maximum of 65.3±0.84. Flexural strengths of WPC from waste
PE bottle wastes were in the range of 14-18 MPa, which classified as “External 2” and “internal” applications
according to TIS no.2998-2562. The WPC from commercial PE pellets had the flexural strength of <10 MPa.

Keywords : Wood plastic composite (WPC), Mangosteen peel, Polyethylene (PE)

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Introduction
Agriculture and plastic wastes have been a main environmental concern. There are several conventional

attempts to solve agriculture and plastic waste pollution. So, recycle of agriculture and plastic wastes into
wood plastic composites (WPC) could be one alternative way to reduce environmetal problems.
Thanawattanasirikul et al.(2013) investigated the Oil Palm Wood and HDPE and Yudhi Arnandha et al. (2017)
investigated the WPC from the sengon sawdust and HDPE plastics. In addition, Xiaona Lin et al (2020)
researched on the WPC from biomass and plastic. WPC is an interesting material because it is low density,
low cost, renewability, and recyclability.

Mangosteen is one of the economic fruits of the southern in Thailand. Data from DITP (Department of
International Trade Promotion, Ministry of Commerce, Thailand) in 2020, China imported 257,734 tons of
mangosteen from Thailand and this is one of the main factors that cause the enormous amount of mangosteen
peels. However, the WPC from mangosteen peel has never been investigateed before.

Thus, this project is to preliminary study the WPC from mangosteen peel powder mixed with
polyethylene(PE) plastic bottle wastes.

Methodology
Part 1 : Study the ratio between PE bottle wastes and mangosteen peel powder

1.1 Prepared the materials, grind PE bottle wastes with a plastic grinder and supplied mangosteen
peel powder from the local shop. Mix them together in a closed bowl after that put already
mixed materials into an iron socket. Then, produced by a hot-press method with 1,500 psi at
160 °C for 15 minutes and a cool-press method with 1,500 psi at 50 °C for 10 minutes,
respectively.

1.2 Repeat 1.1 by changing from PE bottle wastes to commercial PE pellets.
1.3 It was found that the most suitable ratio was the ratio of 70:30. (PE: Mangosteen peel powder)
Part 2 : Manufactured wood plastic composite from mangosteen peel powder and PE bottle wastes
2.1 The experiment was divided into 6 conditions.

2.1.1 PE bottle wastes compound for 0 minutes in the Internal Mixer at 150 °C(BC0).
2.1.2 PE bottle wastes compound for 5 minutes in the Internal Mixer at 150 °C(BC5).
2.1.3 PE bottle wastes compound for 10 minutes in the Internal Mixer at 150 °C(BC10).
2.1.4 PE pellets compound for 0 minutes in the Internal Mixer at 150 °C(PC0).
2.1.5 PE pellets compound for 5 minutes in the Internal Mixer at 150 °C(PC5).
2.1.6 PE pellets compound for 10 minutes in the Internal Mixer at 150 °C(PC10).

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2.2 Manufactured by a hot-press method with 1,500 psi at 160 °C for 15 minutes and a cool-press
method with 1,500 psi at 50 °C for 10 minutes, respectively.
Part 3 : Hardness and bending test

3.1 Testing hardness property with shore D tester.
3.2 Testing bending property according to the Thai Industrial Standards (TIS) no.2998-2562.
3.3 The results of the mechanical properties were analyzed and summarized.

Results

The hardness value of WPC sheets from PE bottle wastes at a condition of internal mixing for 10
minutes(BC10) was the highest of 65.3±0.8. The low standard deviation of 0.8 implied a good dispersion of
mangosteen wood powder with PE. Hardness value decreased with decreasing internal mixing times. In
addition, hardness values of WPC from PE bottle wastes(BC0, BC5, and BC10) were higher than those of
commercial PE pellets(PC0, PC5, and PC10), as shown in the table 1.

Table 1. Average hardness value (shore D) Flexural strength of WPC

WPC Hardness Value Average Flexural strength(MPa)

BC0 58.2±4.2 18.20±1.18

BC5 64.7±3.4 16.92±2.19

BC10 65.3±0.8 14.84±3.92

PC0 53.8±14.1 7.12±0.59

PC5 48.6±5.3 6.19±0.52

PC10 51.2±7.0 5.96±1.86

The representative flexural strength curves of WPC were shown in Fig. 1 and 2. Their flexural

strengths were determined as shown in the table 1. The WPC sheet from PE bottle wastes were compounded
for 0 minutes(BC0) is the best flexural strength. Its average flexural strength was 18.20±1.18 MPa, defined as
“External 2” application. Meanwhile, the WPC sheet from PE bottle wastes were compounded for 5
minutes(BC5) and 10 minutes(BC10) had an average flexural strength of 16.92±2.19 MPa and 14.84±3.92
MPa, respectively. The Thai Industrial Standard (TIS no.2998-2562) classified the WPC as “External 2”
application based on the flexural strength of >15 MPa and “Internal” applications based on the flexural
strength of >10 MPa. In contrast, the WPC sheet from. commercial PE pellets did not reach the requirment of
Thai Industrial Standard (TIS no.2998-2562).

