28th Edition Mechanical Engineers' Notebook

Pumping Solutions - 47

Grundfos Pumps Hydro MPC-E booster set
HIUs deliver heating & hot water to individual properties within mixed developments
Grundfos is a UK leader in the supply of pumps and pump systems for MAGNA3 high efficiency circulator
a wide range of applications that incorporate super-efficient IE5 motors. Ordinary & high hazard sets are just part of a range of fire solutions
We offer an extensive proven portfolio of innovative, energy efficient
products. These are just some examples of the products and applications
we can support:

HVAC

Grundfos MAGNA1 and MAGNA3 families are designed for circulating
liquids in a range of applications including heating systems, domestic
water systems, air conditioning and cooling systems, these high efficiency
pumps are the ideal option for both new and refurbishment projects.
Grundfos TPE2 and TPE3 inline pumps have proved themselves within
a variety of commercial and industrial roles and today they offer the
perfect solution for many different applications, including heating and
cooling. Models deliver unrivalled efficiencies and a wide range of
upgraded intelligent functions, allowing operation to be customised for
specific needs and frequently eliminating the requirement for pump
throttling valves.

Boosting

Models include the Grundfos Hydro MPC-E family, a range of large
energy efficient commercial booster systems that deliver 2-6 pumps in
cascade. They are easy to install, deliver perfect constant pressure and
are fully supported by application-optimised software. Sets are WRAS
approved.

Offsite Build

The demand for offsite build (OSB) is increasing. These solutions can
support larger building projects, industrial solutions and the water
industry, which can all benefit from having packaged sets arrive on site,
from our UK plant, complete with all the necessary pumps, piping, valves,
controls and instrumentation.

Fire Solutions

Fire suppression systems are a vital pump application. We can offer a
comprehensive range of approved equipment from domestic FireSAFE
units to high rise sprinkler and hydrant equipment.

District Energy

District heating can be an excellent solution for a range of scaled projects,
from single office buildings, schools, colleges, hotels, hospitals and
apartment complexes, right through to whole neighbourhoods. With a full
line-up of energy efficient standard bloc and long-coupled pumps,
circulators, inline pumps, booster sets, pressurisation units, pressure step
degassers and dirt separators, plus extensive system design experience
inside and outside the UK, Grundfos has the answers.

Wastewater

Grundfos NB and NK end suction and SE/SEL/SEG submersible pumps
are ideal for commercial wastewater applications demanding reliable and
cost-efficient operation. The end suction range comprises a complete
series of close or long-coupled pumps in full compliance with either
EN733 or ISO 2858, whilst the submersible range offers an unrivalled
balance between efficiency and anti-blocking performance. Grundfos also
offers a variety of packaged wastewater lifting/removal solutions.

Disinfection

We can offer a range of dosing and disinfection equipment including the
Oxiperm Pro chlorine dioxide generator, that is ideal for combating
unwanted micro-organisms in drinking water treatment or the disinfection
of water against legionella.

Flexible Data Communication

As a technically advanced pump company, we can offer a wider and more
sophisticated approach to data communication. This can be seen in
remote management systems, which are available on a secure, internet-
based platform. Such systems can monitor and manage pump
installations in a wide range of applications including commercial
buildings, industrial processes, water supply networks and wastewater
plants.

CPD Seminars

Grundfos can deliver a wide range of CPD
accredited topics that can be presented in a variety
of ways – including by webinar.

Grundfos Pumps Ltd Tel : 01525 850000
Grovebury Road
Leighton Buzzard @Grundfos_UK
Bedfordshire Email : [email protected]
LU7 4TL
Website : www.grundfos.co.uk

48 - Vacuum Drainage Systems

Eurovac Vacuum drainage benefits compared to gravity solution

Eurovac is the sole UK agent for Evac Vacuum Systems, which were first Amount of water
introduced more than 40 years ago in building applications. Evac’s saved with our Evac
vacuum technology has proven to be a winning combination of reliability
and durability. The Evac vacuum toilet solution minimises the use of fresh vacuum toilets
water for toilet flushes. At the same time, it offers you ultimate freedom 13 140 000 000 litres/year
of piping design. Additionally, the reuse of grey water contributes to a 3 471 million gallons/year
small water footprint at your building.
Today Eurovac is the premier supplier of vacuum systems to the UK
Building and Industrial markets, with most major supermarkets using Evac
Systems. Over 150 buildings in the UK are now equipped with a vacuum
drainage system, from space age hotel concepts such as Yotels,
high-tech laboratories like Diamond Light Source and everyday office
blocks for Vodafone to special buildings like St Pancras International
Railway Station and Heathrow T5.

