GreenSciencePortfolio-2017-ColleenVerneauClassof2021

Because of the gravitational pull
3. Which planet would you be able to hit a golf ball further? Explain using data.

Mercury would be able to hit a golf ball farther because its gravitational pull is 0.38 whereas
Earth is 9.8 so there is less gravity on Mercury. Therefore making it easier for the golf ball to fly
farther.

4. How does GPE relate to Chemical Potential Energy?
GPE is transformed into kinetic energy when an object falls to the ground, and Chemical
Potential Energy is the energy stored in chemicals, which can be released to do work.

5. How do Energy companies use GPE to generate Electrical Energy? Give an example
A water wheel can be connected to a generator, electricity can be generated. So it can allow
people to use the water’s GPE.

6. What happens to the GPE when the object falls to the ground? Describe the Energy
transformations along the way. Use a diagram.

Along the way down, the GPE of the object is transforming into kinetic energy.

KE Project:

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Problem Statement:

1. Design an experiment to test how changing the angle of a ramp affects Kinetic
Energy?

2. What is the velocity of a roller coaster at the bottom of the hill?

Hypothesis:

If you increase the angle of the ramp than the Kinetic energy will increase as well

Independent Variable:
The angle of the ramp

Dependent Variable:
The kinetic energy

*Use the following angles: 8, 18, 28

Example:​ S​ uppose you want to make a ramp with a 23 degree angle. Look up 23

degrees on the Angle Chart and find the sine (decimal).
Sin 23 = 0.39
Substitute Sin 23 with 0.39

0.39 = opposite
hypotenuse

0.39 = opposite (height of ramp)
180 cm

solve for opposite (height of ramp)

Height= ​0.167004
mgh=0.5mv2​
21.5(9.8)(0.16) = 0.5(21.5)(v​2​)
33.71= V​2
5.81 = V2​

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2.41 =V

V= D
T
1.2
V= 1.39

V=0.86

____________________________________________________________________

Height= 0.370824

mgh=0.5mv​2

21.5(9.8)(0.37) = 0.5(21.5)(v2​ ​)

77.96= V2​

7.25= V​2

2.69= V

V= D
T
1.2
V= 0.85

V=1.41

____________________________________________________________________

Height= 0.563364

mgh=0.5mv​2

21.5(9.8)(0.56) = 0.5(21.5)(v​2)​

117.99 = V​2

10.98 = V2​

3.31 = V

V= D
T
1.2
V= 0.55

V= 2.18

____________________________________________________________________

*​Angle Chart

*Include diagrams of the 3 Angles
*Include math examples for determining the angles and KE.

Video Resources:
1. How to solve KE problems: h​ ttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tryiwu4RhSM

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2. PE/KE: ​https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Je8nT93dxGg
3. PE/KE: ​https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BSWl_Zj-CZs
4. PE/KE: h​ ttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7K4V0NvUxRg

Data Analysis - ​Write your data analysis paragraph here

In conclusion, my hypothesis was correct because the experiment
reflected what I wrote. For the hypothesis I wrote if the angle increases
the Kinetic energy will increase as well which is shown in the data above.

Article: E​ veryday Energy

Read the article and answer the questions.

1. A
2. B
3. D
4. C
5. D
6. A
7. C
8. Because it is harnessing the converted potential energy and turbines are housed within

the power plant at the base of the dam. The electricity varies depending on how much
water is required downriver from the dam.
9. Gravity and the amount of water required downriver from the dam determine the energy
production of of the Hoover dam.
10. Because there is less water therefore less energy.

FINAL PART - Roller Coaster Physics

Objective:
1. When energy is transformed, the total amount of energy stays constant (is conserved).
2. Work is done to lift an object, giving it gravitational potential energy (weight x height). The
gravitational potential energy of an object moving down a hill is transformed into kinetic
energy as it moves, reaching maximum kinetic energy at the bottom of the hill.

Determine the velocity of a full roller coaster of riders at the bottom of the largest hill. You can
use the following roller coasters:
Watch these Videos for help:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Je8nT93dxGg
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iYEWIuQBVyg

Use either:

GPEt​ op​ = KE​bottom

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1. Cyclone - Coney Island
Height of largest hill -​ 26 meters
Mass of Coaster/number of riders - ​1,016.047kg. 24 riders.
Velocity at Bottom of Hill in m/s - ​5.3 m/s
It goes 800 meters and the time it takes is 150 seconds.

2. Pick your own coaster- T​ he Hulk- Universal Studios
Height of largest hill- ​34 meters
Mass of Coaster/number of riders- 1​ ,016.047kg​. ​32 riders.
Velocity at Bottom of Hill in m/s - ​16m/s
It goes 1200 meters and the time it takes is 75 seconds.

