EXERCISE I: Please analyze of signal word, cause and effect in the sentences below! 1. There are too many tasks, as a result most of the students are unhappy and stressed ➔ Signal word: ➔ Cause: ➔ Effect: 2. Because his throat is sore, Dennis could not sing. ➔ Signal word: ➔ Cause: ➔ Effect: 3. He was dismissed as a consequence of his mistake. ➔ Signal word: ➔ Cause: ➔ Effect: 4. Because Charlie always stays up every night, he is always late. ➔ Signal word: ➔ Cause: ➔ Effect: 5. The road will be closed, due to an annual festival. ➔ Signal word: ➔ Cause: ➔ Effect: Writing
EXERCISE II: Scan the QR code on the right side and analyze the signal word, cause and effect of the conversations! Listening
Have you ever wondered why something happened? For example, like; Why do volcanoes erupt? What is the reason for the flood? Or... How did transmigration occur? Everything that happens must have a reason and a process of occurrence. Well, there is a text that explains why and how something can happen, namely the Explanation Text. A. DEFINITION OF EXPLANATION TEXT Usually, explanation texts are written in chronological order and are logical, detailed, valid, and contain facts and also use formal or informative language. Explanation texts are not only found in school books, but we can also find explanation texts from news, internet articles, knowledge books (for example books on natural sciences such as biology and physics books, social science books such as history books and geography), pamphlets, and so on. 1. Sequential Explanation Text This text describes a process based on sequence and time. Example: How can sea water be salty? How do the organs of the human body work? How do fish breathe? A. DEFINITION OF EXPLANATION TEXT Explanation text is a text that explains how and why something can happen, either in the form of natural, social, cultural, scientific phenomena or about things around us. Explanation text serves to provide information to the reader through a detailed explanation of a phenomenon that occurs. The writing in the explanation text must be made in detail so that it can answer the reader's questions. Explanation text can also be a medium to educate readers. Reading B. TYPES OF EXPLANATION TEXT
2. Cause and Effect Explanation Text This text explains the cause and effect of the phenomenon. Example: Why does a person feel sleepy after eating? How can planes fly? How do landslides happen? C. STRUCTURE OF EXPLANATION TEXT Title The title of the text provides an overview of the contents of the text. The title doesn't need to be wordy, but it can catch the reader's attention. Usually, the title of the explanation text uses words like, "Why" or "How". General Statements In this section, an overview or introduction will be explained in the form of brief general information regarding the phenomena to be explained in the text. Explanation This section provides a series of processes about how and why something can happen or the cause and effect of a phenomenon which is explained through a sequence of events. This explanation section can consist of more than one paragraph. Conclusion This section is the closing section which contains the conclusions of the entire process that has been described previously. This section is optional or not required in this text. This section may also contain additional information or the author's opinion on the topic discussed. C. STRUCTURE OF EXPLANATION TEXT
NOTE !!! Explanation text is still often equated with procedure text, you know! So, what are the similarities between the two? And, what's the difference between explanation text and procedure text? Come on, let's talk! Similarities Between Explanation Text and Procedure Text The difference between Explanation Text and Procedure Text TEXT DIFFERENCES PURPOSE STRUCTURAL Explanation text Explanation text aims to explain how and why something can happen so that readers can find out about the process. The structure of the explanation text consists of a title, general statement, explanation, and conclusion. NOTE !!! Explanation text has similarities with procedure text. This is because these two texts both describe a process, then there are words marking the sequence (step by step), and use standard language.
