Lightning Protection & Earthing - 47
Kingsmill Industries (UK)
Manufacturing Excellence Since 1999
Kingsmill Industries (UK) Ltd are a leading manufacturer and supplier of
Earthing and Lightning Protection products. They protect structures as
well as electronic and electrical systems from damage. All products
conform to BS EN 62305, BS EN 50164 and BS 7430. Our wealth of
knowledge gives us the ability to offer leading edge product development
and unparalleled technical support. Highly skilled staff using state-of-the-
art equipment to manufacture high quality products is only part of the
Kingsmill success story. Our design services, logistics, customer service
and after-sales support ensure we are the only supplier you need.
Lightning Protection
If an unprotected building were to be struck by lightning the result may
be fire, structural damage, damage to the electrical systems/equipment
and electric shock. A Lightning Protection scheme shields a building, its
occupants and contents from these adverse effects. To do this, the
system must capture the lightning, lead it safely down to earth, and
disperse the energy within the ground. Whether or not a building needs
a Lightning Protection scheme depends on several factors.
Air Termination Network
The Air Termination Network is a vital part of any structural Lightning
Protection system. This network is the part that arrests the lightning strike.
An air termination network can be designed using the “mesh”, “protective
angle method” and/or the “rolling sphere” or a combination. The adoption
of which method(s) to use is very much determined by the nature of the
structure to be protected.
• Conductors & Fittings for roof mesh conductor systems
• Lightweight Lightning Masts
• Free-Standing Air Terminals
• Conventional Small Air Terminals
• Insulated Lightning Conductor Cable
• Catenary Wire Systems
• Isolated Systems using insulated spacer bars & masts
Conductors
Conductors are an essential component of a Lightning Protection System.
They form part of the Air Termination Network, the Down Conductor
System and the Earth Termination/Network. Conductors are also an
integral and important component of an earthing system e.g. a power
station, sub-station, cell site, solar PV array, etc. Our comprehensive
range of conductors enables the Lightning Protection designer greater
freedom to: conceal conductors, aesthetically blend conductors into the
building facade and offer lower cost alternatives. Insulated Lightning
Conductor allows the designer to resolve spacing problems when there
is insufficient room to install a “conventional” conductor whilst maintaining
required separation distances between it and electrically conductive parts
of the structure that require protection.
Earthing
Copper is recommended for use in earthing applications, whether below
or above ground. Earthing systems must be able to withstand mechanical
damage, resist corrosion, provide a low impedance path to earth and
carry the maximum fault condition for the application/installation.
Surge Protection
The protection of electronic systems can often get ignored, yet the
damage to such systems, caused by lightning, can be catastrophic. Our
Surge Protection products comply to BS EN 62305-4. Kingsmill Surge
Protection Devices are available to protect:
• Mains power supplies
• Charging Stations
• Photovoltaic (PV) arrays
• LED Street, Industrial & Security Lighting systems
• Low voltage, telecom & data lines
Monitoring Systems
Kingsmill are passionate about lightning and protecting infrastructure from
the devastating impact of lightning activity. As well as a wide range of
protection solutions, but we also offer systems designed to monitor activity.
Kingsmill Industries (UK) Ltd Tel : 01773 510001
Unit 4 Plymouth Avenue Fax : 01773 417850
Pinxton @Kingsmill_1999
Derbyshire Email : [email protected]
NG16 6NS Website : www.kingsmillearthing.co.uk
48 - Lightning & Transient Protection Total Solutions Service
ABB Furse Design & Support Services FurseWELD
Total Solution to Lightning Protection, Earthing Surge Protection Earthing
& Transient Overvoltage Protection Requirements
Electronic Systems Protection
From design advice to innovative, solution-oriented products, ABB Furse
has the expertise, experience and excellence to provide a Total Solution BS 6651 had an informative annex C giving the reader recommendations
to your individual lightning protection, transient overvoltage and earthing on the implementation of Surge Protection Devices (SPDs). BS EN 62305
problems. now has transient overvoltage protection as an integral part of the
standard (BS EN 62305-4), also governed by the initial risk assessment
Lightning Protection Standards process of BS EN 62305-2. Where required by BS EN 62305, SPDs shall
be selected and installed in accordance with the IET Wiring Regulations
When it replaced BS 6651 in 2008, BS EN 62305 became the officially (BS 7671 18th Edition, Section 534).
recognised standard for lightning protection in the UK.
Even with the best available structural lightning protection, the electrical
BS EN 62305 is a four-part standard consisting of general principles; risk and electronic contents of a building are at risk from the secondary effects
management, physical damage to structures and life hazard, and of lightning – transient overvoltages. Lightning activity can create sub-
electrical and electronic systems within structures. Additionally, it includes millisecond transient overvoltages of up to 6,000 V on power, data, signal
the requirements of the BS EN 62561 series of standards, which is the and telephone lines. Transients destroy, damage or degrade the
ratified standard relating to the capabilities and testing of lightning electronic components of the equipment through which they pass on their
protection components. route to earth and they can also occur on mains power supplies within
the building through internal electrical switching events. Any piece of
BS EN 62305 Part 1 is an introduction to the other parts of the standard equipment incorporating electronic components is at risk: from computers
and provides information regarding the Lightning Protection System (LPS) and PBX to fire alarms and even Uninterruptible Power Supplies.
and lightning activity.
To prevent transient damage, SPDs should be fitted on all metallic power,
BS EN 62305 Part 2 risk management, is a detailed approach to the risk data communication, signal and telephone lines where they enter or leave
assessment of lightning inflicted damage to structures, their contents a building. The ABB Furse ESP range includes SPDs for most
(electronic equipment) and living beings. It identifies various risk applications, including mains power, data or signal lines, telephone lines,
components that collectively are compared to a series of tolerable limits. CCTV/CATV video cables, coaxial RF lines and Ethernet networks.
Whilst it can be a very complicated and long-winded process when
carrying out the assessment calculations by hand, software is Technical Assistance
commercially available from ABB Furse which considerably reduces the
time to produce accurate assessment results. Detailed technical guidance is available from ABB Furse engineers in
Nottingham, and our field-based engineers can provide site surveys and
BS EN 62305 Part 3 relates directly to the major part of BS 6651. It differs protection proposals.
from BS 6651 in as much that it has four classes or protection levels of
Lightning Protection System (LPS), as opposed to the basic two (ordinary
and high-risk) levels in BS 6651.
BS EN 62305 Part 4 covers the protection of electrical and electronic
systems housed within structures. This part essentially embodies what
annex C in BS 6651 detailed, but with a new zonal approach referred to
as Lightning Protection Zones (LPZ). It provides information for the design,
installation, maintenance and testing of a Lightning Electromagnetic
Impulse (LEMP) protection system for electrical/electronic systems within
a structure.
To assist with customer concerns, we offer a design and advisory service
for lightning protection to IEC/BS EN 62305.
Structural Lightning Protection
It is vital that those buildings that require it are equipped with a properly
designed lightning protection system that will ensure the safety of the
structure and its occupants. Given the importance of bonding and proper
connection of the components of the Lightning Protection System (LPS),
just one faulty or poor-quality component can lead to costly damage or
even fatalities.
ABB Furse lightning protection products are designed and manufactured
to the highest standards. Primary in our range are our conductors – in flat
tape, solid circular and stranded format, copper and aluminium, many of
which can be PVC coated for greater aesthetic appeal.
ABB Furse also offers a large range of air terminals, fittings, bonds, clamps
and lightning current/equipotential bonding Surge Protection Devices
(SPDs). In accordance with BS EN 62305, these SPDs are required where
direct connection with bonding conductors is not suitable, for example,
metallic power and telecommunication lines.
Effective Earthing
The dangers posed to both life and equipment by poor earthing make
effective and reliable earthing essential. Given the complexity of national
and international standards in earthing system design, material
specification and installation, it makes sense to talk to ABB Furse.
ABB Furse designs and models earthing electrode systems in compliance
with BS 7430, IEEE standard 80, BS EN 50522, ENA TS 41-24 and other
accepted standards. The comprehensive ABB Furse range of earthing
equipment includes solid copper, stainless steel and copperbond earth
rods and accessories, high copper alloy bonds and clamps, earth pits,
solid copper plates, lattice mats, earth rod seals, as well as the
FurseWELD exothermic welding system.
ABB Furse Tel: +44 (0) 115 964 3700
Wilford Road Sales Tel: +44 (0) 333 999 9900
Nottingham
Nottinghamshire Email: [email protected]
NG2 1EB Website: www.furse.com
Technical Data Index - 49
Useful Addresses / Design Criteria & Guidance / Formulae / Conversions Page
Acknowledgements / Useful Addresses .. ............................. ....... 50
LV Switchgear MNS Technical Data ........................................ ABB Distribution Solutions ........ .................................. 51
Power Management & G59 ...................................................... Advanced ........... . . ...................... 52
Acoustic Enclosures .................................................................. Advanced ........... . . ...................... 53
Bells Generator Size Selection .. . ................ . ....... Bells Power Group . . 54
Schneider Electric MTZ ............. . . . ........ Schneider Electric LV/MV ................................................ 55
Power Quality Solutions ............................................................ Power Capacitors . ........................................................ 56
The 2006 Measuring Instruments Directive (MID) .................. SHM Metering ................................................... 57
Uninterruptible Power Supplies ............................................... ABB Industrial Solutions . . .. . 58
Piller - CPM, XT & Static UPS/STS Application Guide .. .. PILLER UK ...................................................................... 59
Piller - UNIBLOCKTM UPS Application Guide ................... PILLER UK ...................................................................... 60
Piller - IP-SystemTM & DRUPS Application Guide ......... . PILLER UK ...................................................................... 61
Dynamic Diesel UPS - Technical Data .................................... Hitzinger UK .................................................................... 62
Static UPS & Transfer Systems ............................................ SOCOMEC U.K. .............................................................. 63
Static UPS - An Overview & Application Design Guidance . Vertiv ................. . ..................... 64
Betobar-r / Technical Specification .................................... Eta-com UK .. 65
Active Harmonic Filtering & Battery Energy Storage ....... ABB Power Quality ................................................... 66
Power Surge Protection & Regulations ................................ PD Devices ...................................................................... 67
Cable Management ......................................................... . . Marshall-Tufflex ................................... ....... .......... 68
Underfloor Track / Floor Boxes / Floor Grommets Burland Electropatent . . 69
Polestar Characteristics / Wiring Accessory Standards & Finishes Crabtree / Electrium ........................................................ 70
LV Distribution Products / Forms of Separation & Application .. Crabtree / Electrium ........................................................ 71
Flexible Conduits ...................................................................... ABB Cable .. ... . ........................ 72
Electrical Distribution Control System . ... ........................ ABB Ability™ . ........................ . 73
Underfloor Heating & Ramp Heating - Product Selection .......... nVent RAYCHEM . . ............. 74
Leak Detection / Design Guide ................................................ nVent TraceTek ........ . ............................ .... 75
Betatrak® Benefits of U/floor Power Distribution System .. CMD. .... .. 76
Structured Wiring Specification / BS 8488 / BS 61535 ................ Wieland Electric ............................................................... 77
Sealing Solutions Roxtec . .. 78
AEI Cables Technical Data for Total Fire Solutions ................... AEI Cables ....................................................................... 79
Leak Detection - System Design Guide .................................... Andel ............................................... ............................. 80
Unistrut® Technical Solutions ..................................................... Unistrut (UK) .................................................................... 81
Different Forms of Suspension . ................. Zip-Clip . . ..... . ................................ 82
Cable Management Systems - Technical Issues & Standards .. Unitrunk .............................................. . ................. 83
Specialist Cable Systems - Technical Specifications .............. nVent PYROTENAX .. . ........ 84
Fire Alarm & Extinguishing Systems ........................................ Siemens Building Products ........ ....................... 85
Fire Sensor Application Guide & System Design .................... Honeywell Gent ................. ....................................... 86
Access Control & Compliance ............. Honeywell Commercial Security ............................. 87
Emergency Lighting ............................. ABB Emergi-Lite . ............. . .............. 88
Lightning Protection Design Guide . . Kingsmill Industries (UK) ...................................... 89
Lightning & Transient Overvoltage Protection .. .. ABB Furse .................................................... ............ 90
Useful Electrical Formulae ..................................................................................................................................................... 91
Metric Conversions / Conversion Formulae ......................................................................................................................... 92
Project Team Details . . 93
Addresses & Telephone Numbers ....................................................................... . .................... 94 - 95
50 - Acknowledgements & Useful Addresses
Technical Data : Design Criteria : Checklists : Specification Guidelines
Compilation Useful Addresses
The information contained in the following sections has been compiled Association for Consultancy & Engineering
to assist Electrical Engineers, Technicians, Project Managers and
Specifiers in the United Kingdom at all stages of design. Alliance House 12 Caxton Street London SW1H 0QL
It is not intended to provide a comprehensive design manual, but to assist Tel : 020 7222 6557
experienced Engineers and Specifiers by providing recognised data in Email : [email protected]
an accessible format.
Data has been obtained from many sources based upon advice from www.acenet.co.uk
active Electrical Engineers within the industry, which has been added to
by selected Manufacturers. Building Research Establishment Ltd T/A BRE
Applications Bucknalls Lane Watford Hertfordshire WD25 9XX
Tel : 01923 664000
The main purposes of Rules of Thumb are in: Email : [email protected]
Simple repetitive designs www.bre.co.uk
Design parameters and costs can often be provided by simple rules rather
than detailed estimating. British Safety Council
Preliminary assessments 70 Chancellors Road London W6 9RS
Producing guideline parameters for alternative options at project Tel : 020 8741 1231
conception stage. Email : [email protected]
Outline design www.britsafe.org
Deriving approximate dimensions and size implications at the sketch plan
stage of a project. British Standards Institution (BSI)
Final design 389 Chiswick High Road London W4 4AL
To check that the final design parameters are of the right order. This is Tel : 0345 086 9001
to avoid major errors passing unnoticed in detailed computations. Email : [email protected]
Handing on experience www.bsigroup.com
To assist junior engineers to develop a feel for Common Sense Parameters.
BSRIA Ltd
Software error traps
To question the calculated results obtained from a computer programme if Old Bracknell Lane West Bracknell Berkshire RG12 7AH
it appears to be unreasonable in the light of known parameters. This could Tel : 01344 465 600
be due to an error in the software or, more likely, an error in inputting data. Email : [email protected]
Rules of thumb built into software as common-sense checks are known as
Heuristics. They perform a checking function and send a warning message www.bsria.co.uk
to the operator, if detailed calculations provide a “nonsense” answer.
Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers
Acknowledgements
222 Balham High Road London SW12 9BS
The publishers acknowledge with thanks the contributors to the technical Tel : 020 8675 5211
sections and the permission granted for including the extracts during its Fax: 020 8675 5449
compilation:
www.cibse.org
Chartered Institute Of Building Services Engineers
British Standards Institution Design Council
Building Services Research & Information Association
Building Research Establishment Angel Building 407 St John Street London EC1V 4AB
Selected Manufacturers contained in colour product section Tel : 020 7420 5200
Email : [email protected]
Liability
www.designcouncil.org.uk
BuildingDesign Media have made every effort to ensure accuracy of
information, collated from a number of sources, however cannot accept Electrical Contractors’ Association
any liability for:
i) Errors and omissions. Rotherwick House 3 Thomas More Street London E1W 1YZ
ii) Any loss or damage arising from their use. Tel : 020 7313 4800
iii) Responsibility that the data listed conforms to legal, statutory or Contact : www.eca.co.uk/contact-us
regulatory requirements. www.eca.co.uk
Health & Safety Executive (HSE)
Redgrave Court Merton Road Bootle Liverpool L20 7HS
Contact : http:/www.hse.gov.uk/contact/contact.htm
www.hse.gov.uk
The Institution of Engineering & Technology
Michael Faraday House Six Hills Way Stevenage SG1 2AY
Tel : 01438 313 311
Email : [email protected]
www.theiet.org
The Lighting Industry Association
Stafford Park 7 Telford Shropshire TF3 3BQ
Tel : 01952 290905
Contact : [email protected]
www.thelia.org.uk
NICEIC
Warwick House Houghton Hall Park Houghton Regis
Dunstable LU5 5ZX
Tel : 0333 015 6625
Email : [email protected]
www.niceic.com
The Organisations listed above are for general information and
do not endorse, support or sponsor this publication in any form.
LV Switchgear MNS Technical Data - 51
MNS Platform Operational Safety & Availability
ABB is the worldwide leader in the production of low voltage switchgears, The MNS low voltage switchgear system has been subjected to extensive
with more than 1.5 million cubicles of the MNS system installed since the type tests in compliance with global standards. To ensure the highest
introduction to the market of this technology in 1973. possible degree of safety, ABB continues to conduct tests as part of a
Due to strong application of the modularity concept either for the continuous development programme. These tests are based on the most
mechanical or electrical development, together with the use of unified critical applications of the entire product or performance range. The
components, it was possible to realise flexible and compact solutions at results of these tests are applicable to the various low voltage switchgear
the same time. and control gear assemblies in accordance with IEC 61439-1 & 2; DIN
Over the years, the MNS system has become a reference for this EN 60439-1 (VDE 0660 Part 500).
industrial market regarding safety, reliability and overall quality. In addition to these specifications, ABB adopted, as a standard, IEC
ABB’s comprehensive know-how of the design and construction of low 61641 for testing under conditions of arcing due to an internal fault. There
voltage systems comes from its experiences in both local and global are five criteria observed for the test and, in line with its ‘Safety Plus’
markets. This extraordinary knowledge, together with an extended statement, ABB ensures that all five are met. In addition to these criteria,
network for support and assistance all around the world, makes the MNS ABB also meets the additional plant protection criteria as detailed in VDE
Platform the best choice. 0660 Part 500.
To integrate the LV switchboard in the electrical and automation control
system of modern process plant on service 24/7, ABB switchgear can be Operating Procedures
equipped with multifunctional protection relays able to perform protection,
metering, data collection and exchange the information with the plant The company’s operating systems and procedures are fully certified to
using the industrial communication protocol like Modbus or Profibus. ISO 9001 requirements, the stringent environmental standards of ISO
Safety is one of the key points for the development of the MNS Platform 14001 and to OHSAS 18001 Health & Safety requirements.
– indeed all MNS systems can be supplied in “Arc Proof Version” up to
100kA along with Seismic testing, making the ABB MNS System suitable After Sales, Service & Maintenance
for installation in critical, harsh and extreme conditions.
Routine servicing and maintenance of LV installations by the company’s
highly qualified engineers will ensure that equipment remains safe to
operate – and will minimise the risk of unexpected breakdown and
interruption of supply. Cost-effective packages, carefully tailored to
clients’ individual needs, can cover an extensive range of requirements.
Standards & Testing IEC61439-1/-2, CEI 614391
Standards ABB SACE, ACAE LOVAG, SINAL, Cesi and Ismes
Verification by testing * ASTA: Great Britain (resistant to accidental arcs according to IEC 61641 & IEC 60298, Appendix AA)
Test Certificates DRL German Research Institute for Aerospace e.V., Jüllich, Earthquake Test for Security Areas in Nuclear Power Station
IABG Industrieanlagen Betriebsgesellschaft, vibration and shock tests
Complying with Germanischer Lloyd, Hamburg
Electrical Data 1000V AC, 1500V DC **
690V AC, 750V DC **
Rated Voltages Up to 6 / 8 / 12kV **
Rated insulation voltage Ui II / III / IV **
Rated insulation voltage Ue 3
Rated impulse withstand voltage Uimp 50-60Hz
Overvoltage category
Degree of pollution Up to 8000 A
Rated frequency Up to 264 kA
Rated Currents Up to 120 kA
Main busbars:
Rated current Ie Up to 4000 A
Rated peak withstand current lpk Up to 264 kA
Rated short-time withstand current lcw Up to 120 kA
Distribution bars
Rated current le
Rated peak withstand current lpk
Rated short-time withstand current lcw
Arc Proof Up to 100 kA 0.3s
Criteria 1 to 5 and 6 to 7
Test according to IEC 61641
Mechanical Characteristics IP20
IP30 standard up to IP54
Degrees of Protection (IEC 60529, EN 60529)
With door open Internal for service
With door closed min -5ºC, max 40ºC, average 24h 35ºC
Normal Conditions max 50% at 40ºC
Installation <– 2000m
Ambient temperature
Relative humidity Up to 4b
Height Up to 4b type 7
Form of Separation
According IEC 61439-2
According BS 61439-2
Options Sheathed busbars, treated busbars (Ag/Sn)
Busbar Systems
Main and branch busbars
* Design verification by testing: where an assembly has previously been tested in accordance with IEC 60439-1 and the results fulfil the requirements of IEC 61439 1/-2, the verification of these tests need not be repeated.
** Depending on the electrical equipment.
ABB Ltd Tel : 01925 741 111
3100 Daresbury Park
Daresbury @abbukep
Warrington Website : www.abb.com/mns
Cheshire WA4 4BT
52 - Power Management & G59
Common Generator Related Questions What is G59, G59-1 or G59-2?
Why do some sites or buildings have more than one The proper title is ER G59 or Engineering Recommendation G59. G59
generator running in parallel? is a generic term, G59-1 is the old recommendation and G59-2 is the
current requirement. The document refers to the recommendations and
The most common reason is redundancy; if one generator fails the other guidelines for connecting embedded generation to utility supplies for long
is capable of supporting site load. This is described as N+N redundancy and short-term duration. Power distribution was traditionally one way,
where N=site nominal load and the number following the ‘+’ sign is the from the power station source at high voltage and distributed in lower
level of redundancy, in this case also nominal. Where multiple units are voltages to end users.
required due to other factors, X number of units could be required to cope
with nominal load. Government policy, environmentally friendly power sources and
advantages to the National Grid balancing mechanism, led the way to it
Some redundancy could be afforded by an additional unit to cater for a being desirable to allow small embedded generation sources to be able
single unit failure. For example, 5 x 400 kVA units would be required to to feed and contribute power into the Grid infrastructure, an infrastructure
supply a theoretical 2 MVA load, an additional 400 kVA unit would give almost exclusively controlled upstream by the National Grid.
immunity to a single unit failure (effectively a spare unit), described as N+1
redundancy. If an unpredictable and non-controlled quantity of wind turbines and
embedded generation were to be allowed to feed into the grid, some
Space factors and noise also dictate to a certain degree if multiple sets regulated basic protocols would be needed.
are to be used in lieu of one single large generating set but often load
profile is overlooked. It is highly undesirable that a diesel generator should Schematic diagram of a typical G59 system
run at below 30% of its maximum capability as engine degradation
becomes evident; similarly, overloading is to be avoided. FUSING CONTRACTOR MANUAL
4 POLE
Generally, a 70% duty average over any 24-hour period, with a maximum ISOLATOR
single load step of 60%, is recommended and accepted as being the
norm, giving spare power headroom for motor starts and system inrush GENERATOR
whilst maintaining demand well above the 30% low power damage GRID
threshold. If the site is such that power demand falls to little or negligible
load during the night or at weekends, a long-term outage could lightly FUSING
load the generator for a similarly long period.
BATTERY G59 Control
A site with the intention of joining the STOR scheme may match & Monitoring
embedded generation capability to the maximum allowable site export
capability (usually the substation rating) to maximise STOR revenue. The Unit
site may only have a site demand of 25-30% of substation capacity due
to expansion allowance resulting in an oversized generator. Multiple ER G59 attempts to specify basic functionality requirements to protect
generators with lower capacity, which are intelligently brought online to both the Grid and the embedded power generation.
match demand in these scenarios, will better maintain genset utilisation.
One of the recommendations within the requirement is for mains failure
What is STOR? detection whilst the generator system is in parallel with the mains.
Short Term Operating Reserve is a strategy whereby a site, which has A traditional phase failure relay, sensing voltage only, may not detect a
embedded generating equipment of 3 MW or above, can offer to provide mains failure due to the generator operating in parallel and supplying
additional active power to the National Grid distribution infrastructure to power at the detection point.
reduce demand or even contribute to the power available on the Grid.
This is typically required at certain times of the year and would be required Many manufacturers have specific G59 detection relays that will
to provide power within four hours of instruction by “the Grid”. To qualify supervise the system when in parallel, constantly monitoring the
for STOR status, the power would also have to be maintained for at least mains/generator common voltage and generator output current to detect
a two-hour period. A generator-to-mains synchronising (no break transfer) rapid changes in characteristics which would identify that the mains is no
system is required if site disruption or energy exportation is required. longer present and a mains failure has occurred.
What is “Island Mode”? A common misconception is that the G59 relay protects workers upstream
if they isolate at MV/HV and commence to work on the network, assuming
Any site and electrical load system can be considered “islanded” when several downstream generators will keep the equipment live and in a
no mains utility supply is being used to power the site electrical load, just dangerous condition.
as if the site was on an island. The generators supply all customer loads
and neither the load nor the generators are connected to the utility supply. Firstly, any planned outage, where possible, would be re-fed via an
alternative path on the Grid to minimise outage and as a minimum you
What is “Embedded Generation”? will be informed if this is not possible. Secondly, a robust, safe working
practice will test and ensure the bus is dead before commencement of
Embedded generation (also referred to as “distributed generation”) work and thirdly they will earth the power rail at the point on the network
enables the user to generate and use their own electricity via renewable on which they are working.
sources, green energy and other on-site power generation equipment. If
you do produce surplus electricity, this can be sold back to the local Predominantly the G59 relay protection guards against unplanned system
provider and then distributed back into the National Grid. failure for both parties (Grid and generator owner).
Renewable & Green Commercial & Industrial Domestic Generation The mains disconnection must occur quickly for two reasons:
Wind, Hydro, Solar & Gas Wind, Solar, Gas & Diesel Wind & Solar
1. If the dead utility network is not disconnected quickly, the site
Whether utilising embedded generation for self-sufficiency to lower bills, embedded generation will attempt to supply the local surrounding network
or as a method of providing power in a mains failure, the Engineering and fail on over current, making the point of having the generators useless.
Recommendation G59/2 provides guidance and technical requirements
for allowing producers of surplus electricity to make this power available 2. Depending on where geographically the site is on the distribution
to other Grid users. network, an attempt to bypass the network fault will be made or auto
re-closers on the network will attempt to reconnect power a number of
times to see if the fault was temporary (a falling tree for example).
Either way, power would reappear on the utility mains causing a crash
synchronisation if embedded generation was still attached.