*Write about your results in a paragraph.
To conclude, the Cyclone at Coney Island has a lower velocity than the Hulk at Universal
Studios.

Inclined Plane Project:

Simple Machine Mechanical Work Input Force
A basic mechanical Advantage Denoting a Initial force used to
device for applying The ratio of a force mechanism or get a machine
force produced by a structure of a specific working
machine to the force kind
applied to it

Compound Machine Ideal Mechanical Power Output Distance
A machine consisting Advantage The ability to do The number of times
of 2 or more simple Is the measure of of something or act in a that a machine
machines working the force particular way increases an imput

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together amplification force
achieved by using a
tool Output Force
The number of times
Efficiency Actual Mechanical Input Distance a machine increases
The state or quality of Advantage Force exerted on a an input force
being efficient Determined by machine
physical
measurement of the
input and output
forces.

First Class Lever Second Class Lever Third Class Lever Energy
Effort is located The strength and
Fulcrum in the middle wheelbarrow between the fulcrum vitality required for
and the load sustained physical or
mental activity

Block and Tackle Fixed Pulley Movable Pulley
Pulley Changes the A pulley that is free to
A system of 2 or direction of the force move up and down
more pulleys on a rope or belt that
moves along its
circumference

2. Experiment: How does the angle of an inclined plane affect:
A. Ideal Mechanical Advantage
B. Actual Mechanical Advantage
C. Efficiency
*Think about the scientific Method
DATA TABLE

***Why is the Actual Mechanical Advantage always less than the Ideal Mechanical
Because you cannot get more out of less work

Conclusion:

*Write your OWN CONCLUSION HERE!
The purpose of the experiment was to determine whether or not the angle of a ramp

affects efficiency. To create the experiment, we used a ring stand, spring scale, and a wooden
ramp. We performed the procedure by finding three different angles of the ramp, and then
finding the efficiency of each angle. To conclude, we found that as the angle increased, so did
the efficiency, which clearly showed that angle does affect efficiency.

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3. Critical Thinking (Include in Presentation):
A. How much WORK would be done to lift a 350 kg Piano to the top of the Empire State
Building using a ramp with an angle of 35 degrees?

350kg*9.8m/s2​ ​=3430
2.5=3430 N/x
8575 N = x

W​in​= D​in​*Force​in
Wi​ n​=834 ft(8575 N)
Win=7,151,550J

1. What is the length of the ramp to the top of the Empire State Building?

35 degrees = 0.57358
Hyp = Opp(0.57358)
Hyp = 1,454ft(0.57358)
Hyp = 834 feet

2. Suppose the Ideal Mechanical Advantage is 3.2
3. The Actual Mechanical Advantage (AMA) is 2.5.
4. What is the Efficiency of this Machine?

Worko​ ut ​= Do​ ut​*F​out
Work​out =​ 1454 ft(3430 N)
Work​out​ = 4,987,220 J

E = Work​out/​ Work​in
E = 4,987,220/7,151,550
E = .697*100
E = 69.7%

5. Provide a diagram of this example.

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4. Explain how the Ideal Mechanical Advantage and
Actual Mechanical Advantage is determined for the
following simple machines:
A. Inclined Plane

● To find the IMA of an inclined plane, you must find the
Distance input and the Distance output first. Then,
you do Distance input divided by the Distance output.

● To find the AMA of an inclined plane, you must find
the Force output and Force input first. Next, you
divide the Force output by the Force input.

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B. Lever
● To find IMA the effort end of the lever is the lever is
the side of the lever that effort is applied to, while the
resistance arm is the side of the lever which holds the
load.
● First you must find the resistance force and then
divide it by the effort force to find AMA

C. Pulleys
● In order to find the IMA and AMA for a pulley you
have to count the amount of ropes you have required
to lift the object.

D. Wheel and Axle
● To find the IMA of a wheel and axis, you must divide
the radius of the wheel by the radius of the axle.
● To find the AMA of a wheel and axis, you must do the
resistance force divided by the actual effort force.

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Quiz On Inclined Plane:

Directions: ​Analyze the Inclined Plane Data Table that is shared on
Classroom and determine which machine has the greatest Actual
Mechanical Advantage (AMA).
Problem Statement:
How does the angle of an inclined plane affect the Mechanical
Advantage?

Hypothesis: (​ Use proper form!)

If the angle of the Inclined plane changes then the Mechanical advantage will change
as well.

