BY ISHICA O'NEI L L BT PAUMIN (BP21110152) AUGUST SCHLEICHER FIRST PROPOSED THE TERM MORPHOLOGY IN 1859. EBOOK GUIDE TO AFFIX ( M O R P H E M E S ) PREFIXES • SUFFIXES • INFIXES • CIRCUMFIXES • INFLECT IONAL • DERIVAT IONAL FOR DR MAD NOOR MADJAPUNI PT00703 COMPUTER & MUL T IMEDIA IN EDUCAT ION SEMESTER 2, SESSION 2022/23 INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT 1(B) EBOOK ON MUL T IMEDIA LEARNING
TABLE OF CONTENTS 01 ~ 02 Introduction Exercise 1 Inflectional Suffixes Derivational Affixes 08 03 - 07 09 - 11 Exercise 2 12 Answer 13 References 14
This e-book aims to explain Affix which is a topic under Morphemes. To fully understand what is affix and how it works we need to understand a few terms first. To start off, let us look at the types of morphemes first, which is free morphemes and bound morphemes. INTRODUCTION TO 01 FREE MORPHEMES Free morphemes are words that can stand by themselves with a specific meaning in a language. Taking the English language into consideration the example are words like tea and date. BOUND MORPHEMES Bound morphemes on the other hands are words that cannot stand alone by themselves and needs to be connected to another morphemes in order to create word with meaning. Adding affixes to a specific root word leads to the existing of bound morphemes. Playing = Play (root) + ing (suffix) The ing added to the word play is an affix added to a root word, which is free morphemes. So it becomes the word playing which is bound morphemes. MORPHEMES
ROOT MORPHEMES INTRODUCTION TO ROOT STEM Root is the core of a word and thus words that cannot be broken down anymore as it will lose its meaning if broken down further. Words like sing and read. STEM Stem are the words that remains after all the inflectional affixes are removed. Singing = Sing (root) + ing (inflectional suffix) Singing is a word created from the root word, sing added with the inflectional suffix - ing. Thus the word sing that is left after the inflectional suffix is removed would be a stem word. The word sing is also a root word. BASE Base are the words that remains after affix of any kind are removed. Rereading = Re (prefix) + read (root) + ing (inflectional suffix) Base of the word rereading would be reread, when the inflectional suffix - ing is removed. The base for reread then would be read when the prefix - re is removed and read is also a root word. CONTINUATION 02
03 Plural suffix Possessive suffix Past tense suffix Present tense suffix Past participle suffix Present participle suffix Comparative suffix Superlative suffix An inflectional morpheme is a suffix that is attached to a word of any class word to modify its grammatical properties, such as tense, number, possession, or comparison. Inflectional suffixes includes eight types; 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. All inflectional morpheme will always be a suffixes that means it will be added to the end of any root or base word. Not only that, all inflectional suffixes should always be classmaintaining, which mean when a noun is added inflectional suffix it should stay as a noun word.
A noun plural suffix is where a noun class word is added the suffix -s/-es that indicate a plural form of the original noun word. Suffix -s would be added to most of noun word. Books = Book + s (plural suffix) However, there is an exception for noun ending in -s, -x, -z, -sh, and -ch (except if it ends with -ch but pronounced as a hard k sound, like in monarchs), suffix - es would be added to the noun word. Glasses = Glass + es (plural suffix) PLURAL SUFFIX A noun possessive suffix is indicate by adding -'s to a noun word. When a noun word is in a possessive form then it would be a noun word followed with an apostrophe and the letter s. Cat's = Cat + 's (possessive suffix) However, there is an exception for noun ending in -s. This is because only an apostrophe would be added to the noun word ends by the letter s. Boys' = Boys + ' (plural suffix) The word Boys' would refer to a group of boys owning things. POSSESSIVE SUFFIX 04
A past tense suffix is used to indicate past tense of a regular verb word. Suffix -ed are attached to the end of verb word. Jumped = Jump + ed (past tense suffix) However, there is an exception for adding suffix -ed for irregular verb. Some irregular verb can indicate past tense by changing their vowel, changing word and even no changes at all. PAST TENSE SUFFIX A present tense suffix is used to indicate present tense of a regular verb word. Suffix -s are attached to the end of verb word. Stays = Stay + s (present tense suffix) However, there is an exception for verb word ending in -s as it would attach suffix -es rather than suffix -s. Tosses = Toss + es (present tense suffix) PRESENT TENSE SUFFIX 05
A past participle suffix is used together with the linking verb have to form the present perfect and past perfect based on the main verb phrase formula. Verb word would be attached with the suffix -en when the word have is used as a linking word in front. I have already eaten. eaten = eat + en (past participle suffix) However, for most regular verb, it would use the suffix -ed. I had wanted a cat. wanted = want + ed (past participle suffix) PAST PARTICIPLE SUFFIX PRESENT PARTICIPLE SUFFIX 06 A present participle suffix is used together with the helping verb be to form the present progressive based on the main verb phrase formula. Verb word would be attached with the suffix -ing when the helping verb are used in front of the word.. She is walking to class. walking = walk + ing (present participle suffix) However, present participle inflection can often be a noun modifier. ... rolling stone ...
