Extended Abstract : STEM and Innovation

12th SCiUS Forum

Title: Development of soil quality monitoring system in agriculture using OS1_08_01
smart sensors

Field: STEM and Innovation
Author: Miss Paveen-on Dangduar

Miss Peeyaporn Dangduar
Mr Kongkidakorn Onsuwanna
School: Lukhamhan Warinchamrab School, Ubon Ratchathani University
Advisor: Mr. Somkid Pencharee (Ubon Ratchathani University)
Ms. Supawadee Hiranpongsin(Ubon Ratchathani University)

Abstract

At present, the problems of low-yielding crops or plant disease caused by exposure to too much or
too little nutrients, which results in inefficient crop yields, are still very common. It can be caused by many
reasons, most of which are caused by farmers' being unable to detect it. Check soil quality or measure the
amount of minerals in the soil. Causing plants to get too much or too little nutrients. Therefore, the aim of
this project is to develop an agricultural soil quality monitoring system using smart sensors. This system has
two functions. First, this system should be able to check soil quality with a smart sensors. Second, this
system sends data via Wi-Fi to the website for display and recommends the amount of fertilizer that the plant
needs. When users bring the meter to measure the surrounding area, it converts to allow the sensor to
measure the average temperature, humidity, light intensity and the mineral content is nitrogen, phosphorus
and potassium. The sensor will then transmit various data via Wi-Fi to the website. The website will display
the values of various types of information in order to fix the problem and give the plant the right nutrients
and more efficient productivity. In summary, when fertilizing and watering The measured value of
the sensor varies with control and experiment. within reasonable limits and with high accuracy.

Keywords: Arduino IDE, Fertilizers, soils, sensor , NPK meter

Introduction
Fertilizers refer to any material or substance added to the soil for the purpose of increasing plant

nutrition, especially nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other plant nutrients to provide plants with enough
nutrients and increase their growth and yields [1]. Different types of fertilizers are used in agricultural crops.
This is to supplement the plant with nutrients. Different forms of fertilizers are used to enhance the plants
growth, major nutrients are nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus, which can cause diseases if plants receive
too much or too little of these nutrients. For examples, when cucumbers get too high in phosphorus, they are
susceptible to disease from the cucumber mosaic virus, and when vegetables get too little potassium, they get
chlorosis [2].

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Methodology
The implementation of the development of soil quality monitoring systems in agriculture using

smart sensors is divided into two parts.
The first part is development of a sensor system for measuring mineral content in the soil, and the

second part is data receiving and displaying of the system via web design with Google Data Studio,
connected to data in the Google Sheet database.
2.1 Research tools

2.1.1 Sensor type

ESP8266 ESP32 Bluetooth + Wi-Fi Soil Moisture Sensor
NPK Sensor
Humidity Sensor Enter Sensor Sunlight Sensor Temperature
Sensor

2.1.2 Programs
1. Arduino IDE
2. Google Sheet
3. Google Data Studio
2.2. Development of sensor systems and data transmission
In the development of sensor systems for measuring various values in soil. The details are as
follows.

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2.2.1 NPK information
The quantity of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium in the soil were collected and utilized to
compute the right ratio for plants growth. The information will be used for calculating and providing users a
guidance on appropriate ratio of nutrients for plants growth.
2.2.2 Code
For coding, the researcher has used the C programming language to write code via the Arduino
program. The results are as follows.
1) Sensor system for temperature, humidity, light intensity, fertility then use Fertility value to
calculate Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium.
2) Periodically bring Fertility, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium to the Google Sheet database.
2.2.3 Sensor system testing

To refer to the efficiency, accuracy, and precision of
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium sensors, the researchers used a
straight fertilizer test method.

The research organizer used 40 grams of fertilizer formula
mixed with 10 grams of water in the test to check the efficiency,
accuracy, and precision of the sensor system. It provides five types of soil control kits without fertilizer and
water and a series of experiments by adding fertilizer and water. Fertility were measured 20 times per
experiment set.

2.3 Database
Temperature, humidity, light intensity,

fertility, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium data
from the sensors are recorded in a database, which
is then exported and shown on the web.

The researchers use Google Sheets to
collect data from the sensors. By storing the data
values in the form of tables as shown in Figure. Using App Script, the commands are written to obtain data
from sensors system.

2.4 Website
Website showing temperature, humidity, light

intensity, fertility, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium data
values which can specify the desired time period.

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3. Result and Discussion
The results of the experiment showed that the sensor was

able to monitor content of temperature, humidity, light intensity,
fertility, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Data was sent to
the Google Sheets database and displayed data values via the
website using Google Data Studio.

In summary, when fertilizing and watering The
measured value of the sensor varies with control and
experiment. within reasonable limits and with high accuracy.

4. Conclusion
We have successfully developed a system for monitoring soil quality in agriculture using smart

sensors. The sensor system is proved to be an efficient system capable of measuring the growth factor and
nutrients content of temperature, humidity, light intensity, fertility, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The
results are shown on website and also giving recommendations on applying the amount of nutrients to meet
the plant's growing conditions in order to provide the appropriate nutrients quantity to plants leads to
increased productivity.

5. Acknowledgement
This project was supported by Science Classroom in University Affiliated School (SCiUS). The

funding of SCiUS is provided by Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation. This
extended abstract is not for citation.

6. References
[1] Napaphat P. Fertilizers [online]. (2018). Available from: https://www.scimath.org/lesson-
chemistry/item/7124-2017-06-04-07-32-46 [2021, December 20]
[2] Thai Kasetsart. Diseases of vegetables caused by mineral exposure [online]. 2013. Available from:
https://www.thaikasetsart.com/ [2022, February 3

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12th SCiUS Forum

Title : The Development of Blood Pressure Monitoring OS1_06_03

from Phonocardiogram Portable Device
Field : STEM and Innovation
Author : Nawapas Jornpagdee and Supisara Buahom
School : Rajsima Witthayalai School, Suranaree University of Technology
Advisor : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Peerapong Uthansakul, Institute of Engineering

Abstract
At present, measuring blood pressure ( BP) using a strap pressure monitor is a widely used method.

However, this blood pressure monitoring method requires a bandage around the arm which takes time,
inconveniences to carry and the compression of the strap results in discontinuous detection of pressure. This
may cause the processing and analysis of the pressure value to deviate from real value. Therefore, continuous
estimation of blood pressure is one challenging topic to obtain higher consistent and accurate blood pressure
values. Hence, this project studied a new approach to estimate continuous blood pressure based on
Phonocardiography ( PCG) . PCG is a set of continuous data related with the blood pressure and it can be
obtained from PCG portable devices. The experiments to support the innovation of this project start from
collecting data sets from volunteers in terms of ages, weight, height, blood pressure, heart rate and PCG. The
duration of heart relaxing ( S21) values are extracted from recorded PCG data. Then, we created the novel
equations using S21 values to estimate the blood pressure and the calculated values from the equations which
were compared with the real measured BP values. In addition, the error between the estimated and real
measured values are taken into account in order to give higher accuracy of blood pressure monitoring. It was
found that the mean absolute error ( MAE) of Systolic Blood Pressure ( SBP) and Diastolic Blood Pressure
(DBP) of all volunteers were between 5.204 and 6.728, respectively. The findings from this study can lead to
a new way to monitor blood pressure by cooperating into a Phonocardiogram Portable Device.

Keywords : Blood Pressure ( BP) , Phonocardiogram signal ( PCG) , Signal Processing, Strap blood pressure
monitor, Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) , Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP)

Introduction
Measuring Blood Pressure (BP) is one of the medical procedures. This BP consists of Systolic Blood

Pressure ( SBP) , which is the maximum pressure in the arteries as the heart contracts, and Diastolic Blood
Pressure (DBP), which is the lowest pressure in the arteries as the heart relaxes [1].

Measuring blood pressure using a strap pressure monitor is another method of blood pressure
measurement that is widely used today. However, the strap pressure gauge may be displayed during the
compression of strap resulting in a discontinuous pressure value. This may cause the processing and analysis
of the pressure value to be inaccurate. Therefore, continuous estimation of blood pressure is one challenging
topic to obtain higher consistent and accurate blood pressure values based on echocardiograms [2].

Therefore, this project studies a new approach to estimate blood pressure based on
Phonocardiography (PCG). This study investigates the relationship between personal data such as age, weight,

OS1_06_03/1
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height and the duration of heart relaxing ( S21) [ 3 ] . This study can lead to the application on portable BP
monitoring device.

Methodology
1. Research Stages
The previous study [1] has found that S21 was correlated with both blood pressure values relating to

SBP and DBP and could be used to measure blood pressure. However, the mentioned study utilized the data
set obtained from samples of Algerian people who have some physical characteristics different from Asian
people. Therefore, to be able to apply the proposed idea for Asian people, the samples from Thai people were
collected and applied to obtain more suitable data which would provide results for higher accuracy.

Figure 1 The behavior of Electrocardiogram (ECG),
Photoplethysmography (PPG) and Phonocardiogram (PCG)
within an instantaneous duration for estimate the blood pressure
in artery [1].

2. Methodology

In this study, the blood pressure monitor and digital electronic stethoscope were used. Then, the PCG

was recorded to be processed in MATLAB programming. The S21 value was obtained from the programming

to estimate SBP and DBP [ 4,5] . The obtained results were also compared with the real values obtained from

blood pressure monitor. The error achieved from the comparison was taken into account for higher accuracy

in blood pressure measurement.

3. Data Collection

The data collection is performed by collecting age, weight and height of 6 volunteers (2 males and 4

females) who are aged between 16 to 45. Note that they are in good health. In addition, their PCG signal were

recorded using digital electronic stethoscope ( ThinklabsOne) as shown in Figure 2a and collected within 1-

minute after the blood pressure was measured. The total records were in 348 files and the time period of each

file was 10 seconds. Also, the blood pressure monitor Table 1: PCG data set collected from volunteers.

( NISSEI DSK- 1031) as shown in Figure 2b records Sample characteristics (N = 348)
SBP, DBP and HR from each volunteer. The collected
data is shown in Table 1. To determine the correlation No. Weight Height Age No.
of the pressure values with the S2 1 . The data groups of (kg) (cm) (year)
were separated into 2 4 8 study files with 1 0 0 test files, volunteers of
for 16-year groups 100 study files with set test 50 files,
and for 43-45 years groups 148 study files with test 50 1 44 159 16 file
files.
2 53 160 16 88

3 90 170 44 62
49
4 69 157 44 25
41
5 76 172 45 83

6 43 152 43

(a) (b) Figure 2 Equipment for data collection. (a) Digital
electronic stethoscope (b) Blood pressure monitor

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Results, Discussion and Conclusion
The S21 values can be analyzed from the recorded PCG after removing noise signal. Then, the

obtained S21 will be plotted and calculated for average values. Finally, the relationship between blood pressure
to SBP and DBP can be expressed as shown from (1) to (6) as follows.

= 356 + ( × 0.0787) + ( ℎ × 1.3752) − (ℎ ℎ × 2.0741) − ( × 0.2092) − ( 21 × 2.9552)
= 89.2057 + ( × 0.1231) + ( ℎ × 0.4411) − (ℎ ℎ × 0.3752) − ( × 0.1083) + ( 21 × 4.8769)

Note that equations (1) and (2) were obtained with all the age of volunteers.
To further find out whether the age of volunteer may have any effect to the BP estimation. Therefore,

the investigated equations regarding the age were performed and
obtained as follows.

For the age of 16:

= 105 − ( × 0.0456) + ( ℎ × 0.0092) − ( 21 × 20.9006)
= 75 + ( × 0.0898) − ( ℎ × 0.3482) − ( 21 × 13.2744)

For age between 43-45:

= 556 + ( × 0.141) + ( ℎ × 1.5192) − (ℎ ℎ × 1.7984) − ( × 6.195) + ( 21 × 6.6581)
= 176 + ( × 0.0687) + ( ℎ × 0.6177) − (ℎ ℎ × 0.5899) − ( × 1.4052) + ( 21 × 0.4917)

To obtain higher accuracy, the values from equations ( 1) to ( 6) have to be calibrated with the real
values. The error from comparison between the proposed estimation and real values can be calculated using
(7) [6], where BPreference and BP are blood pressure obtained from real measurement and calculation using (1)
to (6), respectively.

%Error = | | − × 100%



So SBP and DBP are equal to 92 mmHg, 62 mmHg. To find error of the estimated in this method we
use equation (7) to find them.

The data collection of PCG signal are 348 files in total collected from Thai volunteers. The S21 values
estimated for SBP and DBP using our own equations are classified into three groups : all ages, 16 years old,
and 43-45 years old. The results of MAE for SBP and DBP (all ages) are 5.65% and 6.21%, respectively. For
the age of 16, the average MAEs for SBP and DBP are 6. 14% and 5. 50% , respectively. Also, for the age
between 43 to 45, the average MAEs of SBP and DBP are 4.01% and 5.99%.