Advanced Diesel Engineering Ltd Tel : 01977 658 100
14 Langthwaite Business Park
South Kirkby @AdvancedDiesel_
West Yorkshire Email : [email protected]
WF9 3AP
Website : www.adeltd.co.uk
Acoustic Enclosures - 53
Generator Noise Control
The table (below) and the graph (opposite) illustrate typical sound
pressure levels in various familiar locations (plots 1-5). Also shown on
the graph are two darker plots (6 and 7), these lines are indicating the
sound pressure levels of a 250 kVA diesel generator before and after
silencing at Advanced.
250 kVA
250 kVA
Comparing the unsilenced values with the silenced generator values it is
clear that the higher to mid-range frequencies have been attenuated
effectively. This drop in sound pressure level is made more clear by
comparing the silenced generator plot line to the ‘familiar location’ plot lines.
Above 200 Hz, the silenced generator levels are below those of a typical
loud stereo player, moderate ocean waves and even a typical library.
The peak sound level of the open generator (plot 6) is around 103 dB at
125 Hz, this obvious peak is indicative of the engine firing and is typical
of all combustion engines. Frequencies below 200 Hz are more difficult
to attenuate, but it is still clear that the sub 200 Hz frequencies of the
silenced generator are much lower than those of the open generator.
250 kVA Open Diesel Generator Silenced Generator Enclosure
Container Size vs Maximum Power Output & Noise Level - from 700 to 2250 kVA
All values for both tables are based on Cummins’ manufactured engines TABLE 2: All system features, except for the extended attenuation, are
utilising Stamford alternators. Roof mounted exhaust silencers are installed within the length and width dimensions of the ISO high cube
assumed present. Noise levels listed in both tables assume an end container. The ISO footprint (lifting/locking blocks) of the container
inlet/outlet type, for the cooling air and noise attenuation. remains unchanged, however, if the extra attenuation extruding from the
container end is above 700mm, extra support legs may be required. The
TABLE 1: All system features are installed within the length and width length of the extra attenuation varies and can be dependent upon any
dimensions of the relevant ISO high cube container. The footprint of the ancillary generator features installed within the container.
container remains unchanged.
Advanced Diesel Engineering Ltd Tel : 01977 658 100
14 Langthwaite Business Park
South Kirkby @AdvancedDiesel_
West Yorkshire Email : [email protected]
WF9 3AP
Website : www.adeltd.co.uk
54 - Bells Generator Size Selection
FG Wilson Prime Rating Standby Rating Prime Rating Standby Rating Length Width Height Weight Fuel Consumption Cooling Duct Combustion Standard Canopy Dimensions Standard Canopy / Container
Model Reference kVA kVA kWe kWe @ 100% Load Airflow (l x w x h) (mm) Noise Level
Restriction Airflow
P33-3 30 kVA 33 kVA 24 kWe 7.7 l/hr 2120 x 970 x 1525 dBA @ 1m @ 75% Load
P50-3 45 kVA 50 kVA 36 kWe 26 kWe 1570 mm 760 mm 1229 mm 701 kgs 11.7 l/hr 1.04 m³/s 125 Pa 0.036 m³/s 2300 x 1120 x 1525 79.4 dBA @ 1m
P55-3 50 kVA 55 kVA 40 kWe 40 kWe 1680 mm 760 mm 1330 mm 810 kgs 12.7 l/hr 1.44 m³/s 120 Pa 0.052 m³/s 2300 x 1120 x 1525 78.5 dBA @ 1m
P65-5 60 kVA 65 kVA 48 kWe 44 kWe 1680 mm 760 mm 1330 mm 768 kgs 14.9 l/hr 1.84 m³/s 120 Pa 0.065 m³/s 2300 x 1120 x 1525 79.2 dBA @ 1m
P88-3 80 kVA 88 kVA 64 kWe 52 kWe 1680 mm 760 mm 1330 mm 779 kgs 19.8 l/hr 1.84 m³/s 120 Pa 0.065 m³/s 2300 x 1120 x 1525 80.8 dBA @ 1m
P110-3 100 kVA 110 kVA 80 kWe 70 kWe 1870 mm 840 mm 1333 mm 977 kgs 23.8 l/hr 2.02 m³/s 120 Pa 0.09 m³/s 2300 x 1120 x 1525 77.4 dBA @ 1m
P150-5 135 kVA 150 kVA 108 kWe 88 kWe 1980 mm 890 mm 1374 mm 1065 kgs 33.2 l/hr 3.13 m³/s 125 Pa 0.11 m³/s 3520 x 1120 x 1815 81.3 dBA @ 1m
P165-5 150 kVA 165 kVA 120 kWe 120 kWe 2450 mm 1010 mm 1544 mm 1350 kgs 35.1 l/hr 3.81 m³/s 125 Pa 0.14 m³/s 3520 x 1120 x 1815 79.2 dBA @ 1m
P220-3 200 kVA 220 kVA 160 kWe 132 kWe 2450 mm 1010 mm 1544 mm 1469 kgs 49.5 l/hr 4.32 m³/s 125 Pa 0.18 m³/s 3520 x 1120 x 1815 78.3 dBA @ 1m
P250-3 230 kVA 250 kVA 184 kWe 176 kWe 2510 mm 1010 mm 1640 mm 1614 kgs 51.9 l/hr 5.12 m³/s 125 Pa 0.22 m³/s 3988 x 1208 x 1779 81.8 dBA @ 1m
P275-3 250 kVA 275 kVA 200 kWe 200 kWe 2662 mm 1030 mm 1754 mm 2084 kgs 57.0 l/hr 6.83 m³/s 125 Pa 0.25 m³/s 3988 x 1208 x 1779 85.0 dBA @ 1m
P300-3 275 kVA 300 kVA 220 kWe 220 kWe 2662 mm 1030 mm 1754 mm 2084 kgs 63.1 l/hr 6.80 m³/s 125 Pa 0.25 m³/s 3988 x 1208 x 1779 85.2 dBA @ 1m
P330-3 300 kVA 330 kVA 240 kWe 240 kWe 3300 mm 1100 mm 1771 mm 2426 kgs 68.9 l/hr 7.30 m³/s 125 Pa 0.27 m³/s 3988 x 1208 x 1779 85.0 dBA @ 1m
P400-3 350 kVA 400 kVA 280 kWe 264 kWe 3300 mm 1100 mm 1771 mm 2546 kgs 79.0 l/hr 7.30 m³/s 125 Pa 0.31 m³/s 4930 x 1658 x 2147 85.2 dBA @ 1m
P450-3 400 kVA 450 kVA 320 kWe 320 kWe 3800 mm 1131 mm 2156 mm 3241 kgs 89.2 l/hr 6.64 m³/s 125 Pa 0.39 m³/s 4930 x 1658 x 2147 81.4 dBA @ 1m
P500-3 455 kVA 500 kVA 364 kWe 360 kWe 3800 mm 1131 mm 2156 mm 3253 kgs 103.1 l/hr 6.64 m³/s 125 Pa 0.44 m³/s 4930 x 1658 x 2147 81.8 dBA @ 1m
P550-3 500 kVA 550 kVA 400 kWe 400 kWe 3800 mm 1131 mm 2215 mm 3734 kgs 108.6 l/hr 7.94 m³/s 125 Pa 0.51 m³/s 4930 x 1658 x 2147 80.0 dBA @ 1m
P605-3 550 kVA 605 kVA 440 kWe 440 kWe 3800 mm 1131 mm 2215 mm 3858 kgs 118.4 l/hr 7.94 m³/s 125 Pa 0.61 m³/s 5320 x 1920 x 2177 80.3 dBA @ 1m
P660-3 600 kVA 660 kVA 480 kWe 484 kWe 3900 mm 1461 mm 2156 mm 4217 kgs 131.4 l/hr 6.22 m³/s 125 Pa 0.66 m³/s 5320 x 1920 x 2177 82.2 dBA @ 1m
P715-3 650 kVA 715 kVA 520 kWe 528 kWe 3900 mm 1461 mm 2156 mm 4322 kgs 143.0 l/hr 6.22 m³/s 125 Pa 0.60 m³/s 5320 x 1920 x 2177 82.4 dBA @ 1m
P730P1/P800E 730 kVA 800 kVA 584 kWe 572 kWe 3900 mm 1461 mm 2156 mm 4332 kgs 163.4 l/hr 6.22 m³/s 125 Pa 0.66 m³/s 6058 x 2438 x 2591 82.4 dBA @ 1m
P800P1/P900E1 800 kVA 900 kVA 640 kWe 640 kWe 4280 mm 1912 mm 2371 mm 6045 kgs 183.5 l/hr 16.30 m³/s 250 Pa 1.18 m³/s 6058 x 2438 x 2591 83.0 dBA @ 1m
P910P1/P1000E1 910 kVA 1000 kVA 728 kWe 720 kWe 4280 mm 1912 mm 2371 mm 6245 kgs 217.2 l/hr 16.30 m³/s 250 Pa 1.22 m³/s 9000 x 2438 x 2591 83.0 dBA @ 1m
P1000P1/P1100E1 1000 kVA 1100 kVA 800 kWe 800 kWe 4976 mm 2046 mm 2158 mm 7408 kgs 241.0 l/hr 14.50 m³/s 250 Pa 1.00 m³/s 9000 x 2438 x 2591 83.0 dBA @ 1m
P1125P1/P1250E1 1125 kVA 1250 kVA 900 kWe 880 kWe 4976 mm 2046 mm 2158 mm 7408 kgs 266.3 l/hr 14.50 m³/s 250 Pa 1.28 m³/s 9000 x 2438 x 2896 83.0 dBA @ 1m
P1250P3/P1375E3 1250 kVA 1375 kVA 1000 kWe 1000 kWe 4789 mm 2257 mm 2069 mm 7753 kgs 284.9 l/hr 19.00 m³/s 125 Pa 1.58 m³/s 9000 x 2438 x 2896 83.0 dBA @ 1m
P1350P1/P1500E1 1350 kVA 1500 kVA 1080 kWe 1100 kWe 4788 mm 1895 mm 2450 mm 9079 kgs 313.4 l/hr 18.60 m³/s 250 Pa 1.82 m³/s 9000 x 2438 x 2896 83.0 dBA @ 1m
P1500P3/P1650E3 1500 kVA 1650 kVA 1200 kWe 1200 kWe 4888 mm 1895 mm 2450 mm 9447 kgs 326.3 l/hr 27.00 m³/s 250 Pa 1.90 m³/s 9000 x 2438 x 2896 83.0 dBA @ 1m
P1700P1/P1875E1 1700 kVA 1875 kVA 1360 kWe 1320 kWe 5095 mm 1900 mm 2435 mm 10385 kgs 390.2 l/hr 20.20 m³/s 250 Pa 2.13 m³/s 12192 x 2438 x 2896 84.0 dBA @ 1m
P1750P/P1925E 1750 kVA 1925 kVA 1400 kWe 1500 kWe 5259 mm 2192 mm 2453 mm 11207 kgs 399.9 l/hr 32.00 m³/s 250 Pa 2.25 m³/s 12192 x 2438 x 2896 84.0 dBA @ 1m
P2000-1 1850 kVA 2000 kVA 1480 kWe 1540 kWe 5799 mm 2298 mm 3068 mm 12451 kgs 410.8 l/hr 34.30 m³/s 250 Pa 2.30 m³/s 12192 x 2438 x 2896 85.0 dBA @ 1m
P2250-1 2000 kVA 2250 kVA 1600 kWe 1600 kWe 5839 mm 2176 mm 2605 mm 12528 kgs 470.8 l/hr 34.69 m³/s 250 Pa 2.75 m³/s 12192 x 2438 x 2896 85.0 dBA @ 1m
P2500-1 2250 kVA 2500 kVA 1800 kWe 1800 kWe 5839 mm 22176 mm 2605 mm 12528 kgs 528.4 l/hr 34.69 m³/s 250 Pa 2.92 m³/s 12192 x 2438 x 2896 85.0 dBA @ 1m
2000 kWe 6038 mm 2180 mm 2900 mm 13380 kgs 36.40 m³/s 250 Pa 2.92 m³/s 85.0 dBA @ 1m
Emissions Treatment Techniques & Comparisons
Straight In-Line 6cyl Engine
Based on 4006-23 TAG3A as example.
Effect as % Reduction
Full Load Partial Load (Approximately 50%) Running Start-Up
Treatment NOx CO HC PM Odour NOx CO HC PM Odour Black Black White Other Effects
Smoke Smoke Smoke Baseline
Baseline - No Treatment 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% Modified Engine Slot
Flue Dilution 89% 89% 89% 89%
Spill Timing Adjustment 71% 48% 134% 0% 89% 93% 93% 93% 93% 93% 89% 93% 93% Only Planned Start
Twin Actuator Arrangement Initial Start Time
Flame Start Kit 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 71% 48% 134% 0% 0% 0% 5% 0% Loading Scheme
Fuel Governor (Lean Run) 0% 0% 0% 0% Increase Silencer
Load Management* 0% 0% 0% 0% NOT AVAILABLE AS SINGLE BANK OF CYLINDERS (Straight 6 Arrangement) Increase Silencer
Oxidation Catalyst 0% 60-70% 60-70% 10-15% Increase Silencer
may 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 50% 60%
Catalysed Soot Filter / Diesel Particulate Filter increase 90% 80% 90%
75-98% 0% 15-20% 15-20% 15-20% 15-20% 15-20% 20% 40% 0%
Selective Catalytic Reduction 90-99% 50-90% 0-40%
0% < 50% < 50% < 50% <50% < 50% 40% 0% 0%
*dependent on number of Gensets
70-90% 0% 25% 30% 10% 50% 10% 5% 0%
90% may 90% 80% 90% 90% 80% 30% 10%
increase
0% 65-75% 70-90% 40-60% 0-30% 0% 10% 4% 0%
16 Cylinder V-Form Engine
Based on 4016-61 TAG2A as example.
Full Load Effect as % Reduction Running Start-Up
Partial Load (Approximately 50%) Black
Smoke
Treatment NOx CO HC PM Odour NOx CO HC PM Odour 0% Black White Other Effects
90% Smoke Smoke
Baseline - No Treatment 0% 0% 0% Baseline
Flue Dilution 90% 0% 0% 90% 90% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Spill Timing Adjustment 96% 90% 90% 0% 0% 96% 96% 96% 96% 96% 109% Max Rating
120% 129% 96% 120% 129% 0% 0% 96% 96% Reduced Fuel
Consumption
5% 0% Only Planned Start
Initial Start Time
Twin Actuator Arrangement 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 60-75% 60-75% 60-75% 60-75% 60-75% 15% 60% 15% Loading Scheme
Increase Silencer
Flame Start Kit 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 50% 60%
Fuel Governor (Lean Run) 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 15-20% 15-20% 15-20% 15-20% 15-20% 20% 40% 0%
Load Management* 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% < 50% < 50% < 50% <50% < 50% 40% 0% 0%
Oxidation Catalyst 0% 60-70% 60-70% 10-15% 70-90% 10% 5% 0%
may 0% 25% 30% 10% 50%
Catalysed Soot Filter / Diesel Particulate Filter increase 90% 80% 90% 90% may 80% 30% 10% Increase Silencer
75-98% increase 90% 80% 90% 90%
Selective Catalytic Reduction 90-99% 50-90% 0-40% 0% 65-75% 10% 4% 0% Increase Silencer
70-90% 40-60% 0-30% 0%
*dependent on number of Gensets
Some of the treatments included above can be offered with other additional treatment, such as Flue Dilution and Twin Actuator arrangements.
However, some can only be offered as an individual technique which cannot be combined.
Bells Power Group Tel : 020 3259 0100
Ground Floor Fax : 020 7247 7331
70-72 Clifton Street
London @BellsPowerLtd
EC2A 4HB Email : [email protected]
Website : www.bellspowergroup.co.uk
Schneider Electric MTZ - 55
Standard IEC/EN 61557-12: Electrical safety in low voltage distribution Operating Uncertainty
systems up to 1000 V a.c. and 1500 V d.c. - Equipment for testing,
measuring or monitoring of protective measures - Part 12: Performance IEC/EN 61557-12 definition states that “Operating uncertainty is
measuring and monitoring devices (PMD) covers both devices with uncertainty under the rated operating conditions”.
external sensors, such as current or voltage transformers, and standalone
power meter and devices with embedded sensors like circuit breakers. For Masterpact MTZ with Micrologic X, the main influence quantity is the
temperature Tº; Masterpact MTZ is designed to carry high current and
The introduction to this Standard is quite interesting and makes the reader so the self heating combined with the ambient temperature induces a
understand the importance of metering in today’s world: as a complement wide range of operating temperatures.
to protection measures, it becomes more and more necessary to measure
different electrical parameters in order to monitor required performances In Masterpact MTZ, the measurement has been designed to offer high
in energy distribution systems due to: stability within this range of temperatures. The outstanding result can be
seen in the picture below.
• Installation standards evolutions, for instance over current detection, is
a new requirement for the neutral conductor due to harmonic content Overall System Uncertainty
• Technological evolutions (electronic loads, electronic measuring IEC/EN 61557-12 definition states that: “Overall system uncertainty is
methods, etc) uncertainty including the instrumental uncertainty of several separated
instruments, external sensors, external wiring between devices, etc.
• End users needs (cost saving, compliance with aspects of building under the rated operating conditions.”
regulations, etc)
For Masterpact MTZ, the overall system uncertainty is non-existent
• Safety & continuity of service thanks to its design with the embedded sensors.
• Sustainable development requirements where energy measurement, Additional Disturbances: Behaviour Under High
for instance, is recognised as an essential element of energy Harmonics
management, part of the overall drive to reduce carbon emissions &
to improve the commercial efficiency of manufacturing, commercial Thanks to other functions such as protection functions, Masterpact MTZ
organisations & public service with Micrologic X offers by design a high level of immunity to disturbances.
Masterpact MTZ equipped with Micrologic X and its own embedded Operating uncertainty is very low, ensuring a Class 1 in a wide range of
sensors is a Class 1 full chain measurement device for active power and operating conditions. The table below summarises standard requirements
energy metering according to IEC/EN 61557-12. and Masterpact MTZ performance regarding Harmonic disturbances:
The benefit of avoiding uncertainty and variation due to external sensors
and wiring is one of the key factors that helped Masterpact MTZ in
reaching this exceptional result.
In fact, IEC/EN 61557-12 standard defines three levels of uncertainty:
intrinsic uncertainty, operating uncertainty and overall system uncertainty,
that need to be checked to ensure accuracy class. The uncertainty is the
estimated amount or percentage by which a measured value may differ
from the true value.
PB115943_85.eps Influence quantity Table 9 IEC/EN 61557-12 PMD DD CI 1 Masterpact
Additional uncertainty variation tolerance MTZ
Harmonic in current & voltage 10% Un 5th 0.8% <0.1%
PMD-D - Embedded sensors 20% lmax 5th 3% <0.1%
Odd harmonic in current
PB112459_15.eps Sub harmonic in current 3% <0.1%
PMD-S - External sensors One Application: Compliance with IEC 60364-8-1
Clause 8.3.1.1 Requirement
Intrinsic Uncertainty Under Reference Condition
IEC 60364-8-1 provides requirements and recommendations for the
IEC/EN 61557-12 definition states that “Intrinsic uncertainty is uncertainty design, erection and verification of low voltage electrical installations
of a measuring instrument when used under reference conditions”. including local production and storage of energy for optimising the overall
For Masterpact MTZ with Micrologic X, the main influence quantities are efficient use of electricity.
the current and the power factor. It introduces recommendations for the design of an electrical installation
The effect of all other influence quantities are less significant. within the framework of an energy efficiency management approach in
The accuracy level reached is shown in the following table: order to get the lowest electrical energy consumption and the most
acceptable energy availability. It also specifies the accuracies of the
Masterpact lst = 0.04%lb MTZ1 MTZ2 MTZ3 measuring instruments involved in the functions of energy management
5%lb 1.6 A 1.6 A 3.2 A such as:
Lowest value of the current at which the MTZ starts & continues 10%lb
to register 20%lb 20 A 20 A 40 A • Energy usage analysis & optimisation
lb
Lowest value of the current to ensure accuracy for Active Power lmax 40 A 40 A 80 A • Contract optimisation
& energy ≤ 1.5%
80 A 80 A 160 A • Cost allocation
Lowest value of the current to ensure accuracy for Active Power
& energy ≤ 1% with PF = 1 400 A 400 A 800 A • Efficiency assessment
Lowest value of the current to ensure accuracy for Active Power 1600 A 4000 A 6300 A • Energy usage trends assessment
& energy ≤ 1% with PF = 0.5 Ind to 0.8 Cap x1.2 x1.2 x1.2
Masterpact MTZ with Micrologic X complies with the requirements of IEC
Value of current in accordance with which the relevant 60364-8-1 dedicated to the optimisation of energy efficiency. It provides
performance of a direct connected Power Meter Device is fixed a range of measurements with accuracies required for complex energy
efficiency approaches.
Highest value of current at which the MTZ meets the uncertainty
requirements of this standard
Schneider Electric Ltd Customer Support Centre
Stafford Park 5 Tel : 0870 608 8 608
Telford Fax : 0870 608 8 606
Shropshire @SchneiderUK
TF3 3BL
Website : www.schneider-electric.com/uk
56 - Power Quality Solutions
Power Factor Correction - Definition
The Power Factor of a load is defined as the ratio of active power to total demand i.e. kW divided by kVA. In layman’s terms, Power Factor is the percentage of
the burden on the supply which is doing real, useful work. Power Factor Correction (PFC) is the application of properly designed, manufactured and installed
equipment which will compensate for the ‘useless’ yet essential part of the demand on the supply, leaving only ‘useful’ power to be drawn from the mains.
The nearer Power Factor is to unity, the less reactive power is drawn from the supply, the lower the demand, and the greater the overall efficiency.
Commercial Benefits Technical Benefits Environmental Benefits
• Reactive Power charge is avoided • Power Quality is improved • Carbon Footprint Reduction
• Chargeable Demand is reduced • Supply Burden is reduced • ISO14001 accreditation support
• System Losses are reduced • Network Reliability is increased • Part ‘L’ Building Regs compliance
• Harmonic Distortion can be reduced
Active Harmonic Filters
Power Capacitors can offer Active Harmonic Filter solutions for all requirements. Active Filter systems start at 50A and are available up to 600A in standard designs.
Response times as low as 100us, instantaneous reactive power compensation, and lowest in-class losses offer performance benefits.
When considering an Active Harmonic Filter system, consideration must be given to:
• Harmonic Mitigation requirement • Operation on Mains alone, or on Mains & Generator
• Reactive Power requirement • Free-Standing Cubicle or Integral to Switchboard
• Response Time requirement • Reference Current Transformers
• Single or Multiple Harmonic polluting sources ○ Rating & Accuracy Class
• Nature of the polluting load ○ Location
○ 3-phase loads – 3-wire filter is required ○ Summation of Mains & Generator C.T. Signals may be required
○ 1-phase loads – 4-wire filter is required
In order to achieve a ‘zero impact’ solution, Active Harmonic Filter systems can be rated according to the following table:
Typical Active Harmonic Filter Ratings by Industry
Industry General, Commercial, Medical Manufacturing Plastics, DataCentre, IT,
Domestic Banking PetroChemical Industry
Typical THD(I) 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%
Transformer Rating
800 kVA 150 amp 200 amp 250 amp 300 amp 400 amp 450 amp
1000 kVA 200 amp 300 amp 350 amp 400 amp 500 amp 600 amp
1250 kVA 300 amp 350 amp 450 amp 550 amp 600 amp 700 amp
1600 kVA 350 amp 450 amp 550 amp 650 amp 800 amp 900 amp
2000 kVA 400 amp 550 amp 700 amp 850 amp 1000 amp 1100 amp
2500 kVA 500 amp 700 amp 900 amp 1050 amp 1200 amp 1300 amp
Filter Type 4-wire 4-wire 3-wire 3-wire 3-wire 4-wire
Note: Supplies for Active Harmonic Filters should be de-rated by approx. 25% to accommodate the high crest factor of the current waveforms. Where a 4-wire filter is required, then the neutral connection must be rated three times that of each phase.
Medium Voltage Active Harmonic Filters
Power Capacitors can offer Active Harmonic Filter solutions from 3.3kV to 33kV in standard designs, 132kV is available on request. Containerised systems including
Filter Transformers and Active Cooling Systems are popular, offering flexible and simplified installation.
HPQ Systems - Hybrid Power Quality
HPQ systems combine the features and functionality of Active Harmonic Filter systems with conventional Power Factor Correction systems. The capability to mitigate
harmonic currents whilst simultaneously and instantaneously correcting the Power Factor offers many advantages over having separate systems for each function.
Ratings are available on request to suit all applications.
UPQ Systems - Uninterrupted Power Quality
UPQ systems offer the performance of an Active Harmonic Filter system when mains is present, but when mains is lost, the UPQ system takes <2ms to switch to
its Backup Power function. This enables critical and sensitive loads to be supported continuously, regardless of the quality or presence of incoming mains.
Performance benefits over conventional Filter and UPS systems include:
• Lowest Operating Losses when compared to Static & Rotary UPS systems (Shunt operation until needed)
• Backup Power times ranging from 2 seconds to several hours, according to the choice of UltraCapacitors, LTO or Li-Ion batteries as storage
• Standard ratings from 50kW to 3MW
• No requirement to mitigate for harmonic distortion from a Static UPS
• Typical 15 year lifetime before components replacement is required
• Overcurrent capability supports DOL motor starting & fuse discrimination
ESS - Energy Storage Systems
Available in standard, scaleable ratings from 100kW to 8.4MW and above, for connection to supplies from 415V to 33kV and higher, Energy Storage Systems
include the functionality of Active Harmonic Filter systems, in addition to Energy Storage. Used in conjunction with embedded renewables generation, they can
maximise revenue whilst simultaneously minimising energy costs. Standard Functionality includes:
• Frequency Support (Revenue Generating)
• Peak Shaving (Cost Reduction)
• Renewables Energy Storage (Revenue Maximisation)
• Active Harmonic Filtration
• Dynamic Reactive Power Compensation (Network Support, Revenue Generating & Cost Reduction)
• Load Balancing
• Voltage Flicker mitigation
• Power Limiting (Network Support, Cost Reduction)
• Intermittent Resource Support
• MicroGrid Support
• Black Start Functionality
Power Storage ratings and Load Support times vary from 2 seconds to several hours, according to the choice of UltraCapacitors, LTO or Li-Ion batteries as the
storage medium.