Diagrams of Inclined Planes:​ (Label Diagrams)

Angle Chart: h​ ttps://drive.google.com/open?id=0B4RmhXJlHvo1YXZhcDNMSDNSMXc

Calculations ​(Examples):

IMA=​ input dist / Output dist AMA= ​out force / in force E= ​Work out / Work in * 100
IMA= ​150 / 30 = 5 AMA= 7​ / 2 = 3.5 Efficiency= ​70%

IMA=​ input dist / Output dist AMA= o​ ut force / in force E= ​Work out / Work in * 100
IMA= 9​ 0 / 30 = 3 AMA= 7​ / 3 = 2.33 Efficiency= ​77.77%

IMA=​ input dist / Output dist AMA= ​out force / in force E= W​ ork out / Work in * 100
IMA= ​50 / 30 = 1.7 AMA= ​7 / 4 = 1.75 Efficiency= 1​ 05%

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Graph:​ ​(Angle and Mechanical Advantage)

Conclusion:
Option #1 Write a Conclusion.
***Your conclusion must also address which machine would be impossible
and why?
To conclude, when working with an inclined plane, it is important to know
how much force is needed to work with the object. By using the formulas,
we found that the AMA is more efficient than the IMA because you can’t
do less work and get more out of it. Of the 3 angles, the third one would
not be possible to operate. This is because the angles IMA is greater than
it’s AMA. Again, this would not be possible because you cannot do less
work and expect a better outcome. Also, when looking at the efficiencies,
the first two angles were pretty normal with 77.77% and 70%. But, since
the other angle had a higher IMA, the efficiency rate was very
unreasonable with a 105% efficiency rate. Lastly, this machine would
simply not work because the person is not putting in enough work to have
a better outcome. The other angles have a higher AMA because the
actual will always be higher than the ideal. My hypothesis was correct,
because as the angle of the inclined plane changes the mechanical
advantage changes as well.The ideal is what the best possible could be,
and the AMA is what you actually get, but a 77.77% efficiency rate is
pretty good for a machine. The purpose of this experiment was to show
how the angle of the inclined plane affects the Mechanical Advantage.
We found that you change the angle of the plane then the mechanical
advantage will change as well. We also learned that the IMA can never

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be more than the AMA.

Option #2 Building

Compare 2 famous buildings based on the following Inclined Plane Data.

A builder wanted to get a ​60 kg bag​ of concrete to the top of the 2

buildings.

Eiffel Tower:

I nput =IMA
Output

x 5.9
324

x=1911.6

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Empire State Building:

I nput =IMA
Output

x =5.9
381

x=2247.9

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

AMA for both

Output F orce =AMA
Input F orce

60 = 3.7
x

x=16.21

1. What would the length of the ramp be if the machine has:
IMA - 5.9
AMA - 3.7
2. What are the angles of the ramps?
3. Using Work Input and Output, what is the efficiency of the machines?
Empire State Building:
Work out / work in = Efficiency
22860 / 36438.459 * 100= Efficiency
62.74% = Efficiency

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Eiffel Tower:
Work out / work in = Efficiency
19440 / 30814.992 = Efficiency
63.10% = Efficiency

To start, I looked up the heights of the 2 towers I picked, the eiffel
tower was 324 meters and the Empire State Building was 381 meters.
Then I found the IMA of each inclined plane and to do this I already
had one of the numbers for each. For the eiffel Tower I did 324 times
5.9 to get the missing variable which was 1911.6. For the Empire State
Building I did 381 times 5.9 and got the missing variable 2247.9. Next I
had to find the AMA, but the AMA’s would be the same because they
had the same output force. So I did 60 divided the AMA which was 3.7
and I got the missing input force, 16.21. Next, to find the efficiency, I
had to know the work input and the work output. To find the work
output, I multiplied the output force (60 for both) times the output
distance (324 for eiffel tower, 381 for empire state building) and I
found the work outputs (22860 for empire state and 19440 for eiffel
tower). After that, I had to find the work input. To do this I multiplied
the input force (16.21 for both) times the input distance (1911.6 for
eiffel tower, 2247.9 for empire state building) and I got the work input
(36438.459 for Empire State Building and 30814.992 for the Eiffel
Tower.) Finally, I did the equation to find the efficiency which is work
output divided by work input times 100 to get the efficiencies of the 2,
which were 63.10% for the Eiffel tower, and 62.74% for the Empire
State Building.

Conclusion:
I really enjoyed Science this year because we
learned a variety of topics, and I know I will be able

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to apply them to my classes in the future. Although I
could not find some of the documents, and some
were completed on paper, It is very cool to see all of
the work I have completed this year in one full
document.

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