The measured and calculated values were compared SBP Abs DBP Abs
in Table 2. Their absoluted errors were also Error
illustrated. MEAS CALC Error MEAS CALC 1.58
1.90
Table 2 Result of measured, calculated 1 100 92 8.14 63 62 2.30
2.48
blood pressure values and absolute error of all 2 105 92 12.70 63 62 0.23
volunteers.
3 95 91 4.33 62 61 14.27
Information for table. 20.54
MEAS : Measured values 4 98 91 6.70 63 61 6.76
CALC : Calculated values
Abs : Absolute Error 5 98 91 6.83 61 61 0.06
21.85
.

.

98 105 97 . 69 59
7.19 75 60
99 113 97 13.99 54 58
7.94 6.21
100 89 96 Min of MAE
MAE 5.65 MAE Max of MAE
0.08
Min of MAE 18.26

Max of MAE

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Table 3 showed the results MAES±SD for SBP and Table 3 The standard deviation
DBP of all ages, 16 years old and 43-45 years old. The lower of mean absolute error (MAE)
mean absolute values than this study may be achieved by
using more data from higher number of volunteers. Age MAE SBP Max SD
5.65 18.26 3.94
All 6.14 Min 18.70 5.18
16 4.01 0.08 17.11 3.18
43-45 0.10
MAE 0.08 Max SD
Age 6.21 21.85 5.17
5.50 DBP 13.67 3.62
All 5.99 18.75 4.36
16 Min
43-45 0.06
0.30
0.27

Conclusion
This project has successfully proposed the equations for the estimation of blood pressure from

measured PCG data. The S21 values were fit to our proposed equations and were able to be used to calculate
the blood pressure value and the error estimating from the comparison illustrated that accuracy in blood
pressure estimation was in acceptable range. The findings from this study can lead the new way to cooperate
the proposed equations into a Phonocardiogram Portable Device and display heart sound signal along with the
blood pressure value.

Acknowledgements
This project was supported by Science Classroom in University-Affiliated School (SCiUS) under the

Suranaree University of Technology and Rajsima Witthayalai School. The funding of SCiUS provided by the
Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research, and Innovation, is highly appreciated. This extended abstract

is not for citation.

References

[1] Omari Tahar and Fethi Bereksi-Reguig. (2019). A new approach for blood pressure estimation based
on phonocardiogram. Biomedical Engineering Letters. 395-406.

[2] Zhang, Xin-Yu, and Yuan-Ting Zhang. 2006. Model-based analysis of effects of systolic blood
pressure on frequency characteristics of the second heart sound. International Conference of the IEEE
Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE.

[3] Obrist, Paul A., et al. (1978). Pulse transit time: Relationship to blood pressure. Behavior Research
Methods & Instrumentation. 623-626.

[4] Hsiao, Chun-Chieh, et al. 2017. Design and implementation of auscultation blood pressure
measurement using vascular transit time and physiological parameters. IEEE International
Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC). IEEE.

[5] Perloff Dorthee, Maurice Sokolow, and Ronald Cowan. (1983). The prognostic value of ambulatory
blood pressures. Jama. 2792-2798.

[6] Dastjerdi, Amirhossein Esmaili, Mohammad Kachuee, and Mahdi Shabany. 2017. Non-invasive
blood pressure estimation using phonocardiogram. IEEE international symposium on circuits and
systems (ISCAS). IEEE.

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Title : Development of Enriched Protein Cookies with OS1_09_05

Field : Cricket Powder Addition
Author :
STEM and Innovation
School :
Advisor : Ms. Suchavadee Thrairongchitmoh

Ms. Thannicha Tunkijjaroen

Ms. Teeranart Roobab

Darunsikkhalai Science School, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi

Asst.Prof.Dr. Chairath Thanduangdee (Kinh Mongkut’s University of Technology

Thonburi)

Dr. Nion Vinarukwong (Darunsikkhalai Science School)

Ms. Jintana Wongta (Darunsikkhalai Science School)

Abstract :
Insect protein has received substantial attention from people due to higher nutritional value: protein,

carbohydrates, unsaturated fats. Previous research reported that insect powder addition in cookies leads to
concerns about sensorial properties, texture qualities and appearance. Based on the mentioned issue, this
project aimed to develop the enriched cookies, by varying the proportion of butter while maintaining
consumers’ acceptance—as butter has the ability to adjust bakery’s texture qualities. The control insect powder
was extracted from cricket, or Acheta domestica as scientific name. Phase I, sample cookies were prepared
referred to butter cookies recipe. 10%, 15% and 20% of wheat flour were replaced by cricket powder as sample
O, M and E subsequently. 60 untrained panelists were assigned to evaluate satisfaction with 9-point Hedonic
Scale test. There were 7 categories, consisted of color, odor, taste, texture, appearance, overall acceptance,
and purchase likelihood. One-way ANOVA and Tukey method were used to analyze the experimental data.
The results indicated that overall acceptance of 10% and 15% cricket powder addition were non-significantly
different from the control (0%). Meanwhile, 20% cricket powder addition was significantly different. In
simplification, enriched cookies with 20% cricket powder addition had no ability to maintain panel’s
acceptance. Phase II aims to enhance enriched cookies with 20% cricket powder, by fat content addition. More
butter is applied to the recipe in order to soften and blend the enriched cookies. 115% butter sample in Phase
II results as the best proportion out of three samples. Though, the cookies’ properties are non-significantly
changed.

Keywords : cookies, cricket, enriched protein, butter, fat

Introduction
Nowadays, consumers have many alternative ways to receive protein content, apart from the

traditional sources, such as beef and pork. Many people take their interest in insect. Additionally, previous
research affirms that insects have high nutritional value: protein, carbohydrates, and lipids, including minerals
and vitamins more than beef, pork, fish, and fowl.

Nevertheless, insect powder addition in bakery goods leads to transformations in color, smell, taste,
especially texture, etc. As a result, consumers' acceptance toward insect bakeries tends to decrease as the insect

OS1_09_05/1
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proportion increases (Bawa, et al., 2020). Hence, the proportions between ingredients are studied
more to enhance the cookies properties.

According to a previous research, increasing of solid fat in bakery goods leads to expansion in volume
and decreasing in hardness (Smith, 2004). If texture is the main property that is influenced by cricket powder,
thus, butter addition is likely to develop the enriched cookies, by gaining less hardness and more acceptance.

To modify the texture of enriched protein cookies, this project, therefore, emphasized relations of the
proportions between cricket powder: 0%, 10%, 15% ,20% and butter: 110%, 115%, 120% for the purpose of
consumers’ acceptance of enriched protein in cookies.

Methodology
This research was divided into 3 parts as follows,

Part 1: Sample cookies preparation
1.1 Phase I
The control cookies were prepared using methods and procedures of plain butter cookies , in which

the ratio between cricket powder and flour was 0:100. The recipe consisted of 75g unsalted butter, 50g egg,
and 2g vanilla as the wet ingredients. 100g sugar, 2g salt, 2g baking powder, and 120g all-purpose flour were
prepared as dry ingredients. All the ingredients were mixed in the mixing bowl. Afterwards, cookies were
placed on a baking tray and baked in an oven at 150 C for 25 minutes. Enriched samples were prepared by the
replacement of flour with cricket powder addition as follows: 10: 90, 15: 85, 20: 80 (cricket powder: flour).

control 10% cricket 15% cricket 20% cricket
Figure 1: Sample cookies during phase I

1.2 Phase II
Once the analysis of Phase I was done, Phase II were processed by the similar procedure. Control
sample was prepared by using 15 : 85 of cricket powder and flour. Other samples were prepare by using 20 :
80 of cricket powder and flour, while varying the proportion between butter and egg as follows: 110 : 90, 115 :
85 and 120 : 80.
Part 2: Satisfaction survey
2.1 Phase I
Survey via google form was based on 9-point Hedonic Scale theory. This survey provided outcomes
as numerical data ranging from 1 to 9. There were 7 focused categories: color, odor, taste, texture, appearance,
acceptance and purchase likelihood. Two different panel groups (Phase Ist Phase Ind), each one was contained
of thirty panels. The samples were anonymous in order to keep the panels away from their bias. The control
sample was disguised as sample D. The 10% cricket powder sample was disguised as sample O. The 15%
cricket powder sample was disguised as sample M. The 20% cricket powder sample was disguised as E.
2.3 Phase II
Thirty untrained panels were surveyed by the same method as Phase I. The control sample was
disguised as sample S. The 110% butter sample was disguised as sample T. The 115% butter sample was
disguised as sample I. The 120% butter sample was disguised as sample C.

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Part 3 : Statistical analysis
As a result of untrained panels, One-Way ANOVA and Tukey method were required to model the

Randomized Complete Block Design: RBD, by sorting significantly different panels out. Subsequently,
sample cookies were analyzed by the similar method. Sum of Squares between groups of the samples have to
overcome the one within groups. In this way, sample groups in each block were tested the treatment by RBD.

Results & Discussion

Two phases of the research are analyzed as below,

Phase I

The satisfaction analysis in Phase Ist indicated the significant differences of color parameters between

sample groups. This can be interpreted as the direct correlation between color intensify and percentage of

cricket powder in the cookies. In term of odor, taste, texture, appearance, acceptance and purchase likelihood,

the results identify non-significant differences between sample groups. Texture means scores tended to

decrease as the cricket powder increased. This indicated that cricket powder was in responsibility of cookies’

hardness correspondence. Moreover, cricket powder was also in responsibility of unpleasance correspondence

as acceptance rate also tended to decrease, as shown in Table 1. In Phase Ind, texture and acceptance rate tended

to follow the same model as in Phase I. Except that, in Phase Ind, there was a significant difference between

the sample 10%, 15% cricket and the sample 20% cricket, in both terms, as shown in Table 2. As the initial

hypothesis of this research states that insect addition in cookies worsens its property, in which main focuses

were on texture and acceptance. Considering the decreasing of panels’ acceptances and increasing in cookies’

hardness, the results support the hypothesis.

Table 1: Analysis of Phase Ist

sample 10% 15% 20%

categories

color 7.07±0.785a 7.63±0.809b 8.33±0.758c

odor 5.30±1.985a 5.73±1.780a 6.20±2.427a

taste 5.33±2.218a 5.87±2.389a 5.40±2.343a

texture 4.13±1.756a 3.70±1.896a 3.27±1.999a

appearance 4.87±2.080a 4.77±2.501a 4.30±2.493a

acceptance 5.43±2.176a 5.23±2.635a 5.30±2.769a

purchase 5.20±2.398a 5.43±2.738a 4.97±2.859a

*Values are mean ± SD of triplicate analysis. Means in the same row with different superscript letters are significantly different (p < 0.05)

Table 2: Analysis of Phase Ind

sample 10% 15% 20%

categories

color 6.17±1.177a 7.37±1.351b 7.40±1.354b

odor 5.27±1.081a 5.97±1.450a 6.10±1.583a

taste 5.37±1.542a 5.73±1.552a 4.93±1.837a

texture 5.33±1.668a 4.47±4.30a 4.30±1.745b

appearance 5.67±1.124a 4.57±1.331b 4.77±1.223b

acceptance 5.53±1.432a 5.53±1.655a 4.47±1.756b

purchase 5.40±1.499a 5.17±1.821a 4.57±1.792a

*Values are mean ± SD of triplicate analysis. Means in the same row with different superscript letters are significantly different (p < 0.05)

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Phase II

Results of varying butter ratio in enriched cookies’ were varied, he results showed the quality of
butter reversesvariations in texture hardness. It is noticed that 10% of butter has a value of 4.17±1.464a and
15% of butter the value reach to 4.43±1.431a, but when increasing the butter proportion to 20%, the value
declines to 4.27±1.258a. In parts of overall acceptance, it is increased when adjusting butter from 10% to 15%,

but at 20%, consumer acceptance decreases.

Table 3: Analysis of Phase II

sample 110% 115% 120%

categories 5.73±1.484a 5.00±1.640ab 4.77±1.431b
4.96±1.186a 5.04±1.331a 5.70±1.226a
color 5.03±1.52a 5.60±1.303a 5.50±1.306a

odor

taste

texture 4.17±1.464a 4.43±1.431a 4.27±1.258a

appearance 5.17±1.533a 5.97±1.671a 5.79±1.114a

acceptance 5.26±1.701a 5.78±1.476a 5.52±1.189a

purchase 5.20±1.669a 5.80±1.864a 5.57±1.602a

*Values are mean ± SD of triplicate analysis. Means in the same row with different superscript letters are significantly different (p < 0.05)

In accordance with the results from Phase I and Phase II, the ANOVA analysis showed that treatment

affected insignificantly affect the results. The block effects, in contrast, over-affected the result significantly.