Benefits of the Evac Solution

For building designers:

• Increased design flexibility

• No requirement for soil stacks or vents

• Pipes can be routed over & around obstacles

• Manufactured to European Standard ISO 9001 with BBA Certificate

• Opportunity for designers to earn BREEAM points for new buildings

For building owners:

• Less water required (only 1.2 litres per flush) = savings in water costs

• Less need for fresh water production, water treatment & storage

• Increased planning options

• Increased hygiene & better air movement in sanitary facilities

• No need for piping ventilation

For supermarkets:

• Flexible design & easy adjustment of future store plans

• Short construction schedules with minimum customer disruption

• No concrete & tile work when relocating or adding display cases

• Lower costs compared to under slab gravity waste piping

• No blocked drains & odours from under slab waste piping

• Quick & easy last-minute floor plan adjustments

• Safe, reliable & easily maintained waste collection system

Vacuum Toilets

The Evac Vacuum Toilet looks like any conventional toilet, but instead of
relying on gravity it creates a powerful vacuum to flush the toilet. Water
consumption is very low – only 1.2 litres per flush. Because the operation
is pneumatic, no electrical connections are needed. However, the Evac
Vacuum toilet for buildings is no noisier than a conventional gravity WC.

Vacuum Interface Units

The Vacuum Interface Unit allows standard sanitary items such as
showers, basins, washing machines etc to be connected into the vacuum
drainage system. The interface units can come in varying shapes and
sizes depending on the type and quantity of water to be collected. Just
like the vacuum toilet, there are no electrical connections required.

Vacuum Collection Units

The Vacuum Collection Unit creates the vacuum for the system and is
the only part of the system that consumes energy. It consists of a vacuum
tank, vacuum pumps, discharge pump and operating control panel. The
size and number of tanks and pumps depend on the size and type of the
project, number of toilets, frequency of use, etc.

Vacuum is not just for Sewage - Vacuum Food Waste
Collection

A growing source of waste in the western world is from food, and all food
waste must be managed. We all do this in our personal life by separating
our waste food matter in our homes and relying on a dedicated council
collection to remove this. We all believe it is the correct and environmental
thing to do. But doing this on a commercial scale in restaurants, kitchens
and food hall complexes produces a new set of challenges.
One of these is getting all the food waste from several areas of the building
to a central location for collection. This is where vacuum plays its part
once again as an efficient medium for conveying waste. Using our
expertise gained through our experiences in 50 years waste transfer in
the transportation and building sectors, the Evac brand offers the vacuum
food waste collection system.

European Vacuum Drainage Systems Tel : 01634 684 779

Unit 35 Lordswood Industrial Estate Fax : 01634 661 510

Gleamingwood Drive @EVDSltd

Chatham Email : [email protected]