Technical Support
Whether you need a quick telephone consultation or a full set of surveys and specifications, we are always willing to support customers, old and new. As undisputed
experts in the field of Power Quality, we relish the challenge and are always comfortable in sharing our wealth of expertise. Contact us to arrange one of our
recognised CPD sessions on Power Factor Correction and Active Filters/Power Quality.
Power Capacitors Limited Tel : 0121 708 4511
30 Redfern Road Fax : 0121 765 4054
Tyseley Website : www.powercapacitors.co.uk
Birmingham Email : [email protected]
B11 2BH Sales : Tim Brown Technical : Matt Robbins
SHM Metering - The 2006 Measuring Instruments Directive (MID) - 57
What is MID? Frequently Asked Questions
The Measuring Instruments Directive (MID) was introduced by the European Q. Can MID meters be used for supplies over 100kW?
Commission to promote free trade of measuring instruments throughout Europe.
The European Directive 2004/22/EC came into force throughout the EU on 30/10/06. A. In the UK, MD meters are only able to be used as Primary meters for sites not
The purpose of the directive is to create a single market in measuring instruments exceeding 100kW. Above 100kW, meters must be approved under UK National
for the benefit of manufacturers and consumers across Europe. Approval to MID is legislation because Code of Practice 5 (COP5) meters must be used for settlement
required for meters used in any fiduciary (i.e. billing) application. National rules that in the half-hourly market. As Secondary meters (sub-meters) installed after the
deviate from MID are not allowed. With the MID European Type Approval Certificate, Primary supply meter, MID meters can be used for any internal supply above or
an instrument may be freely sold and used in any European Union (EU) or European below 100kW.
Economic Area (EEA). Instruments must meet the general essential requirements
of the directive, plus one of ten instrument-specific annexes. For electricity meters, Q. Can I use a panel-mount meter for billing?
this is MI-003 (Active Electrical Energy Meters).
A. Yes. 96mm x 96mm and 72mm x 72mm MID approved panel mount meters are
Billing Applications now readily available. As long as the meter is an approved billing meter, it is
immaterial whether it is wall mounting or surface panel mounting. There are very
Prior to MID, meters were approved under UK National legislation and statutory few 96mm x 96mm panel mount meters approved under UK National regulations
responsibility for the Electricity Act 1989 was held by OFGEM. From 2009, and these are highly specialist and expensive. Any panel meter used henceforward
responsibility for legal metrology and implementation of MID and its dependent UK for billing or sub-billing should sensibly be specified to be an MID approved meter.
regulations passed to the National Measurement Office (NMO) in Teddington. The
Electricity Act remains in force, but MID requirements are implemented by a new Q. Can a DIN rail meter be used for billing?
Statutory Instrument (SI). The SI published in 2006 is the Measuring Instruments
(Active Electrical Energy Meters) Regulations SI2006/1679 and details the A. Yes. There are several panel-mount meters which have MID approval. There are
requirements for MID approval. no DIN rail meters which were approved for metering under the old pre-2006
regulations. So any DIN rail meter used for billing must be an MID approved meter.
The word ‘approval’ now includes meters fulfilling the requirements of MID
regulations by a Notified Body (i.e. a testing laboratory); this body need not be a Q. Can I use meters with just Annex B for billing?
UK organisation. The Electricity Act 1989 is still in force in the UK and directly
legislates for those meters approved prior to October 2006. Meters that meet the A. No. Annex B is a design acceptance and the meter has not therefore completed
requirements of 512006/1679 are deemed to be ‘approved’ in accordance with the the full MID approval process. A meter cannot be used for billing until it has
Electricity Act 1989 and for MID approved meters, the 2006 Statutory Instrument completed the full conformity process and carries the B+D or B+F approval and is
applies. Approval now means approval as to both design and individual testing at clearly identified by the use of the full MID approval mark.
manufacture according to the MID 2004/22/EC directive instrument specific
annexes. For electrical energy meters, this is Annex MI-003. Q. Why do manufacturers sell meters that are only Annex B?
Meters manufactured under pre-MID UK legislation may still be used and even A. A manufacturer may design and produce a meter to the specification standard
continue to be installed. Under these regulations it is possible to install meters for and requirements of MID, but may decide not to complete the full approval process.
commercial billing which are approved, but not individually certified for accuracy, This meter cannot be used for billing. Annex B is a procedure that ensures meter
provided there is an agreement between supplier and consumer. From 2016, all accuracy and quality. It allows the manufacturer, should he so chose, to complete
new meters installed for billing purposes must be MID approved. Meter the full MID approval process at a later stage.
manufacturers are now ensuring that any current designs of meters which have
only UK approval are being submitted for approval under MID, so as to increase Q. What about the billing system, does it need to be MID approved?
the market for and the longevity of their products. MID approved meters may be
sold and used throughout the whole EU, irrespective of their country of origin. A. No. Only the meter itself is subject to MID. The data collection system, whether
it is manual reading, remote reading via data loggers, BMS, EMS software or any
Certification: Certification under UK National legislation refers to individual testing other, means is not covered. If there is a dispute over the accuracy of a meter, it is
of a meter manufactured with an Approved Pattern of Design. Exemption from important to emphasise that the meter register remains the ‘prima facie’ evidence
certification only applies to meters approved under UK National legislation. MID for consumption and a data logger or other item of equipment or software has no
does not recognise Certification as a separate process. Meters are either MID influence whatsoever over a dispute decision.
approved or they are not.
Q. Are current transformers covered by MID?
Approval: MID meters can only have approved status and approval refers to design,
followed by individual testing at manufacture. Certification is not a recognised term A. No. Only the meter itself is covered by MID. Good practice requires that current
under MID. Meters must have approval according to Annex B+ Annex D, Annex B+ transformers should have accuracy consistent with the meter and the load to which
Annex F or Annex H1. All MID approved meters MUST carry the full MID marking and they are connected. The 1989 Electricity Act states only that the CT and the meter
it is having this full marking which denotes whether a meter is MID approved or not. are to be installed in an approved manner. MID makes reference to instrument
transformers (CTs), but does not cover any aspect of their performance or accuracy.
Meters Covered by MID
Q. I am billing people only for a small amount of electricity on a caravan site,
If you are a residential, commercial, industrial landlord or property manager in any can I use low cost non-approved meters?
of the following situations, you must employ an MID approved meter or a UK National
approved meter (which will have been approved prior to October 2006). However, A. No. All meters used for billing at ANY level of consumption must be approved.
if the latter type of meter is already installed, so long as it is measuring accurately,
you may continue to use it indefinitely. Since any new billing-approved meter is Q. Are there MID meters with current and voltage indication?
almost certain to carry MID approval, for new electricity supplies it is best to fit MID
approved billing meters. From October 2016, only MID approved meters can be A. Yes. SHM supplies MID approved kWh meters that have full, multi-function
fitted. These are a few of the sub-billing applications commonly encountered: capability, including Harmonic Distortion if required.
• Multi-use commercial building • Caravan parks Q. Do I need to replace meters approved under UK National legislation?
• Industrial estates • Data centre server supplies A. No. Meters approved under UK National legislation can be used up to the end of
their certification life. The initial certification period may be 10, 15 or 20 years, but
• Sub-let shops or concessions • Sports facilities may be extended for as long as the meter continues to meet the stipulated accuracy
requirements. Any replacement meter installed after October 2016 must be MID
• Residential flats • Any charging of electricity by meter approved. If meters approved under UK National legislation are installed prior to
• Marinas reading October 2016, they can remain ‘on the wall' indefinitely, as long as they are accurate.
For these supplies, any meter fitted after October 2016 MUST be MID approved. Q. I am specifying meters under Part I of the Building Regulations to be used
Any meter approved solely under UK National legislation CANNOT be installed for only for energy management purposes, do I need MID Approved meters?
use after October 2016. From October 2016, the only legal option for newly metered
supplies is to fit an MID meter. A. It is not necessary to install MID approved meters for purely monitoring purposes,
but if it is likely that in future they may be used for billing, it is wise to specify MID
The use of unapproved meters does not meet the requirements of the approved meters throughout.
Electricity Act 1989. To bill electricity with a non-approved meter is a breach
of the 1989 Act and is classified as a criminal offence. On conviction, the The above is an excerpt from the SHM “Guide to the MID”.
person committing the offence is liable to a fine not exceeding level 3 on the A full copy can be obtained FREE OF CHARGE
standard scale. This fine is currently set at £1000 per each offending meter, by contacting SHM below.
so for a multiple meter site, the fine will be substantial.
Landlord Obligations
Landlords, estate managers and property developers should check that they have
legally acceptable meters fitted throughout their premises. The use of unapproved
meters for billing carries the risk of prosecution. A tenant is within his rights to refuse
payment if his electricity bill is based on readings from a non-approved meter. In
our experience we have found that around 90% of meters presently fitted in
commercial buildings are not approved for billing. SHM will be pleased to undertake
a survey of all installed meters within a building or estate to determine whether or
not the meters comply with current legislation.
SHM Metering Tel : +44 (0) 1962 865142
Valley House Fax : +44 (0) 1962 862451
6 Winnall Valley Road
Winchester @SHM_Metering
Hampshire SO23 0LD Email : [email protected]
Website : www.shmmetering.co.uk
58 - Uninterruptible Power Supplies
Energy Efficiency TLE 200kW UPS EFFICIENCY
TLE SeriesTM delivers efficiency up to 96.5% in double conversion (VFI)
ABB’s TLE SeriesTM UPS is one of the most energy efficient double- mode and 99% in eBoost operating mode
conversion UPS in the industry and provides world-class energy efficiency
across the operating load range. The TLE SeriesTM delivers efficiency 98
up to 96.5% in double conversion mode and 99% in eBoost operating
mode. This system efficiency substantially reduces operating and cooling EFFICIENCY % 95
costs, thus providing a reduced cost of ownership and improved power typical
usage effectiveness (PUE) compared to conventional UPS.
ABB’s UPS performance is optimised at 50-75% load operation, as this 92 operating load
is the most common operating range. The optimisation of the TLE SeriesTM
includes selecting all major power chain components based on maximising 89
the component efficiency at part load conditions.
High Efficiency TLE SeriesTM UPS Provides: 86
• Substantial reduction in operating cost of UPS 83
• Reduced energy loss minimises air conditioning requirement
• Energy savings from reduced cooling 80 50% 75% 100%
25%
True Redundancy with Distributed Control & Bypass LOAD
TLE VFI Mode TLE eBoost Mode
UPS2 UPS1 UPS3
Utility TLE Series Power Capability
Critical Load
Redundant Unity output power factor, full power for critical load without de-rating for
Comm Bus actual and future IT loads.
ACTIVE POWER (kW)
Configurable up to 6 units in parallel LEADING POWER FACTOR LAGGING
POWER FACTOR
RPA (Redundant Parallel Architecture) Output Performance
Input Performance Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
A distorted output voltage waveform can affect the proper function of
Clean Input Performance equipment. The TLE SeriesTM has very low output voltage THD, even
The TLE SeriesTM IGBT based rectifier and innovative control algorithm when connected to 100% unbalanced or non-linear loads.
ensures an input Total Harmonic Distortion (THDi) of less than 3% and
draws a pure sinusoidal waveform from the mains. This also provides a Output Power Factor = 1
UPS input power factor of 0.99.
• TLE SeriesTM with unity output power factor provides more output power.
Advantages Output power factor diagram symmetrical with respect to zero. 100% kW
– no de-rating with any load
• Saving in the sizing of upfront equipment e.g. emergency generators,
cabling & circuit breakers • Suitable for modern power supply applications with unity or capacitive
power factor (e.g. new generation servers) or up to 3:1 crest factor loads
• No disturbances to nearby equipment; eliminate perturbation & outage
on upfront electrical equipment, avoiding also any investigation & analysis Transient Response
cost due to malfunction Transient response is very fast due to control algorithms which ensure
very high dynamic stiffness. This reduces the need to oversize the UPS
Programmable Soft Start for pulse load applications.
The programmable soft start allows the rectifier to ramp up in a
programmable time period (0-15 seconds), thus eliminating in-rush
current. This feature reduces the need of oversizing the input power
system (gensets, feeder cables and overcurrent devices).
Generator Compatibility
User-programmable features such as slew rate, phase angle rate-of-
change and voltage rate-of-change allow the UPS to quickly sync to a
genset during emergency back-up.
Unity output power factor, full power for critical load without de-rating for
actual and future IT loads.
ABB Ltd Tel : 0845 602 9471
Industrial Solutions
Unit 16 Roman Way @abbukep
Coleshill Website : www.abb.com/uk
West Midlands B46 1HG
Piller - CPM, XT & Static UPS/STS Application Guide - 59
Piller Critical Power Module (CPM)
Technical Data - CPM 300 kW Operating Modes Generator Frequency Voltage Suppression
Power Rating: Mains Operation Stabilisation Stabilisation
380-415 V
Voltage: Operation
up to 99%* VFI
Efficiency: 50 Hz
Frequency: 2450 w x 900 d x 1900 l VI
Dimensions (mm): VFI2
ECO
ERM** applies to all above
**Enhanced Redundancy Mode
*According to IEC 62040-3
Piller Active Power CleanSource® UPS
CleanSource® XT UPS 50% load 47 secs CleanSource® XT MMS UPS CleanSource® HD UPS 50% load 31 secs
50Hz 225kW 380/400/415V 50Hz 225kW 380/400/415V 50Hz 625kW 380/400/415V
Efficiency up to 98% @ 100% load Efficiency up to 98% @ 100% load Efficiency up to 98% @ 100% load
Flywheel Runtime - 100% load 24.5 secs Flywheel Runtime – up to 2 minutes Flywheel Runtime - 100% load 16 secs
Dim (mm) 1981(h) x 1488(w) x 865(d) Dimension from (mm) 2438(h) x 3226(w) x 865(d) Dim (mm) 2032(h) x 3353(w) x 991(d)
Weight (kg) 2,086 Weight (kg) 3063 Weight (kg) 5,796
Piller AP Premium+ Static UPS
Technical Data - AP Premium
Input Output General
Voltage: 380-415 V 50 Hz Voltage: 380 - 415 V 50 Hz Operational Altitude: Up to 1000m ASL
Voltage Tolerance: ± 15% Voltage Tolerance: ± 1% Steady State Ambient Temperature: 0-40ºC Daily Average ≤ 35ºC
Power Factor at Rated Voltage: > 0.99 Frequency Tolerance: ± 1% Relative Humidity: 5-95% Non-Condensing
THDi (Normal Op.): < 3% Overload Capacity: Up to 2000% for 100ms (switching to bypass) Ingress Protection: IP 20
Efficiency: Up to 96.0% Up to 188% for 10mins
Piller AP Premium+ Static UPS Guide to Dimensions & Weights
100 kVA 120 kVA 160 kVA 200 kVA 300 kVA 400 kVA 500 kVA
LxWxH LxWxH LxWxH LxWxH LxWxH LxWxH LxWxH
Static UPS 800 x 800 x 1900 800 x 800 x 1900 1200 x 800 x 1900 1200 x 800 x 1900 1600 x 800 x 1900 2000 x 800 x 1900 2000 x 800 x 1900
Weight kg 600 660 895 895 1335 1715 1715
5 mins Batt. on Stand 1080 x 630 x 1195 1080 x 630 x 1195 900 x 800 x 1315 1430 x 630 x 1590 1595 x 800 x 1600 1610 x 800 x 2390 2970 x 830 x 1249
Weight kg 914 971 1575 1715 2516 3450 3850
10 mins Batt. on Stand 1070 x 800 x 1205 900 x 800 x 1315 1430 x 800 x 1600 1595 x 800 x 1600 1595 x 800 x 2390 3005 x 800 x 1600 2970 x 830 x 1649
1575 2096 2516 3775 5035 5300
Weight kg 1260
Piller APOTRANS Static Transfer Switch
Technical Data - APOTRANS Design Type Fuse-less
Transfer Times: <2ms Manual; <3ms Automatic:
Rated Voltage: 380-415V Short Circuit Current: Up to 50kA
Noise Level: <65 dB(A)
Rated Frequency: 50 Hz ± 5% Operational Altitude: Up to 1000m ASL
Relative Humidity: 20 to 90% Non Condensing
Power Factor: Overall Locus Diagram Ingress Protection: IP 20 (Standard Enclosure)
Overload: 120% - 10 min, 1505 - 2 min
Crest Factor: >5
Efficiency: >99.0%
Piller APOTRANS Static Transfer Switch Guide to Dimensions & Weights
Standard Enclosure with Service Bypass Chassis Unit for Integration into Switchboard / PDU
APOTRANS Width (mm) Depth (mm) Height (mm) Weight (kg) APOTRANS Width (mm) Depth (mm) Height (mm) Weight (kg)
25A - 63A 500 436 557 34 100A/160A 560 527 1120 120
100A/160A 309
250A 800 800 1900 250A 560 527 1120 144
400A/630A
800 800 1900 333 400A/630A 618 527 1620 240
800A/1000A 1200 800 1900 572 800A/1000A 618 527 1620 272
1600A 1600 800 1900 767
2400 823 2158 1300
Piller UK Ltd Tel : 01285 657721
Westgate Fax : 01285 654823
Phoenix Way
Cirencester Email : [email protected]
Glos GL7 1RY Website : www.piller.com
60 - Piller – UNIBLOCK™ UPS Application Guide
UNIBLOCK™ UBT+ Rotary UPS - Operation
In normal operation, the load is supplied via the choke, with the Piller UNIBLOCK™ machine operating in parallel via the central tapping of the choke. The
generator winding of the UNIBLOCK™ machine supplies the load with the same dynamic characteristics as an AC supply system.
In the event the supply falls outside the input characteristics, the input contactor opens, and the module is supplied from the energy store via the UNIBLOCK™
machine.
The choke acts as a filter preventing the transmission of harmonics to the mains from the load and vice versa. The UNIBLOCK™ generator windings are used
to supply reactive current, improving the UPS input power factor.
The generator of the UNIBLOCK™ machine can supply peak currents without being limited by the current ratings of additional semiconductors. The impedance
of the generator – which is like that of the AC line – delivers a short-circuit current of up to 18 times the rated current without switching back to mains (even
when operating in energy storage mode).
The UNIBLOCK™ machine generates a sinusoidal voltage so no power capacitors are necessary for commutation or filtration. The brushless excitation of the
motor/generator is provided by an exciter mounted on the shaft and the generator voltage is electronically regulated.
The technology, combined with no capacitors and control redundancy, makes the UNIBLOCK™ system one of the most reliable UPS available.
In addition, since the UPS operates via the choke, it achieves efficiencies up to 97% and improved efficiencies at partial loads.
UNIBLOCK UBT+ Technical Data
Input
Voltage 380 – 415 V / 50 Hz (+ 10 % / - 20 %; - 50 % short term)
Power factor at rated Voltage 0.97
THDi (normal operation) < 3 % (Meets G5/4)
Output
Voltage 380 – 415 V / 50 Hz (± 1 % - Steady State)
Overload Capacity 110 % for 1h / 125 % for 10 minutes / 150 % for 2 minutes
Power factor 0.8 Lag to 0.8 Lead
Efficiency up to 97% on line (with energy store connected)
Short Circuit up to 18x Rated
Capacity current (no bypass required)
Load Crest Factor unlimited
General
Operation Altitude up to 1000m ASL
Ambient Temperature 0 – 40°C (daily mean < 35°C)
Ingress Protection IP 20
Reliability > 860,000 hours MTBF
UNIBLOCK UBT+ POWERBRIDGE™ backed system (Kinetic Energy Storage)
Rating - Dimensions & Weight 560kW – L x W x H 1000kW – L x W x H 1500kW – L x W x H 1800kW – L x W x H 2250kW – L x W x H 2700kW - L x W x H
UBT+ with POWERBRIDGE™ 1320 x 4110 x 2300 1320 x 6600 x 2700 1672 x 7695 x 2700
Weight in kg 11900 1320 x 5300 x 2700 1320 x 5300 x 2700 1320 x 6600 x 2700 23890 31840
17400 19470 22690
UNIBLOCK UBT+ Battery backed UPS system
Rating - Dimensions & Weight 560kW – L x W x H / weight in kg 1000kW – L x W x H / weight in kg 1340kW – L x W x H / weight in kg 1550kW – L x W x H / weight in kg 2000kW – L x W x H / weight in kg
UBT+ for Battery 980 x 2710 x 2300 / 5800 1320 x 4600 x 2700 / 12190 1320 x 4600 x 2700 / 14140 1320 x 4600 x 2700 / 14240 1320 x 5000 x 2700 / 17050
5min VRLA Battery system 3050 x 755 x 1617 / 5810 2x (3680 x 700 x 2395) / 14240 1x (3578 x 700 x 2395) & 1x (6290 x 780 x 2542) / 13108k 3x (3140 x 780 x 2542) / 19695
4x (3680 x 700 x 1605) / 20000 2x /3578 x 70 x 1605) / 15340 2x (6250 x 780 x 2217) / 21768 5x (3750 x 705 x 2709) / 40185
10min VRLA Battery system 3090 x 755 x 2407 / 7200
4x (3578 x 700 x 2000) / 24350
PILLER POWERBRIDGE™ PB60+
Piller’s PB60+ the world's largest kinetic energy storage devices for UPS applications. Following the addition of the PB60+, the existing range of Piller kinetic
energy storage systems extends from 3.6MJ to 60MJ. The company has a strong record of manufacturing kinetic energy storage over the past 20 years and
now has more than 7,200 units installed around the world.
The POWERBRIDGE™ PB60+ is a highly compact, efficient and practical replacement for conventional batteries. The unit can deliver power above 3MW
and provide 1MW of electrical power for over 60 seconds. This extraordinary achievement with very low losses and a minimal maintenance.
Advantages & Benefits:
• Floor Space – Up to 90% can be saved when compared to batteries
• Temperature range – A wide environmental specification means that air conditioning is not required
• Maintenance efforts – Bearings are greased automatically from a reservoir
• Life time > 20 years
PB60+
Ambient temperature 0-50°C
Footprint 1674 x 1674mm
Kinetic energy storage 60MJ
Annual maintenance Minimal intervention
Full re-charge time (programmable) 30 seconds – 3 Minutes
Piller UK Ltd Tel : 01285 657721
Westgate Fax : 01285 654823
Phoenix Way
Cirencester Email : [email protected]
Glos GL7 1RY Website : www.piller.com
Piller - IP-System™ & DRUPS Application Guide - 61 .
Piller IP-System™ Coupled with energy storage and the ability to configure a massive UPS
system of up to 20 MW in low voltage, the IP-System is particularly suited
The Piller Isolated Parallel System (IP-System) reflects a design concept to applications where minimising space and maximising return on
in the area of UPS topologies, which overcomes certain disadvantages investment are high priorities. Reducing the number of redundant units
of the conventional UPS configurations (i.e. N+x & N+N) yet merges their to the minimum and avoiding units running in standby makes the
advantages into a highly reliable system topology. This topology is IP-System a green solution and a good choice, if an environmentally
available at both LV and MV and allows repeated paralleling of UPS friendly and ecological power supply is desired.
modules with the benefit of automatic load sharing and high operating
efficiency, while ensuring sufficient fault isolation between the individual Mains
units.
UPS 1 UPS 2 UPS N
In such an IP-System, each UPS is connected to a common bus (IP-Bus)
by a 3-phase choke (IP-Choke), designed to limit fault currents to an IP- Bus
acceptable level but provide sufficient load sharing at the same time. IP- Choke
Each load is related to an individual UPS and is directly connected to the IP- Return Bus
output of the UPS.
Load 1 Load 2 Load N
Due to its load sharing capability, an IP-System is typically designed in Piller IP-System Schematic
an N+x redundant configuration, reducing the number of redundant units UPS Load
to a minimum, whilst keeping the operating point of the UPS at a high Bypass (Critical)
level on the efficiency curve. The Isolated Parallel System provides an
exceptional method of combining the features found in Isolated- MV / LV
Redundant and Parallel-Redundant UPS configurations: shared Coupling Choke
redundancy among UPS modules and output bus fault isolation in a large,
multiple output, paralleled UPS System. What also distinguishes the Mains
IP-System is the excellent maintainability and the outstanding fault
tolerance, ensuring a highly reliable and robust power distribution for MV Tx Typical S.B.
various power critical applications. Connection
UNIBLOCK™ UBTD+ Diesel UPS - Operation UNIBLOCK™
Machine
In normal operation, the load is fed via the coupling choke. The special
design of the coupling choke allows a high level of decoupling between Isolated S.B.
the input and output and blocks all harmonics and transient events Connection
between the input and output.
Mains Essential
The coupling choke is tapped with the UNIBLOCK™ machine. The Load
generator winding of this synchronous machine ensures the output
voltage is kept constant irrespective of the mains voltage. The generator Alternative Connection
winding feeds the loads with dynamic response similar to an ideal AC Arrangements
supply. Peak currents and high short circuit current (up to 18 times
nominal current) can be supplied by the UNIBLOCK™ machine, even in Piller UNIBLOCK™ DRUPS Configurations
the event of a mains failure. In the event of a mains failure, power flows
from the POWERBRIDGE™ (kinetic energy store) or battery to the load UNIBLOCK™ UBTD+ Module Ratings
via the UNIBLOCK™ machine.
Maximum Output Critical Bus Emergency Bus Combined Load
If the mains does not return, then the diesel starts and comes up to speed.
The overrunning clutch then closes, and the load is ramped on to the UNIBLOCK™ 50 Hz 60 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz 50 Hz 60 Hz
diesel from the POWERBRIDGE™ / battery providing a soft load transfer. UBTD+
The POWERBRIDGE™ is then fully recharged and thus enables the full N/A N/A
stabilisation function (i.e. the POWERBRIDGE™ will stabilise the output Single Output Diesel UPS (LV or MV) 2500 3000 N/A N/A
frequency during load steps on and off the diesel by providing power or kVA kVA 2500 3000
absorbing power as required). On restoration of the mains, the output kVA kVA
voltage is synchronised to the mains and the input breaker closes and Dual Output Diesel UPS (LV or MV) 2500 3000 2500 3000
the diesel is shut down. kVA kVA kVA kVA 2770 3300
kVA kVA
UNIBLOCK™ UBTD+ Diesel UPS - Dual Output Diesel UPS (LV or MV) 1670 2000 1100 1300
(Isolated Bus) kVA kVA kVA kVA
Dual Output Operation
Smaller ratings available.
In the basic form, the Piller UNIBLOCK UBTD+ provides 100% of its Combined power, lower UPS and higher emergency possible.
available output as continuous Uninterruptible Power. However, it is All units available in low voltage to 600 Volts or for any medium voltage level.
available in alternative forms whereby the power can be split between
UPS (Critical Bus) power and Essential Bus, like a standby generator –
this form is known as Dual Output Bus.