Conclusion
Analysis of Phase I supports the first hypothesis as increasing of cricket powder affects directly to

the increasing of cookies’ hardness and decreasing of panels’ acceptance. In contrast, the second hypothesis
is rejected due to insignificant relation between butter and hardness.

As a result of untrained panels, the credibility of this research is still deficient. More studies with
trained panels are required in order to affirm this research.

Acknowledgements
This project was supported by Science Classroom in University Affiliated School (SCiUS). The

funding of SCiUS is provided by Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation. This
extended abstract is not for citation.

References

1. Bawa M, Songsermpong S, Kaewtapee C, Chanput W. Nutritional, sensory, and texture quality of

bread and cookie enriched with house cricket (Acheta domesticus) powder. Journal of Food
Processing and Preservation. 2020 Aug;44(8):e14601.
2. Smith PR, Johansson J. Influences of the proportion of solid fat in a shortening on loaf volume and
staling of bread. Journal of food processing and preservation. 2004 Oct;28(5):359-67.

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Oral presentation 12th SCiUS Forum
STEM and Innovation Group 1
School
Sunday August 28, 2022 Piboonbumpen
Demonstration School,
No. Code Title Author Burapha University
Naresuan University
1 OS1_13_01 The instructional media of Mr. Pobtham Aryuwat Secondary
Demonstration School
disease and immune system
based on board-game Engineering Science
Classrooms
2 OS1_03_01 Interpretation of the B - Miss Chanidapa Janjaroen (Darunsikkhalai School)

thalassemia gene testing with Mr. Ratrapee Jirachotjirat Naresuan University
Secondary
indicator dye combined with Demonstration School
Rajsima Witthayalai
smartphone Miss Sirinapa Kunnavut-Opas School
3 OS1_09_02 Improvement of synthetic
Islamic Science
natural gas combustion Miss Chiwapon Thongeiad Demonstration School
characteristics on axial Mr. Lapon Sriudomsilp
burner with spiral fuel and

air ports Mr. Jessada Temsirirat
4 OS1_03_07 Smokeless stove using

energy from solar cells Mr. Ananyoch Sinananwanich

5 OS1_06_04 The Study and Design of Mr. Bhuridej Chutkrailert

Hydroponics System Mr. Natthaphat Krasaesom
Without Chemicals by Using Mr. Krittamate Riyachan
Plasma Technology

6 OS1_19_01 Development of transdermal Miss Weeson Maea
patch as anti-inflammatory Miss Nurfatan Sameang

formulations from
Euphorbia hirta L. extract

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Title : The instructional media of disease and immune OS1_13_01

system based on board game

Field : STEM and Innovation

Author : Mr. Pobtham Aryuwat

School : Piboonbumpen Demonstration School, Burapha University

Advisor : Dr. Piyanoot Jaihan, Science Classrooms in University-Affiliated School Project, Faculty of

Science, Burapha University, Chon Buri

Co-Advisor : Dr. Paskorn Paksripang, Piboonbumpen Demonstration School, Burapha University Chon Buri

Abstract
The aim of this study were 1) to compare students’ learning achievement between before and after

by using board games as the teaching materials in biological science subject; “Disease and immune system” 2)
to study the satisfaction by using board games as the teaching materials in biological science subject; “Disease
and immune system” of students in School. The sample of the classroom unit-based simple random sampling
consisted of 4/10 students of Piboonbumpen Demonstration School, Burapha University totally 24 persons.
The researcher create based games and design card games the design process is 1) Study Fundamentals of
Immunology, Medical parasitology and Virology. Study game based learning. Study game design. Case study
of card game design 2) Concept of design 3) Design game mechanics and card games 4) Playtesting with testers
group to discover gaming glitches 5) Design and development from feedback. Data gathered was provided by
board games in “Disease and immune system” topic, learning achievement test and satisfaction questionnaire.
The data were analyzed using mean (" ̅"), standard deviation (S.D.), and t-test dependent. The results showed
that:1) the students’ learning achievement by using board games as the teaching materials in science subject;
“Disease and immune system”, as measured by pretest and posttest, was higher in all aspects at the statistically
significant level of 0.05, 2) the satisfaction by using board games of students was reported in the highest level.
Moreover, board game can be a learning tool that make the learner educated with game rules entertainment
and relaxation for the player also practice critical thinking and teamwork skills.

Keywords : Card game , Game base learning , Immune system

Introduction
This research is based on board games. Which give players the funniest way to learn about the disease

and the immune system by playing board game. Players will be educated from games together with friends.
Make players who want to relax get the opportunity to know about the disease and the immune system. Which
in lessons in grade 10 and good knowledge for people. Problem in learning about disease and immune system
is too difficult to understand, studying about effect and respond in the body includes students who study these
lessons can be further and applied in curriculum school. The content of this game design provides an overview
of the basic characteristic of the disease and the immune system. The researcher expects a card game design to
make the players more interested in disease and the immune system. It can be a learning tool that makes the
learner educated with game rules. It can cause entertainment and relaxation for the player, also practice critical

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thinking and teamwork skills. Ability to effective stress relief methods together with cognition lessons for the
player.
Method

The games and card games design from
1) Studying Fundamentals of Immunology, Medical parasitology and Virology are cover in Biology subject
from grade 10. Study game-based learning, study game design and case study of card game design.
2) Design characters and game mechanics from characteristics of disease and immune system.
3) Playtesting with testers group to discover gaming glitches.
4) Design and development from feedback and make a
complete board game.

Evaluation criteria efficiency of a board game with
simple random sampling consisted of 4/10 students of
Piboonbumpen Demonstration School, Burapha University 24 persons Picture1 : design card
as follow
1) Learning achievement test. By using pre-test and post-test 20 questions with google form system.
2) Satisfaction questionnaire with google form system.

Picture2 : pre-test and post-test questions
with google form system

Picture3 : Charecters card in board game

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Results
Comparative results of a learning achievement test in Biology subjects : disease and immune systems

of grade 10 students before and after using board game learning and analyzed with t-test dependent statistics.

Learning n df Maximum x̅ S.D. t Sig 1 tailed

achievement point

Pre test 24 23 20 6.54 2.828
Post test 24 23
*p < 0.05 11.651* 0.000

20 12.83 3.293

From the table shows that test scores of learners using board games in biology class. They had a mean score of
pre- test is 6.54 an d a mean score of post test is 12.83. According to compare between the test scores. It shows
that the test scores after learning by using boardgame is higher than before learning by using boardgame.
statistically significant at the 0.05 level

Player satisfaction in board game.

Evaluation criteria mean satisfaction level
High satisfied
1. Satisfaction of content 4.38
2. Satisfaction in the form of teaching media 4.70 Highest satisfied
3. Satisfaction of teamwork skills 4.62 Highest satisfied
4. Satisfaction of critical thinking 4.70 Highest satisfied
5. satisfaction of enjoyment 4.91 Highest satisfied
6. Satisfaction of the rules 4.67 Highest satisfied
Highest satisfied
7. Satisfaction of art 5.00 Highest satisfied
Highest satisfied
8. Satisfaction of playing duration 4.75 Highest satisfied

9. overall satisfaction 4.875

total 4.74

From the table showed that the satisfaction by using board games of students was reported in the highest level.

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Conclusion
From the studying of the instructional media of disease and immune system based on board game. The results
can be summary as follows: Player gains knowledge of an overview of the basic characteristic of the disease
and the immune system. The player also practic critical thinking and teamwork skills. The students’ learning
achievement by using board games as the teaching materials in science subject; “Disease and immune system”,
as measured by pre-test and post-test, was higher in all aspects at the statistically significant level of 0.05 the
satisfaction by using board games of students was reported in the highest level
Acknowledgements

This project was supported by Science Classroom in University Affiliated School (SCiUS) under
Burapha University and Piboonbumpen Demonstration School. The funding of SCiUS is provided by
Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, which is highly appreciated. This extended
abstract is not for citation.
Reference
สถาบันส่งเสริมการสอนวิทยาศาสตรแ์ ละเทคโนโลยี(สสวท.).รายวชิ าพ้ืนฐานวทิ ยาศาสตร์และเทคโนโลยี วิทยาศาสตรช์ วี ภาพ ชั้นมัธยมศกึ ษาปีท่ี 4. พิมพ์ครงั้ ท่ี 1 : ส่งเสริม
การสอนวทิ ยาศาสตรแ์ ละเทคโนโลยี (สสวท.), สถาบัน ;พ.ศ.2561.
Akane Shimizu. Cell at work [Internet]. 2015 [cited ]. Available from: http://cellsatwork-anime.com/

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Title : Interpretation of the 0 - thalassemia gene testing with OS1_03_01
indicator dye combined with smartphone

Field : Stem and Innovation

Author : Miss Chanidapa Janjaroen

Mr. Ratrapee Jirachorjirat

School : Naresuan University Secondary Demonstration School, Naresuan University

Advisor : Asst. Prof. Lt. Dr. Saisiri Mirasena

Abstract
In Thailand, thalassemia carriers are found in approximately 30-40% of the population, or about

18-24 million people, and each year about 600,000 cases of thalassemia and about 50,000 mothers are
considered to have a child with thalassemia and 12,125 newborns had thalassemia. At present, thalassemia is
screened by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to screen carrier partners and reduce the child's risk of
thalassemia. However, the limitation of PCR technique used expensive equipment and requires experts to
interpret the results. Therefore, the author used the Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP), which
was performed within 1.30 hours with inexpensive equipment combined with an Aurora application on a
smartphone in the ios platform with a camera on Iphone 12 pro to made the interpretation more accurate and
design the device to work with the application on www.tinkercad.com and print them with an acrylic laser
cutter. Then took an Aurora application and device to interpret 0 - thalassemia testing by LAMP technique
with blood samples from the Thalassemia Research Unit in Naresuan University Hospital. Then, we calculated
the mean value of Red Green Blue (RGB) from Aurora application to got a cut off value, which was a green
value by the cut off value of the samples with 0 - thalassemia gene and without 0 - thalassemia gene. The
difference of cut off value was 41.66, which was the most different from the RGB value. Thence, the green
value was chosen.
Keywords : 0 - thalassemia, Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP), Red Green Blue (RGB)

Introduction
Thalassemia is anemia caused by genetic or genetic abnormalities. This is because there is less

hemoglobin in red blood cells. Red blood cells are abnormally shaped and easily broken. It is causing chronic
and incurrent diseases. There are different types of thalassemia anemia. The important types in Thailand are α
and 0 - thalassemia diseases. Alpha - thalassemia diseases If it is severe (Hemoglobin Bart hydrops fetalis),

the child will die. Babies maybe die while in the mother's womb (Hemoglobin H disease). The carriers will be
healthy as normal people but will be able to pass on the abnormal genes to their offspring. In Thailand,
thalassemia carriers are found in approximately 30-40% of the population, or about 18-24 million people, and
there are approximately 600,000 cases of thalassemia each year. And there are about 50,000 mothers who are
at risk of having a child with thalassemia, and 1 2 , 1 2 5 newborn children are suffering from thalassemia
(Department of Medical Sciences of Thailand, 2015).

From the statistics of thalassemia in Thai people, this is a large number. Therefore, the disease
must be controlled and reduce the number of thalassemia in newborns. The screening test of risk couples having

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a child with thalassemia takes up to 2 - 3 hours each time and requires specialist and expensive equipment.
Interpretation is a multi-step process and requires experts to interpret results.

Mirasena et al, 2 0 2 1 established LAMP (Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification) technique to
detect 0 - thalassemia gene mutations found in Thailand. This technique carry out in an 1 . 3 0 hour with
inexpensive equipment. However, the interpretation with phenol red indicator dye color change with naked
eyes might cause ambiguous and uncertain to interpreted the result several times and led to misdiagnosis. We
designed the case device used with smartphone to read the color to solve this problem. This LAMP technique
combined with smartphone case help to accurate interpretation of risk-couple at primary and secondary hospital
and on-site. This project will be useful to control and prevent the newborns with 0 - thalassemia in Thailand.

Methodology

Part 1 Researching and collecting preliminary data
Researching Beta Thalassemia and interpretation of the phenol red indicator

Part 2 Working process
1. Design a device for interpreting thalassemia gene results with a smartphone by

www.tingercad.com
2. Print and cut it into pieces from the acrylic sheet. Then assembled it. After that, a light circuit

will be installed inside to illuminate the interior to control the brightness inside the device to control the
brightness of phenol red indicator dye. When we finished installing te electric circuit, we took the device with
locker for locking the smartphone.

3. Broght the device to tested together with the smartphone and Aurora application to test the
process of interpreting the results. RGB values were read in the application using reactive LAMP technique
and interpreted with phenol red. In samples with beta-thalassemia mutations, phenol red turned yellow-orange
and in the samples without the beta thalassemia gene mutation, phenol red was dark pink.