Procedure text Procedure text aims to explain how to make or do something so that the reader can carry out these steps. Procedure text structure consists of goals, materials, and steps. So, by reading explanation text you will know how something can happen, but if it is procedure text you will know how to make something. D. RULES OF LANGUAGE EXPLANATION TEXT 1. Using Simple Present Tense Why does explanation text use the simple present tense? The answer relates to the purpose of the explanatory text itself, namely to explain how and why something can happen. So, what is called a process, surely the events are in the form of facts. Therefore, the tenses used must show actual facts, namely the simple present tense. D. LANGUAGE FEATURES OF EXPLANATION TEXT
2. Passive Voice Passive voice is used to emphasize that someone or an object is experiencing something. This linguistic rule is also used when the actor is unknown and when the actor is not important to know. Why is passive voice used in explanation text? So, explanation text emphasizes the object being explained, without knowing who is doing it. Therefore, explanation text often uses passive voice. 3. Connective Words As the name implies, connective words are words that connect ideas. In explanation text, connective words are divided into two, namely as follows: a. Sequential Connective Words Sequential Connective Words are conjunctions based on order or time. Examples like: Then After that However Although In addition Plus
b. Cause and Effect Connective Words Cause and Effect Connective Words are connecting words that show cause and effect. Examples like: Because Since As Because of So Therefore Caused by Due to 4. Technical Terms Technical terms are technical terms related to the phenomena discussed in the explanation text. E. STEPS TO CREATE EXPLANATION TEXT 1) Decide what phenomenon you want to explain. 2) Research and find as many references as possible regarding the phenomenon to be explained. 3) Create a draft or outline that will be discussed in the explanation text. 4) Do a grammar check on the text that has been made. 5) Finishing or re-reading the text that has been made so that there are no mistakes in writing the text. 6) Publish and share. E. STEPS TO CREATE EXPLANATION TEXT Writing
Exercise : you must write down one of phenomena around you! How is Food Digested? The food we aet is broken down and used by our bodies. This breaking down of food is called digestion. You may have heared your stomach gurgling after you have eaten . the stomach, teeth, tongue and intestines all help to digests food. when you chew your food, digestion begins. the food is pushed by the tongue to the trapoloor at the back of the throath called the oesophagus. it then moves to the stomach. where digestive juice make it smaller. in the small intestine. the goodness is ‘soaked up’. Finally water is taken out in the large intestine. The goodness that is left can now be carried arround the body by the blood to be used for energy, repair and growth. Answer the question base on text above! 1. What is the text about? 2. what is the purpose of the text above 3. What is meant by digested? 4. From the text above, we imply that? 5. What does the third paragraph focus on? Speaking Exercise
Song is composition of tone or voice in sequence, combination and temporal relation to produse a musical composition that has unity and continuity. Song are aimed at entertaining the listeners. However, they are also the artist’ medium for expressing the feelings. Sometimes, morals are hidden in the lyrics. The language features of a song are follows : 1. Imagery used to describe feelings or emotions. 2. Rhythm used to create mood 3. Figures of speech A. What is Song? B. Language Features
Some social functions of song are follows: 1. To entertain the listener 2. To express the deepest feelings such as, sadness, hapiness of the singer 3. To express disagreement, disaproval, motivation and opposition 4. To express love for his/her country 5. To honor someone 6. As a soundtrack to strengthen the theme of the movie, an advertisemen, etc. 7. To leads peoples’ mood into an event such as, wedding party, birthday party, a funeral, etc. C. Social Functions of Song
Figurative language is commonly used in song lyrics to add depth, evoke emotions, and create vivid imagery. Here are some types of figurative language often found in songs: 1. Metaphor: A metaphor directly compares two different things, suggesting a resemblance or connection. For example, in the song "Roar" by Katy Perry, the line "roaring" to represent strength and resilience. 2. Simile: A simile compares two different things using "like" or "as." In the song "Just the Way You Are" by Bruno Mars, the line "you're amazing just the way you are," comparing someone's awesomeness to their natural self. 3. Personification: Personification gives human qualities or attributes to non-human things or abstract concepts. In the song "Hello" by Adele, the line "Hello from the other side" personifies the concept of "the other side," suggesting that it can communicate or have feelings. 4. Hyperbole: Hyperbole involves exaggeration for emphasis or dramatic effect. For instance, in the song "Counting Stars" by OneRepublic, the line "Lately, I've been, I've been losing sleep, dreaming about the things that we could be" uses hyperbole to emphasize the impact of dreams and desires. D. Figurative Language