Depending upon the design requirements, it is sometimes necessary or
desirable to electrically isolate the short break loads from the Critical Bus
– this is known as Dual Output isolated bus. In this configuration, the
generator winding provides the Critical Bus source and the motor winding
of the UNIBLOCK™ machine becomes a generator for the Essential Bus.
The two circuits are isolated by the transformer action between the
windings and so the two outputs are electrically isolated. In other
circumstances, it can be preferential to use the same alternator for both
supplies, particularly in MV solutions. This flexibility is uniquely available
with the UNIBLOCK™ UBTD+ system.
Piller UK Ltd Tel : 01285 657721
Westgate Fax : 01285 654823
Phoenix Way
Cirencester Email : [email protected]
Glos GL7 1RY Website : www.piller.com
62 - Dynamic Diesel UPS - Technical Data
Available Standard Specification (*The DUPS solution can be tailored to site specific requirements)
Input Voltage: 380-415V, 50Hz General Altitude 300m AMSL*
440-480V, 60Hz 40 Deg C*
Voltage Tolerance: Up to 11kV direct connection (via Tx to 33kV) Ambient 0-95%*
Power Factor: +/- 10% (+/- 20% option) Relative Humidity IP23*
THID: >0.98 0-100% load Protection >1,000,000 hours
<2% (Meets G5/4) Reliability
Output Voltage Static: +/- 1.0%
Voltage Dynamic*: a) + 10% Load Change Maximum voltage drop + 1.5%
+ 30% Load Change Maximum voltage drop + 3.0%
+ 50% Load Change Maximum voltage drop + 5.0% Recovery Time
+ 100% Load Change Maximum voltage drop + 10.0% <0.2 sec
b) Short circuit on incoming feeder +/- 10%
Frequency: a) During mains operation = mains frequency
b) Mains failure to diesel engine operation with 100% active load
c) Static - during diesel engine operation + 1%
+ 0.2%
Overload Capacity: 10% of rated load for a period of 1 hour
25% of rated load for a period of 10 minutes
50% of rated load for a period of 2 minutes
Power Factor: 0.8
Efficiency: up to 97%
Short Circuit Capacity: >15 FLC
Load Crest Factor: Unlimited
Unbalanced Load Capability: 100%
The input stabilising filter system also includes the coupling choke; this connects the input grid supply with the UPS high quality output supply. It allows
large voltage differences between both AC systems by means of reactive currents for any direction, independent of the active power flow.
The special design of the choke provides a high degree of decoupling in both directions between the input and output.
The input current consists only of the sinusoidal fundamental waveform required for power transfer. Likewise, harmonics and transients in the input voltage
have no effect on the quality of the output voltage. This independence is achieved through the calculated combination of the coupling choke high impedance
characteristics to harmonic currents and the special design synchronous machine windings and selective damper cage representing a short circuit to
these harmonics, preventing reflection to the mains supply.
Hence the coupling choke provides: I Real I Load (apparent)
• Static & transient voltage decoupling of the input mains & the UPS bus I Fundamental
• Harmonic filtering Vin +/- 10% I Reactive
• Input load levelling irrespective of 100% unbalanced output load I Harmonic
• Input power factor correction >0.98 from 0-100% load at nominal voltage 3rd, 5th...
In the event of input short circuit, the current flow towards the grid network V Alternator V Out
is limited by the choke at <200% I nominal until the input is disconnected.
During this transient situation, the coupling choke maintains the UPS bus
voltage, ensuring all kinetic stored energy can be fully utilised for
supporting the critical load.
Hitzinger UK Ltd Tel : +44 (0) 1732 529 641
50 Churchill Square Fax : +44 (0) 1732 529 642
West Malling
Kent Email : [email protected]
ME19 4YU Website : www.hitzinger.co.uk
Static UPS & Transfer Systems - 63
SOCOMEC For High Quality Power Supply
Our UPS systems, static transfer systems and AC/DC converters (inverters and rectifiers, respectively) comprise the most complete range in the world
and cover a very wide range of applications for every sector of activity.
For further information and technical data sheets, please contact our office on 01285 86 33 00 or email [email protected]
IT & Networking / Server Rooms / IT Infrastructure / Data Centres
kVA 0.5 1 2 3 5 10 20 60 100 150 200 300 600 1000
Desk Top / Tower UPS NETYS PI 600-800VA
1+1 desktop
NETYS PL 600-2000VA
1/1 Tower
NETYS PR 1-2kVA
1/1 Tower
ITYS 1-10kVA
1/1 Tower
Convertible 19” NETYS PR 1-1.5kVA
Rack & Rack / Tower NETYS PR 1/1 19” Rack
UPS
1.7-3.3kVA
1/1
Convertible
Rack/Tower
NETYS RT 1.1-11kVA
1/1
Convertible
Rack/Tower
Single Unit & 1+1 MASTERYS 8-120kVA 160-300kVA
Configuration UPS BC 3/1 & 3/3 3/3
DELPHYS
Single Parallel UPS BC 10-120kVA/kWA 160-800kVA/kWA
Systems 3/1 & 3/3 up to 3/3 tp to 4 MVA
MASTERYS 720 kW transformerless
GP
250-900kVA/kW
DELPHYS 3/3 transformer based
GP up to 5.4 MVA
DELPHYS
MX
Modular & Scalable UPS MODULYS 1.5-24kVA
Systems 1/1 & 3/1
MODULYS 25-600kVA/kW
GP 3/3
fully modular
solution
MODULYS RATED POWER
XL Number of installed Power Modules in a UNIT 1 2 3 4 5 6
UNIT Power (kVA/kW) N configuration 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
UNIT Power (kVA/kW) N+1 configuration 0 200 400 600 800 1000
Max Number of UNITS in a UPS System 4 UNITS in parallel(1)
(1)The number Power Slots and Power Modules of each parallel UNIT can be either similar or heterogeneous
MODUYLS XL has been specifically designed to meet the demands of loads in modern application, in order to optimise the features of the product and
to facilitate its integration within the system.
Non-IT Applications - Industrial & Manufacturing Processes / Transport Infrastructure / Medical Equipment / Emergency Systems
kVA 0.5 1 2 3 5 10 20 60 100 150 200 300 600 1000
Industrial Rugged UPS MASTERYS 10-60kVA
for Harsh Environments IP+ 3/1
MASTERYS 10-80kVA
IP+ 3/3
Transformer Based UPS DELPHYS 80-200kVA
MP Elite 3/3 up to 1.2 MVA
DELPHYS 250-900kVA
MX 3/3 up to 5.4 MVA
Industrial Modular DC SHARYS IP 24/48/108/120v
Power 1.5-200A
Rectifiers up to
200A
Centralised Power Emergency 3-6kVA
Supply for Emergency CPSS 1/1
Systems MODULYS
Emergency 10-20kVA
CPSS 3/1
MASTERYS
10-80kVA
Emergency 3/3
CPSS
MASTERYS 80-500kVA
3/3
Emergency
CPSS
DELPHYS
Solutions for Specific NETYS RT-M 1.1-3kVA
Environments 1/1 for marine
applications
ITYS ES 1.1-3kVA
1/1 for electrical
substations
PHASYS 1.5-18kVA
Modular invertor
DELPHYS for telecom
GP-S invertors
160-500kVA
3/3 seismic
applications
SOCOMEC U.K. Limited Tel : 01285 863300
Units 7A-9A Lakeside Business Park Fax : 01285 862304
Broadway Lane @socomec_UK
South Cerney Email : [email protected]
Cirencester Website : www.socomec.co.uk
GL7 5XL Socomec Group
64 - Static UPS - An Overview & Application Design Guidance
Static UPS systems provide continuous AC power protection by powering the system load through its double-conversion mode which involves rectifier
and inverter. This ensures that the voltage and frequency supplied to the system load remain within close tolerances. In the event of a mains failure, the
inverter continues to support the system load, drawing its DC power from the system battery. Many developments in technology have recently occurred
by using IGBT semi-conductor technology, providing improved efficiency, self-monitoring, touchscreens and modular construction.
By using IGBT rectifiers, Vertiv static UPS systems draw power at near unity power factor. This minimises the input current required for any given load
power and enables more real power to be drawn from an AC supply of a given current rating, eliminating the need of upstream system oversizing.
UPS systems are rarely operated at, or near to, full load, therefore the fact that the efficiency of Vertiv static UPS systems is maintained at almost the
same high level from 100% load down to as low as 15-20% of system load becomes very significant to the overall running costs.
Vertiv can supply both monolithic and modular three-phase UPS; the latter have the additional benefit of being made of power modules which can be
easily paralleled for increased power or for N+1 redundancy.
By using the modular approach, the ‘+1’ is a relatively small capacity enabling a high ratio of load to UPS capacity to be achieved. Modules can be
incorporated inside a single cabinet with internal static switches to form 30 kW to more than 3 MW “hot” swappable systems which are able to service
units and to update the power without going either to bypass or to shut-down the system.
Vertiv UPS systems with IGBT inverters can support any leading or lagging load power factor and all non-linear computer loads.
Liebert® Trinergy™ Cube, the state-of-the-art modular UPS which incorporates switchgear and enables online
servicing and “hot” swappable power upgrade
CORE#4 CORE#3 U4,V4,W4 N CORE#1 CORE#2
QS4-3 QS4-2
N N
3-PH 3-PH
QS4-4 QS4-4
N N
3-PH 3-PH
CORE STATIC CORE
SWITCHES SWITCH SWITCHES
CUSTOMER
CONNECTIONS
AREA
Power QS1-1
Interface
3-PH
QS1-3 QS1-2
3-PH
3-PH
QS1-4
3-PH QS9-1
+/-
QS9-3
+/- QS9-2
+/-
QS9-4
+/-
QS2
QS3
U2,V2,W1 U1,V1,W1 +/- (4)
N +/- (3)
+/- (2)
+/- (1)
Typical physical data for modern modular UPS systems Heat Electrical Output Electrical Input Battery (MinVDC = 396 Max VDC = 700
(400V 50Hz) (400V 50Hz) End of Discharge = 1.65VDC/Cell)
Physical
Min Input VAC = 200 Modes Dims (mm)
Max Input VAC= 460 Lug Size
Input p.f.=0.99 Cable SizeMax per
Rating Phase & Earth
Weight excl.
No. of Modules Batteries
Max. Module Size
Max Efficiency % Heat Dissipation
kW OutputMax
kVA OutputMax
Output AmpsNom
kWInput
kVAInput
Input AmpsMax
No. VRLA CellsMin
No. of VRLA CellsMax
Battery Charging
Amps
Available Batteries
Model kVA kW @ kVA VFI VI VFD VFI VI VFD H W D mm mm² kg (incl. kW kW kVA A kW kVA A Amps VRLA
Liebert EXL S1 25ºC 100 M10 I/O box) Ni-Cd
Li-ion
100 100 1 96.7 98.5% 99% Y Y Y 1950 500 900 1x95 430 4.4 100 100 144 108 109 158 240 300 27 Y
Liebert EXL S1 120 120 1 120 96.7 98.5% 99% Y Y Y 1950 500 900 M10 1x95 430 5.3 120 120 173 130 131 189 240 300 33 Y
Liebert EXL S1 160 160 1 160 96.7 98.5% 99% Y Y Y 1950 750 900 M10 1x185 510 7 160 160 231 173 175 252 240 300 44 Y
Liebert EXL S1 200 200 1 200 96.7 98.5% 99% Y Y Y 1950 750 900 M10 1x185 510 8.8 200 200 289 216 218 315 240 300 55 Y
Liebert EXL S1 300 300 1 300 96.7 98.5% 99% Y Y Y 1950 1000 900 M12 2x240 725 13.1 300 300 433 324 328 473 240 300 82 Y
Liebert EXL S1 400 400 1 400 96.7 98.5% 99% Y Y Y 1950 1000 900 M12 2x240 725 17.5 400 400 577 432 436 630 240 300 109 Y
Liebert EXL S1 500 500 1 500 96.7 98.5% 99% Y Y Y 1950 1250 900 M12 2x300 990 21.9 500 500 722 540 546 788 240 300 137 Y
Liebert EXL S1 600 600 1 600 96.6 98.5% 99% Y Y Y 1950 1600 900 M12 4x300 1135 27.4 600 600 866 648 655 945 240 300 162 Y
Liebert EXL S1 800 800 1 800 96.6 98.5% 99% Y Y Y 1950 2000 900 M12 4x300 1550 36.1 800 800 1155 857 866 1250 240 300 204 Y
Liebert EXL S1 1000 1000 1 1000 96.6 98.5% 99% Y Y Y 1950 2650 900 M12 6x300 2275 45.6 1000 1000 1443 1080 1091 1575 240 300 270 Y
Liebert EXL S1 1200 1200 1 1200 96.6 98.5% 99% Y Y Y 1950 2650 900 M12 6x300 2275 54.3 1200 1200 1732 1289 1303 1880 240 300 312 Y
Trinergy Cube 200 200 1 200 96.7 >99% >99% Y Y Y 1910 1675 910 M12x50 1x240 1310 8 200 200 289 216 218 315 240 300 42 Y
Trinergy Cube 400 400 2/1 200/400 96.7 >99% >99% Y Y Y 1910 2300 910 M12x50 2x300 1805 15 400 400 577 432 436 630 240 300 84 Y
Trinergy Cube 600 600 3 200 96.7 >99% >99% Y Y Y 1910 2975 910 M12x50 2x300 2470 28 600 600 866 864 873 1260 240 300 127 Y
Trinergy Cube 800 800 4/2 200/400 96.7 >99% >99% Y Y Y 1910 2975 910 M12x50 2x300 2470 38 800 800 1155 864 873 1260 240 300 169 Y
Trinergy Cube 1000 1000 5 200 96.7 >99% >99% Y Y Y 1950 4175 910 M12x50 4x300 3575 47 1000 1000 1433 1296 1309 1890 240 300 211 Y
Trinergy Cube 1200 1200 6/3 200/400 96.7 >99% >99% Y Y Y 1950 4175 910 M12x50 4x300 3575 56 1200 1200 1732 1296 1309 1890 240 300 253 Y
Trinergy Cube 1400 1400 7 200 96.7 >99% >99% Y Y Y 1950 4850 910 M12x50 4x300 4240 66 1400 1400 2012 1728 1746 2520 240 300 296 Y
Trinergy Cube 1600 1600 8/4 200/400 96.7 >99% >99% Y Y Y 1950 4850 910 M12x50 4x300 4240 75 1600 1600 2309 1728 1746 2520 240 300 338 Y
Trinergy Cube 2000 2000 5 400 96.7 >99% >99% Y Y Y 1950 7175 910 M12x50 8x300 5725 94 2000 2000 2887 2161 2182 3150 240 300 422 Y
Trinergy Cube 2400 2400 6 400 96.7 >99% >99% Y Y Y 1950 5400 1820 M12x50 10x300 7375 113 2400 2400 3464 2593 2619 3780 240 300 507 Y
Trinergy Cube 2800 2800 7 400 96.7 >99% >99% Y Y Y 1950 5750 1820 M12x50 12x300 8040 150 2800 2800 4041 3025 3055 4410 240 300 591 Y
Trinergy Cube 3200 3200 8 400 96.7 >99% >99% Y Y Y 1950 5750 1820 M12x50 12x300 8705 188 3200 3200 4619 3457 3492 5040 240 300 676 Y
Note: Always check latest brochures for up to date information
Vertiv Tel : 023 8061 0311
George Curl Way @VertivUK
Southampton
Hampshire Website : www.Vertiv.com
SO18 2RY Email : [email protected]
www.linkedin.com/company/vertiv/
Betobar-r / Technical Specification - 65
betobar-r – High Quality Production Routing Example
The “betobar-r” busbars have been developed as a modern, all-purpose Example of betobar-r connection to transformer
means of efficient and safe transmission of electrical energy. It has been
in manufacture for more than thirty-five years. The “betobar-r” system Major Advantages
complies with all the requirements for current distribution at low and
medium voltage. • Compact dimensions
The busbar consists of copper or aluminium conductors, embedded in an • Simple installation
enclosure of a fire retardant, self-extinguishing and homogeneous • Low voltage drop & high short-circuit withstand capacity
insulation mix based on epoxy cast-resin with mineral fillers ensuring high • Degree of protection IP66/IP68 for Low Voltage & IP66/IP67 for Medium
mechanical strength and chemical withstand.
Voltage busways as per IEC 60529
Standard types are available for current ratings + 6300 A and voltage • High mechanical impact strength of IK10 as per DIN52453 & IEC 62262
ratings up to 17.5 kV. Systems for higher current ratings or DC applications • Fireproof property : tested for 750°C for 3 hours as per IEC 60331-21
are possible. The busbar line consists of several prefabricated elements.
The electrical joining of the conductors is achieved by means of double : tested for 850°C for 2 hours as per pre-BS 7346
fish plates and high tensile steel bolts. • Self-extinguishing insulation as per IEC 60332-3-10
The junctions and the element ends are overcast with the same insulation • Fire wall bushings of EI120 in accordance with EN1366-3
mix as used for the elements. In this way, an integral insulating enclosure • Fire retardant bushings A0 & A60 for in marine applications
IP66/IP68 is guaranteed over the full length of the busbar run. • H60 for hydrocarbon fire in offshore applications
Straight junctions and elbow junctions are available each facilitating • Electrical continuity E30-E120 finishing available under fire conditions as
installation adjustments of 0-20 mm per standard junction.
“betobar-r” busbars are suitable for application in large buildings, industrial per DIN 4102-12
plants, power stations, sub-stations and data centres, such as: • EMC compatible (for sensitive environment)
• Insulation level of Class ‘B’, 130°C
• Factory distribution of low & medium voltage power • Explosion proof: ATEX & IEC Ex certified on request
• Excellent resistance to atmospheric pollution & wide range of chemicals
• Rising mains with tap-offs to sub-distribution boards in high-rise buildings
Medium Voltage
• Transformer switchboard connections
Low Voltage
• Main switchboard feeders to distribution panels
• Generator & large motor connections
• Long lines with low voltage drop
• 400 Hz distribution systems
Extensive Element Range
The “betobar-r” busbar system is available in a wide range of standard
element shapes, forms and lengths, all of which are fabricated to suit the
typical project requirements.
• Straight element
• Elbow elements, horizontal & vertical
• Thermal expansion compensation elements
• Tailor-made terminal elements for transformer or generator & switchboard
connection
• Z (double elbow) & T elements
• Flanged terminal elements
• Tap-off facilities & phase-transfer elements
Maximum Voltage
PH-types are designed for a maximum voltage of 17.5 kV. In areas open
to the public and if the type has no screening, the voltage level is limited
to 7.2 kV.
Test
All technical data specified, such as current ratings and temperature rise,
insulation resistance, voltage and short circuit withstand, have been
certified in accordance with international standards (IEC, VDE or BS) by
the independent testing stations KEMA, LABORELEC, LCIE. Assembled
elements with cast junctions were submitted for type testing.
Eta-com UK Preedcrete Ltd Tel : 01403 265767 Part
2nd Floor Afon House Fax : 01403 254131 of
Worthing Road
Horsham Eta-com
West Sussex RH12 1TL Email : [email protected]
Website : www.etacomcs.com
66 - Active Harmonic Filtering & Battery Energy Storage
Battery Energy Storage Multi-Functional Power Quality Products
Today’s operators of commercial buildings and industrial facilities are able The PQstorI is part of a family of multi-functional power quality and energy
to play a greater role than ever in the energy market – and this has created storage products that are designed to mitigate power quality problems on
the conditions for site owners to use smart energy consumption, electrical networks.
generation and management of energy as revenue streams in their own
right. In addition, utilities need ever-more sophisticated power quality Modern electrical networks continue to grow in complexity due to
solutions in response to issues that arise from harmonics, variable power significant investments in wind and solar energy. Additionally, large data
factor and imbalanced network loading. centres, electric vehicles charging and high-speed railways are growing
The latest generation of energy storage inverters can help the operator to as energy consumers. This diversity of both sources and demand presents
achieve this. They provide a complete package that combines control of challenges for producers and consumers of electricity to maintain grid
energy storage with power quality management solutions such as filtering stability along with network power quality.
harmonics, reactive power compensation and load balancing.
The right inverter means that energy storage can: Conventional solutions based on passive technologies, such as capacitor
banks and tuned harmonic filters, provide a fixed amount of compensation,
• support the integration of renewables by providing spinning reserve or filtering of harmonics or “electrical pollution”. However, to be able to
and power quality manage the complex requirements of an ever-evolving grid, more agile
“active” technologies are needed.
• provide load levelling in imbalanced networks, as well as frequency
response and capacity firming Active technologies based on power electronics, enables variable, fast,
smooth and accurate compensation for power quality problems, such as
• support conventional thermal generation with both spinning reserve varying power factor, multiple order of harmonics and unbalanced loading.
and power quality Products that employ active technology are more compact in size, making
them ideal for applications where space is scarce or costly.
• help industrial, commercial and transport operators to maintain high
levels of availability through back-up power, peak shaving and power ABB’s PQ portfolio comprises five solutions:
quality support
PQflexC - variable reactive power controller; PQdynaC - ultra-fast reactive
PQstorI Energy Storage Inverter power and unbalance controller; PQactiF - active harmonic filter; and
PQStorI - battery storage inverter with power quality functions.
Launched in late 2018, the ABB PQstorI is a state-of-the-art energy storage
inverter that is designed to meet the requirements of system integrators Finally, PQoptiM controls and monitors power quality parameters.
and various other entities who provide value added services in the field
of energy storage. It can unlock behind the meter applications such as
peak shaving, back-up power and power quality, as well as utility-scale
applications such as load levelling, frequency response, capacity firming
and integration of renewables. It is flexible, modular and offers higher
efficiency for energy storage applications than bi-directional inverters.
Modular, compact and efficient:
• Power ratings for PQstorI range from 30kW to 1600 kW
• Available in a wall-mounted or standalone cabinet or as a shelf
module to integrate into a panel
• Its three level inverter allows a compact design that fits all your needs
while optimising space requirements
• Best-in-class energy efficient design for very low losses
• Segregated cooling with dedicated cooling fans for reactors and
controllers
Flexible and easy to install:
• PQstorI is compatible with most of the third party controllers that
communicate over MODBUS protocol
• It provides flexibility to the system integrators because of its easy
mounting and connection features
• ABB also offers own PLC based controller which can be used for
behind the meter applications
• Low-noise/silent wall-mount option operates at less than 65 kBA,
perfect for commercial buildings
Packed with power quality features:
• Filtering of harmonics from the 2nd to the 13th order, with response
time of less than two network cycles
• Programmable to deliver reactive power compensation from 0.6
(inductive) to 0.6 (capacitive)
• Load balancing compensation of up to 30 percent of nominal power
• These features put the PQstorI in a class ahead of its competitors
Enhanced communication features:
• Wi-Fi enabled modules allow users to monitor and set parameters
via smartphone or computer
• The optional 7-inch user-friendly HMI interface offers direct access
to the equipment controls for parameter setting and system monitoring
ABB Ltd Tel : +44 (0) 151 357 8400
Unit 6 Riverview Business Park Fax : +44 (0) 151 355 9137
Riverview Road
Bromborough Email : [email protected]
CH62 3RR Website : www.abb.com/uk
Power Surge Protection & Regulations - 67
High Current - High Voltage - Short Duration Surge Protection Device Co-ordination
Impulses - Power Surges!
BS 7671 and BS EN 62305 require the co-ordination of SPD, where the
These are all terms to strike fear into the minds of electrical and electronic latter standard considers the installation of the correct device to limit the
system designers and installers. It is time, and more importantly, it is a transient overvoltages at the appropriate location within the building.
requirement to act to reduce or eliminate these risks. However, it seems
that cost and competition are significant factors in ignoring the need for To facilitate this, the building is partitioned by areas or zones (Lightning
effective and co-ordinated protection. These rarely seen or often Protection Zones) for which the SPD with the recommended overvoltage
undetected threats originate from many sources: suppression is intended for installation. Zones are based on the degree
of risk and to provide a method that ensure the protection of the equipment.
• An indirect Lightning Stroke, some kilometres away is looking for an
easy path to earth and will find a route through a building Zone LPZ 0 is outside the structure of the building and subject to the
severest threat of lightning currents and electrical fields.
• A direct Lightning Stroke, where a portion of the discharge current
into the lightning protection system or other conductive materials will Zone LPZ 1 is the first zone within the building and prone to the induced
attempt to flash over into the internal installations fields and flashover into the building.
• The effect of Electrical Switching, caused by utilities, isolation arcing, Zone LPZ 2 is the second zone within the building where the risk to
electrical motor cycling or sudden changes in electrical flow electrical equipment is still high.
There is little we can do to ensure that faults are not created and certainly Zone LPZ 3 is the third zone and subsequent areas of diminishing risk
nothing to prevent the randomness and unpredictability of lightning to the equipment.
strikes. However, although we cannot eliminate the many and varied
causes, we can certainly reduce their effects. SPD Selection
Surge Protection Devices are designed to specifically protect electrical SPDs should be installed either near the origin of an installation, or in the
and electronic equipment from these spikes and transients. They can main distribution assembly nearest the origin of an installation.
improve reliability, availability, maintainability and safety, all resulting in
the reduction of lost production time and fewer repairs, together with less Structural Lightning Protection System (LPS) installed (or overhead
data and information loss, thereby improving productivity and profitability. mains supply) a Type 1 device is fitted typical to PD Devices’
T1SP3/25/100/230 for critical buildings i.e. hospitals, schools, etc. For
The extra cost may be a fraction more, but with a significant reduction in less critical buildings T1SP3/12.5/50/230 are recommended. Single
ongoing expenditure, the savings more than make up for the initial outlay. phase versions are also available.
The Power Utilities external surge arresters provide good primary Structural Lightning Protection System (LPS) and metal services
protection however, long lead length, installation mistakes and supply installed a Type 1 device similar to the PD Devices’ Enhanced DSP
variances can cause a problem to the user that is not necessarily Series can be utilised. Although these are of a lower current impulse,
recognised by the utility. Surge Protection Devices within the facility are they offer an all mode protection.
therefore necessary.
Without a structural LPS fitted and underground mains supply feed
The Lightning Protection Systems where fitted offer good protection, a Type 2 device is fitted similar to the PD Devices’ DSP Series or SPM
provided the earth bonding is good throughout the facility. series. The T1SP Series devices would offer the same levels of protection.