4. Then collect the values RGB in each sample to find the mean in the samples and compare
RGB values between groups for use in determining the cut off value in interpreting beta thalassemia genes.
Part 3 Implemented applications and inventive assay devices for beta thalassemia gene testing. to test the
process Application accuracy

Results, Discussion and Conclusion

Results

Design of a device for interpreting thalassemia gene results in combination with a smartphone

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Figure 1 Designing the devie by www.tigercad.com
The authors have designed a device on the tingercad website for translating the test and sharing it
with a smartphone. Which the device that the authors have designed has a box style inside which has an
electrical circuit and a switch for turning on and off the LED lights and a hole for inserting a test tube that will
be used to check the RGB values and the device is not including the case size is 6.5 cm. x 10.6cm. x 10cm.
The results of the device used to interpret the thalassemia gene test results together with a
smartphone.

Figure 2 The device with smartphone
When the design of the device is complete. The arthors cut the solid acrylic sheet with the acrylic
cutter and assemble acrylic sheet according to our design. When finished we brought a smartphone model
iphone 12 Pro to assemble them into the device to verify the correctness and test the device

Figure 3 The processing of using Aurora application
Use the Aurora application on the ios system with the iPhone 12 pro camera. You can take a picture
first and then check the color or take a picture in the application. And then show the RGB values by the
application process

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Table 1 : the difference value of negative and positive samples
Mean

red green blue
Negative samples 126.63 105.26 136.25

Positive samples 143.33 146.92 131.42

the differences 16.7 41.66 4.82

The results showed that RGB values were measured in two samples from six beta-thalassemia
gene mutations. and tubes without mutated beta-thalassemia genes in 4 samples. Twice each tube, the mean
Red value of tubes with betathalassemia mutant was 143.33 Green 146.92 Blue 131.42. Lassemia at 126.63
Green 105.25 Blue 136.25

Discussion and conclusion
The RGB measurement experiments tested by phenol red showed that each RGB value was tested

on six samples of the beta-thalassemia mutant gene. and those with the mutated beta thalassemia gene in 4
samples, 2 cycles per sample, had similar values. Samples with betathalassemia phenol red were converted to
yellow-orange and had mean of Red is 143.33, Green 146.92, Blue 131.42 and the samples without beta-
thalassemia phenol red remained dark pink, and the mean Red was 126.63, the mean Green was 105.25, the
Blue was 136.25, which was the mean RGB of the two groups. The samples are significantly different, the red
difference is 16.7, the green difference is 41.67, the blue difference is 4.83 The value that we will bring as a
value that can be used as a cut off is the Green value, which has the largest difference in value, which gives the
cut off value is greater than or less than the average of no more than 10, so the cut off value Green values for
mutated betathalassemia genes range from 136.92 to 156.92, and the cut off values for non-mutated
betathalassemia genes are in the range 95.25. – 115.25, which can be seen that the two values are clearly
different. Therefore, the two values mentioned above are the cut off values of the two samples.

Acknowledgements
This project was supported by Science Classroom in University Affiliated School (SCiUS). The

funding of SCiUS is provided by Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation. This
extended abstract is not for citation.

References

1. Saisiri Mirasena, Sirikan Sonthipho, Pornpan Hongsriphan. (2021). Novel detection of IVS I-1, G>T
mutation on b-globin gene. In Proceeding of the 7th International Conference on Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology (BMB 2021). (online conference) 6-7 July: Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok.

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2. กรมวิทยาศาสตร์การแพทยแ์ ห่งประเทศไทย. (2558). เผยเด็กไทยเกิดใหมป่ ่ วยเป็นธาลสั ซีเมียกวา่ 1.2 หม่ืนคน. สืบคน้ 18 กนั ยายน 2564, จาก
http://www.dmsc.moph.go.th/userfiles/files/newlettermarch2016.pdf

3. กิตติภพ แจม่ แจง้ , ภทั รพล บดีรัฐ, สายศิริ มีระเสน. (2563). การพฒั นาแอพพลิเคชนั เพอ่ื ใชใ้ นการตรวจคดั กรองผปู้ ่ วยโรคธาลสั ซีเมยี ดว้ ยวิธี
One-Tube Osmotic Fragility test. ใน The 10th SCiUS Forum 2020.

4. สายศิริ มรี ะเสน, นราธิป มิยา และพรพรรณ หงศศ์ รีพนั ธ์. (2564). การประยกุ ตใ์ ชส้ มาร์ทโฟนเพอ่ื แปลผลการ ตรวจยนี เบตาธาลสั ซีเมีย. ใน การ
ประชุมวิชาการระดบั ชาติ นเรศวรวิจัยและนวัตกรรม คร้ังที่ 17: Resilience for Never Normal Era. (Online) 29-30 กรกฎาคม
2564. มหาวทิ ยาลยั นเรศวร: พิษณุโลก. (http://conference.nu.ac.th/nrc17/)

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Title : Improvement of Synthetic Natural Gas Combustion OS1_09_02
Characteristics on Axial Burner with Spiral Fuel and Air-

Ports.

Field : STEM and Innovation

Author : Mr. Lapon Sriudomsilp

Miss Chiwapon Thongeiad

Miss Sirinapa Kunnavut-opas

School : Darunsikkhalai school Engineering Science Classroom (KMUTT)

Advisor : Assoc. Prof. Dr. Amornrat Kaewpradap

Mr. Tas Yusoontorn

Miss Jutharat Sunprasert

Abstract
This research is to study improvement of synthetic natural gas combustion characteristics on axial

burner with spiral fuel and air-ports. The Inverse Diffusion Flame (IDF) axial burner is mostly used with natural
gas combustion for industrial parts. In order to save energy consumption for industrial parts, it is necessary to
improve the natural gas combustion efficiency on IDF axial burners. This study focuses on the spiral fuel and
air ports on IDF axial burners to improve combustion efficiency, flame stability, and flame temperature. The
results in this study were performed with 19 designs of fuel and air-ports on IDF axial burners including
prototype burner (Chantang and Thuwangkawat, 2020) by simulation and experimental method. As the result,
1327.68 °C of flame temperature was higher than prototype burner (Chantang and Thuwangkawat, 2020) and
the premixed flame without local extinction, and luminous flame were observed.

Keywords: IDF Axial burner / Non-premixed combustion / Synthetic Natural Gas / Flame temperature / Spiral

Introduction
Generally, the power plant in Thailand is mostly operated by natural gas combustion on gas turbine

and industrial burner such as an axial burner (Electricity generating authority of thailand, 2021). In the past,
the improvement of axial burner was studied by recession and spiral methods. The recession method was
applied to increase the mixing time and then a more stable flame was obtained (Mahesha and Mishra, 2011).
Recently, the researcher applied the spiral method to improve the mixture flow rate and turbulent behavior,
then the flame temperature and flame stability were improved (Mahesha and Mishra, 2015). However, the
spiral method was applied only in the fuel-port, which the effect of air flow was not considered. Consequently,
the spiral method on both fuel and air-ports is important to apply for improving the combustion efficiency for
natural gas combustion on IDF axial burner.

As the above reasons, this investigation focuses on the simulation and experimental study with design
of the spiral method applied on both fuel and air-ports of IDF axial burner to improve the flame temperature,
the flame stability and combustion efficiency.

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Methodology

In order to improve the flame characteristics, the mixture flow and flame temperature profile can be

analyzed by simulation model with Ansys Fluent. At the equivalence ratio ( = 1.0), the transition SST viscous
model, P1 radiation model, the fuel flow rate is 5.49 × 10−5 ⁄ and air flow rate is 7.038 × 10−4 ⁄

were set up. Moreover, natural gas composition was applied by 89% methane and 11% carbon dioxide for

combustion on IDF axial burner model. The simulation results were considered by flame temperature and

temperature distribution and compared to the experimental results of the prototype (Chantang and

Thuwangkawat, 2020), the 6.6% error was shown. Finally, the 19 spiral fuel and air-ports designs on IDF axial

burner calculated by simulation models were applied for experimental study as shown in Table 1
Table 1 : Variation of the burner

Air-port Air-port Fuel port Direction
(inner) (outer) (inner)
Model Clockwise Counter
✓ ✓ ✓ Clockwise
Prototype ✓ ✓
A (J) ✓ ✓
B (K) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
C (L) ✓ ✓ ✓
D (M) ✓ ✓
E (N) ✓ Figure 1: Parts of burner
F (O)
G (P) ✓
H (Q) ✓
I (R) ✓✓
✓
✓✓

Note: Model with recession is written in parenthesis along with the model similar spiral setting

Experiment was performed with procedure shown in Figure

2. Comperessed air (0.3 bar) was supplied to the burner via

an air-port, whereas methane ( 4) and carbon dioxide
( 2) with pressure adjusted to 0.1 and 1.0 bar,
respectively, was supplied via a fuel port. Air and fuel was

then combusted in a burner, at which point the combustion

flames were observed and taken by digital camera. The

flame temperature was measured at 9.3, 9.5 and 9.7 cm

above the burner using a thermocouple. Then, the average,

Figure 2 Experimental schematic diagram maximum, and minimum flame temperatures were
recorded for further data analysis

Result

Relative percentage change in temperature (∆ ) is defined as follows:

∆ = − 100%


A positive ∆ shows an improvement in flame temperature

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Prototype A B CDE F GH I

1307.35 1290.42 1239.84 1296.85 1267.17 1283.40 1322.89 1310.98 1274.67
1299.37

0.61% -0.69% -4.58% -0.19% -2.48% -1.23% 1.81% 0.89% -1.90%
J K LMNO P Q R

1281.81 1327.68 1312.95 1315.91 1310.90 1267.30 1301.70 1316.10 1315.00
-1.35% 2.18% 1.05% 1.27% 0.89% -2.47% 0.18% 1.29% 1.20%
Figure 3 : Flame characteristics, flame temperature (° ) and relative percentage change in temperature

(∆ )of prototype and burner model A-R.

The effects of spiral design was shown in Figure 2 and summarized below:
1. Inner spiral 3fuel-port: Adding spiral in the fuel-port (A) can improve efficiency of the burner (∆ =

0.61%). This is due to a greater turbulent flow that allows fuel and air to mix better. Adding recession (J)
decreases flame temperature (∆ = −1.35%). The reason is that recession increases the cross-sectional
area of the fuel-port and makes fuel flow more slowly, causing less fuel turbulent behavior and a premixed
flame with local extinction, respectively.
2. Outer spiral air-port: Adding outer spiral in the air-port (B, C) decreases flame temperature (∆ =
−0.69%, −4.58%) because the spiral in this position makes fuel flow direction far away from air, so fuel
can only mix with air partly. Adding a spiral at the outer fuel-port, parallel spiral directions (F) decrease
the flame temperature (∆ = −1.23%). The reason is same direction spirals in the fuel-port increases fuel
flow rate while there is no air turbulence. Therefore, air cannot be completely mixed with fuel. On the other
hand, opposite spiral directions (G) can enhance combustion efficiency (∆ = 1.81%). As a result, spirals
at the outer fuel-port helps fuel flow to easily mix with air. Adding recession (K, L) increases flame
temperature (∆ = 2.18%, 1.05%), because lower air-port allows fuel to mix with air before they are
released from the burner. When adding spiral at the outer fuel-port, parallel spiral directions (O) gives
negative (∆ = −2.47%) for the same reason as burner (F). In contrast, opposite spiral directions (P) give
positive (∆ = 0.18%) due to the height difference of the air tube that causes less turbulence of fuel.
3. Inner spiral air-port: Burners with inner spiral air-port (D, E) decrease flame temperature (∆ =
−0.19%, -2.48). Only the turbulence of air doesn’t affect the mixing that much. Adding spiral at the outer
fuel-port, parallel spiral directions (H), can enhance combustion efficiency which gives positive (∆ =
0.89%) due to better mixing of fuel and air. On the contary, opposite flow direction (I) decreases flame
temperature (∆ = −1.9%). This reason is that threads are built unsymmetrically due to the manufacturing
process. Therefore, fuel and air cannot mix as well as they should. Adding recession (M, N) increase flame
temperature (∆ = 1.27%, 0.89%) for the same reason as burner (K, L). Adding spiral at the outer fuel-
port, both parallel spiral directions (Q) and opposite flow directions (R) got almost the same result. The
flame temperature of these burners rises (∆ = 1.29%, 1.2%). Because of recession, turbulent air and

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turbulent fuel can be mixed before they are released from the burner. Parallel spiral direction: Burner with
outer spiral air-port and inner spiral fuel-port, with and without recession, (F, O) gives negative (∆ =
−1.23%, −2.47%). On the other hand, flame temperature of the burner with inner spiral air-port and inner
spiral fuel-port (H, Q) gives positive (∆ = 0.89%, 1.29%). Therefore, the combination of inner spiral air-
port and inner spiral fuel-port is more effective.
4. Parallel spiral direction: Burner with outer spiral air-port and inner spiral fuel-port, with and without
recession, (F, O) gives negative (∆ = −1.23%, −2.47%). On the other hand, flame temperature of the
burner with inner spiral air-port and inner spiral fuel-port (H, Q) gives positive (∆ = 0.89%, 1.29%).
Therefore, the combination of inner spiral air-port and inner spiral fuel-port is more effective.
5. Opposite spiral direction: Flame temperature of burner with outer spiral air-port and inner spiral fuel-
port (G) gives positive (∆ = 1.81%). Adding recesion (P) decreases flame temperature (∆ = 0.18%).
Burner with inner spiral air-port and inner spiral fuel-port (I) gives negative (∆ = −1.9). Adding
recession (R), increases flame temperature only (∆ = 1.2%).