Kent ME5 8RZ Website : www.evds.org.uk

Technical Data Index - 49

Acknowledgements & Useful Addresses ......... ...... . .. ... . .... . .... 50
51
Chilled Beams - Cooling & Heating Effects ................. . .... FRENGER Systems ......................... . ......... . .. 52
53
Dehumidification / Humidification / Upgrades ............ .... Munters .................................... . .................... . .. . 54
55
Close Control AC - High Density Cooling .................... .. ...... Uniflair .......................................................... ............ 56
57
Adiabatic Cooling Technologies . .. Refrion . .. 58
59
Achieving Desirable Cooling Comfort ... . . Samsung Electronics .. ... . 60
61
Fan Coil Units ........ ....................................... . . .... . TROX UK .......................................... . . ..................... 62
63
The Art of Handling Air ...................... . . ....... ............ TROX UK ............................. . .......... . ..................... 64
65
Daikin UK - Case Study .............................................. . .. ....... Daikin UK ................................... . .............. ................ 66
67
VRF Air Conditioning ............................................. . ........ LG Electronics ............................ . ........... .................. 68
69
Heat Pumps for Heating . . ... Mitsubishi Electric ................................. . ....... . ........... 70
71
Air Conditioning & Ventilation ................... . ... ... Mitsubishi Electric ............................... . ............ . ........ 72
73
Daikin Applied (UK) Air Handling Units ................ .. Daikin Applied UK .. ......................................... . ......... 74
75
Daikin Applied (UK) Chillers .......................... . . Daikin Applied UK . ........................................ . .. . 76
77
Gilberts Natural Ventilation Systems ........................... . . . Gilberts ................................... . ............... . ............. 78
79
The Future of Design Regulations ... . .... Breathing Buildings .............................................. . .... 80
81
Halton Foodservice - Smart Connected Kitchens .. Halton Foodservice . . .. .. .. . 82
83
Safe Connected Kitchens . . .. . Halton Foodservice . . .. .. .. . 84
85
EC Fan Coils .................. . .............................. . ......... Advanced Air ........................................... . .. 86
87
Typical Specifications for StandardAir Filters . . . EMCEL Filters ................................................. . ............ 88
89
Air Terminal Device Selection . .. Waterloo Air Products .. ... 90
91
Air Terminal Device Selection . .. Waterloo Air Products .. ... 92
93
Swimming Pool Ventilation Guidelines - Menerga ... ....... Systemair ............................... . ........... 94
95
Systemair’s Guide to Building Regulations Part L2 ... Systemair ............................... . .. . . 96
97
Fan Coil Unit Acoustics & Room Noise Levels . .. . ............. Dunham-Bush ........... . ............................ . .............. 98
99
Low Surface Temperature (LST) Radiators & Convectors . ... ... Dunham-Bush ............ . ......................... . ................ 100
101
Air Curtains .......... . .............. . .......... . . . JS Air Curtains ............................................ . ... . .....

Trench Heating .. .. RCM Products .. .

DSE Flex - Bespoke Solutions .. . .. . .. ... Danfoss Heating . ..

Principles / Advantages of Inverter Drives .. Danfoss Drives ...... . ..

Metering & Flow Control .................................... . .. ......... DMS Flow Measurement & Control Specialists ... . .....

BELIMO Energy Valve™ ........................ .. ................. . .... BELIMO Automation UK ................................. . ............

Building Energy Management System (BEMS) ............................... Trend Control Systems .................................... . ...........

Psychrometric Chart ..................................................... . .. ...... Trend Control Systems ................................... . ............

Guidance for Control Valves in HVAC Applications . ...... Siemens Building Products ...................... . ............

Remeha - Case Studies .... .... . ..... . ........ Remeha .... ..................... . ........

CALPEX Pipes - Heat Loss Data ....... . ....... . ........ BRUGG Pipes UK ......................................... . .............

Energy Savings Using Radiant Heat .......... . ........... . .... Zehnder .............................................. . .................

Steam & Condensate Pipe Sizing ............ . ......... . .......... Spirax Sarco ................................................. . ...............

Steam Tables / Data ....................... . .................. . ..... Spirax Sarco .............................................. . ...

Kooltherm® HVAC & Building Services Pipe Insulation . . ... Kingspan Technical Insulation ............ . .. ...........

Leak Detection / Design Guide ................................ . ..... Aquilar .............................................................. ........

nVent RAYCHEM Trace Heating Systems ..... . .......... . .. .. nVent RAYCHEM ................................. . .......................

nVent RAYCHEM Heating Cables - Product Selection .... . ... nVent RAYCHEM ........................................ . .............

Underfloor Heating & Ice / Snow Melting .. Heat Mat

Handy Pump References . .. Grundfos Pumps . .. .. .

Armstrong Fluid Technology - Case Study ........ .. .. Armstrong Fluid Technology ..................... . ...........

Armstrong Fluid Technology - Case Study ........ .. .. Armstrong Fluid Technology ....................... . .........

Vacuum Drainage Technology . .. Eurovac .. . ..

Metric Conversions & Conversion Formulae . .. . .. ..

Addresses / Telephone Numbers .. ..