Standards and Regulations make it a clear requirement for Surge Critical Equipment – Here it is advisable to install Type 3 devices to
Protection Devices. ensure the protection level is kept to below the recommended 1500 volts.
PD Devices’ DSP Series Type 2 and 3 can be fitted. In cases where the
BS 7671:2018 IET Wiring Regulations 18th Edition protection needs to be at the equipment itself, then devices similar to the
Section 443: Existing protection against overvoltage of atmospheric PD Devices’ MBP type of products are advisable.
origin or due to switching.
Telecommunication and Data Equipment should be protected by
Section 534: Deals with the installation of surge protection devices additional devices similar to PD Devices’ TLP and DBP ranges. The panel
(SPDs) where required. is the best place for surge protection when dealing with transient
overvoltages. There are many reasons for this:
BS EN 62305 Series of Standards defines the Protection against Lightning
Part 1 - General Principles for Protection of Structures against Lightning • Multiple circuits can be protected by one device, rather than the
multiple ‘at equipment’ devices that would otherwise be required
Part 2 - Risk Management
• Limits the electromagnetic propagation of the overvoltage. Surge
Part 3 - Physical Damage to Structures & Life Hazard protection in the panel limits the inductive coupling to other
conductors by minimising the size of the conducting ‘loop’ (e.g. phase
Part 4 - Electrical and Electronic Systems within Structures to earth) during an overvoltage event
BS EN 61643-11 • Electrically ‘noisy’ equipment is usually supplied by its own ring or
Requirements and tests for Low Voltage Surge Protection Devices spur, so a surge protection device in the panel is effectively between
connected to low voltage power distribution systems. the ‘noisy’ source and the equipment that requires protection
BS EN 61643-12 • Maintenance and monitoring of the surge protection is centralised
Selection and application for Low Voltage Surge Protection Devices and simplified, as many panel products have options for automatic
connected to low voltage power distribution systems. monitoring and pre-failure warning
BS EN 61643-21 • As panels are normally located at the entrance to an installation or
Requirements and tests for Low Voltage Surge Protection Devices area, the installation of surge protection at the panel fits well with the
connected to telecommunications and signalling networks. Lightning Protection Zone concept of BS EN 62305
BS EN 61643-22 • Lead lengths can be controlled and kept to a minimum, loops can be
Selection and application for Low Voltage Surge Protection Devices eliminated
connected to telecommunications and signalling networks.
• Ensures a good co-ordinated approach
PD Devices is a UK based in-house manufacturer of Surge Protection Devices offering a full range of products, including the key Metal Oxide Varistor element.
This allows full customisation at standard product pricing.
PD Devices Ltd Tel : +44 (0) 1364 649248
Unit 1 Old Station Yard
South Brent @pddevices
Devon Email : [email protected]
TQ10 9AL Website : www.pddevices.co.uk
68 - Cable Management
Sterling Curve Powertrack
Material Powertrack is an underfloor busbar system rated at 63Amp maximum
available in Standard or CE (Clean Earth) versions.
Sterling Curve is available in PVC-U and Aluminium.
Standards
PVC-U trunking is flame retardant and self-extinguishing. Our PVC-U
products are manufactured using recycled PVC-U material as well as virgin Powertrack is designed and independently tested to BS EN 61534 and
grade material and are 100% recyclable. complies with the current version of the BS 7671 Wiring Regulations.
Aluminium trunking is manufactured from high precision extruded Lengths
aluminium with a powder coat finish. Fittings for the Aluminium range are
polycarbonate which is 100% recyclable. Powertrack lengths of 1.2m, 1.8m, 2.4m and 3.6m with tap-off outlets at
300mm.
Standards
Raised Floor Boxes
BS 7671:2008
Raised floor boxes are third party tested to comply with:
BS EN 50085-1:2005
BS EN 61534-22:2009 BS EN 60670-1:2005
BS EN 50085-2-2:2006
BS EN 60670-23:2008 BS EN 50085-1:2005
BS 4678-4:1982
BS EN 50085-2-2:2008
Sterling Curve Profile 1 – no box
50 Load Testing
1 & 3 = 1170mm² total area
Load testing of floor boxes to:
1 & 3 = 527mm² 45% space factor
1 BS EN 61534-22:2009 BS EN 50085-2-2:2008
2 = 3858mm² total area Material
2 = 1736mm² 45% space factor 167 167 16
With Box in Comp 2 2 • Lid / trim: flame retardant polypropylene 30% glass reinforced grey
RAL 7011
2 = 1376mm² total area • Box assembly: galvanised steel
• Load plate: 3mm zinc plated steel
2 = 619mm² 45% total area 3 • Accessory plate: galvanised steel
Sterling Curve Profile 2 – no box 50 Firefly Fire Clips
1 = 1170mm² total area
1 = 527mm² 45% space factor 1 Standards
2 = 3858mm² total area
Compliant with the general principles of BS 5839-1:2013 Section 26.2d
2 = 1736mm² 45% space factor 16 when independently tested.
3 = 1542mm² total area
3 = 694mm² 45% space factor 2 Installation
Vertical spacing – Use 400mm spacing.
With Box in Comp 2 3 Horizontal spacing – Use 600mm spacing, except over doors and other
openings which should be 300mm spacing.
2 = 1376mm² total area
2 = 619mm² 45% total area A qualified electrician must select the correct screw fixing for the substrate
to comply with the current version of BS 7671. These must be used with
Cable Capacities for Data Cables the correct drill size.
All calculations allow for a 45% space factor.
Please refer to Marshall-Tufflex’s own catalogue for power cable capacities. MT Supertube
Capacities shown below apply to the PVC system. MT Supertube provides LS0H polyethylene-coated aluminium cable
protection for installation where halogen free products are a requirement.
Compartment 1 Compartment 2 Compartment 3 Material
No box With box No box With box No box With box Conduit: A seamless aluminium tube sandwiched between two layers of
extruded LS0H polyethylene.
Data cable: Ø5.5mm² Fittings: LS0H polycarbonate or cast metal with paint finish. (Black or white).
Sterling Curve Profile 1 22 – 73 26 23 – Shielding effectiveness Attenuation Field strength
in db reduction
Sterling Curve Profile 2 22 – 73 26 29 – Shielding effectiveness (attenuation in dB) 6 2
measures the ratio between the external 20 10
Data cable: Ø6.0mm² environment field strength and the field 40 100
strength after passing through any material. 60 1000
Sterling Curve Profile 1 18 – 61 21 18 – This is recorded in a logarithmic scale.
Sterling Curve Profile 2 18 – 61 21 24 – 80 10000
Data cable: Ø6.5mm² The graph shows that the shielding effectiveness of MT Supertube is highly
effective throughout the entire frequency range and will provide protection
Sterling Curve Profile 1 15 – 52 18 15 – from interference for data, telecoms and signal cables.
Sterling Curve Profile 2 15 – 52 18 20 –
Data cable: Ø7.0mm²
Sterling Curve Profile 1 13 – 45 16 13 –
Sterling Curve Profile 2 13 – 45 16 18 –
Data cable: Ø8.4mm²
Sterling Curve Profile 1 9 – 31 11 9 –
Sterling Curve Profile 2 9 – 31 11 12 –
Marshall-Tufflex Ltd Tel : +44 (0) 1424 856600
Churchfields Industrial Estate Fax : +44 (0) 1424 856611
Hastings @MTufflex
East Sussex Email : [email protected]
TN38 9PU Website : www.marshall-tufflex.com
Underfloor Track / Floor Boxes / Floor Grommets - 69
Powerfloor Powertrack System Extension module can be connected
at any point on the circuit allowing
Multipoint Powerfloor is a single phase powertrack system rated at either considerable flexibility in the layout
32 Amps or 40 Amps.
Extension Module
It is typically used under platform floors in commercial and industrial
premises and distributes power from the distribution board to the final
socket of the fixed wiring installation.
Mains Connection Module includes Mains Connection Module Dual-Earth and Clean-Earth
the terminals for the supply cable systems, require external
earth to be terminated
No separate feed unit required
Terminals for 16mm² Cables
Example Floor Layout
Dimensions Socket Configurations
Standard Earth Non-Standard Earth Keyed Earth
Gazelle Floor Boxes
Dimensions - Raised Floor Box Recommended floor tile cut-out size = 337mm x 217mm Features - Raised Box
Tolerance = ± 1mm
Lid locking feature available Left hand and right hand offset
356 Robust outlets with foam power plates allow for moulded
plug strain relief
Carpet Recess = 323 x 167 inserts to protect cables
4mm thick steel Cable retainers included
66mm deep box has 3 compartments load plate in lid as standard
20mm diameter knockouts
75mm deep box has 16mm diameter Comprehensive range Fast fit installation
holes filled with domed plugs of power, data and AV
Lifting handles on
plates available mounting plates
Standard Floor Box - 4 Compartment - 75mm to 153mm Deep 4mm thick steel load plate Carpet recess Standard floor box has 2 separate back
boxes that allow the data to be connected
without interfering with the power supply in
most configurations
Version available with 4 separate back boxes
8x 20 diameter and 10 x 25 diameter knockouts
(except 75mm deep Floor Box – see table)
Available with Busbar system means
double pose switch fewer internal connections
with neon indicator and greater reliability
Electropatent Desk Module Earth bonding Different colours and
point for desk numbers of sockets available.
This range of desk modules is designed to be used in electrical metal work Also available in 100mm
installations to BS 7671. pitch socket spacing
Modules are available with data compartment including versions with a Robust all metal housing
deep data compartment to allow for Cat 6 cabling.
Different options for circuit
A range of connector options are available including 16A Wieland, 32A protection including fuses
Neutrik and 40A Harting connectors. MCBs, RCDs and RCBOs
Sockets for other countries available. Hard wearing epoxy power coat
black finish. Alternative colours
available on request
Metal fixing flanges
CertificateNo. 2034 Available pre-wired to supply leads
including powertrack tap-offs,
13 Amp plug leads and Wieland leads
Burland Technology Solutions Limited Tel : 01473 858 214
2 Delphus Orion Court Fax : 01473 839 005
Great Blakenham
Ipswich Suffolk Email : [email protected]
IP6 0LW Website : www.electropatent.co.uk
70 - Polestar Characteristics / Wiring Accessory Standards & Finishes
Polestar Compact Grid
System Rockergrid plates and grids are available in 1 to 24 gang versions,
including both 1 gang and 2 gang architrave products.
• TPN distribution boards rated at 125A & 250A
• SPN distribution boards rated at 125A Standard plate finishes; Satin Chrome (SC), Highly Polished Chrome
• Paint finish, epoxy powder, light grey RAL 7035 (HPC), Polished Stainless Steel (PSS), Polished Brass (PB), Bronze (BR)
• IP3X (door closed) and White Moulded (Up to 6 gang).
• BS EN 61439-3
White metal plates available in 8, 9, 12, 18 and 24 gang versions.
MCBs & RCBOs
10AX and 20AX switch modules to BS EN 60669-1. Other modules to
• MCBs 6A to 63A BS 5733 where applicable.
• Type B, C & D characteristics
• Single, double & triple pole Rockergrid dimmer modules to BS EN 60669-2-1 and BS EN 55014-1.
• 18mm modular width
• 16kA - BS EN 60898 Module panel cut-out dimensions 35mm x 18mm. Fixing centres 40mm.
• RCBOs 6A to 50A
• Type C characteristic Decorative Metalplate
• Single pole
• 18mm modular width Standard decorative metal plate finishes:
• 16kA - BS EN 61009
• Stainless Steel (SS)
• Satin Chrome (SC)
• Highly Polished Chrome (HPC)
• Polished Stainless Steel (PSS)
• Polished Brass (PB)
• Bronze (BR)
Flat Plate Range
Standard Crabtree low profile plate finishes; White Moulded (WH), Satin
Chrome (SC), Highly Polished Chrome (HPC), Polished Brass (PB) and
Black Nickel (BKN).
Standard Crabtree Platinum flat plate finishes; Stainless Steel (SS),
Polished Stainless Steel (PSS) and Polished Brass (PB).
Platinum cover plates and grid yokes available in 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 gang
variants for both, in low profile and flat plate versions.
Technical
Product standards, recommended terminal capacities and box depths;
10A switches to BS EN 60669-1. Suitable for 4 x 1.0mm², 1 x 2.5mm² or
3 x 1.5mm² cables, 16mm box depth.
100W (LED), 250W, 400W, 500W and 1000W Dimmers to BS EN
60669-2-1 13A sockets to BS1363. Suitable for 3 x 2.5mm² or 2 x 4.0mm²
cables, 25mm box depth.
13A fused connection units to BS1363. Suitable for 3 x 2.5mm² or 2 x
4.0mm² cables, 25mm box depth.
20A switches to BS EN 60669-1. Suitable for 3 x 2.5mm² or 2 x 4.0mm²
cables, 25mm box depth.
32A switches to BS EN 60669-1. Suitable for 2 x 6.0mm² or 1 x 10.0mm²
or 1 x 16mm² cables, 35mm box depth.
45A DP control switches to BS EN 60669-1. Suitable for 2 x 6.0mm² or
1 x 10.0mm² or 1 x 16mm² cables, 40mm box depth.
50A DP control switches to BS EN 60669-1. Suitable for 2 x 6.0mm² or
1 x 10.0mm² or 1 x 16mm² cables, 40mm box depth.
45A DP cooker control units to BS4177 and BS1363. Suitable for 2 x
6.0mm² or 1 x 10.0mm² or 1 x 16mm² cables, 40mm box depth.
45A cable outlet to BS5733. Suitable for 2 x 10.0mm² cables, 35mm box
depth.
6A TP isolator to BS EN 60669-1 and/or BS EN 60947-3. Suitable for 4
x 1.0mm², 3 x 1.5mm² or 1 x 2.5mm² cables, 25mm box depth.
Shaver Socket to BS EN 61558-2-5.
Electrium Sales Ltd Tel : 01543 455010
Commercial Centre Lakeside Plaza Fax : 01543 455011
Walkmill Lane @ElectriumNews
Bridgtown Email : [email protected]
Cannock WS11 0XE Website : www.electrium.co.uk
LV Distribution Products / Forms of Separation & Application - 71
Crabtree MCCB Panelboards
Crabtree are pleased to introduce the next generation of their UK designed and manufactured Powerstar panel board range.
Powerstar VM160 Powerstar VM160 Selection Guide
Current Ratings:
• Incoming ratings are expanded to 800A
• Standard outgoing circuit breakers have been increased to 160A
• Additional add-on units are available to carry oversized devices up
to 250A
Device Technology:
• Powerstar VM range of MCCBs
• Increased current ratings & breaking capacities up to 55kA @ 415V
• Enhanced range of easy fit accessories
• MCCBs utilising Siemens technology
Additional Technology:
• Easy wire meter options
• Std or MID metering options
• Earth leakage kits
• Overvoltage protection
Forms of Separation:
• Form 3b Type 2
• Form 4b Type 6 Group Mounted
Environmental Considerations:
• RoHS Compliant
• WEEE Complaint
• BIM data available
Additional Information:
• Paint finish, epoxy powder, light grey RAL 7035
• IP3X (door closed)
• Designed & manufactured in the UK to BS EN 61439-2:2009
Powerstar 250 Powerstar 250 Selection Guide
Current Ratings:
• 400A & 630A Panelboards
• Main units are available with 2, 4 or 6 outgoing ways suitable for 7T2
250A TP MCCBs
• 8-way add on unit suitable for 250A MCCBs
• 4, 8 or 12-way add on units suitable for SP & TP 7PBGG 125A MCCBs
Device Technology:
• 7T2 250A MCCBs up to 65kA
• 7PBGG MCCBs up to 25kA
• MCCBs utilising Siemens technology
Additional Technology:
• Std or MID metering options
• Earth leakage kits
• Overvoltage protection
Forms of Separation:
• Form 3b Type 2
Environmental Considerations:
• RoHS Compliant
• WEEE Complaint
Additional Information:
• Paint finish, epoxy powder, light grey RAL 7035
• IP3X (door closed)
• Designed & manufactured in the UK to BS EN 61439-2:2009
Electrium Sales Ltd Tel : 01543 455010
Commercial Centre Lakeside Plaza Fax : 01543 455011
Walkmill Lane @ElectriumNews
Bridgtown Email : [email protected]
Cannock WS11 0XE Website : www.electrium.co.uk
Products Divisible PMA
PMAFLEX Multilayer System Smart Line
PMAFLEX Pro PMAFLEX
Application area PHT
Machine building PLU
POH
PSX
CYL
PCL
PCS
PCSL
PEL
PIS/PIH
POS
PUE
PVD
VAM
VAML
VCS
VOH
PLR
XPCL
XR90
XSOL
XVCS1H
XVCS2H
PACOF
PPCOF
LLPA
LLPF
LLPO
General applications static
Heavy loads dynamic
Outdoor applications static
dynamic
Traction vehicles Outdoor applications with sunlight exposure static
dynamic
Outdoor applications
static
Indoor applications dynamic
static
Rail infrastructure Outdoor applications with sunlight exposure dynamic
Indoor and tunnel applications static
Automation/Robotics Moving systems static
Systems with extreme movements static
dynamic
dynamic
Ship + Off-shore Outdoor general applications static Tel : 0333 999 9900
Indoor applications dynamic Fax : 0333 999 9901
Energy Passenger area static
Others dynamic @abbukep
static Email : [email protected]
Website : www.abb.com/lowvoltage
72 - Flexible Conduits Outdoor applications with sunlight exposure static
Indoor applications static
Exposed to radiation static
Vehicle building static
Telecommunications indoor
outdoor
Building constructions indoor
outdoor
High temperature applications static
To find on page 2/9 2/9 2/10 2/10 2/11 2/12 2/13 2/13 2/14 2/14 2/15 2/15 2/16 2/16 2/17 2/17 2/18 2/18 2/19 6 2/19 2/20 2/20 2/23 2/23 2/24 2/25 2/25 ABB Ltd
Tower Court
Key Foleshill Enterprise Park
recommended Courtaulds Way
Coventry CV6 5NX
suitable (application details to be considered)
ABB Ability™ Electrical Distribution Control System - 73
Embedded Solution with Ekip Com Hub
Emax 2, Ekip UP and TruOne equipped with the new Ekip Com Hub establishes the cloud connection for the whole switchboard.
This dedicated cartridge-type communication module just needs to be inserted into the terminal box and connected to the internet.
INFORMATION COMMUNICATION
Family Device State Current Voltages Power Energy Power Power Maintenance Load Analog Protocol
Factor Quality & Management or
Diagnostics Pulse/Digital
Inputs
Low Voltage MCCB Tmax XT Modbus RS485, Modbus TCP,
Tmax T Ekip Com Hub
Modbus RS485
Low voltage ACB New Emax Modbus RS485
Emax 2
Modbus RS485, Modbus TCP,
Digital Units Ekip UP Ekip Com Hub
Low Voltage TruONE ATS Modbus RS485, Modbus TCP,
Switches & Fusegear Slimline XR ITS 2.1 Ekip Com Hub
Modbus RS485, Modbus TCP,
Ekip Com Hub
Modbus RS485
Digital Inputs Interface Ekip Signalling Modbus TCP Modbus TCP
Sub-Metering EQ Meters Modbus RS485
Power Meters M2M Modbus RS485, Modbus TCP
Branch Monitoring CMS700 Modbus TCP
Medium Voltage Relays REF 542 Plus Modbus TCP
ABB Ltd Tel : 0333 999 9900
Tower Court Fax : 0333 999 9901
Foleshill Enterprise Park
Courtaulds Way Email : [email protected]
Coventry CV6 5NX Website : www.abb.com/lowvoltage
74 - Underfloor Heating & Ramp Heating - Product Selection
Selecting an Underfloor Heating System Project Design
Select the right underfloor heating system using the table below: Our design software will provide key information for your client and for
your contractor:
Overfloor Area T2 Product Extra Features • Complete bill of materials
• Installation plan (2D & 3D version)
Tiles Dry Areas T2Reflecta Exceptionally fast heat-up time. • Product part numbers for easy quotation request
T2Red Energy Saving. Even heating distribution. • Circuit sizes & layout
(Kitchen, T2QuickNet-90 • Heat outputs per area
entrance hall, T2QuickNet-Plus-160 Adjusts heat output.
living room, For renovation (thin extra layer). Typical 2D Installation Plan
bedroom and T2Blue-10W
bathroom) For renovation (thin extra layer). For fast
heat-up or poorly insulated under floors.
Pre-terminated, flexible and robust heating
cable for flexible design.
T2Blue-20W Pre-terminated, flexible and robust heating
cable for fast heatup requirements.
CeraPro Ultra thin (3mm), robust heating cable for
undertile applications. For installation directly
into tile adhesive (thin profile installation).
Excellent for renovation projects.
Wet Areas T2QuickNet-90 For renovation (thin extra layer).
(Walk-in shower, For renovation (thin extra layer). For fast
swimming pool T2QuickNet-Plus-160 heat-up or poorly insulated under floors or for
areas, etc)
higher temperature.
T2Red Adjusts heat output.
T2Blue-10W
Pre-terminated, flexible and robust heating
cable for flexible design.
T2Blue-20W Pre-terminated, flexible and robust heating
cable for fast heatup requirements.
CeraPro Ultra thin (3mm), robust heating cable for
undertile applications. For installation directly
into tile adhesive (thin profile installation).
Excellent for renovation projects.
Wood / Laminate / Dry Areas T2Reflecta Exceptionally fast heat-up time. Even heating
Plastic / Carpet T2Red distribution.
Adjusts heat output.
Power Output Requirements
Ensuring the heated floor reaches a comfortable, efficient and safe
temperature is an important requirement of the building regulations. nVent
RAYCHEM’s SlabHeat software is a surface heating output modelling tool
providing finite element analysis of the floor surface. The actual floor profile
can be modelled to ensure the correct surface temperature is achieved.
NEW nVent RAYCHEM Custom Floor Heating Mats
nVent RAYCHEM offers a new range of customisable underfloor heating mats that are
pre-fabricated according to the dimensions of the areas in which heat is needed.
This custom design ensures the mats can be made to perfectly fit a room, regardless
of shape and complexity.
Cold spots are avoided due to consistent cable spacing in the mat, meaning no further
on-site manipulation is needed during installation.
When used in combination with any of the nVent RAYCHEM programmable thermostats,
this solution offers the best way to heat your room in the most comprehensive and
energy efficient way.
If you need help on the design and specification of these Custom Mats, please contact
our Technical support department on [email protected] or call 0800 969 013.
Please mention that you have seen us in the Electrical Engineers’ Notebook.
Installing Mat
TROWEL THINSET ROLL MAT ON TO THINSET TROWEL THINSET & INSTALL TILE
A professional tile setter installs the mat on to the subfloor. A certified electrician connects the system to your household wiring.
nVent UK Limited Tel : 0800 969 013
3 Rutherford Road Fax : 0800 968 624
Stephenson Industrial Estate
Washington Email : [email protected]
Tyne & Wear NE37 3HX Website : www.nVent.com/RAYCHEM
Leak Detection / Design Guide - 75
Design Guide – TraceTek Leak Detection The TraceTek TTC, TTA-S IM and SZA modules provide local indication
of the system operating status via LEDs, plus voltage-free contacts for
TraceTek leak detection systems can be utilised in a variety of installations remote connection to external alarm signals, remote annunciation panels,
to detect water, chemical or fuel leaks. TraceTek sensor cables detect or building management systems. A typical circuit is shown below:
and locate leaks along their entire length. TraceTek point sensors detect
leaks at a specific point. Virtually any number of point sensors can be Large Circuits, Concealed Sensors or Separated Areas – for large
combined with a sensor cable on a leak detection single circuit. circuits (normally more than 40m or where sensors are distributed
between several separate areas) or installations where the sensor is
The following information is provided for initial guidance only. Complete concealed and normally inaccessible, an alarm and location module is
product information, including selection guides, data sheets, installation most appropriate. The TT-TS12 provides voltage-free alarm contacts,
instructions and operating manuals, can be downloaded from our website. 4-20 mA output, and digital communication via simple RS-485 wiring and
the ModBus protocol.
Sensor Selection Alternatively, TTSIM modules can be connected either to the TT-TS12 or
directly to a building management system via RS-485 wiring. The TTSIM
The first design task is to select the most appropriate sensor type based supports Modbus and Johnson Controls Metasys protocols directly,
on the liquid to be detected and the area to be monitored. providing complete sensor status and leak location information digitally
to the host system. The TT-TS12 can be connected to as many as 128
TT1000-POINT-PROBE should be selected for water detection in areas TTSIMs via a single RS-485 network, allowing extremely large leak
requiring a single point of detection, such as drip trays under HVAC units. detection systems to be easily configured and integrated.
TT1000 sensor cable should be selected for water detection in Accessories
commercial building applications where larger area coverage is required,
such as under raised floors in computer or telecom rooms, in building A variety of accessories are available to complete your system and make
service/utility areas, etc. installation easy. Most accessories must be specified with type PC (for
use with TT1000 sensors) or type MC (for use with all other sensors)
TT3000 sensor cable should be selected for aqueous chemical detection connectors.
or for water detection in double contained pipe systems. TT-MLC modular leader cable – used to connect sensor circuits to alarm
modules.
TT5000 sensor cable should be selected for fuel and oil detection. TT-MJC modular jumper cable – used to interconnect sensor circuits.
TT-MBC modular branch connectors – used to layout circuits in a variety
TT5001 sensor cable should be selected for organic solvent detection. of branched configurations.
TT-WL weighted length – provides an artificial circuit length of 4.5m, in
TT7000 sensor cable should be selected for strong acid detection. order to clearly separate sensor sections that are on the same circuit but
in different areas.
Sensor Layout TT-MET modular end termination – required at the end of each sensor
circuit.
The next design task is to determine the optimum sensor layout. The TT-TAG plastic tags used for clearly identifying TraceTek sensors and for
sensing cable or point probe should be positioned so that leakage from tagging mapping data on the sensor.
the potential leak sources will contact the sensor quickly, before reaching TT-HDC hold down clips – available in two sizes: ¼ inch for TT1000 and
any critical equipment, cables or other items to be protected. TT3000 sensors and ½ inch for TT5000 and TT5001 sensors.
Perimeter Protection – lay the sensing cable along the perimeter of the
room, at a minimum of 600mm from the wall.
Surface Protection – lay the sensing cable in a serpentine pattern
(typically on a 1.2 to 2m pitch) to protect larger surface areas.