Conclusion
All factors affect air and fuel flow rates. Spiral improves the turbulent behavior of fuel or air

depending on position. When an outer spiral air-port combined with recession can make combustion efficiency
better. In addition, the inner spiral fuel-port does not have much effect on the flame because air turbulent
behavior does not contribute to the mixture of air and fuel. Finally, spiral direction, the parallel spiral direction
is contributed to inner spiral fuel-port and inner spiral air-port but the opposite spiral direction is contributed
to inner spiral fuel-port and outer spiral air-port. The most efficient burner is a recession on burner with outer
spiral air-port (K) which increases flame temperature (∆ = 2.18%).

Acknowledgements
This project was supported by Science Classroom in University Affiliated School (SCiUS). The

funding of SCiUS is provided by Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation. This
extended abstract is not for citation. The authors thank to Combustion and Energy Research Laboratory
(CERL), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut’s University of
Technology Thonburi for research facilities and all academic supports.

References
1. Chantang C, Thuwangkawat T. Improvement of synthetic natural gas combustion characteristics on IDF

axial burner [dissertation]. Bangkok: King Mongkut's Institute of Technology; 2021
2. Electricity generating authority of Thailand. The proportion of fuel that used to generated electricity in the

EGAT system in 2021 [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2022 Jun 22]. Available from:
https://www.egat.co.th/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2455&Itemid=116
3. Mahesh S, Mishra DP. Characterization of swirling CNG inverse jet flame in recessed coaxial burner. Fuel.
2015 Dec 1;161:182-92.
4. Mahesh S, Mishra DP. Study of the turbulent inverse diffusion flame in recessed backstep and coaxial
burners. Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves. 2011 May;47(3):274-9.

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Title : Smokeless stove using energy from solar cells OS1_03_07
Field : STEM
Author : Jessada temsirirat , Ananyoch Sinananwanich
School : Naresuan University Secondary Demonstration School
Advisor : Asst. Prof. Dr. Buntoon Wiengmoon(Naresuan University)

Abstract :
Smokeless stove using energy from solar cells project. The purpose is to create a smokeless stove

that can reduce smoke emissions and increase oxygen for combustion process and using supplementary energy
from solar cells. We input the oxygen by a blower 12V with the motor's speed control system. The power
consumption from 4 Lithium Iron Phosphate Batteries that are series circuit. Each battery is 3.2V, using solar
cells for power source and reverse power protection system by connecting diodes to the solar cell.A burning
chamber has a volume of 5347 cm3, heigh 22.3 cm. There are small holes around the body, a total of 119.
There is a stove cover with a 9 cm fuel inlet. The experiment to observe the amount of smoke emitted from
experimental conditions, it was found that. The burning with reduces the time required to burn the waste,
increased temperature and more CO2 that mean substances produced by combustion other than CO2 and H2O
are less. Therefore, the conclusion is using blower for increase oxygen while burning results in a more
complete combustion.

Keyword : smokeless stove, solar cells, combustion, burning waste

Introduction
Currently, Thailand has a higher population, resulting in an average daily waste generation of at least

27 million tons per year, based on data on the amount of solid waste in Thailand from 2013 to 2019. 2020 Of
the Pollution Control Department, in 2020, the amount of solid waste decreased by 11.63%, but the amount
of improperly disposed of solid waste increased by 23.51% from 2019. (Pollution Control Department, 2021)
concluded that the amount of solid waste has decreased, but more waste has been disposed of incorrectly. The
wrong disposal of solid waste is as follows: Controlled dumping of more than 50 tons per day, incineration
without pollution treatment system, community dumping and outdoor incineration. The organizers have
chosen one problem to solve or reduce that problem, namely the problem of burning garbage.

Garbage incineration is a major cause of air pollution. and for a period That will cause negative effects
on human health by pollutants such as dust, soot, smoke, ash, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide,
nitrogen oxides, ozone gas, and volatile organic compounds. These substances affect the environment, for
example, more global warming caused by greenhouse gases from burning waste. A smog obscures vision. And
it also affects the human respiratory system. especially people with allergies. Allergies are divided into 2 types,
namely allergic rhinitis or allergic rhinitis and asthma. Up to 20% of adults and 40% of pediatric patients,
while asthma accounts for about 10%, so there will be 10-15 million people in Thailand suffering from allergic
rhinitis. and there will be 3-5 million patients with asthma (Assoc. Prof. Dr. Paraya Asanasen, 2014) with an
increasing trend, especially in large cities due to increased air pollution Therefore, the greater the amount of
pollutants in the air.

Therefore, the organizers thought of inventing a smokeless incinerator using supplementary energy
from solar cells. to be used within the community in order to reduce pollution problems from burning waste.

Methodology
First, we have to learn about smokeless stove. Next, we design and divide it into 2 parts
1.Smokeless stove
2.Oxygen system
Then, we create 2 part and combine it together and last one is testing.
Part 1: Design

1.1 First design
We design it from biomass stove. The working principle of biomass
stove is Bringing cold air from outside through the fuel filler and
below the grill of the stove comes in for combustion. Hot air and

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smoke are forced into a vortex. Gases such as methane,
carbon monoxide and hydrogen being re-burned and
slowly leaving the chamber. There are two parts of the
Smokeless stove. The inner we called the burning
chamber and the outer we called the stove cover. The two
parts must be completely connected to each other
Therefore, it must be welded.

1.2 Final design
We change to use cone cut bucket instead It’s
easy to move and to combine it to smokeless stove
because It can completely connect to each other without
welding and the open space at the below doesn’t a
problem because the smoke always rise.
Part 2: Create
2.1 Stove cover
The stainless bucket for stove cover must be larger than
burning chamber We drilled a 9 cm hole for the fuel filler and made
the handle by wood for heat resistance after burning.
2.2 Burning chamber
we drill 1 cm holes around the bucket and at the bottom It
have a total of 119 holes
and We made a base to keep burning chamber above the ground.
2.3 Oxygen boosting system
Oxygen boosting system consists of Blower 12V ,LiFeFO4
battery 3.2V DC motor speed control , a tube by aluminum sheet and
the last one is solar cell 10Wp for Supplementary energy.
Part 3: Combine
We combine all parts together for Smokeless stove using
energy from solar cells
Part 4: Test
We’ll start Testing by equip carbon dioxide detector. and we separate the testing into 2 types. First,
use blower to boost the Oxygen. Second, doesn’t use blower boost the oxygen. In first type we’ll measure
wind speed and current of the blower in each level from our motor controller it can divide into 8 levels. Both
types will test by burning same amount of dry leaves.

Results

This table shows wind speed and current of blower in each levels From this table It can be concluded
the amount of oxygen were obtained and the electrical current were used are slightly different in each level.
That mean we can choose one for boost the Oxygen testing.

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This table show temperature while burning, duration and Amount of CO2 produce. From this table
when boost oxygen with a blower the temperature around the top of smokeless stove is higher, taking less
time to burn and more amount of CO2.
conclusion

From complete combustion equation there are only CO2 and water produce. Therefore, having more
CO2 that means It can reduce more smoke because It more complete combustion.
Acknowledgements

This project was supported by Science Classroom in University Affiliated School (SCiUS) under
Naresuan University and Naresuan University Secondary Demonstration School. The funding of SCiUS is
provided by Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation. This extended abstract is not
for citation.
References
1.Ozioko, Emeka R. 2018. Engineering Design of a Smokeless and Non-Pollutant Emitting Incineration
System. Department of Mechanical/Production Engineering. Enugu State University of Science and
Technology.

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Title: The study and design of hydroponics system without chemicals by OS1_06_04
Field: using plasma technology
STEM and Innovation

Authors: Bhuridej Chutkrailert, Natthaphat Krasaesom and Krittamate Riyachan

School: Rajsima Wittayalai School, SCiUS-Suranaree University of Technology

Advisor: Asst. Prof. Dr. Thanaset Thosdeekoraphat, Dr. Supawat Kotchapradit and Kachaporn Lhathum,
Institute of Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology

Abstract

Agricultural chemicals are defined as chemicals such as, fertilizers, insecticides, fungicides and
herbicides. These chemicals are harmful to both human and environment. The drastic reduction in the use of these
chemicals is urgently needed. On the other hand, there have been innovative ways to produce chemical- free
fertilizers and others to replace these chemicals. Among them, which is the aim of this work, is to use cold plasma
to strike N2 in atmosphere into the water to generate nitrite ( NO2- ) form for replacing urea fertilizer. The

experimental first step was to initiate lightning by using signal generator to create square wave and transfer into
transformer for producing high voltages. The high voltage between electrodes (copper) and ground (water surface)
can generate plasma. The presence and concentration of nitrite was detected and estimated using nitrite test kit as
a preliminary investigation. After striking plasma for 2 hours, it was found that at the 15 minutes, there was light
orange color indicating small amount of nitrite (0.5 ppm) was detected and increased to 1.0 ppm within one hour.
After 60 minutes, the darker color was seen and there was an increase of nitrite to 3.0 ppm at 90 minutes. Due to
limitation of nitrite test kit, higher concentration than 3.0 ppm could not be detected at the end of 120 minutes.
Therefore, the advanced analytical equipment which is ICP-MS was used. It was found that the amount of nitrite
increased with the higher applied voltage. The successful of nitrite generation using cold plasma and preliminary
results from this work led to develop equipment to produce chemical-free fertilizer for the replacement of chemical
fertilizers in hydroponics plantation. It was found that the rate of hydroponics plant growth between using chemical
fertilizers and using chemical free which generated from cold plasma was quite similar.

Keywords: Cold plasma, Nitrite, Urea fertilizers, Hydroponics
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Introduction
Plasma is a fully dissociated in a state of ions and electrons. Plasma is the fourth state of matter. Because they are
clearly different from substances in other states [1]-[6].

Figure 1: The different arrangement Figure2: The ionization equations in air
between Gas and Plasma. generate to nitrites and nitrates

Air ionization process, Plasma can be produced by applying a large electric field to a neutral gas when
enough energy is transferred to the free electrons. This will cause the free electrons to collide with the atom and
cause the electron escape from the atom. This process, known as ionization, occurs rapidly, dramatically increasing
the number of electrons released, causing the gas to break down and eventually form a plasma. By the ionization
process in air, nitrites and nitrates are formed [6]. One of the Plasma that popular in food industry is Cold Plasma.
It is a novel non-thermal food processing technology that uses energetic, reactive gases to inactivate contaminating
microbes on food such as meats, fruits, poultry and vegetables [10]. Furthermore, Cold plasma has potential for
decomposing pesticides and it can also make the gas dissociated or ionization.

To exemplify, from natural phenomenon, the grasses that receive the rain that accompany the lightning
usually grow faster because lightning turn Nitrogen from the atmosphere into Nitrite which plants need [1]-[9].

Moreover, Nitrite or Nitrate is significant substance for agricultural food such as Hydroponics which, nowadays,
ha the problem of residue from heavily chemicals fertilizers.

Methodology

First step, the Plasma Activated water system starts with Signal generator circuit [Fig.3-(A)] which give
the electric signal look like square wave. Then, the electric signal goes into the high volt transformer and high
frequency [Fig.3-(B)] for increasing voltage and transmitting high voltage to electrode. When high voltage go to
electrode (copper) [Fig.3-(D)], plasma occurred between electrode (copper) water surface (as ground). This process is

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called plasma activation water (PVW) and this reaction generates nitrite and other reactions. According to the first
process, we apply this to hydroponic plantation process as shown in Figure 4.

In this experiment, we compared rate of hydroponic plant growth between using chemical fertilizers and
using nitrite which generated from cold plasma.