Figure 1 : Flexural strength of BC0 Figure 2 : Flexural strength of BC5

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Conclusion
Wood plastic composite (WPC) from mangosteen peel powder and PE bottle wastes were produced

at the ratio of 30:70 by weight and could be concluded following;
1. The prodution process of WPC from mangosteen peel powder and PE bottle wastes could be
produced by internal mixing them at temperature of 150 °C for 0- 10 minutes, then they were
hot-pressed at stress of 1,500 psi and temperature of 160 °C for 15 minutes. Subsequently, they
were pressed at stress of 1,500 psi and temperature of 50 °C for 10 minutes.
2. The WPC from mangosteen peel powder and PE bottle wastes was shore D hardness values of
58-65 and flexural strenghth of 14-18 MPa, which reached the requirments according to Thai
Industrial Standard (TIS no.2998-2562).

Acknowledgements
This project was supported by Science Classroom in University Affiliated School (SCiUS). The

funding of SCiUS is provided by Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation. This
extended abstract is not for citation.

References
Thanawattanasirikul N, Ratanawilai T, Pochana K. Wood Plastic Composites from Oil Palm Wood

and HDPE. Eng Appl Sci Res [Internet]. 2013 Apr. 9 [cited 2022 May 30];38(3):285-96. Available from:
https://ph01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/easr/article/view/7722

Lin X, Zhang Z, Wang Q, Sun J. Interactions between biomass-derived components and
polypropylene during wood–plastic composite pyrolysis. Biomass Convers Biorefin [Internet]. 2020;
Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13399-020-00861-4

Arnandha Y, Satyarno I, Awaludin A, Irawati IS, Prasetya Y, Prayitno DA, et al. Physical and
mechanical properties of WPC board from sengon sawdust and recycled HDPE plastic. Procedia Eng
[Internet]. 2017;171:695–704. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.01.412

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Title : Practices for Environmental Management of Waste from OE2_09_01
Field : MICE Industry: Data Compilation and Preparation
Author :
Environmental Science and Ecology
School :
Advisor : Mr. Phongsakorn Chimchoeysuwan

Abstract : Mr. Panat Lekpittaya

Mr. Phoowasit Vipaschewin

Darunsikkalai School, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi

Dr.Trairat Muangthong-on (King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi)

Dr Narumol Chintaganon (Darunsikkalai School)

Ms. Sumalee Katsuwan (Darunsikkalai School)

Data compilation of waste management in MICE industry is prepared for preliminary study. In this work,
we use the data by collecting from secondary sources and the data by filling questionnaire to access the waste data
implications of a transition to waste management guidelines and good practices. We considered theses and
international papers as secondary sources, simultaneously the questionnaire from the meeting of the cooperative.
We found that waste data from this industry achieve similar in type of waste. Questionnaire is sensitive to paper
use, paperless and environmental awareness depending on background’s sampler. Eventually, we have proposed
criteria for conducting green meeting based on 3Rs principles; otherwise, it leads to address in sustainable
development.

Keywords : MICE Industry, Data Compilation, 3Rs Principles, Sustainable Development

Introduction

The MICE industry in Thailand is considered an industry that has been growing continuously. In 2019,
more than 1,273,981 business travelers came to Thailand, Including 29,612,013 Thai businessmen. This number
of travelers making the total value of the MICE industry in Thailand Earn up to 212,837 million baht. This value
increase from 2014 when the Thai MICE industry was at 102,934 million baht. However, this growth was halted
by the COVID-19 situation. However, MICE is expected to be the first group to move forward in the post-COVID-
19 era by adjusting its format to best suit business travelers in the New Normal era.

The MICE industry is growing rapidly. Inevitably followed by high competition in various fields such as
the form of the event, and the beauty of the venue of the event. Facilities in the event, etc. For this reason, the
waste from the event such as food scraps, plastic scraps, or foam from various elements. and packaging for food
or beverages there is an increasing amount. Therefore, the management of these wastes in an efficient way is an
issue that should be researched.

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For this reason, the organizer is interested in studying the types and management of waste from the MICE
industry to analyze the suitability of the MICE industry. Manage and suggest solutions deemed inappropriate or
still being developed using database-based questionnaires and related research. Finally, we analyze and create
criteria for use in the meeting and classification of MICE industry’s waste in the form of infographics.