Around Equipment – lay the sensing cable around equipment so that
leaks can be detected before spreading out.
Interconnecting Separate Areas – jumper cables, branch connectors,
and weighted length modules can be used to connect sensors from
separate areas into a single circuit, as illustrated below:
Alarm Module Selection Modular sensing
cable
Modular branch
connector
Alarm Modular jumper Modular jumper Modular end
module cable cable termination
Modular leader
cable
Depending on the size of the leak detection system and accessibility of
the sensors, an appropriate alarm (or alarm and locating) module must
be selected.
Small Area Circuits – for small leak detection circuits (normally those
less than 40m of sensor cable in a single area), a simple alarm module
may be selected.
nVent UK Limited Tel : 0808 969 013
3 Rutherford Road Fax : 0808 968 624
Stephenson Industrial Estate
Washington Email : [email protected]
Tyne & Wear NE37 3HX Website : www.nVent.com
76 - Betatrak® The benefits of using an Underfloor Power Distribution System
Betatrak® powertrack is quick and easy to install and offers an efficient and flexible solution for fixed power distribution. Betatrak® is factory tested in accordance
with CMD’s ISO 9001 procedure to ensure a fault free installation. Betatrak® is low maintenance and exceptionally reliable making it the perfect solution in
today’s modern construction world.
Benefits
• Choice: a comprehensive range of supply systems
• Flexibility: can be used in new or existing layouts
• Versatility: all kinds of configurations are possible including bends/corners
• Safety: colour coded tap offs for easy recognition. Sliding dust covers to protect outlets
• Height clearance: low profile busbar suitable for shallow floor voids
• Convenience: variety of Betatrak® lengths with different socket centres. 300mm standard (150mm and 600mm available on request)
Fixed Power Distribution Systems
CMD has a comprehensive range of fixed power distribution products. Betatrak® powertrack is available as Standard Earth, Clean Earth, Auxiliary Earth, Dual
Circuit and Three Phase and has keyed and colour coded tap offs to aid installation.
The 63 Amp Betatrak® system caters for Standard Earth, Clean Earth (CE) Low Noise, Auxiliary Earth, Dual and Three Phase applications and comes in
lengths of 1.2m, 1.8m, 2.4m or 3.6m. As a result, the system is extremely versatile and allows CMD’s Technical Sales Team to offer a system that will deliver
power where it is needed most – in offices and commercial spaces.
Floor Boxes
CMD’s ‘Fast Fit’ floor boxes are designed for quick and easy installation and have been designed to comply with BS EN 61534-22: 2014.
Floor boxes are available with 3 and 4 compartments and can be supplied pre-fitted with a range of accessory plates to include; RCD protection, UK switched
sockets and data blanks, which can be populated on-site as required.
Floor boxes can also be pre-installed with a 3m Betatrak® tap off to connect to CMD’s standard Earth, Clean Earth (CE) Low Noise, Auxiliary Earth, Dual and
Three Phase fixed power distribution systems. The 3m tap offs provide full coverage when the powertrack is laid out 5m apart as detailed in the ‘Installation’
section below.
Each floor box has a self-close lid, which can be fitted with carpet or tile to match the office interior, and two robust cable outlets, which allow the lid to be
fully closed when in use.
Installation
Betatrak® used within raised access floors is normally arranged in parallel runs with the feed units orientated towards the incoming supply.
This offers an economic format inherent in long straight runs. Spacing is recommended to be a maximum of 5m between each length of powertrack and 2.5m
from the perimeter when using a standard 3m tap off to a floor box.
Attention should be given to the total power requirements to avoid exceeding the maximum power rating of the powertrack and to ensure compliance with
Appendix 8 of BS 7671 18th Edition of the Wiring Regulations.
Starting with the feed unit, remove the dust cover over the colour coded socket and simply snap the integral coupler, pre-installed on the powertrack, into the
feed socket.
The next length of track is then fitted to the socket end of the first length of powertrack as previously described, this is then repeated for the following lengths
until the run is complete.
On the final length of busbar section, the dust cover supplied is fitted on the final unused coupling point to protect against the ingress of foreign contaminants.
The feed unit is then secured via the slots in the base and the powertrack every 1200mm (max) by using the fixing brackets provided.
Additional Information
Typical layout: one floor box for every 10m².
CMD is registered by BSI to BS EN ISO 9001 and BS EN ISO 14001. Betatrak® is designed to allow compliance with regulation 434.2 of BS 7671 18th Edition
of the Wiring Regulations (IEE Wiring Regulations) and 543.7 earthing requirements for the installation of equipment having high protective conductor currents.
The scope of Reg. 543.7.1.203 requires that every final circuit is intended to supply one or more items of equipment, where the total protective conductor
current is likely to exceed 10mA. In normal use, shall have a high integrity protective connection.
Betatrak® powertrack has been independently tested and ASTA certified to fully comply with BS EN 61534 and IEC 61534 for powertrack systems.
Due to transport restrictions 3.6m length powertracks have a minimum order requirement of 10 lengths.
Orders of less than 10 units will be supplied as 2x 1.8m lengths per 3.6m length ordered.
CMD Ltd Tel : 01709 385 470
Sycamore Road
Eastwood Trading Estate @cmdltd
Rotherham Email : [email protected]
S65 1EN Website : www.cmd-ltd.com
Structured Wiring Specification / BS 8488 / BS 61535 - 77
Typical Structured Wiring Specification
Armoured & Unarmoured Systems
General: System: Unarmoured
A prefabricated wiring system shall be utilised for the distribution of lighting The structured wiring system shall comprise of LSOH flexible cable
and power circuits. assemblies, steel enclosures (MDBs) and polyamide enclosures.
The structured wiring system is rated at 230V/20A.
The system shall offer a high degree of flexibility comprising modular
subcircuit distribution, which is entirely prefabricated off-site. Connector System:
The connector system used throughout the entire structured wiring system
The system will provide a complete installation from the respective shall incorporate a connector system manufactured and tested in
distribution board to the furthest point of a circuit. accordance with BS EN 61535.
Installation Couplers intended for Permanent Connection. Connectors shall
The wiring components for lighting and power systems shall be colour be 3, 4, 5 or 6-pole type and have fully shrouded female (live) contacts.
coded and polarised in such a way that one system shall not plug into the
components of the other systems. RST Specification IP66 / IP68
The connector used throughout the prefabricated wiring system must be RST 20i2/i3 RST 25i3 RST 20i4/i5 RST 25i5
manufactured and tested in accordance with BS EN 61535 - Installation 250 V 250 V 250/400 V
Couplers Intended for Permanent Connection. 20 A 25 A 250/400 V
3-pole 20 A
System: Armoured Rated Voltage 2 or 3-pole 4 or 5-pole 25 A (L,N)
Unused connectors shall have fully shrouded (live) contacts. Rated Current 1 - Contacts (1,2)
The connector system may only be disconnected by means of a key or tool. Number of Poles
The system comprises 6491B LSOH BS 7211 cables enclosed with a metal 10 A
flexible conduit.
Connectors will be rated at 20A for Lighting and 32A for Radial Power. 5-pole
The connector system shall be circular to allow for ease of installation
through fire barriers and stud walls. Ambient Operating Connectors 55ºC 55ºC 55ºC 55ºC
The cable termination of the connectors should be screwless and therefore Temperature Distributor 40ºC
maintenance free during the life of the installation. Under Full Load
The system and all components must meet the relevant British and
European Standards for Prefabricated Wiring Systems - BS 8488 Part 1. Temperature Range: 40ºC to +100ºC
Material: Contact parts: brass. Surface-plated housing
parts: thermoplastic material PA66, halogen-
System Components: free, V2 sealing material: NBR.
The principal components of the structured wiring system are as follows:
• Home Run Cable • Master Distribution Box (MDB) Regulations: DIN VDE 0606 T200, DIN EN 61984 (VDE
Approvals: 627), VDE 0110 IEC 60999: UL 2238 CSA:
• Extender Cable • Fused Spur Unit C22.2 No.182.2-M1987; LR Type Approval
System.
• T Connector • Switch Module
Pending VDE; UL; CSA; LR; GL; DNV.
Home Run Cables:
Home run cables comprising 2.5mm², 4.0mm² or 6.0mm² LSOH singles Degree of Protection: IP65, IP66, IP67 and IP68 (3m; 2 hours).
(number dependent on number of circuits) in metal flexible conduit (up to
40mm diameter) complete with gland and lock-nut. Glow-Wire Test 850ºC, 30s: For connectors, distribution units, cable
assemblies and appliance couplers.
If the structured wiring system is to be integrated with a lighting or BMS
control system, the home run cable generally comprises a Belden type 8719 Coding: Mechanical coding symbolised by colour
fieldbus cable or DALI control pairs. These are to be run internally off the code. Grey and black with the same
conduit with the power conductors, not separately. mechanical coding. Other codings are
available.
Length of the home run cable will be determined by position on site and
can be supplied pluggable for direct interface with the Distribution Board.
Master Distribution Boxes (MDBs): Note: Protection against shock generally
MDBs generally comprising a solid galvanised steel enclosure with a guaranteed even when disconnected.
removable lid and provision for earthing. Protective conductor leading. Connection to
the live cable must be made with a female
Output ports shall be positioned around the perimeter of the MDB. Number connector according to the regulations. It is
of outputs will be determined by the project by standard configurations of therefore not possible to have a ring circuit
6 or 9 port/circuit. arrangement. Only pluggable in the correct
pole configuration: one pole cannot be
Extender Cable: connected. Contacts protected against
Extender cable assemblies of up to 4.0mm² LSOH singles in a metal flexible strain on the cable. All components can be
conduit and pre-wired male and female connectors. interlocked. DIN VDE 0606 T200 requires
the use of a locking device. Dangerous
Fused Connection Units: mismating with installation connector
Fused connection units (for connection to fan coils or similar loads) systems of other suppliers is not
comprising male and female connectors, suitable rated switch and fuse and automatically excluded by compliance with
provision for earthing. DIN VDE 0606 T200. Installation connectors
do not replace national connector/outlet
T Connector: systems for home applications.
The T connector comprising male and female connectors and tails, flex or
conduit drop lead for connection to luminaire/lighting control module (LCM)
fan coil unit (FCU) variable air volume unit (VAV).
Switch Module:
Switch modules shall allow for a local switch within the system. This can
control 1-way, 2-way, intermediate, PIR or dimming switching requirements.
Wieland Electric Ltd Tel : 01483 456270
Ash House Tanshire Park Fax : 01483 505029
Shackleford Road [email protected]
Elstead www.wieland.co.uk
Surrey GU8 6LB www.wielandmetalynx.co.uk
78 - Roxtec - Sealing Solutions
Sealing Solutions for Proven Protection
Roxtec cable and pipe transits protect against risk factors such as fire, gas, water, rodents, pressure and electromagnetic threats.
They withstand tough conditions, corrosion and temperature cycling. They also reduce noise and offer efficient solutions for bonding, grounding, EMC
and hazardous locations.
The Roxtec system protects life and assets against risks caused by:
• Fire: Stop A, H and jet-fire. Prevent smoke from spreading.
• Gas: Ensure complete tightness against air and gas pressure.
• Water: Keep your site dry. Prevent humidity and flooding.
• Pressure: Protect against catastrophic as well as constant pressure.
• Electrical danger: Protect against EMI, EMP and lightning strike effects.
• Particles: Take control of dirt, dust, chemicals and fumigants.
• Pests: Keep snakes, insects and rodents out.
• Blast: Protect against vibration, shock waves and the risk of explosion.
Certification
The system is certified by all major classification authorities with 285 registered certificates, including IECEx/ATEX and MED, as well as 430 registered
tests and approvals.
The Roxtec cable seal system has been tested and approved by London Underground. Up to six units measuring 0.5m x 0.3m each can be used in
station areas, while one unit of the same size has been cleared for use in tunnels.
All certification as well as safety and data sheets can be found on the Roxtec website.
Certifying Authorities
Test Laboratories
Customised Solutions
If our standard range does not fit your requirements, we can create a new custom-made solution – we deliver about 250 special solutions per month.
We have a team of first-class designers, engineers and test technicians ready to develop tailor-made seals according to your needs.
Future Proof
The seals allow pre-terminated cables and provide built-in spare capacity.
Users can stay competitive and deal with new needs and regulations as it is possible to add cables and pipes and extend the service life of projects –
without adding material costs.
Cyber Security
Roxtec are Cyber Essentials Plus certified. This means their ICT defences were assessed as satisfactory against commodity based cyber-attack.
Memberships & Professional Associations
Roxtec are members of the Rail Industry Association (RIA), EIC (Energy Industries Council), RSSB RISQS (Railway Industry Supplier Qualification
Scheme), Achilles UVDB (Utilities Vendor Database), Achilles FPAL (First Point Assessment), SCCoP (Supply Chain Code of Practice), Society of Maritime
Industries (SMI) and CPD (Continuing Professional Development).
Roxtec Ltd Tel : 0161 761 5280
Unit C1 Waterfold Business Park @RoxtecLtd
Bury
Lancashire Roxtec UK & Ireland
BL9 7BQ Email : [email protected]
Website : www.roxtec.com
AEI Cables Technical Data for Total Fire Solutions - 79
Firetec Singlecore
No. of Cores & Current Rating (Enclosed in Conduit) Voltage Drop Maximum DC Conductor Nominal Overall
Nominal CSA of Resistance @ 20°C Diameter
Single Phase ac or dc Three Phase ac dc Single Phase ac Three Phase ac Nominal Weight
Conductor Ω/Km mm
Amps Amps mV/AM mV/A/M mV/A/M 12.10 3.50 Kg/Km
no. x mm² 22.00 19.00 31.00 31.00 27.00 7.41 4.10 26.00
1 x 1.50 30.00 26.00 19.00 19.00 16.00 4.61 4.6 38.00
1 x 2.50 40.00 35.00 12.00 12.00 10.00 3.08 5.10 54.00
1 x 4.00 51.00 45.00 7.90 7.90 6.80 1.83 6.70 75.00
1 x 6.00 71.00 63.00 4.70 4.70 4.00 1.15 7.60 124.00
1 x 10.00 95.00 85.00 2.90 2.90 2.50 0.73 9.40 183.00
1 x 16.00 126.00 111.00 1.90 1.90 1.65 285.00
1 x 25.00
Firetec Standard
No. of Cores & Current Rating (Clipped Direct) Voltage Drop Maximum DC Nominal Nominal Recommended Accessories
Nominal XSA of Single Phase ac or dc Three Phase ac Conductor Overall Weight
dc Single Three Phase ac Diameter Clips Glands Shrouds
Conductor Phase ac Resistance @ 20°C Kg/Km
mV/AM mm 107.00
no. x mm² Amps Amps 29.00 mV/A/M mV/A/M Ω/Km 8.50 143.00
2 x 1.50 19.50 - 18.00 12.10 9.60 137.00
2 x 2.50 27.00 - 29.00 - 7.41 9.40 180.00 FCL30 FG1 FXG20
3 x 1.50 - 12.10 10.20 166.00 FCL34 FG1 FXG20
3 x 2.50 - 17.50 - 18.00 - 7.41 10.20 222.00 FCL32 FG1 FXG20
4 x 1.50 - 24.00 - 12.10 11.20 FCL37 FG2 FXG20
4 x 2.50 - 17.50 - - 25.00 7.41 FCL34 FG1 FXG20
- 24.00 FCL43 FG2 FXG20
- 15.00
- 25.00
- 15.00
Firetec Enhanced
No. of Cores & Current Rating (Clipped Direct) Voltage Drop Maximum DC Nominal Nominal Recommended Accessories
Conductor Overall Weight
Nominal XSA of Single Phase ac or dc Three Phase ac dc Single Three Phase ac Diameter
Phase ac Resistance @ 20°C Kg/Km
Conductor mV/AM mm 107.00 Clips Glands Shrouds
29.00 Ω/Km 9.00 152.00
no. x mm² Amps Amps 18.00 mV/A/M mV/A/M 12.10 10.30 137.00
2 x 1.50 19.50 - 7.41 9.60 192.00
2 x 2.50 27.00 - - 29.00 - 12.10 11.00 164.00 FCL34 FG1 FXG20
3 x 1.50 - 7.41 10.40 234.00 FCL37 FG1 FXG20
3 x 2.50 - 17.50 - 18.00 - 12.10 12.00 FCL37 FG1 FXG20
4 x 1.50 - 24.00 - 7.41 FCL43 FG2 FXG20
4 x 2.50 - 17.50 - 25.00 FCL40 FG2 FXG20
- 24.00 FCL47 FG2 FXG20
- 15.00
- 25.00
- 15.00
Firetec Power
No. of Cores & Current Rating Voltage Drop Maximum DC Nominal Overall
Nominal XSA of Single Way Ducts Diameter
Conductor Gross CSA of Armour Nominal Weight
Conductor Laid Direct Free Air Three Phase ac Resistance @ 20°C mm
13.30 Kg/Km
no. x mm² Amps Amps Amps mV/A/M Ω/Km mm² 14.70 367.00
16.00 454.00
4 x 1.50 32.00 26.00 26.00 27.00 12.10 17.00 18.20 556.00
783.00
4 x 2.50 42.00 34.00 35.00 16.00 7.41 20.00
4 x 4.00 55.00 45.00 47.00 10.00 4.61 22.00
4 x 6.00 69.00 56.00 107.00 6.80 3.08 36.00
Current Ratings for 4x 10.0 to 4x 400.0 mm² please refer to Firetec Impact Power. For further constructional information refer to our website www.aeicables.co.uk
Firetec Impact Power Laid Direct Current Rating Free Air Voltage Drop Maximum DC Gross CSA of Armour Nominal Overall Nominal Weight
Conductor Diameter
No. of Cores & Amps Single Way Ducts Amps Three Phase ac mm² Kg/Km
Nominal XSA of 55.00 47.00 Resistance @ 20°C 42.00 mm 812.00
69.00 Amps 59.00 mV/A/M 42.00 20.00 853.00
Conductor 92.00 45.00 82.00 10.00 Ω/Km 42.00 20.00 1029.00
no. x mm² 119.00 56.00 107.00 6.80 4.61 50.00 20.00 1367.00
152.00 75.00 140.00 4.00 3.08 70.00 22.50 2240.00
4 x 4.00 182.00 96.00 172.00 2.50 1.83 78.00 29.90 2705.00
4 x 6.00 217.00 124.00 209.00 1.65 1.15 90.00 33.50 3375.00
4 x 10.00 266.00 149.00 363.00 1.15 0.73 131.00 37.10 4560.00
4 x 16.00 319.00 177.00 324.00 0.87 0.52 147.00 39.10 5805.00
4 x 25.00 363.00 218.00 376.00 0.60 0.39 206.00 43.00 7430.00
4 x 35.00 406.00 263.00 430.00 0.45 0.27 230.00 48.30 8820.00
4 x 50.00 458.00 300.00 495.00 0.37 0.19 255.00 52.40 10600.00
4 x 70.00 529.00 338.00 584.00 0.30 0.15 289.00 56.60 13380.00
4 x 95.00 592.00 382.00 666.00 0.26 0.12 319.00 64.30 16255.00
4 x 120.00 667.00 442.00 766.00 0.21 0.10 452.00 70.70 21145.00
4 x 150.00 496.00 0.19 0.08 80.30
4 x 185.00 570.00 0.17 0.06
4 x 240.00 0.05
4 x 300.00
4 x 400.00
Firetec FRF2 Current Rating (Enclosed in Conduit) Voltage Drop Maximum DC Nominal Overall Nominal Weight
Conductor Diameter
No. of Cores & Single Phase ac or dc Three Phase ac dc Single Phase ac Three Phase ac Kg/Km
Nominal XSA of Amps Amps mV/A/M mV/A/M mV/A/M Resistance@ 20°C mm 148
23.00 - 34.10 - 10.00 223
Conductor 31.00 - 34.10 21.00 - Ω/Km 11.80 194
- 21.00 20.90 - 29.70 13.30 11.30 273
no. x mm² - 28.50 - 17.60 7.98 12.90
3 x 1.50 - 13.30
3 x 2.50 - 7.98
4 x 1.50
4 x 2.50
Mineral Insulated Cables Exposed to Touch Sheath Earth Fault Maximum Cable Diameter Cable Weight Recommended Accessories
Current Rating (amps) Effective Loop Conductor (mm) (Kg/km)
Conductors Resistance
CSA Impedance (ohm/km at
Cable Ref Size Volt Drop (mm2) (R1+R2) Glands & Seals Copper Fixings
(mm2) MV/A/m (ohms/m) 20°C)
No. Bare LSF Covered 6.3 21.2 12.1 Bare LSZH Bare LSZH Gland Ref RGM One Hole Clips Two-Way Saddles
28.0 8.2 13.3 7.4
2L1.5 2 1.5 21.0 23.0 17.0 7.8 20.6 12.1 5.7 7.0 131 154 20 20 22 28 222 302
2L2.5 2 2.5 28.0 31.0 24.0 9.5 12.9 7.4 6.6 7.9 180 206 20 20 26 32 272 342
3L1.5 3 1.5 17.0 19.0 14.0 9.1 20.2 12.1 6.4 7.7 168 194 20 20 24 30 272 342
3L2.5 3 2.5 23.5 26.0 24.0 11.3 12.5 7.4 7.3 8.8 222 272 20 20 28 34 302 342
4L1.5 4 1.5 17.0 19.0 14.0 11.0 19.8 12.1 7.0 8.3 203 231 20 20 28 34 302 342
4L2.5 4 2.5 23.5 26.0 28.0 13.0 12.4 7.4 8.1 9.6 286 336 20 20 32 37 342 422
2H1.5 2 1.5 22.5 25.0 17.0 7.9 9.4 224 259 20 20 30 37 342 382
2H2.5 2 2.5 31.0 34.0 8.7 10.2 275 314 20 20 34 40 342 422
Extended ranges are available for all of the above cable types – refer to our website for additional information or contact [email protected]
AEI Cables Limited Tel : +44 (0) 191 410 3111
Unit 32 Crowther Road
Crowther Industrial Estate Email : [email protected]
Washington Website : www.aeicables.co.uk
Tyne & Wear NE38 0AQ
80 - Leak Detection – System Design Guide
Floodline Floodline 4 Zone Control Panel
The Andel “FLOODLINE” range covers all possible requirements, from Leader Cable LSF-0H Zone 3 Zone 1
stand-alone single zone modules and units for the smaller installation, to Multi-8 Zone Detection Cable Zone 2
comprehensive multi-zone systems.
With the capacity to handle the largest building, “FLOODLINE” offers “Plug and Play” Start of Line (SOL)
outstanding flexibility, with a range of equipment and sensors to tailor “Plug and Play” Autocoupler (Auto)
each installation to the client’s exact needs. “Plug and Play” End of Line (EOL)
Sensor Selection Point Sensor
Oil Sensor
Choosing the best sensor to suit the application and the areas to be
monitored: Control Panel Selection
Multi-8 Zone Detection Cable: Small:
Within raised floor voids in data centres, comms/server/IT rooms, tea Up to 20m of Detection Cable in the raised floor void of one room, within
points and vending areas, drip trays, A/C units and underfloor pipework. a short length of drip tray, 1-3no Point/Oil Sensors, usually within the
same room or 1no FGS1000 Ref. Gas Sensor.
Multi-4 Zone Detection Cable:
Attach along the full length of high level pipework especially above - Floodline One Zone Control Panel - Volt free outputs for ‘LEAK’ and
critical/sensitive areas. ‘SYSTEM’ fault.
Point Sensor: Medium:
Plant rooms, tank rooms, trenches, small drip trays, base of lift shafts, 20-300m of Detection Cable either within single or multiple rooms, several
toilets and showers. A/C Units or separate Drip Trays and combination of between 5-50no
Point/Oil Sensors in large Plant/Generator Rooms and 4-20no RGD 1601
Flexi-Pad: Ref. Gas Sensors, etc.
Pipe joints and junctions, plumbed in water coolers and inaccessible
areas. - Floodline 4-32 Zone Control Panels - Volt free outputs for ‘LEAK’ and
‘SYSTEM’ fault. Individual zone output relays available.
Pipe-in-Pipe Sensor:
Double containment water pipework and tanks and high-level alarm. The new Andel ‘Ranger’ Sub-panel providing local meterage detection
for longer areas up to 1500 metres, stand-alone or in conjunction with
DP01 Double Containment Sensor: other FLOODLINE panels.
Double containment oil/diesel pipework and tanks, either along full length
or at lowest point. Large:
Over 300m of Detection Cable either within a large area (data centre) or
Oil Sensor: across many smaller room (server and comms rooms) and/or combination
Bunded oil storage tanks, generator rooms and oil pipework trenches. of Point/Oil Ref. Gas Sensors.
FGS1000 Refrigerant Gas Sensor: - Floodline 128 System - 32/64/96/128no Zones - Volt free outputs for
Office areas served by VRF/VRV units, in chiller plant rooms, along LEAK’ and ‘SYSTEM’ fault, RS232/485 + MODBUS and individual zone
refrigerant gas pipework routes. output relays available.
System Layout Floodline 16 Zone Control Panel
Choosing the best design for optimum coverage with the most suitable Zone 6 Zone 7 Zone 11
sensor:
Zone 2A/C
Perimeter: Comms RoomUnit
Install Multi-8 Zone Detection Cable in the raised floor void attached to Zone 1
the floor slab approx. 500mm in from the wall. Zone 4 Zone 3
A/C
Whole Floor Area: Zone 5 Unit
Install Multi-8 Zone Detection Cable in the raised floor void across the Oil Tank
whole floor space at 2m centres. Bund
Plant Room
A/C Units/Downflow Units: Zone 8
Install Multi-8 Zone Detection Cable either around the ‘footprint’ of the
unit or ‘zig-zagged’ directly beneath. Kitchen Zone 10 Zone 9
Low Level Pipework in Floor Void: Zone 12
Install Multi-8 Zone Detection Cable beneath the pipework within the floor
void in a ‘serpentine’ pattern along the full pipe length. Accessories
High Level Pipework: Various options for connecting components, installing Floodline sensors
Attach Absorbent Multi-4 Zone Detection Cable to the underside of the and control panels, and adapting the system for each individual site:
whole pipe length outside any lagging.
Zone Couplers:
Plant Room: Start/Auto/End of Line - Using RJ48 connectors for ease of installation
Install Point Sensors either at equidistant positions around the room or by simple ‘plug & play’ connectivity.
targeted at specific items of equipment e.g. Pump Sets, Water Tanks, etc.