Figure3: Plasma Activated Water system Figure4: Processing Hydroponics

Results, Discussion and Conclusion

A. Color results of Nitrite testing

Figure5: Color of Nitrite at different time (mins.) (1) 0 , (2) 15, (3) 30, (4)
45, (5) 60, (6) 75, (7) 90, (8) 105, (9) 120
Figure 5 showed that the increase from light-orange color into darker
color as time increased. This indicated that the nitrite was generated and
the amount of nitrite increased with time.

B. Amount of nitrite generated from cold plasma

The amount of plasma-generated nitrite was estimated using Nitrite test kit. At 15 minutes, the light-orange
color of nitrite matched the color chart with concentration of 0.5 ppm and increased to 1.0 ppm at time 30-60
minutes. After 60 minutes, the darker color was seen and the concentration of nitrite increased up to 3.0 ppm at 90
minutes. Due to limitation of nitrite test kit, higher concentration than 3.0 ppm could not be detected at the end of
120 minutes. Therefore, the advanced analytical equipment which is ICP-MS was used. It was found that the amount
of nitrite increased with the higher applied voltage.

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C. Hydroponics plantation

Figure 6: Hydroponic plant from plasma system Figure 7: Hydroponic plant from conventional chemical fertilizer system

From Figure6 and figure7, it can be seen that the rate of growing plants for 5 days comparing between plasma
system and conventional fertilizer system was quite similar. However, plasma system can reduce chemical residue
and insecticide problem. Therefore, the growing up plant using nitrite generated from plasma system are better
than using conventional way which contaminated with toxic chemicals.

Acknowledgement

The project was supported by Science Classroom in University-Affiliated School (SCiUS) under the
Suranaree University of Technology and Rajsima Witthayalai School. The funding of SCiUS provided by the
Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research, and Innovation, is highly appreciated.

References

1) M. - S. Choi et al. , " Virucidal Effects of Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma on Human Norovirus
Infectivity in Fresh Oysters (Crassostrea gigas)," Foods, vol. 9, no. 12, 2020, doi: 10.3390/foods9121731.

2) Y. Park et al., "The biological effects of surface dielectric barrier discharge on seed germination and plant
growth with barley," Plasma Processes and Polymers, https://doi.org/10.1002/ppap.201600056 vol. 15, no.
2, p. 1600056, 2018/02/01 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ppap.201600056.

3) Y. S. Jin and C. Cho, " Generation of Plasma Activated Water by a Hybrid Plasma Source," IEEE
Transactions on Plasma Science, vol. 47, no. 10, pp. 4588-4592, 2019, doi: 10.1109/TPS.2019.2939800.

4) M. Traylor et al., "Long-term antibacterial efficacy of air plasma-activated water," Journal of Physics D-
applied Physics - J PHYS-D-APPL PHYS, vol. 44, 11/30 2011, doi: 10.1088/0022-3727/44/47/472001.

5) Q. Zhang et al., "A study of oxidative stress induced by non-thermal plasma activated water for bacterial
damage," in 2013 Abstracts IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science (ICOPS), 16-21 June 2013
2013, pp. 1-1, doi: 10.1109/PLASMA.2013.6633407.

6) T. - P. Chen, J. Liang, and T. - L. Su, " Plasma- activated water: antibacterial activity and artifacts?,"
Environmental science and pollution research international, vol. 25, 09/01 2018, doi: 10.1007/s11356-
017-9169-0.

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Title : Development of transdermal patches as anti-inflammatory OS1_19_01

Field : formulations from Euphorbia hirta L. extract
Author : STEM and Innovation
Miss Nurfatan Sameang
School : Miss Weeson Maea
Adviser : Islamic Science Demonstration School Prince of Songkhla University
Dr. Wanpen Naklua
Dr. Suparada Surapanthanakorn

Abstract

The objective of this research is to study the basic chemical structure and anti-inflammatory activities
of Euphorbia hirta L. ethanolic extract to developed into a patch from the study and find out the preliminary
composition of the extract. It was found that the primary structural characteristics of the extract consisted of
Aliphatic and Alcohol group chemicals. The anti-inflammatory effect by using Protein denaturation method
at different concentrations, the extract showed the greatest percentage inhibition of Protein denaturation at
99.095 ± 0.001. Therefore, the extract was developed into a transdermal patch as anti-inflammatory effect and
the properties of the transdermal patch to select the appropriate formula. By finding the Loss on drying (LOD)
of the patch. This is because a good patch should be less hygroscopic. to prevent the patch from becoming
greasy it was found that increasing the concentration of the polymer resulted in a decrease in hygroscopicity.
The results showed that formula 2 (PVA 8% + Sodium alginate 3.0 %) was the less of the Loss on drying
content at 29.44% and the Swelling Index value was found that increasing the concentration of Sodium
alginate resulted in a greater percentage of Swelling Index. It was concluded that increasing the concentration
of Sodium alginate gave the patch good Swelling Index properties and has loss on drying properties

Keyword : Protein denaturation, Anti-inflammatory, Transdermal patch, Euphorbia hirta L.

Introduction
Inflammation is one of the mechanisms that the body works when it found a foreign in the body. It

is caused by the functioning of the immune system that is responsible for eliminating foreign matter that is not
specific, which is characterized by pain, swelling, redness, heat, causing some tissue damage or deterioration.
which the body will automatically repair. There are many anti-inflammatory drugs available. Either eat, apply,
or apply a patch to relieve inflammation.

Euphorbia hirta L. is a one of weed that can be found by themselves along the way and in the general
wasteland. The essences found are tannins, triterpenes, phytosterol and alkanes. There have been many

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studies on the properties of this plant, such as ethanolic extract can reduce pain. Swelling of the rat raw
(Lanhers MC, et al, 1991). The authors therefore opted to test their anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and
developed into an anti-inflammatory patch this is because the transdermal delivery of the drug through the
patch helps to control the drug's local action. Reduce the frequency of use to increase the efficiency of the
wound healing of the extract.

Methodology

The experiments were divided into 3 parts

Part 1: Sampling extraction and composition of primary extracts by FT-IR technique

Euphorbia hirta L. was collected from the Prince of Songkhla University. During November 2 0 2 1
by separating the leaves and flowers to be cleaned with water weighed, dried then ready for extraction.
Extracting Euphorbia hirta L. The dry samples were extracted by Maceration method using 9 5 % ethanol
solvent and the chemical composition contained in the extract by FT-IR technique was obtained by extracting.
The crude samples were brown, viscous, thick. Determine the absorbance of Infrared radiation at a wavelength
of 400-4000 cm-1.

Part 2 : Anti-inflammatory Test : To test the anti-inflammatory effect by measuring the Protein inhibition of
Protein denaturation

A 5 mL of solution was comprised of 0.2 mL egg albumin, 2 . 8 mL of phosphate buffered saline
(PBS) and 2 mL of specific concentration from E. hirta extracts at 6 different concentrations. The extracts
were prepared as an experiment set, while standard solution, Diclofenac sodium at specific 6 different
concentrations were positive control. Mix the solution and heated in water bath at 3 7 ° C for 1 5 minutes,
increased the temperature to 70°C for another 5 minutes then leave at room temperature for another 5 minutes
to cool down. Absorption was measured at a wave length of 660 nm with a UV/Vis double beam
spectrophotometer. The reported value was % inhibition of Protein denaturation.

Part 3: Preparing the transdermal patch containing extracts and test the properties of the patch by applying
from Pattawadee Srikhun's method of preparing the patch(2018)

3.1 Preparation of patch materials

Prepare a solution of PVA 8 % by dissolving it in distilled water. Heated to temperature of 1 1 0 ° C
for 3 hours, 3 formulas of PVA 8% were prepared, 70 mL per each. The first formula was a control experiment.
The second formula and third formula were added by different concentrations of Sodium alginate. Then add
the extract at the 0 .0 2 5 µg/mL . When the mixture is homogeneous, add 5 % glycerin for use as a plasticizer
and pour the resulting solution. Put it in a Petri dish 20 mL and incubated at 50°C for 12 hours in Hot air oven.

3.2 Patch properties test

1 . Study the physical characteristics of the patch by visually assessing the surface such as the smoothness of
the covering material wound transparency to choose a wound dressing material with good physical
characteristic

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2 . Study the ability to absorb water (Swelling index) by weighing the prepared film size 2 x2 cm with start
heavy, then continuously drip with phosphate buffer pH 6. 8 solution in order to absorb the solution on the
patch all the time. Assessments were performed at 15, 30, 60, 180 and 360 minutes. Excess solution takes it
out to weigh and find the Swelling Index.

3 . Study the Loss on drying by incubate the patches in a Hot air oven at 50 ° C, weighing every 1 5 minutes
until the patch weight was stable. Save the loss on drying value to select a formula that can be preserved for a
longer period of time.

Result

Part 1 The example of substances and composition of primary extracts: The extracts obtained are thick, viscous

and sticky Table 1 : Represent FT-IR analysis of plant Euphorbia hirta L.

Figure 1 the crude Euphorbia hirta L. extract No. Peak value (cm-1) Functional Groups
1 1045
Part 2 Anti-inflammatory test: 2 1201 Ether Alcohol
3 1610 Alcohol
4 2924 Aliphatic
5 3305 Aliphatic
Alcohol

Table 2 : Mean absorbance and percentage inhibition of Protein Table 3 : Mean absorbance and percentage inhibition of
denaturation by Euphorbia hirta L. extract Protein denaturation by Euphorbia hirta L Diclofenac sodium

concentration µg/mL Mean absorbance ± SEM Percentage inhibition of Protein Percentage inhibition of
danaturation protein denaturation
Concentration µg/mL Mean absorbance ± SEM

781.3 Flower extract Leaves extract Flower extract Leaves extract 78.1 0.010 ± 0.003 77.8281
0.007 ± 0.002 0.002 ± 0.001 76.471 67.4208 156.3 0.013 ± 0.008 93.2127
312.0 0.016 ± 0.002 92.7602
1562.5 0.010 ± 0.005 0.003 ± 0.002 92.760 89.1403 625.0 0.015 ± 0.003 94.1176
1250.0 0.049 ± 0.005 95.4751
3125.0 0.007 ± 0.003 0.008 ± 0.005 96.833 96.3801
6250.0 0.016 ± 0.001 0.024 ± 0.014 95.475 98.6425
12500.0 0.052 ± 0.014 0.072 ± 0.041 96.833 99.0950

% Inhibition = (abs control-abs sample/abs control)*100 *** The absorbance control was 0.221

The percentage inhibition of Protein denaturation yielded different results, the leaves extract inhibited the best
at 99.095%, the flower 96.833% the control experiment at 95.475%.

Part 3 Test the properties of the patch

Formulations Table 4 : Formulations for preparing the patch (% w/v)
F0 F1 F2

Positive control PVA 8% PVA 8% + Sodium PVA 8% + Sodium

alginate 0.5% alginate 3.0%

Negative control PVA 8% + Leaves extract PVA 8% + Sodium PVA 8% + Sodium
alginate 0.5% + Leaves alginate 3.0% + Leaves
extract extract

PVA 8% + Flower extract PVA 8% + Sodium PVA 8% + Sodium
alginate 0.5% + Flower alginate 3.0% + Flower
extract extract

1. Physical characteristics found that F0 is the clearest and F1 is
the smoothest and most homogeneous.

Figure 2 : Physical characteristics of patches

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2. The results of LOD found that adding the polymer at low
concentration it is more hygroscopic when compared with PVA,
but when the concentration of the polymer is high, the
hygroscopicity will decreased.

Figure 3 : % moisture contents 3. The ability to absorb water (Swelling index)
found that when comparing the formula of

Sodium alginate 0.5% and 3.0% before add the

extracts compared with after add the extracts

found that when add the extract, that was

Figure 4 : Swelling Index of leaves extract Figure 5 : Swelling Index of flower extract

reduced when compared to no adding extracts.

% Swelling Index = (W2 - W1) x 100/W1

W1 is the initial weight of the dressing before instillation,
W2 is the weight of the dressing after absorbing water.

Conclusion Figure 6 : Swelling Index of control

This study the anti-inflammatory potential of the aerial part of Euphorbia hirta L. extracts. Therefore,
inhibition of its denaturation process by an agent indicates its anti-inflammation properties; higher the degree
of inhibition greater would be its anti-inflammation potential. The lowes concentration of the extract tested
was 78.125 μg/mL and the highest was 12500 μg/mL . The reference drug Diclofenac sodium also showed
prefound and concentration- dependent in vitro anti-inflammatory activity, as expected.

The LOD test showed the results of the patches. From the test Leaves extract at F2 and flower extract
F2 showed the LOD value at 29.44 % and 33.41 % respectively of the test when compared with control
experiments F1 at 24.66%. Therefore, when the concentration of the polymer is increased, the LOD will be
reduced. Makes the patch reduce moisture absorption, which is a good feature of the patch.