Methodology

There were five steps in this work. First, we studied the overview of the MICE industry. At this step, we
have a better understanding of the MICE industry. Next, we searched for waste data of waste generate in the MICE
industry from two sources. The first source is secondary sources such as thesis, academic journals, and websites.
The second source is from filling out questionnaires to access the waste data. In this work, we selected participants
in the 2021 annual meeting of the Phetchaburi Teacher’s Saving and Credit Cooperative as a sample group for the
questionnaire. Then, we searched for the management of waste generated in the MICE industry. There is three-
point of information that we want: waste sorting method, waste management, and the results obtained after
management. After that, we took waste data and waste management into infographics. The infographic will consist
of 3 sections. First section is details of the waste (name and pictures of waste). The second section is sorting
method of waste from the first section. The third section is waste management and result obtained from
management. Finally, we analyzed all the available information and prepared the criteria for organizing the green
meeting. These criteria will make the meeting more environmentally friendly and support sustainable
development.

Result

Table 1 Table 2 Table 3
Waste generated in M&C Waste generated in I Waste generate in E

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he results were divided into four parts. The First part is waste data which consists of the type of waste
generated and its management. The waste generated in the MICE industry is shown in Table 1, Table 2, and Table
3. It was found from the data compilation that most of the waste generated in each event in the MICE industry was
similar and can be found in daily life. For example, plastic bottle, food package, and aluminum can.

The second part is the infographic on waste management which is shown in Fig.1. The infographic is
consisting of waste information, sorting methods, management, and results obtained from management.

Figure 1 An example of infographic
The third part is the response to the questionnaire. The questionnaire can be summarized as follows: 1.
Most meeting participants want to use electronic documents instead of a paper document. 2. The main cause of
food waste is the overproduction of food. 3. Most of the participants were aware of the environmental problems
caused by waste at the meeting. The final part of the result is the criteria for organizing the green meeting. This
criterion is obtained by analyzing the data we have and asking for opinions from the participants. The criteria are
as follows: 1. Set up a place for each type of waste sorting. 2. Reduce the use of paper in meetings and use electronic
documents instead. 3. In the meeting where the participants are small, use pre-order food to reduce the amount of
food waste. 4. At the event, use materials that can be reused or recycled instead of those that need to be landfilled.
Conclusion
The research information on the waste from the MICE industry and how it is managed from both the
research of data from various sources and the actual conference survey. It was found that the waste generated from
activities in the MICE industry such as meetings, Incentive Travel, Convention, and Exhibition have similar
characteristics such as food and beverage packaging. Various decorations, etc. These wastes are both recyclable
and non-recyclable, as shown in the waste management infographic and from the questionnaire of the participants,
it was found that most of the participants were aware of the problems that the waste caused by the meetings to the
environment and was ready to adapt.

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This research and collecting this information can propose conditions for meeting to be environmentally
friendly. for sustainable development as follows:

1. Arrangement of a meeting place that must-have area for clear separation of waste to be able to manage
it effectively.

2. Use the 3 Rs principle to help, that is, reduce or stop using materials that can't be recycled and
biodegradable (Reduce), choose materials that can be reused or reused (Reuse) & recycle)

3. Educate the participants about the waste problem so that participants are aware of the impact problems
for self-transformation

Acknowledgements
This project was supported by Science Classroom in University Affiliated School (SCiUS). The funding

of SCiUS is provided by Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research, and Innovation. This extended abstract
is not for citation.

References
Esther Theresa, Beatrice Freeman, 2015, “Solid Waste Management in the Tourism Sector of Ghana. A Study of
Selected Hotels in Ho the Regional Capital of Volta Region”, Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Sports
[electronic], vol.10, pp. 43-50.
Kantapop Buathong, Pei-Chun La, 2017, “sustainable development”, Perceived Attributes of Event Sustainability
in the MICE Industry in Thailand: A Viewpoint from Governmental, Academic, Venue and Practitioner, 1 July
2017, pp. 1-20.
MICE 101 [internet]. Bangkok: Thailand Convention and Exhibition Bureau; 2018 [cited 2021 July 5]. Available
from: https://intelligence.businesseventsthailand.com/en/faq.
Sara Toniolo, Anna Mazzi, Andrea Fedele, Filippo Aguiari, Antonio Scipioni, 2017, “Life Cycle Assessment to
support the quantification of the environmental impacts of an event”, Environmental Impact Assessment Review,
vol 63, pp. 12-22.

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ORGANIZED BY

คณะวทิ ยาศาสตร มหาวทิ ยาลัยทกั ษิณ
Faculty of Science, Thaksin University