Junction Boxes:
Double Containment Pipework: For use with Multi-4 Zone Cable to connect from panel to the first zone
Install DP01 Pipe-in-Pipe Sensor at equidistant positions along the full and then between each concurrent or separate zone.
pipe lengths – usually 10-15m apart or at the lowest point if the pipework
runs to a fall. Leader Cable:
Full LSF - 0H interconnecting cable for use from the control panel to each
Refrigerant Gas: individual or set of zones.
Within offices, install at mid-level (approximately 1m from floor), preferably
adjacent/near to VRF units. Remote Panel:
For Chiller Rooms etc install every 6m³ across the whole area. Provides audible and visual alarm at a secondary position i.e. at a
reception desk or security office.
Caution Tags:
Usually fitted every 1-2m along clearly identifying detection cable.
Clips:
Self-adhesive 6.3mm clips or drilled and plugged ‘P’ clips usually installed
every metre and every change of direction along the full length of the
detection cable.
Andel Ltd Tel : 01484 845 000
New Mills Fax : 01484 845 222
Brougham Road
Huddersfield Email : [email protected]
West Yorkshire HD7 6AZ Website : www.andel.co.uk
Unistrut® - Technical Solutions - 81
Innovation
The Unistrut name is synonymous with innovative products.
Two such product designs, offering the customer significant savings in
both purchased components and installation times are:
Modular Framing
Pre-populated or standalone metal frames co-designed, manufactured
and fully load tested to optimise costs and meet your installation
specifications.
DfMA
Early engagement on projects means that Unistrut can VE a project and
look at DfMA to bring cost savings to the project. Contact Unistrut for a
consultation.
Self Splicing Cable Management Materials
Unistrut has a range of time saving options for cable management runs. Unistrut prides itself on product quality and as such, all materials used
Innovative self-splicing and cable run alignment leads to significant time in the manufacturing of our products comply to the highest material
saving on installed costs. standards:
Please contact Unistrut for a site demonstration and potential cost savings.
Hot Dip Galvanised – GC BS EN ISO 1461: 2009
Short Circuit Testing
Electrodeposited Coating – EZ EN 12329
Durability and reliability for our products are an essential part of meeting
the demands of the modern industry installation. ISO 4042 – A3A
Short circuit testing of our wire basket products proves the quality of our
cable management systems under the stresses exerted during short Electroplated BS 3382: PART 2
circuit fault conditions, giving customers the confidence in our products
and exceeding all their application needs in a safe and efficient manner. Galvanised BS 443
Zinc Dichromate ASTM B633
Stainless Steel – 304L EN 10088-2 – AISI304L
Stainless Steel – 316L EN 10088-2 – AISI316L
Load Bearing
To comply with the rigorous demands of the modern industry needs, we
pride ourselves on the quality and strength of the products we
manufacture.
As such, our products have load bearing compliance to IEC 61537 and
are supported by our load design calculation software that helps to give
you the optimum recommendations for safe and guaranteed load bearing
performance when using Unistrut channel products.
Design Software
This load analysis software is a user friendly, two-dimensional calculation
program to analyse Unistrut channel sections, utilised as beams and
cantilevers.
The program provides instantaneous results of geometries containing
multiple spans with single or multiple load conditions.
Unistrut (UK) Ltd Tel : 0121 580 6300
Delta Point
Greets Green Road @Unistrut_UK
West Bromwich Email : [email protected]
B70 9PL
Website : www.unistrut.co.uk
82 - Different Forms of Suspension
What are the Advantages of Using a Zip-Clip Wire System?
Using a wire rope suspension system provides many advantages:
• Key free release system – No tools required for height adjustment • Reduced labour cost
• Easier to transport • Reduced risk of injury
• 100 metre coil is equivalent to 30 x 3 metre lengths of threaded rod • Aesthetics – Low visual impact
• Easier to handle • Reduces individual components
• Cold cut, no hot work permit required • Reduces impact on the environment – Less embodied carbon
• Vibration reduction
Where Can I Use a Wire System?
• Supporting electrical containment • Acoustic ceilings
• Lighting systems including luminaires or tracks • Audio systems
• Signage – linear or stand alone • Bracing
• Secondary light supports • Busbar systems
Due to the unique way in which a zip-clip is formed, each device can be utilised to perform a number of different functions. The internal channels within
a zip-clip work independently of each other. This allows a zip-clip to be used in a variety of different ways.
Clip Top and Bottom All-Round Loop
Zip-Clip’s RIZE system offers the flexibility to customise A zip-clip can be used to create an all-round loop. This
your own drop lengths. can be incorporated with a fixing of choice in order to
• A zip-clip is used to anchor to the soffit create one full suspension.
• Another is used to attach to the fixture
• Ideal for long drop lengths • Cut double the length of wire required for the drop
Thread through a zip-clip, through the fixture,
• through the fixing and back through the
zip-clip to lock off the system
• Ideal for tight void spaces
• Anchor directly to a ceiling structure
• Or couple with a suitable ceiling
fixing of choice
In-Line Joint Stopper
Ideal for: Ideal for:
Extending a cable Building trapeze brackets
or using as a stop end
Using as a stopper device
Washer must be used
Extending suspensions For specialist applications
please contact our technical department on 01686 623366.
Zip-Clip Ltd Tel : 01686 623366
Offas Dyke Business Park Fax : 01686 623377
Welshpool
Powys @Zip_Clip
SY21 8SS Email : [email protected]
Website : www.zip-clip.com
Cable Management Systems - Technical Issues & Standards - 83
Selecting the Correct Material
Cable management systems are predominantly supplied in four finishes:
• Pre-Galvanised (BS EN 10346:2009)
• Hot Dipped Galvanised (ISO 1461)
• Stainless Steel (BS EN 10082-2:2005)
• Electro-Zinc for cable baskets (ISO 4520:1981)
The important factor is to know when and where to specify which material.
Pre-Galvanised (BS EN 10346:2009)
Mild steel material pre-coated at the steel mill. Good resistance to rust in a dry indoor environment.
Not recommended for use in humid or outdoor installations.
Hot Dipped Galvanised (BS EN 1461)
Generally, and commonly referred to as “galv after” or “post-galv”, this is a mild steel material which is galvanised after the product has been manufactured.
This process achieves a thicker coating of zinc which increases the products resistance to corrosion.
Products made of this material are suitable for outdoor installations.
Stainless Steel
Used extensively in the process industry and where product is required in harsh environments, 2 grades are commonly specified:
• 304L: Specified for the pharmaceutical and food & beverage industry - this is a tough corrosion-resistant grade
• 316L: Specified for coastal environments or areas with a high saline content - commonly referred to as “Marine Grade”
Stainless Steel is the only product that will prevent the formation of Zinc Whiskers.
Electro-Zinc (ISO 4520:1981)
Used extensively in the manufacturing process for cable basket. The steel wires are cut and welded together to form the cable basket which is then
passed through a zinc bath. An electrolytic process applies the zinc to the steel to provide its coating. Suitable for use in dry indoor environments.
Not recommended for use in humid or outdoor installations.
CPD Presentations
Unitrunk has 3 CIBSE accredited presentations:
• Cable Management Systems “Minimise Volume, Maximise Potential”
• Zinc Whiskers - Understanding the Issue & Appreciating the Solution
• Materials and Finishes
Unitrunk Cable Management Solutions - Range Coverage
• Cable Trunking
• Lighting Trunking
• UniKlip Cable Tray - RIS Range
• Cable Tray - GA/SS/Special Finishes
• Speedway Cable Ladder - RIS Range
• EasyConnect Cable Basket - RIS Range
• Channel & Support Systems
• Floor Trunking Systems
• Perimeter Trunking Systems
• Bench Outlet Boxes
• Steel Conduit (Class 4)
Unitrunk Tel : 02892 625100
Blaris Industrial Estate Fax : 02892 625101
Altona Road
Lisburn @UnitrunkRIS
County Antrim BT27 5QB Email : [email protected]
Website : www.unitrunk.co.uk
84 - Specialist Cable Systems - Technical Specifications
PYROTENAX MI Fire Survival Cable - System Data & Accessory SelectionPYRO BARE AND LSF COVERED CLIPS AND SADDLESPYRO SADDLEHEAVY DUTY 750V GRADE
CABLE SIZE REFERENCE PYRO CLIP LIGHT DUTY 500V GRADE For information on Terminations & Fixings please refer to technical support at Pentair Thermal Management
BARE CABLE CC (contact details shown below)
LSF COVEREDEXTERNALLY
CCMTHREADED GLAND
LSF COATED
FOR
COVERED
CABLES
BARE COPPER
FOR BARE
CABLES
LSF
COATED FOR
COVERED
CABLES
BARE COPPER
FOR BARE
CABLES
FOR
EARTH
TAIL SEAL
FOR PLAIN
SEAL
SCREW ON SEAL EARTH
105°C TAIL SEAL
APPROX. WEIGHT PLAIN
PER 1000M SEAL
BARE Values quoted are nominal lengths only - please contact our customer service department to confirm exact lengths available
CABLE DIAMETER LSF LIGHT DUTY 500V GRADE HEAVY DUTY 750V GRADE
COIL VOLT DROP
DIAMETERS
APPROXIMATE
LONGEST BARE COIL
LENGTHS FOR
ESTIMATING PURPOSES
BARE
LSF
PER AMP
PER METRE
CABLES EXPOSED TO TOUCH NOMINAL CURRENT RATINGS AS PER BS7671 BARE Pyrotenax is a trademark of Pentair Thermal Management and its affiliates in designated countries
LSF For single core cables this value will
depend on the number of cables
EFFECTIVE used within the circuit.
SHEATH AREA Please contact us direct for further
information.
NUMBERS & CROSS
SECTIONAL
AREA OF CONDUCTORS
CABLE SIZE REFERENCE
BARE CABLE CC
LSF COVERED CCM
nVent UK Limited Tel : 0808 969 013
3 Rutherford Road Fax : 0808 968 624
Stephenson Industrial Estate
Washington Email : [email protected]
Tyne & Wear NE37 3HX Website : www.nVent.com
Fire Alarm & Extinguishing Systems - 85
Cerberus & Siemens Enhanced safety at critical times where visibility is reduced and large
numbers of people are in attendance. Complies with the norm EN54-5.
Siemens has been involved in fire alarm and extinguishing systems for
over 160 years. Cerberus invented the automatic smoke detector in 1941; Suppression PS5
we have been doing reliable smoke detection longer than anybody else Highly robust behaviour, therefore very suitable for applications with
and are a trendsetter in detection technology. deceptive phenomena such as steam, heavy cigarette smoke or exhaust
gases. At the same time, the detector reacts with the ASA parameter set
We employ over 450 people in R&D and have experience of over 60 quickly and reliably in case of a real fire due to the dynamic influencing
million detectors installed around the world. Our products are reliable and of the parameters. Complies with the norms EN54-5 and EN54-7. For
will always be backward and forward compatible with whatever use in kitchens and production areas with operational-related deceptive
technology we bring out in the future, ensuring the customers' investment phenomena.
is well protected for the long term.
Suppression CO PS12
Siemens Equipment Range Highly robust behaviour, therefore very suitable for applications with
deceptive phenomena such as steam, heavy cigarette smoke or exhaust
Digital Addressable Systems gases. At the same time, the detector reacts with the ASA parameter set
quickly and reliably in case of a real fire due to the dynamic influencing
This type of system improves collective systems by using loop wiring, of the parameters. Sensitivity is also influenced by the CO concentration.
device isolators and software programming to increase reliability and Separate CO alarming and control for the detection of unhealthy or
provide individual identification of devices in alarm, fault or detector status. dangerous carbon monoxide build up. Complies with the norms EN54-5
and EN54-7. For use in kitchens and production areas with operational-
In addition to the ‘normal’, ‘fire’ or ‘fault’ status, the system is capable of related deceptive phenomena.
identifying detectors that require maintenance and the status of every
unit. This enables optimum service intervals and reduces periodic checks. High Compensation PS7
Identical to the robust setting except the drift compensation is extended.
Siemens Cerberus PRO™ Fire Detection System Especially suited for rooms in which a lot of dust and other deposits are
expected to build up over a period of time, such as paper mills, carpenters’
Siemens Cerberus PRO™ is a unique fire detection system consisting workshops, textile production and recycling plants. Complies with the
of panels ranging from simple 1 loop to powerful 28 loops to meet all norms EN54-5 and EN54-7.
applications from the same system. It can be networked to provide a
seamless system with up to 64 panels – all certified to EN54-13. It Robust PS2
provides normal detectors for standard applications and ASA smoke Robust behaviour, therefore very suitable for applications with deceptive
detectors for the most demanding of environments. phenomena such as cigarette smoke, dust and exhaust gases. At the
same time the detector reacts with the ASA parameter set quickly and
With ASAtechnology™ (Advanced Signal Analysis) reliable smoke reliably in case of a real fire due to the dynamic influencing of the
detection can now be achieved where previously only heat detectors parameters. Compared to PS5 this set may be used to improve detection
would be suitable. speed on higher ceilings. Complies with the norms EN54-5 and EN54-7.
For use in event locations, conference rooms, smoking rooms,
Siemens Cerberus PRO™ Equipment Range gastronomy, industry production and underground garages.
Includes FC720 Control Panels, neural ASA fire detectors, wide spectrum Balanced PS4
smoke detectors, linear smoke detectors, heat detectors, infrared flame For use in normal environments. Balanced response characteristic,
detectors, aspirating smoke detectors and SWING wireless detection. sensitive in the case of fire, robust with deceptive phenomena. Due to its
distinct dynamic, the detector reacts quickly to open fires and smouldering
Voice Evacuation Systems fires according to the definitions of EN54. The ASA parameter set reacts
very robustly to deceptive phenomena, such as cigarette smoke or small
The Siemens Cerberus PACE System is a digital voice actuated alarm amounts of steam. Often used when the system is in unmanned mode
and evacuation system, available as a stand-alone model or fully e.g. at night. Complies with the norms EN54-5 and EN54-7. For use in
networked and integrated to the fire alarm system. European standards open plan offices, hallways, hotel rooms, out-of-hours use in harsh
recognise that voice evacuation is an integral part of fire detection and environments.
needs to be treated with the same high standards.
Balanced CO PS10
E100 complies fully with EN60849: electro-acoustical emergency warning Using the criteria smoke, heat and CO the device is more sensitive to
systems and EN54-16 components for voice-actuated alarms in fire alarm fires creating CO than PS4 without the CO signal. This parameter set is
systems and voice-actuated alarm centres. robust with deceptive phenomena such as cigarette smoke or small
amounts of steam. It also offers early alarming in the event of fires
Graphical Management Package generating a large amount of CO, such as mattress fires. Complies with
the norms EN54-5 and EN54-7. Same applications as with PS4 but with
Siemens Cerberus DMS is a professional danger management and higher robustness against deceptive phenomena.
monitoring system for integrating security and safety systems, providing
event history and analytical reports. It can be configured to provide Fast Response PS6
text-only display of the entire subsystems or full graphical representation This parameter set reacts in a fast and highly sensitive manner. It is
of protected areas. especially suited for rooms without deceptive phenomena where the
priority is on detecting fire as early as possible and is an excellent
Current Fire Detection Standards replacement for ionisation detectors. For use in high ceilinged rooms,
storage rooms, warehouses with highly flammable material and IT rooms.
All components of the Cerberus PRO System fully comply and are certified Complies with the norms EN54-5 and EN54-7.
by VdS or LPCB for CPR (Construction Product Regulation) introduced
from 1st July 2013. High Sensitive Fast PS9
This parameter set allows for the fastest possible detection for both open
BSEN54-13 - Complete system compatibility test. and smouldering fires. It is intended for use in clean applications with no
deceptive phenomena such as hospital rooms, museums, operating
BS-5839 - Part 1:2013 : Fire detection and alarm systems in buildings. rooms, rooms with high ceilings where high sensitive detection is of great
importance. Complies with the norms EN54-5 and EN54-7.
EN-54 - Parts 2 & 4:1998 : Power supplies and control/indicating equipment
including all Options With Requirements (OWRs).
BSEN-54 - Various parts covering detection and alarm devices.
BS-7273 - Part 4 including Category A.
ASA™ Smoke Detectors Application Guide
High Suppression PS8
Specifically developed for dance floors in discotheques, live venues and
theatres. Requires a relatively small change in temperature of 8K in
addition to an alarm signal from the optical chamber to create an alarm.
Provides a much faster response than switching to pure thermal detection.
Siemens Building Products Tel : 0330 406 5076
Brunel House
Sir William Siemens Square @SiemensUKNews
Frimley Camberley Email : [email protected]
GU16 8QD Website : www.siemens.co.uk/cerberus
86 - Honeywell Gent - Fire Sensor Application Guide & System Design
System Design - System Category & Selection HEAT detector spacing (under flat horizontal ceiling) SMOKE & HEAT detector spacing in corridors (category p only)
The general steps for the designer are: SMOKE detector spacing (under flat horizontal ceiling) SMOKE detector (under pitched roofs)
• Ensure the Fire Risk Assessment is complete
• Confirm level of protection or system category is correct (listed below)
• Confirm the ‘Cause & Effect’
• Agree any ‘Variations’ with all relevant parties
• Complete the specification drawings
• Sign off the Design Certificate required within BS 5839-1:2017
System Categories are fully described within BS 5839-1:2017 and vary
depending on the Risk. These are commonly referred to as Category M,
L5, L4, L3, L2 or L1 or Life protection of P1 or P2 for Property protection.
Below is a small portion of advice taken from notes associated with one
of the Approved CPD training seminars that relate specifically to fire
detection design.
Detector Selection & Siting
Selection and siting of sensors (for further advice please refer to
Clauses 21 and 22 of BS 5839-1:2017)
The objective is to select the correct sensor for the appropriate application,
to provide the earliest warning of fire without the risk of a false alarm. It is
therefore worth trying to visualise the type of fire that is likely to occur in a
particular room or area and to familiarise oneself with the application and
the risks that could give rise to a false alarm.
It should also be remembered that a Vigilon system can incorporate a
whole range of different sensors using S-Quad multi-sensors. These can
be set up for different applications and can be switched from ‘state to state’
should particular risks be present for short periods of time. This should be
read in conjunction with the application / risk charts.
To download our free S-Quad Selector Mobile App for iPhone, iPad
and Android devices, please go to www.gent.co.uk
Obviously, conditions may vary depending on the particular application and
if there are any doubts, please contact Gent for further consultation.
Voice Alarm (VA) & Public Address (PA)
Voice messages are more effective than tone signals alone.
Research has shown in an alarm situation (EN 54 Part 16):
• 13% of people react in a timely manner to bell tones
• 75% of people reacted quickly to a voice message explaining the
nature of the emergency
In addition to this, it was found that people will naturally use the entrance
they used to enter the building to leave even if it is not the closest.
The newly harmonised EN 54 Part 16 defines the specific functionality of
the VA equipment and applies to any component that is part of the core
functionality of VA. Our rack system is now certified as a complete unit, so
the new standard means it is no longer possible to build a system using
components from third party suppliers.
EN 54 Part 24 covers the minimum requirements for loudspeakers and the
method for testing their operational performance. Acoustic requirements
for loudspeakers vary according to the nature of the space where they are
installed, so many projects may involve at least one application where there
is a need to employ specialist design support.
Honeywell Gent will provide FREE advice on Fire Detection and Voice
Alarm system design recognising the responsibilities imposed on the
Designer. This is available through our Network of Approved System
Integrators. The service our Sales Support Team can offer is:
• Fire detection design & application advice
• Voice alarm design
• Acoustic design & modelling using the Ulysses tool
• Central battery & static inverter design, sales support & commissioning
• Aspirating design & application support
• Factory acceptance testing
• Site survey & application support
• Site training
Loudspeakers
Honeywell Gent’s range of Voice Alarm Loudspeakers is a key element of
the complete Voice Solution. Certified to EN 54 Part 24 you can be sure
to meet the demands of any system and comply with the design
requirements of BS 5839 Part 8.
Honeywell Gent Tel : +44 (0) 203 409 1779
140 Waterside Road
Hamilton Industrial Park @HoneywellBuild
Leicester Email : [email protected]
LE5 1TN
Website : www.gent.co.uk
Access Control & Compliance - 87
Introduction
Access control systems are a vital aspect of corporate security – as a physical deterrent to restrict access to data, assets or hazardous areas or to monitor
people’s movements. An effective system will reduce costs, comply with the regulations, meet the criteria specified in different standards and best practices.
Compliance with BS EN 69839-11 Standards
A grading system ensures compliance with these standards. It assesses the relevant risk at each access point. The grades are:
• Grade 1 (low risk): a standalone lock (code, PIN or token) or offline system in a public area and a low-risk environment (e.g. an internal door preventing
public access)
• Grade 2 (low to medium risk): an online system using tokens or PINs to prevent access (e.g. offices, small businesses and hotels)
• Grade 3 (medium to high risk): an online system using two-factor authentication or a single-factor biometric to restrict access (e.g. server rooms or
data centres)
• Grade 4 (high risk): an online system that uses two (or more) factor authentication, one of which is biometric or human image verification (e.g.
high-security areas)
Equipment Compliance
a) Doors
This table shows the level of physical security needed to meet each grade:
DOOR TYPE V GRADING
Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4
Hollow core external door UPVC, full or part glazed Solid hardwood door Steel doors
Softwood external door Hollow core internal door Full height pedestrian entrances High security doors
Single arm pedestrian barrier Softwood internal door
Single arm vehicle barriers Low level pedestrian entrances Roller shutter doors Interlocking doors e.g. personal transfer units or
Roller shutter doors with windows or access doors Top and bottom-skirted vehicle barriers meeting full commodity transfer units
height perimeter wall / fence
Full height, sliding vehicle gate Deep vehicle road blocker / rising kerbs
Bottom-skirted vehicle barriers Surface or shallow vehicle road blocker / rising kerbs
b) Turnstiles
Turnstiles can be used for both access and direction control (e.g. in railway stations, toilets, visitor attractions and stadiums).
c) Status Monitoring of Doors & Locks
A door contact senses the opening and closing of a controlled door, and typically has two main components: the contact switch on the door frame and a
door-mounted magnet. BS EN 60839-11-2 requires the monitoring of doors in Grades 2 to 4. Lock monitoring shows whether or not a closed door is
locked.
d) Egress Options
For controlled and authorised egress, the door monitoring contact will be isolated while the door is released. This can be achieved with a simple
Request-to-Exit switch, movement sensor or reader. Typical egress buttons are simple, light-duty rocker switches, heavy-duty buttons or touch-sensitive
switches. They signal the controller to release the door lock.
Another option is a switch in the exit handle. An override is needed from the secure area and possibly from outside the controlled area. For failsafe locking,
with no key override, a way of removing the power from the lock from the insecure side might be needed if this is the only entrance into the secure area,
or if all doors are controlled.
Emergency egress must not depend on the access control system's controller or software. For failsafe locks, evacuation is usually provided by a monitored
green break-glass device. Best practice involves using double or even triple pole break-glass units.
e) Escape Routes
The design of an access control system should incorporate an emergency exit strategy. Two scenarios should be considered:
1) Panic Escape - If members of the public use buildings or there are high numbers of employees, there's a greater risk of panic during an emergency
evacuation. The escape hardware on the exit door must be easy to find and use (BS EN 1125).
2) Emergency Escape - If building users are familiar with the emergency exits, panic is less likely. Operation of emergency exit devices must involve just
a single operation to release the locking device (BS EN 179).
f) GDPR Compliance
Use complex, strong passwords. Do not use the same password for multiple systems and never write it down.
g) N Factor Authentication
Access control authentication involves recognising user-specific credentials, such as a number or PIN, an access token or a biometric feature. Any
combination can be used to provide single, dual or multi-factor authentication.
h) Biometrics
With biometric technology, there is a trade-off between user acceptance, accuracy and cost:
BIOMETRIC TYPE USER ACCEPTANCE ACCURACY COST For more information about access control systems,
Finger Print please contact Honeywell Commercial Security at
Facial Recognition HIGH LOW to HIGH £ [email protected]
Iris MEDIUM HIGH ££
Retina MEDIUM HIGH ££
Hand Geometry LOW HIGH £££
Vein Recognition MEDIUM MEDIUM ££
Voice HIGH HIGH ££
HIGH LOW ££
Honeywell Commercial Security Tel : 08448 000 235
Aston Fields Road Fax : 01928 754 050
Whitehouse Industrial Estate @honeywell
Runcorn [email protected]
Cheshire WA7 3DL Website : www.security.honeywell.com/uk
88 - Emergency Lighting
Emergency lighting is vital to help people escape from a building. It must Points of Emphasis
illuminate the escape route to a regulatory level and light clearly any The following places have been identified at which emergency luminaires
essential fire equipment en route permitting safe evacuation. should be located near (within 2m):
ABB Emergi-Lite will now discuss requirements for designing emergency
lighting systems. • Stairs
Requirements & Standards • Changes of direction
The Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005, Statutory Instruments No. • At an exit door
1541 became law on 1st October 2006. ‘Fire Risk Assessment’ became the
responsibility of the building owner, occupier/employer or user, superseding • Changes of level
the previous Fire Certificate regime.
Originally the requirement for emergency lighting was set from the Fire • Intersection of corridors
Precautions Act 1971. This was further enforced by the Fire Precautions
(Workplace) Regulations 1997 and amended in 1999. • At each first aid point
The Fire Safety Order and other related documents introduced the concept
of ‘Risk Assessment’. Risk assessment is a multi-stage process, which • Fighting equipment or manual call points
guides the assessor or ‘competent person’ in identifying the risk and the Additional Areas & High Risk
need for fire precautions, to reducing those risks down to acceptable levels. Certain areas are not part of the escape route but still require illumination
In reducing those risks, the need for emergency lighting is established. if people could be located there. This includes lifts, escalators, moving
Once a decision has been taken to install emergency lighting in premises, walkways, toilets larger than 8m², toilets smaller than 8m² without borrowed
then BS 5266 part 1, BS EN 1838, BS EN 50172 should be followed. When light, disabled toilets, small lobbies, motor and plant rooms and pedestrian
designing a scheme, the luminaires should conform to the general product routes within covered car parks.
standard BS EN 60598-1 and standard BS EN 60598.2.22 for emergency Other additional areas which require special attention are high-risk task
luminaires. Central power supply systems should comply with BS EN areas, places of entertainment and open areas greater than 60m².