The Swelling Index in the control experiment showed that adding more Sodium alginate increased
the adsorption rate F2, which gave an adsorption at 83.76%. In the experimental set with extract added it was
found that the leaves extract F0 gave the adsorption value at 7 7 . 67% and the flower extract F1 gave the
adsorption at 80.59%. Therefore, adding the extract reduced the adsorption value.

Acknowledgements

This project was supported by Science Classroom in University Affiliated School (SCiUS). The
funding is provided by Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation. This extended
abstract is not for citation.

References

Pattawadee Srikhun. 2018. Design and development of transdermal patches as anti-inflammatory formulations
from local Thai plants. Faculty of Engineering, Burapha University

Lanher MC, Fleurentin J, Dorfmann P, Mortier F, Pelt JM. 1991. Analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory
properties of Euphorbia hirta L. Planta Med 57(3): 225-23

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List of Science Projects 12thSCiUS Forum
Oral presentation

STEM and Innovation Group 2
Saturday August 27, 2022

No. Code Title Author School
Paphayomphittayakom
1 OS2_14_01 Low Voltage Solar Cell Miss Chanthisa Preechanukit School

Tracking and Energy Miss Woralak Thongkundam Chiang Mai University
Demonstration School
Measurement via IoT system.
Demonstration School,
2 OS2_01_02 Developing apps to help Miss Chiaranai University of Phayao

solve the problem of not Phruekpphatthanachai

knowing what to eat Miss Kornkanok Soongswang

3 OS2_02_02 Automatic chest compression Mr. Dhammaroj Duangnakhon

device for CPR Mr. Jaturaphat Saiphun

4 OS2_05_01 Non-Electric Washing Mr. Sorakit Sirisak Demonstration School
Machine Mr. Nopnatee Trivoravong of Khon Kaen
University
5 OS2_06_02 Predictive equation and Mr. Kasidit Mueanwacha Rajsima Witthayalai
School
practical test to evaluate the Mr. Pasit Chaiariyavorawat
unconfined compressive Mr. Worrachot Wongsuksawat
strength of the soil-cement

column

6 OS2_09_04 Design and manufacturing a Miss Nathamon Phonimthai Engineering Science

prototype of the garbage Miss Chanchita Meemoongtham Classrooms

collecting water bike Mr. Nattapong Rattanasaengsuang (Darunsikkhalai School)

7 OS2_02_04 Design and development of Mr. Chanachon Chanchote Demonstration School,
University of Phayao
quadcopter for forest fire Mr. Kritmongkol Rattanathaworn
observation and suppression Mr. Punyapat Takam

8 OS2_08_02 Masked driver drowsiness Mr. Nattagan Samit Lukhamhanwarinchamr
detection system with IoT Mr. Chonnawee Prajan ab School

9 OS2_03_06 Design of the temperature Mr. Buntheppitak Daungthip Naresuan University
Secondary
control system in the attic for Mr. Tanakith Huyheng Demonstration School
energy saving of air
conditioners.

83

No. Code Title Author 12th SCiUS Forum
Mr. Thitikorn Sumsup
10 OS2_03_02 Shoes for health assessment Mr. Kanpong Asawathamacoop School
by using IOT system. Naresuan University
Secondary
11 OS2_18_01 The design and prototyping of Mr. Peeradon Angkarongrak Demonstration School
Surawiwat School,
prosthetic fingers using PETG Mr. Panrawat Prapansri Suranaree University of
Technology
plastic and 3D Printing Mr. Phurin Tantimala
Technology PSU.Wittayanusorn
School
12 OS2_15_01 Development of Atmospheric Miss Karinya Nakchuay Princess Sirindhorn's
College
Pressure Plasma Needle Jet Miss Theeranut Keereenart

for Sterilization Applications

13 OS2_12_01 Development of ventilation Miss Ananya Aryucharoen

device for PPE suit using Mr. Jakkarin Preeprem

thermoelectric peltier Mr. Siwamate Sooksa-Ardvisit

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Title : Low Voltage Solar Cell Tracking and Energy Measurement via IoT system.
Field :
Authors : STEM and Innovation OS2_14_01
Miss Chanthisa Preechanukit
School :
Advisor : Miss Woralak Thongkundam

Paphayompittayakom School, Thaksin University

Mr.Grit Tongkhundam (Thaksin University)

Abstract

This research aims to increase the efficiency of solar cell with solar cell tracking method and logging
electricity from solar cell via the IoT system and use the information to optimize electrical energy efficiency.
It can also control appliances via blynk application. The solar panel will rotate with the sunlight at 45 degrees
every 4 hours. The rotation of the solar panel is controlled by the ESP32 microcontroller and can be adjusted
according to movement of the sun via servo motor. Compare the performance of solar cell tracking and fixed
angle solar cell 5 volts 5 watts charge with 10000 mAh lithium battery. The average of electric current received
from solar cell tracking and fixed angle solar cell are 0 . 4 9 A and 0 . 4 2 A respectively. Solar cell tracking
received electric current more than fixed angle solar cell 1 6 . 6 7 percent. Connect solar cell tracking to low
voltage appliances 5 volts 3 watts LED lamps, 5 volts fan and 5 volts water pump. It can use mobile phone to
control appliances through Blynk application via IoT system.

Keywords : Solar cell, Solar energy, IoT system, Appliances

Introduction

At present, electrical energy is an important factor for human life. Electricity is required for activities
such as agriculture, industry, or transportation. The enormous daily use of electricity makes electricity
generation a huge problem in the country. The most of the electrical energy is the type of non-renewable
energy. This causes the resource to be less and may be exhausted in the future. Another way in which electricity
can be generated is the use of renewable energy such as wind energy, hydropower or solar energy that has
been used naturally. As a result, solar energy devices are widely used in outdoor equipment. The most
installation of solar panels is fixed angle installation. This type of installation can receive solar energy for a
certain period (approximately 5-6 hours per day), resulting in insufficient receiving of solar energy from the
solar panel.

According to research, the design and installation of an automatic solar tracking system for mono-
crystalline silicon material panels is carried out using a maximum energy point tracking algorithm. In that
research, it will design a solar tracking system to achieve greater energy from the sun compared to fixed-angle

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solar panels. Results showed that automatic solar tracking systems were 16.46% more efficient than fixed-
angle panel systems. [1]

The authors therefore have an idea to compare the increased solar energy efficiency of solar cell
tracking installations and record the electric energy received. In order to put the solar panel connected to the
battery as a source of energy storage for use with electrical appliances. Design a system to record the energy
received from solar panels and measure the energy consumed by electrical equipment and recording data
through the IoT system to be able to adjust the pattern of electricity use in the house appropriately. Expect to
benefit from savings in household electricity bills because it can control the amount of electric energy
appropriately with the electric energy received from the solar panel.

Methodology

The experiments were divided into 3 parts as follows,

Part 1 : Design and fabricate solar cell tracking.

Connect the LCD monitor to the Arduino ESP32 board, write the display command on the LCD

monitor, connect the Buzzer to the Arduino ESP32 board, Connect the RTC Module to the Arduino ESP32

board to use as a clock to the Arduino ESP32 board, connecting the Servo Motor to the solar panel and Arduino

ESP32 then writes a command control unit through

Arduino ESP32 through the Arduino IDE program to

control the rotation of solar panels , Connect the solar

panel to the Power Energy Meter Module, and then

connect the Power Energy Meter Module to the protection

board. And connect the protective board to the Lifepo4

3.2 v battery for protect the battery. Figure 1 : solar cell tracking circuit

Part 2 : Compare the performance of solar cell tracking and fixed angle solar cell.

2.1 Install solar panels, the 1st set of fixed-angle solar panels is set solar panels parallel to the plane.
The second set of solar cell tracking is a solar panel that changes the angle by 45 degrees every four hours. At
8 a.m., the solar panel rotate to 45 degrees, at 12 p.m., the solar panel rotate to 90 degrees, and at 4 p.m., the
solar panel rotate to 135 degrees.

2.2 Energy measurements are obtained from the 1st and 2nd solar panels with Power Energy Meter
Module every 1 hour from 8 a.m. – 5 p.m. for a period of 3 days. Then record the results in Table 1 and
compare the performance of solar cell tracking with fixed angle solar cell.

Part 3 : Connect solar cell tracking panels to electrical appliance.

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Connect the solar cell tracking solar panel circuit from Part 1 to the Figure 2 : solar cell tracking circuit
Power Energy Meter Module. And connect the Power Energy Meter with appliance
Module to the battery, Arduino ESP32 board and 4-pin Relay.
Connect the 4-pin Relay to the Arduino ESP32 board, then connect
both lamps, water pump and fan to the 4-pin Relay. Then write the
command control unit through the Arduino ESP32 board through
the Arduino IDE program to control each appliance and design
electrical appliance control onto the Blynk application.

Results, Discussion and Conclusion

Table 1 Table showing The electric currents are received from solar cell tracking and fixed angle solar cell.

Trail date The average value

Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 of received current

(A)

Time Fixed Solar cell Fixed Solar cell Fixed Solar cell Fixed Solar
8 a.m. angle tracking angle tracking angle tracking
solar cell solar cell solar cell angle cell
(A) (A) (A) (A) (A) (A)
solar tracking

cell (A) (A)

0.21 0.36 0.20 0.41 0.17 0.32 0.19 0.36

9 a.m. 0.38 0.6 0.29 0.62 0.36 0.52 0.34 0.58

10 a.m. 0.68 0.74 0.62 0.70 0.58 0.64 0.63 0.69

11 a.m. 0.71 0.70 0.76 0.74 0.62 0.64 0.70 0.69

12 p.m. 0.77 0.77 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.70 0.70

1 p.m. 0.08 0.08 0.77 0.77 0.67 0.67 0.51 0.51

2 p.m. 0.10 0.10 0.71 0.71 0.54 0.57 0.45 0.46

3 p.m. 0.19 0.19 0.74 0.74 0.16 0.17 0.36 0.37

4 p.m. 0.12 0.2 0.24 0.3 0.13 0.21 0.16 0.24

5 p.m. 0.13 0.36 0.27 0.32 0.04 0.07 0.15 0.25

average 0.34 0.41 0.53 0.60 0.39 0.49 0.42 0.49

The electric currents are received from solar cell tracking and fixed angle solar cell for 3 days.
(a) (b)

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(c)

Figure 3 : comparing the performance of solar cell tracking with fixed
angle solar cell on Day 1 (a), Day 2 (b) and Day 3 (c)

According to the results, the electric currents obtained from solar cell tracking are more than fixed
angle solar cell on day 1, day 2, and day 3 were 21.66 percent, 13.47 percent and 13.70 percent respectively.
From graph a. solar panel received high electric currents between 10 a.m. and 12 p.m. but between 12:01 p.m.
and 2 : 0 0 p.m. there is a malfunction in the current exposure due to clouds obscuring the sun, causing solar
panels to receive less sunlight. Graph b. solar panel receive high electric currents between 10 a.m. and 3 p.m.
and graphs c. solar panel receive high current values between 1 0 a.m. and 2 p.m. On average, Solar cell
tracking received electric current more than fixed angle solar cell 16.67 percent. The system developed using
a 100 Wh lithium phosphate battery uses 20 W solar panels that can fully charge the battery within 5 hours.
(On sunny days throughout the day) Can drive 2 5 W LED lighting bulbs, 10 W fan and small water pump for
a period of 5 – 10 hours. It can be controlled via IoT system via the Blynk application suitable for cottages or
small garden houses with a budget of 2,000 baht.

Conclusion
The average of electric current received from solar cell tracking and fixed angle solar cell are 0.42

ampere and 0.49 ampere. Solar cell tracking received electric current more than fixed angle solar cell 16.67
percent. It can be control electrical appliances through the Blynk application.

Acknowledgements
This project was supported by Science Classroom in University Affiliated School (SCiUS) under

Taksin University and Paphayompittayakom School. The funding of SCiUS is provided by Ministry of Higher
Education, Science, Research and Innovation, which is highly appreciated. This extended abstract is not for
citation.

References
[1] T. Rajesh, K.S. Tamilselvan, A. Vijayalakshmi, Ch. Narendra Kumar, K. Anitha Reddy. Design and
implementation of an automatic solar tracking system for a monocrystalline silicon material panel using MPPT
algorithm. Materials Today: Proceedings, Volume 45 ; 2021.

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Title: Application for solving ‘Don’t know what to eat’ and ‘Don’t know where to travel’
Field: STEM and Innovation
Author: Ms.Chiaranai Phruekphatthanachai

Ms .Kornkanok Soongswang
School: Chiang Mai University Demonstration School
Advisor: Assistant Professor Lachana Ramingwong, PhD.

Abstract
An application that is used for helping people choose restaurants and sights is done from a database

in Microsoft Excel. Then we added the database to the application via Thunkable, the mobile development
platform, for users to search using keywords.