A comparative suffix is added to adjective words in order to compare and describe differences between two nouns. Comparative suffix is in the form of -er. Taller = Tall + er (comparative suffix) COMPARATIVE SUFFIX A superlative suffix on the other hand are used to compare and describe differences between three of more things. Superlative suffix is in the form of -est. Tallest = Tall + est (superlative suffix) SUPERLATIVE SUFFIX 07 However, adjective words with more than two syllables can be comparative and superlative with addition of words like more and most without the adding suffix. ... more beautiful ... Some adverbs can also take both inflections and other will also need the addition words. ... ran faster ... He said more slyly.
08 EXERCISE 1 It came to pass that, settling permanently in Paris he, too, forgot the child, especially when the Revolution of February broke out, making an impression on his mind that he remembered all the rest of his life. QUESTION 1 IN THE TEXT BELOW, SELECT THE WORDS THAT CONTAIN AN INFLECTIONAL MORPHEME. A. have only grammatical function B. always come before any derivational morphemes C. never changes the part of speech of the root D. always suffixes in the English language QUESTION 5 WHICH IS NOT TRUE ABOUT INFLECTIONAL MORPHEMES? A. Yes B. No QUESTION 3 CAN INFLECTIONAL SUFFIXES CHANGES WORDS' CLASS? A. -ic to form an adjective B. -er to form a comparative adjective C. -ly to form an adverb from an adjective D. -ize to form a verb from a noun QUESTION 4 WHICH ONE IS AN EXAMPLE OF AN INFLECTIONAL MORPHEME? QUESTION 2 BASED ON ANSWER TO Q1, IDENTIFY THE TYPES OF INFLECTION FOR EACH INFLECTIONAL MORPHEME?
09 Class-maintaining prefixes Class-changing prefixes Class-maintaining suffixes Class-changing suffixes A derivational morpheme is an affix, which is a group of letters added before the beginning (prefix) or after the end (suffix) to a root or base word to create a new word or a new form of an existing word. Different from inflectional suffixes, derivational affixes can alter a words' class and inflection should always come after derivation. Derivational affixes are separated into four different types: 1. 2. 3. 4. a- amoral, atheist ex- ex-wife CLASS-MAINTAINING PREFIXES fore- foretell, forewarn mini- miniskirt, minibus non- nonsense, nonentity
-dom boredom, kingdom -ess actress, princess CLASS-MAINTAINING SUFFIXES -hood manhood, brotherhood -let booklet, streamlet -ship friendship, scholarship a- asleep, ablaze be- befriend, belittle CLASS-CHANGING PREFIXES en- enlarge, endanger im- imprison re- renew 10
11 -ance acceptance, assistance -ate affectionate, passionate CLASS-CHANGING SUFFIXES -ation affiliation, confirmation -ence existence, preference -ity reality It needs to be remember that there is a lot types of affixes that fall under the derivational affixes thus below would only shows some of the common ones by types.
12 EXERCISE 2 A. Free morphemes are dependent and must be attached to another morpheme where as bound morphemes are independent. B. Free morphemes belong in the open class and all bound morphemes belong in the closed class. C. Free morphemes can stand alone, but bound morphemes have to be attached to a base morpheme/root. QUESTION 1 WHAT IS THE MAIN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FREE AND BOUND MORPHEMES? A. suffixes B. prefixes C. free morphemes D. bound morphemes QUESTION 4 INFLECTIONAL AND DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES ARE THE TWO VARIATIONS OF ___________. A. Yes B. No QUESTION 2 CAN DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES CHANGES WORDS' CLASS? A. Walk - walked B. Entertain - entertainment C. Move - remove D. Paint - Painter QUESTION 5 WHICH IS NOT AN EXAMPLE OF DERIVATIONAL MORPHEMES? A. No B. Yes QUESTION 3 CAN DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES ATTACHED AFTER ANY INFLECTIONAL SUFFIX?
ANSWERS EEXXEERRCCIISSEE 11 settling - present participle suffix making - present participle suffix remembered - past tense suffix B B B Question 1 & 2: Question 3: Question 4: Question 5: 13 EXERCISE 2 C A A D A Question 1: Question 2: Question 3: Question 4: Question 5:
REFERENCES Al Saqqaf, A. (2022, Feb 2). Derivation and Inflection [Slides]. https://smartv3.ums.edu.my/pluginfile.php/364381/mod_resource/c ontent/1/LECTURE%204%20Morphology%20TE20203.pdf Al Saqqaf, A. (2021, Oct 20). Basic Terminologies in Morphology [Slides]. https://smartv3.ums.edu.my/pluginfile.php/364381/mod_resource/c ontent/1/LECTURE%204%20Morphology%20TE20203.pdf Analyzing grammar in context. (n.d.). Section 4: Inflectional Morphemes. https://nagelhout.faculty.unlv.edu/AGiC/s4d.html Bauer, L. (2003). Introducing linguistic morphology. Edinburgh University Press. Nordquist, R. (2020, August 29). Meaning and Examples of Inflectional Morphemes. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-an-inflectional-morpheme1691064 Nordquist, R. (2023, April 5). What Are Derivational Morphemes? Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/derivationalmorpheme-words-1690381 14
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