5. Alliteration: Alliteration is the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words. It adds a musical quality to lyrics and can create a memorable effect. In the song "All About That Bass" by Meghan Trainor, the line "Because you know I'm all about that bass, 'bout that bass, no treble" uses alliteration with the repeated "b" sound. 6. Onomatopoeia: Onomatopoeia refers to words that imitate or suggest the sounds they represent. In the song "Livin' on a Prayer" by Bon Jovi, the line "Whoa, we're halfway there" uses onomatopoeia with the repeated "whoa" sound, conveying a sense of excitement or intensity. 1. Intro Intro or introduction is the first part of a song or it can also be said as an introduction. The intro also serves to give singers and listeners time to prepare before the song is actually played. 2. Verse Verse is a part of a song, as a chant at the beginning before entering the bridge or chorus. This section tells the story of the song and there are usually two or three verses in a song. E. Generic Structure of Song
3. Chorus/Refrain Basically the chorus and refrain are different, the similarity between the two is only as a part that contains the main message/core of the story presented through the song lyrics. 4. Bridge Usually the bridge is used to bridge between parts of the song. The notes played on this bridge are usually set very different from the notes in the verse and chorus, so that this section can suddenly change tempo, volume, or instrumentation without sounding out of place. 5. Coda/Outro The coda or outro is the final part of the song. Example of song Title of song : All of me Singer : John Legend [Intro] [Verse 1:] What would I do without your smart mouth? Drawing me in, and you kicking me out You've got my head spinning, no kidding, I can't pin you down What's going on in that beautiful mind
I'm on your magical mystery ride And I'm so dizzy, don't know what hit me, but I'll be alright My head's under water But I'm breathing fine You're crazy and I'm out of my mind [Chorus:] 'Cause all of me Loves all of you Love your curves and all your edges All your perfect imperfections Give your all to me I'll give my all to you You're my end and my beginning Even when I lose I'm winning 'Cause I give you all of me And you give me all of you, oh oh [Verse 2:] How many times do I have to tell you Even when you're crying you're beautiful too The world is beating you down, I'm around through every mood You're my downfall, you're my muse My worst distraction, my rhythm and blues I can't stop singing, it's ringing, in my head for you My head's under water But I'm breathing fine You're crazy and I'm out of my mind [Chorus:] 'Cause all of me Loves all of you Love your curves and all your edges
All your perfect imperfections Give your all to me I'll give my all to you You're my end and my beginning Even when I lose I'm winning 'Cause I give you all of me And you give me all of you, oh oh [Bridge:] Give me all of you Cards on the table, we're both showing hearts Risking it all, though it's hard [Chorus:] 'Cause all of me Loves all of you Love your curves and all your edges All your perfect imperfections Give your all to me I'll give my all to you You're my end and my beginning Even when I lose I'm winning 'Cause I give you all of me And you give me all of you [Outro:] I give you all of me And you give me all of you, oh oh
Exercise : listen to the song "Westlife-My Love" understand the meaning and answer the following questions: a. What would you have done if you were in the man’s position? b. What does the song talk about? c. What do you think about that song? d. Find out the figurative language of that song? f. Practice the song in front of the class [Verse 1] An empty street, an empty house A hole inside my heart I'm all alone, the rooms are getting smaller I wonder how, I wonder why I wonder where they are The days we had, the songs we sang together Oh yeah [Pre-Chorus] And oh, my love I'm holding on forever Reaching for the love that seems so far
[Chorus] So I say a little prayer And hope my dreams will take me there Where the skies are blue To see you once again, my love Overseas from coast to coast To find a place I love the most Where the fields are green To see you once again, my love [Verse 2] I try to read, I go to work I'm laughing with my friends But I can't stop, to keep myself from thinking, oh no I wonder how, I wonder why I wonder where they are The days we had the songs, we sang together Oh yeah [Pre-Chorus] And oh, my love I'm holding on forever
Reaching for the love that seems so far [Chorus] So I say a little prayer And hope my dreams will take me there Where the skies are blue To see you once again, my love Overseas from coast to coast To find a place I love the most Where the fields are green To see you once again [Bridge] To hold you in my arms To promise you my love To tell you from the heart You're all I'm thinking of I'm reaching for the love that seem so far [Chorus] (So) So I say a little prayer And hope my dreams will take me there Where the skies are blue
To see you once again, my love Overseas from coast to coast To find a place I love the most Where the fields are green To see you once again (My love) [Outro] So I say a little prayer And hope my dreams will take me there Where the skies are blue To see you once again (Oh, my love) Overseas from coast to coast To find a place I love the most Where the fields are green To see you once again, my love