This project starts with the members who use the application for finding something to eat and it
takes a very long time to find the right restaurant. To help people with the same problem, we made the
application able to find information about the food you want with the increased speed. Users would thus get
a satisfying service.

This research of fan pages and Inbox direct to the restaurant for information about the most popular
food average of people coming to the restaurant also go to the restaurant to get some more information and
we take the data to the database then turn into Microsoft Excel then put it in the Thunkable application.

The application will be able to allow users to enter statements, e.g. expense, convenient date and
time, and food type so that the program will find menus and places in the database that wants the user. Then
the program will show the population density of shops, types, and menus. It’s similar to the Wongnai
application that enters categories and menus to bring out the database, but the difference is that the
application in the project can enter budgets and specify the population density of restaurants daily.

For this reason, our application focuses on making decisions by using functions to meet the needs
of users.

Keywords : database, application, help deicide, food, tourism

Introdution
Many times human have to make decisions. Each decision takes a lot of time. and the problem is

not getting what they want We've all been disappointed by decisions and indecisiveness that require more
time to decide.

So that to fix the problem We’re researching applications for solving the ' Don’t know what to eat
and Don’t know what to travel ’ problem

that help you make food and travel decisions. The purposes of research about the application are 1.
It helps to spend less time making decisions. 2. Help to make decisions according to what they want 3. To
learn more 4. To develop a function to help decide where to travel that is rarely done.

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
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In doing the application, use Thunkable Application and use a database to collect information about
restaurants and sights. The function part was collected from a sample of 100 people who filled out a
questionnaire on the needs of various functions of the application through users for 1 week.

Methodology
Operation Step 1 To collect sample data about the functions that users need to use the application to

help decide restaurants and attractions.
We use Google Form to collect data from sample. study population included people who used the

app to make restaurant choices.The study sample consisted of 90 randomized quiz.The question It can be
divided into 3 parts as follows:

Part 1 asks the status of the respondents.
Part 2 focuses on factors affecting the choice of delivery application.
Part 3 focuses on factors affecting the choice of application for solving ‘Don’t know what to eat’
and ‘Don’t know where to travel’ problem.

Operation step 2 database creation To bring restaurant and tourist information into a database to be
used in applications.
1. Enter the title of the restaurant and tourist information in the top row of the column. by selecting the type
of data that is appropriate for the topic.
2. Enter shop and tourist information in each row.The resulting database will be as follows

Operation step 3 Making Application
We use the program Thunkable to write this application. Thunkable is a program for making an app
it uses React Native language made by Facebook and it uses native components instead of web components
as building blocks. So, In Thunkable, all the codes are building blocks. And to build UI(User Interface) we
used Thunkable’s button and label blocks also Thunkable has GPS from Google Maps to help with the
location of the restaurant and tourist attraction. For the Database first, we used Google Sheets for easy
arrangements then we import the file to Airtable to connect it with Thunkable then we use it to show
locations in maps, menus, restaurants, and tourist attractions.

Results, Discussion and Conclusion

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
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This application have 2 modes one for finding food and one for finding tourist attractions. For food,
the application can find around restaurants also you can search food kind, food, and the name of restaurants
and the application have a list for all of the restaurants. Like the food for tourist attractions, the application
can find nearby tourist attractions and find from kind of the activities in the tourist attractions.
Acknowledgements

This project was supported by Science Classroom in University Affiliated School(SCIUS). The
funding of SCIUS is provided by Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation. This
extended abstract is not for citation.
References
1. Foodpanda(2022). Foodpanda(Version 22.7.1)[Mobile app]. https://www.foodpanda.co.th/
2. Wongnai(2022). Wongnai(Version 11.20220331)[Mobile app]. https://www.wongnai.com/
3.LINE MAN.(2022).LINE MAN (Version 10.6.0)[Mobile app]. App Store.
https://apps.apple.com/th/app/line-man
4.Grab. (2022). Grab(Version 5.197.0)[Mobile app]. App https://apps.apple.com/th/app/grab

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
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Title : Automated chest compression device for CPR OS2_02_02

Field : STEM and Innovation
Author : Mr. Dhammaroj Duangnakhon
Mr. Jaturaphat Saiphun
School : Demonstration School, University of Phayao
Advisor : Acting Sub Lts. Manus Poothawee, Demonstration School, University of Phayao
Kridsada luangthongkham, Demonstration School, University of Phayao
Saridraj Sapsin, Demonstration School, University of Phayao

Abstract
Nowadays, humans' main cause of death is unconsciousness and sudden cardiac arrest due to

accidents for various reasons. Compressing the heart to get it back to regular pulses required four main
components. 1) Push hard is to press deep enough to stimulate the heartbeat which presses between 2-2.4
inches for adults. 2) Push fast is to press evenly, should be about 100-120 times per minute. 3) Fully recoils
this is to allow the chest to fully recover before applying the next compress. If the chests are not allowed to
fully recoil, rib fractures may occur. 4) Avoid interrupting is to avoid various distractions1. The heart pump
should not be waived for more than 10 seconds.

As previously mentioned, human compressions can result in errors, such as compressions that are
not deep enough to induce recovery or irregular compressions that cause a pulse mismatch, causing the heart
rate to increase.

Therefore, we invented the Automatic chest compression device for CPR controlled by Arduino
UNO that calibrates the chest of the patient using a stepping motor by working with a force sensor to make
compression part contact with the chest of the patient and will start the compressing process with the pumping
rate at 108 round per minutes and pressing deep 2.2 inches by using a linear actuator. The purpose is to test it
with Adult CPR Manikin, which can tell us how to do CPR efficiently by the L.E.D. status CPR rate beside
the Manikin.

Keywords : Arduino, Automated chest compression device for CPR, Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, Chest
compression, CPR

Introduction
Sudden Cardiac Arrest occurs when the heart stops beating and lacks the supply of blood and

oxygen to the body's organs, causing the blood flow to stop. Resulting in insufficient blood and oxygen supply
to various parts of the body, By CPR (Cardiopulmonary resuscitation) is going to increase the chances of
survival of patients even more and requires 4 main components: 1. Push hard 2. Push fast 3. Fully recoil
4. Avoid interrupt1, as a result of the four factors mentioned above, may result in errors such as not pressing
deep enough, Irregular compressions may cause a mismatch to the patient, or people who are inexperienced
with CPR may either be pumping the heart incorrectly and may refusing to pump the heart. As a result, chest
compression necessitates a high level of skill and precision to save the patient's life.

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The Automatic chest compression device for CPR uses a force sensor and an Arduino UNO
to control a linear actuator that rotates to compress the patient's chest automatically. The Automatic chest
compression device for CPR has been modified to include a pumping part that can be attached to the patient's
chest to determine the chest level in an unconscious or cardiac arrest patient. It has a pumping depth of 2.2
inches and can manage a heart rate of 108 beats per minute. It is unlike other Automated CPR machines in
terms of function and price.

Methodology
The experiments were divided into 2 parts as follows,

Part 1: Study about chest compression.
1.1 To find the efficient way to do CPR based on American Heart Association guidelines 25581.
1.2 Study the function of another Automated CPR machine by watching their instruction video clip

and watching how it works.
Part 2: The development of the Automatic Chest Compression device for CPR.

2.1 find devices that are necessary for this project which include Arduino UNO, force sensor, stepper
motor, L298N (motor driver), linear actuator, relay module, and button.

2.2 Learning to understand how to program each device by using Arduino IDE in C/C++.
2.3 In our coding part we ran our code from Arduino IDE by using the Arduino UNO board to receive
data from the force sensor and controlling the motor driver and relay module for controlling the stepper motor
and linear actuator.

2.3.1 We use the force sensor to measure the force when it contacts with chest of the patient
and then sends the data to the Arduino UNO.

2.3.2 We use stepper motors to calibrate the range of the compression part and the patient
chest to make it contracts with the chest of the patient.

2.3.3 We use the Linear actuator to make the compression part work and compressed the
patient’s chest.

2.3.4 We use the button to stop the machine when it has some errors while working with the
patient.
2.4 Fix the problems of the Automatic chest compression device for CPR and improve the mistake
of the machine.
2.5 We put our machine to working with a Manikin that can show a chest compression rate and depth
for testing and development.

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Results
We are testing and developing of Automated chest compression device for CPR. First starts with

the stepper motor functional test with a counterclockwise rotation to bring the platform down so that the
Force sensor can touch the manikin’s chest and can obtain values where the compression part touches the
manikin. And send the data to the Arduino UNO to stop the stepper motor and then activate the relay module
to control the linear actuator to make a compression by pumping the heart at a rate of 108 rpm and 2.2 inches
in depth, which matching to the American heart association guideline 2015 as After two minutes, The
compression will stop and the stepper motor will begin to rotate clockwise to bring the platform up from the
patient's chest. Therefore, the work has been completed and there is an emergency button that can be pressed
to stop the machine from working when an emergency occurs. However, cardiac pump testing revealed that
the dc motor on the linear actuator was unable to pump the heart because CPR requires a torque of 26.9–28.1
Nm (Newton/meter), whereas the DC motor on the linear actuator is only 0.19 Nm. As a result, the current dc
motor is unable to compress the manikin's chest.
Conclusion

Automated chest compression device for CPR is low-priced than other Automated CPR machines
and can perform CPR at a rate of 108 rounds per minute with depth of 2.2 inches for two minutes, matching
four main components from American heart association guideline 2015 on “how to perform CPR effectively”,
but because the DC motor on linear actuator is unable to compress the manikin's chest. We will replace the
DC motor with a new one that is strong enough to compress the heart and makes it possible to test with manikin
and develop it to working with patients with unconscious or cardiac arrest patient and can help patients to
come back to life again.

Acknowledgements
This project was supported by Science Classroom in University Affiliated School (SCiUS). The

funding of SCiUS is provided by Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation. This
extended abstract is not for citation.

References
1.American Heart Association. ไฮไลทข์ องแนวทางการนวดหัวใจผายปอดกูช้ ีพ (CPR) และ การดูแลผปู้ ่ วยโรคหัวใจหลอดเลือดในภาวะฉุกเฉิน
(ECC) ของ American Heart Association (AHA) ฉบบั ปรับปรุง พ.ศ. 2558. 2558: 9-13.
2. Leslie A Geddes, Megan K Boland, Pervin R Taleyarkhan, Jillian Vitter. Chest compression force of
trained and untrained CPR rescuers. 2007.

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Title : Predictive equation and practical test to evaluate the unconfined OS2_06_02
compressive strength of the soil-cement column

Field : STEM and Innovation

Authors : Mr.Kasidit Mueanwacha, Mr.Pasit Chaiariyavorawat and Mr.Worrachot Wongsuksawat

School : Rajsima Wittayalai School, SCiUS-Suranaree University of Technology

Advisor : Asst. Prof. Dr. Jiratchaya Ayawanna, School of Ceramic Engineering, Institute of Engineering,
Suranaree University of Technology

Abstract

The soil- cement column ( SCC) is constructed by mixing cement to enhance the engineering properties
of soft clay (SC) at the construction site. This researchaims to minimize the number of trial tests, reduce the testing

time and cost by developing the predictive UCS equation of the SCC on SC areas based on cement content, curing
time and water content. The equation was designed from the previous collecting unconfined compressive strength
( UCS) data of the SC in each 7, 14, and 28 curing days which was convenient for the usage in construction site
for different curing days. The proposed equation was truly linear with the R2 > 0.7, the Multiple R-value ~ 1, and
the Significance F. value < 0.005, indicating the reliabilityand the accuracy statistical result. The laboratory UCS
values of SCC containing 10, 15, and 20% cement by weight were measured and compared with the predictive
UCS values. Both laboratory and predictive UCS revealed the compulsory values in the SCC contained > 5%
cement from the dry- mixing method of the soil layer within 15 meters depth below the ground surface and
containing water content over 60% . Both laboratory and predictive UCS values were above the standard
acceptance values. These findings indicated that the proposed UCS equations can design the strength and predict
the optimized ratio between cement and SC of the SCC to confirm before applying at the actual construction site.

Keywords : Soft Bangkok clay; Soil-cement column; Unconfined compressive strength; UCS equation

Introduction
Soft Bangkok clay known as soft clay ( SC) has a problem with the limitation of bearing capacity. For

that reason, the engineers tried to solve the problem by enhancing the engineering properties of SC. The SC
improvement by mixing cement with SC results in forming of a cylindrical column called soil - cement column
( SCC) ( Figure 1) . SCC was built up by using a rotary drilling machine. The rotary drilling machine rotated to
break up the soil fabrics during rotating down with the down-stroke process until it approached the tip of the soil.
Afterward, the cement was injected into the natural soil during the up-stroke process to form SCC (Figure 2).

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