50171. Certified products show a compliance with good quality and safety. Standby Lighting
Internally illuminated exit signs should also comply with the product If standby lighting is used as emergency lighting, it should conform to all
standard. The format of the legends should comply as noted in the Exit Sign the requirements of emergency lighting.
section below. An installer will have more confidence and be less at risk Mounting Heights
with the work performed, by using products certified to the product standard Emergency luminaires should be mounted at least 2m above the floor. There
and marked with the approval of the national test house. is no upper limit, but luminaires should be fitted below smoke level if there
Certified and approved emergency lighting has an enhanced level of safety is a significant risk of floor illumination being affected. A low-level ‘way
compared to general lighting, which is only required to be ‘safe in use’. ‘Safe finding’ lighting system could be installed as a supplementary to high-level
in use’ in the general lighting context, means that it is neither an electric emergency lighting, where appropriate.
shock nor a fire hazard and that non-operation of the fitting would be an Luminaire Failure
inconvenience. In the emergency sense ‘non-operation’ of an emergency The possibility of emergency luminaire failure should always be considered
luminaire is a safety hazard. in the scheme design. A minimum of 2 luminaires should be allowed for in
The Industry Committee for Emergency Lighting (ICEL) has a registration each lighting compartment.
scheme for luminaires and conversion modules. Luminaires & Emergency Lighting Systems
A varied range of emergency lighting is available to suit different budgets,
General Requirements for Emergency Lighting decors, building requirements, colours and specifications. ABB Emergi-Lite
can help the Specifier with the selection or possibly consider a special
BS 5266 Parts 1, 7, 8 & 10 luminaire to a particular requirement.
Emergency lighting must: Types of Emergency Lighting
• Self-contained: Each luminaire contains a battery and is a micro-system
• Indicate the escape routes clearly with exit signs so there is no doubt
which is the way out in itself
• Illuminate open areas used in an escape route so that obstacles such as • Slave: Luminaires that are powered from a central battery AC/AC or
equipment or furniture can be avoided AC/DC system
• Ensure fire alarm call points and fire-fighting equipment are readily located • Conversions: Most mains fluorescent luminaires can be converted for
emergency use. ABB Emergi-Lite has specialist conversion centres for
• Provide illumination for high-risk areas to allow machinery processes to this purpose. The Morley site is third party certified to ICEL-1 004
be shut down safely
Categories of Emergency Lighting
Exit Signs • Non-maintained (NM): Luminaires operate when the mains fail
A designated escape route, or point leading to a route, must be clearly
signed with the correct format of sign, positioned for unambiguity and with • Maintained (M): Luminaires operate when the mains fail, but can also be
consideration for viewing distance constraints. operated if required using a switch when the mains are healthy
The pictogram formats to ISO 7010 or to the European pictogram format
signs, compliant with the safety signs directive (SI 341), or those to the BS • Combined non-maintained: The luminaire has more than one lamp, one
5499 format are currently acceptable in the UK. Text only signs are not illuminates when the mains is healthy, the other in emergency when the
allowed and must be replaced. Exit signboards can be used, providing that mains fails
an adjacent emergency luminaire illuminates the board adequately.
A more effective way of emphasising the way out is to use internally • Combined maintained: Both lamps operate in emergency
illuminated exit signs, such as the ABB Emergi-Lite Serenga 2, Guideway, Testing & Maintenance of Emergency Lighting
Horizon, Silver-Lite, Silver-Scape, HyLED or Navigator ranges. To be effective, it is essential that Emergency Lighting is regularly tested,
Escape Routes and a maintenance procedure is set in place to current British Standards
It is essential that people can move safely along an escape route in an BS 5266 Part 1:2005 and BS 5266 Part 8:2004 (EN 50172). Automatic test
emergency. There are often minor hazards such as steps that should be systems are covered in the IEC62034.
illuminated. It is not unusual for an object (trolleys, boxes, suitcases) to be Semi-Automatic Testing
left on the escape route, in which case the lighting should be sufficient (a Semi-automatic testing systems are available that can initiate a test to verify
minimum of 1 Lux on the escape route) for people to see the obstruction the correct operation required in the prescribed monthly and annual tests.
and avoid it. The ABB Emergi-Lite remote infrared test system (IR2) is simple to use and
Open Areas enables the user to control and observe tests or download and store data
Where an escape route leads through an open area, then illumination of for assessment later on a PC.
0.5 Lux minimum should be provided. Fully Automatic Testing
ABB Emergi-Lite manufactures a comprehensive range of monitoring and
addressable testing solutions including DALI (touchscreen or DALI KNX
gateway), EMEX Test for central power supply systems or our web-based
Naveo – to accommodate all levels of testing requirements.
ABB Ltd Tel: 0113 281 0600
Lighting Solutions Sales Tel: 0333 999 9900
Bruntcliffe Lane
Leeds West Yorkshire Email : [email protected]
LS27 9LL Website : www.emergi-lite.co.uk
Lightning Protection Design Guide - 89
Air Termination Network PVC covering is often used as a decorative cover when blending in
external conductors to building aesthetics. However, thought must be
The Air Termination Network is a vital part of any structural lightning given to using such conductors in areas of high UV, due to colour
protection system. bleaching and life of modern UV stabilisation compounds.
This network is the part that arrests the lightning strike. An air termination
network can be designed using the “protective angle method”, the “rolling Copper Conductor Ratings: Fault Current
sphere” or a combination of both. The adoption of which method(s) to
use is very much determined by the nature of the structure to be protected. The following conductor ratings are based upon the recommendations
An air termination network may consist of: of BS 7430 with an initial conductor temperature of 30°C and a maximum
• Conductors laid in a mesh over the structure temperature of 250°C.
• Vertical air terminals (or lightning masts) Conductor CSA kA kA
• A combination of the two, particularly useful when, for example, Size (mm²) 1 sec 3 sec
protecting roof mounted plant. 12.5 x 1.5 18.75 3.3 1.9
12.5 x 3 37.50 6.6 3.8
The lightning protection system can be fixed to the building (the most 20 x 1.5 30.00 5.3 3.0
common form), it can use elements of the structure to conduct lightning, 20 x 3 60.00 6.1
for example, reinforcing bar or steelwork (but special conditions relate to 25 x 1.5 37.50 10.6 3.8
the use of such “fortuitous conductors” in BS:EN 62305) or it can be an 25 x 3 75.00 6.6 7.6
isolated system where separation distances need to be maintained 25 x 4 100 10.2
between the lightning protection system and the structure being 25 x 6 150 13.2 15.2
protected, in order to avoid “flash over” to that structure, for example, in 30 x 2 60.00 17.6 6.1
the case of stores containing explosive material. 30 x 3 90.00 26.4 9.1
Traditionally, conventional small air terminals have been widely 30 x 4 120 10.6 12.2
utilised. However, there are now a range of innovative solutions 30 x 5 150 15.8 15.2
available, including: 31 x 3 93.00 21.1 9.5
• Conductors and fittings for roof mesh conductor systems 26.4
16.4
• Lightweight lightning masts
For additional conductor sizes please contact Kingsmill Industries.
• Free standing air terminals
Earthing
• Insulated lightning conductor used in conjunction with associated air
terminals and supports Copper is the recommended material to use in earthing applications,
whether below or above ground.
• Catenary wire systems Materials used in earthing systems must be able to:
Conductors • Withstand mechanical damage
Conductors are an essential component of a Lightning Protection System. • Resist corrosion
They form part of:
• Provide a low impedance path to earth
• The Air Termination Network – arresting the lightning strike
• Carry the maximum fault condition for the application/installation
• The Down Conductor System – taking the lightning discharge to ground
The Earth Network (Earth Termination or Grounding System)
• The Earth Termination/Network – safely dissipating the lightning
discharge into the ground It is important that lightning current is carried and dispersed through the
ground in a safe manner that will last the life of the building.
Conductors are also an integral and important component of an earthing With this in mind, an earth system (grounding system) must be
system, whether this be for a power station, sub-station, cell site, solar capable of:
PV array, etc.
Conductors provide a low impedance path and they must be: • Providing a low resistivity path to earth (ground)
• Sized to take the fault current • Allow circuit protection devices to operate correctly
• Sufficiently robust to resist mechanical damage • Have excellent corrosion resistance properties
Soil resistivity readings should be taken prior to designing an earth system
• Able to resist the effects of corrosion (grounding system). The reason for this is that the nature of the ground
(soil) has a major influence over the final resistivity of the earth electrode
Guide to Conductor Selection (ground electrode) system. Additionally, the ground (soil) composition
also affects the soil resistivity. The presence of salts can significantly
When choosing the material for “above ground” Lightning Conductors, it reduce resistivity, but salt and some other elements can be extremely
is important to take into account the avoidance of any bi-metallic corrosive to the material used in an earthing system.
corrosion. Once the soil resistivity readings have been obtained, the Earthing System
For example, one should avoid the installation of copper conductors can be designed. Corrosion resistance is of paramount importance.
over aluminium or steel cladding. Kingsmill recommends the use of copper earth electrode systems.
This can be achieved through either:
• Galvanic corrosion – happens when there is a potential difference
between dissimilar metals. • Solid Copper – stranded wire, solid section tape/circular conductors
• When the materials are in contact in the presence of an electrolyte, • Copper Covered Steel – earth (ground) rods, bi-metallic wire
corrosion occurs. One metal becomes the anode, the other the cathode. When using copper covered steel, it is important to specify a minimum
The anode will tend to go into solution and therefore corrode. The copper thickness of 0.254 microns on the ground rod, as specified by UL
electrolyte can be water with impurities from the air. (Underwriters Laboratory). This measurement results from research
carried out in the USA, that studied the weight loss of copper (corrosion)
• In the instance of water run-off from copper – the water carries fine under differing soil conditions. It was determined that 0.254mm (or 254
copper corrosion particles which, when they drip on to aluminium or microns) will provide a lifetime of 20+ years, in average soil conditions.
zinc, may result in corrosion. The direct contact of the dissimilar metals Kingsmill do not recommend the use of galvanised, zinc plated or
is not required for corrosion to occur in such a case. bare steel, for two reasons:
Whilst there are cautions with respect to the use of aluminium, these can • High resistivity of steel compared to copper
generally be overcome with the use of PVC covered aluminium
conductors, in an above ground Lightning Conductor setting. • Poor corrosion resistance when compared to copper plated steel or
The most common cross-section areas for above ground lightning solid copper
protection conductors are 8mm dia (50mm² – BS:EN 62305 min) and
25mm x 3mm rectangular section. Earth connection components must also be corrosion-resistant and carry
the nominated fault rating of the conductor.
Kingsmill Industries (UK) Ltd Tel : 01773 510001
Unit 4 Plymouth Avenue Fax : 01773 417850
Pinxton @Kingsmill_1999
Derbyshire Email : [email protected]
NG16 6NS Website : www.kingsmillearthing.co.uk
90 - Lightning & Transient Overvoltage Protection
Structural Lightning Protection Sensitive Electrical Contents
BS EN 62305 (Protection Against Lightning) clearly advises strict adherence to the Structures containing sensitive electrical and electronic systems benefit
provision of a conventional (or Faraday Cage) lightning protection system (LPS). considerably from the provision of a type B earthing system as the equipotential
bonding provided also ensures a reduction in the electromagnetic fields generated
External Lightning Protection System (LPS) around the down-conductor routes.
An external LPS is termed: Magnetic Shielding & Line Routing
a) “Isolated” - typically a catenary system suspended over the structure
The following measures will significantly reduce the surges/transient overvoltages
b) “Non-isolated” - typically a mesh system located directly on the structure’s roof entering the structure:
An external LPS consists of three primary sections: • Use of reinforcing bars, stanchions, etc to create a spatial shield or screen
• Air termination system • Suitable routing of internal lines to minimise induction loops & reduce surges
• Down conductors • Shieldingofcabling&equipmentusingmetalliccableducts&metallic enclosures
• Earth termination system Effective Earthing
Individual Lightning Protection Components should be tested and certified to the A reliable and safe earthing system is critical to all lightning protection systems.
BS EN 62561 series of standards. This ensures that in the event of a lightning The comprehensive ABB Furse range of earthing equipment includes solid
current discharge to the structure, correct design and choice of components will copper, stainless steel, and copperbond earth rods and accessories, high copper
minimise any damage. alloy bonds and clamps, earth pits, solid copper plates, lattice mats, earth rod seals
as well as the FurseWELD exothermic welding system.
Internal Lightning Protection System
Using & Choosing Surge Protection Devices (SPDs)
The fundamental role of the internal LPS is to minimise the risk of dangerous
sparking occurring within the structure to be protected. This could be due to Damaging transient overvoltages caused by lightning or electrical switching can
lightning current flowing in the external LPS or other conductive parts of the be conducted into electronic equipment via mains power, data communication,
structure and attempting to flash or spark over to internal metallic installations or signal and telephone lines. Therefore, as part of the equipotential bonding
equipment. This internal sparking is one of the primary causes of fire due to requirements associated with a lighting protection system, SPDs should be fitted
lightning. Carrying out appropriate equipotential bonding measures or ensuring to all cables that enter or leave a building, or travel between buildings. The
there is enough separation distance between the metallic parts can avoid exception is fibre optic cabling, which, of course, is a non-conductive medium.
dangerous internal sparking. Several products are available which claim to protect electronic equipment against
lightning induced transient overvoltages. However, tests have shown that many of
Lightning Equipotential Bonding these units have unacceptably high “let-through” voltages, which leave electronic
equipment open to damage. To provide effective protection, an SPD should:
Equipotential bonding is the electrical interconnection of all appropriate metallic
installations and parts, such that in the event of lightning currents flowing, no • Have a low “let-through” voltage for all combinations of conductors
metallic part is at a different voltage potential with respect to another. If the metallic
parts are at the same potential, then the risk of sparking or flash over is nullified. • Be compatible with the system it is protecting
Electrical interconnection can be achieved by natural/fortuitous bonding or by
using specific bonding conductors. In accordance with BS EN 62305, the use of • Not leave the user unprotected because of failure
lightning current/equipotential bonding surge protection devices (SPDs) is
required where the direct connection with bonding conductors is not suitable – for • Survive multiple transients & be properly installed
example metallic power and telecommunication lines.
“Let-Through” Voltage Protection Level Up
LPS & Down Conductors
The larger the transient overvoltage reaching the electronic equipment, the greater
There are 4 classes of LPS (I,II,III,IV) with corresponding design parameters such the risk of disruption, degradation, or physical damage to its components. The
as roof conductor mesh spacing, down conductor spacings and different rolling let-through voltage of the SPD should therefore be lower than the level at which
sphere sizes where appropriate. BS EN 62305 permits use of “natural conductors” interference or component degradation may occur and should be equally low
such as rebars and structural steelwork, provided they are electrically continuous, between any two conductors. Because transients can exist between any pair of
correctly bonded, and adequately earthed. conductors (phase and neutral, phase and earth, neutral and earth on mains
power supplies, and line to line and line to screen/earth on data communication,
Earth Termination System signal and telephone lines), correctly engineered protection is essential. BS EN
62305 recognises SPDs with low let-through voltages as “enhanced” SPDs,
The earth termination system is vital for the dispersion of the lightning current which further minimise the risk of damage and disruption.
safely and effectively into the ground. The standard advocates a low earthing
resistance requirement and points out that it can be achieved with an overall earth Compatibility
termination system of 10 ohms or less.
BS EN 62305-3 recommends a single integrated earth termination system for a The SPD should not interfere with or restrict the system’s normal operation. Mains
structure, combining lightning protection, power and telecommunication systems. power SPDs should not disrupt or corrupt the continuity of the supply or introduce
Two basic earth electrode arrangements are used: high earth leakage currents, and nor should data communication, signal or
(i) Type A arrangement - This consists of a horizontal or vertical earth electrode telephone SPDs impair or restrict the system’s data or signal transmission, for
connected to each down conductor around the outside of the structure. This is the example, due to the SPDs maximum operating voltage, current rating, in-line
earthing system used in BS 6651 where each down conductor has an earth impedance, or bandwidth limitations.
electrode (rod) connected to it.
(ii) Type B arrangement - This is either a ring earth electrode that is sited around Survival
the perimeter of the structure or an appropriate foundation earthing system. A ring
earth must be in contact with the soil for at least 80% of its total length (i.e. 20% of Although lightning discharges can have currents of 200kA, transient overvoltages
its overall length may be housed in the basement of the structure and not in direct caused by the secondary effects of lightning are unlikely to have currents
contact with the earth), it should be buried at a minimum depth of 0.5m and about exceeding 10kA (8/20µs waveform). The SPD should therefore be rated for a
1m away from the external walls of the structure. Where bare solid rock conditions peak discharge current of no less than 10kA. Lightning is a multiple pulse event,
are found or there is an explosive risk associated with the building, type B earthing as such the protector should not fail after the first transient.
arrangements should be used. Type B ring earth electrodes are highly suitable for:
Protection Failure
• Conducting the lightning current safely to earth
When in-line SPDs fail – for example those used on data communication, signal
• Equipotential bonding between down conductors at ground level and telephone lines – they take the line out of commission, thereby preventing
damage to the system. However, it would be unacceptable for SPDs on mains
• Controlling the potential near conductive building walls power distribution systems to fail by short circuit. It is therefore important that SPDs
for mains power distribution systems have a properly indicated pre-failure warning,
Protection of Electrical & Electronic Systems whilst still ensuring that protection is present.
BS EN 62305-4 defines the protection against Lightning Electromagnetic Impulse Installation - BS 7671:2018 Section 534
(LEMP). The basic protection measures include:
The performance of SPDs is heavily dependent upon their correct installation. For
• Earthing & bonding example, to gain maximum protection, the length of the SPD connecting leads
need to be kept as short as possible to minimise additive inductive voltage
• Magnetic shielding & line routing dropped by these leads. SPDs must be supplied and installed in accordance with
detailed installation instructions (in line with Section 534 of BS 7671).
• Surge protection devices
ABB Furse Tel: +44 (0) 115 964 3700
Wilford Road Sales Tel: +44 (0) 333 999 9900
Nottingham
Nottinghamshire Email: [email protected]
NG2 1EB Website: www.furse.com
Useful Electrical Formulae - 91
Distribution = Single Phase Three Phase
To Calculate I x V x p.f. I x V x √3 x p.f.
1000 =
Kilowatts IxV
1000 1000
kVA =
I x V x % Eff. x p.f. I x V x √3
Motor HP = 746 =
Current = HP x 746 1000
V x % Eff. x p.f.
Current = I x V x √3 x % Eff. x p.f.
kW x 1000 =
Transformer = V x p.f.
Secondary Current kVA x 1000 746
Approximate prospective 3 phase transformer V = HP x 746
bolted short circuit secondary current I sc =
Maximum prospective 3 phase transformer KVAsc = √3 x V x % Eff. x p.f.
H.V. switchgear MVA rating
kW x 1000
Time for which a copper / PVC conductor will accept T= =
a known fault current
√3 x V x p.f.
V= Volts %Z =
kVA x 1000
=
√3 x V
kVA x 105
V x √3 x % Z
MVA x 106
V x √3
115² S² seconds
I² sc
Transformer percentage impedance
I = Amperes kVA = Transformer Rating
% Eff. = Percentage Efficiency HP = Horsepower = 746 Watts
p.f. = Power Factor kVAsc = Prospective fault level
I sc = Short Circuit current ( RMS ) S = Conductor C.S.A. in mm²
Lighting F = The Lumen output of the lamp(s) or tube(s)
N = Number of Luminaires
Average Illumination (Lumen Method) M = Maintenance Factor
EAV = F x N x M x C or N = Eav x A A = Area (M²)
A CxMxF
EAV = Average illumance (lux)
C = Coefficient of utilisation (ascertained by Room Index & Manufacturers data)
Room Index L = Length of room
N = Width of room (metres)
RI = LxW Hm = Mounting height of luminaire above working plane (metres)
E = Point height of luminaire above working plane (metres)
Hm (L + W) I = Source intensity (candelas)
Ø = Angle of beam from vertical plane
Point by Point Method H = Height of source (metres)
E = I Cos³ Ø or E = I Cos Ø
H² D² + H³
D = Horizontal distance away from source (metres)
92 - Metric Conversions / Conversion Formulae
Inches Millimetres Miles Kilometres Cu Feet Cu Metres Gallons Litres
0.039 1 25.400 0.621 1 1.609 35.315 1 0.028 0.220 1 4.546
0.079 2 50.800 1.243 2 3.219 70.629 2 0.057 0.440 2 9.092
0.118 3 76.200 1.864 3 4.828 105.944 3 0.085 0.660 3 13.638
0.157 4 101.600 2.485 4 6.437 141.259 4 0.113 0.880 4 18.184
0.197 5 127.000 3.107 5 8.047 176.573 5 0.142 1.100 5 22.730
0.236 6 152.400 3.728 6 9.656 211.888 6 0.170 1.320 6 27.277
0.276 7 177.800 4.350 7 11.265 247.203 7 0.198 1.540 7 31.823
0.315 8 203.200 4.971 8 12.875 282.517 8 0.227 1.760 8 36.369
0.354 9 228.600 5.592 9 14.484 317.832 9 0.255 1.980 9 40.915
Feet Metres Sq Feet 1 Sq Metres Cu Yards Cu Metres Ounces 1 Grams
2 2
3.281 1 0.305 10.764 3 0.093 1.308 1 0.765 0.035 3 28.350
6.562 2 0.610 21.528 4 0.186 2.616 2 1.529 0.071 4 56.699
9.843 3 0.914 32.292 5 0.279 3.924 3 2.294 0.106 5 85.049
13.123 4 1.219 43.056 6 0.372 5.232 4 3.058 0.141 6 113.398
16.404 5 1.524 53.820 7 0.465 6.540 5 3.823 0.176 7 141.748
19.685 6 1.829 64.583 8 0.557 7.848 6 4.587 0.212 8 170.097
22.966 7 2.134 75.347 9 0.650 9.156 7 5.352 0.247 9 198.447
26.247 8 2.438 86.111 0.743 10.464 8 6.116 0.282 226.796
29.528 9 2.743 96.875 1 0.836 11.772 9 6.881 0.317 1 255.146
2 2
Yards Metres Sq Yards 3 Sq Metres Pints Litres Pounds 3 Kilograms
4 4
1.094 1 0.914 1.196 5 0.836 1.760 1 0.568 2.205 5 0.454
2.187 2 1.829 2.392 6 1.672 3.520 2 1.137 4.409 6 0.907
3.281 3 2.743 3.588 7 2.508 5.279 3 1.705 6.614 7 1.361
4.374 4 3.658 4.784 8 3.345 7.039 4 2.273 8.818 8 1.814
5.468 5 4.572 5.980 9 4.181 8.799 5 2.841 11.023 9 2.268
6.562 6 5.486 7.176 5.017 10.559 6 3.410 13.228 2.722
7.655 7 6.401 8.372 5.853 12.318 7 3.978 15.432 3.175
8.749 8 7.315 9.568 6.689 14.078 8 4.546 17.637 3.629
9.843 9 8.230 10.764 7.525 15.838 9 5.114 19.842 4.082
The Key Figure printed in Bold in the centre column can be read as either the metric or British measure, thus 1 metre = 1.094 yard or 1 yard = 0.914 metre
Conversion Formulae
To convert Multiply by To convert Multiply by To convert Multiply by
Area continued Capacity
Length Sq yards to sq metres 0.8361 Pints to millilitres 568.26125
Sq metres to sq yards 1.1959 Millilitres to pints 0.001759
Inches to centimetres 2.5456 Acres to hectares 0.4046 Gallons to litres 4.546
Hectares to acres 2.471 Litres to gallons 0.2199
Centimetres to inches 0.3937 Sq miles to sq kilometres 2.5899
Sq kilometres to sq miles 0.3861 Weight 28.3495
Feet to metres 0.3048 Ounces to grams 0.03527
Volume 16.387 Grams to ounces 453.59
Metres to feet 3.2808 Cu inches to cu centimetres 0.06102 Pounds to grams 0.002204
Cu centimetres to cu inches 0.02831 Grams to pounds 0.45359
Yards to metres 0.9144 Cu feet to cu metres 35.3147 Pounds to kilograms 2.2046
Cu metres to cu feet 0.76455 Kilograms to pounds 1016.05
Metres to yards 1.0936 Cu yards to cu metres 1.30795 Tons to kilograms 0.000984
Cu metres to cu yards Kilograms to tons
Miles to kilometres 1.6093
Kilometres to miles 0.6213
Area 6.4516
Sq inches to sq centimetres 0.155
Sq centimetres to sq inches 0.0929
Sq feet to sq metres 10.7639
Sq metres to sq feet
International Paper Sizes
A mm A mm A mm A mm
AO 1189 x 841 A2 594 x 420 A4 297 x 210 A6 148 x 105
A1 841 x 594 A3 420 x 297 A5 210 x 148 A7 105 x 74
Temperature
32 40 50 60 70 75 85 95 105 140 175 212 ºF
To convert degrees F to degrees C:
Deduct 32 & Multiply by 5/9
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 60 80 100 To convert degrees C to degrees F:
Multiply by 9/5 & Add 32
ºC
Project Title Project Ref No. Project Team - 93
Clerk of Works Site No.
Fax No. Fax No.
Client Mobile
Address Representative
Position Fax No.
Architect Tel No. Mobile
Address Email
Fax No.
Quantity Surveyor Representative Mobile
Address Position
Tel No. Fax No.
Structural Engineer Email Mobile
Address
Representative Fax No.
Services Consultant Position Mobile
Address Tel No.
Email Fax No.
Management/Main Contractor Mobile
Address Representative
Position Fax No.
Mechanical Sub-Contractor Tel No. Mobile
Address Email
Fax No.
Electrical Sub-Contractor Representative Mobile
Address Position
Tel No.
Email
Representative
Position
Tel No.
Email
Representative
Position
Tel No.
Email
Representative
Position
Tel No.
Email
94 - Addresses & Telephone Numbers
Name Address Number
Addresses & Telephone Numbers - 95
Name Address Number
ABB Distribution : Advanced : Bells Power Group : Schneider Electric : Power Capacitors : SHM Metering : ABB Industrial Solutions : Piller UK : AXON : Hitzinger UK
Meeting Date Meeting Title Project Reference
Item No.
Action
Technical Literature, Case Studies, News, Videos, BIM Modules, Additional Notebooks, visit - www.BuildingDesign.co.uk
SOCOMEC U.K. : Vertiv : Eta-com UK : ABB Power Quality : Marshall-Tufflex : Burland Electropatent : Crabtree / Electrium : ABB Cable : ABB Ability™ : Contactum
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28th Edition Electrical Engineers Notebook
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