Project Team Details . .. ......

50 - Acknowledgements

Technical Data : Design Criteria : Checklists : Specification Guidelines

Compilation Useful Addresses

The information contained in the following sections has been compiled Association for Consultancy & Engineering
to assist Mechanical Engineers, Technicians, Project Managers and
Specifiers in the United Kingdom at all stages of design. Alliance House 12 Caxton Street London SW1H 0QL
It is not intended to provide a comprehensive design manual but to assist Tel : 020 7222 6557
experienced Engineers and Specifiers by providing recognised data in Email : [email protected]
an accessible format. www.acenet.co.uk
Data has been obtained from many sources based upon advice from
active Mechanical Engineers within the industry, which has been added Association for Decentralised Energy
to by selected Manufacturers.
6th Floor 10 Dean Farrar Street London SW1H 0DX
Applications Tel : 020 3031 8740
Email: [email protected]
The main purposes of Rules of Thumb are in: www.theade.co.uk
Simple Repetitive Designs
Domestic central heating is an example where main design parameters British Safety Council
and costs can often be provided by simple rules rather than detailed
estimating. 70 Chancellors Road London W6 9RS
Preliminary Assessments Tel : 020 3510 8355
Producing guideline parameters for alternative options at project Email : [email protected]
conception stage, e.g. to compare heating only against air conditioning www.britsafe.org
options.
Outline Design British Standards Institution
Deriving approximate dimensions and size implications at the sketch plan
stage of a project. 389 Chiswick High Road London W4 4AL
Final Design Tel : 020 8996 7001
To check that the final design parameters are of the right order. This is Email : [email protected]
to avoid major errors passing unnoticed in detailed computations. www.bsigroup.com
Handing on Experience
To assist Junior Engineers to develop a feel for Common Sense Parameters. Building Controls Industry Association
Software Error Traps
To question the calculated results obtained from a computer programme c/o FETA 2 Waltham Court Milley Lane Hare Hatch
if it appears to be unreasonable in the light of known parameters. This Reading Berkshire RG10 9TH
could be due to an error in the software or, more likely, an error in inputting Tel : 0118 940 3416
data. Rules of Thumb built into software as common-sense checks are Email : [email protected]
known as Heuristics. They perform a checking function and send a www.bcia.co.uk
warning message to the operator, if detailed calculations provide a
“nonsense” answer. Building Engineering Services Association

Acknowledgements Rotherwick House 3 Thomas More Street St Katharine’s &
Wapping London E1W 1YZ
The publishers acknowledge with thanks the contributors to the technical Tel : 020 7313 4900
sections and the permission granted for including the extracts during its Email : [email protected]
compilation: www.thebesa.com

Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers Building Research Establishment

British Standards Institute Bucknalls Lane Watford Hertfordshire WD25 9XX
Tel : 0333 321 8811
Building Services Research & Information Association Email : [email protected]
www.bregroup.com
Liability
BSRIA Limited
BuildingDesign Media have made every effort to ensure accuracy of
information, collated from a number of sources, however cannot accept Old Bracknell Lane West Bracknell Berkshire RG12 7AH
any liability for: Tel : 01344 465600
Email : [email protected]
i) Errors & omissions www.bsria.co.uk

ii) Any loss or damage arising from their use Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers

iii) Responsibility that the data listed conforms to legal, statutory 222 Balham High Road London SW12 9BS
or regulatory requirements Tel : 020 8675 5211
Fax : 020 8675 5449
www.cibse.org

NBS Construction Industry Council

The Building Centre 26 Store Street London WC1E 7BT
Tel : 020 7399 7400
Email : [email protected]
www.cic.org.uk

Federation of Environmental Trade Associations

2 Waltham Court Milley Lane Hare Hatch Reading RG10 9TH
Tel : 0118 940 3416
Email : [email protected]
www.feta.co.uk

Health and Safety Executive

Redgrave Court Merton Road Bootle Merseyside L20 7HS
Tel : 0300 003 1747
Contact : http:/www.hse.gov.uk/contact/index.htm
www.hse.gov.uk

NBS

The Old Post Office St Nicholas Street Newcastle Upon Tyne
Tyne & Wear NE1 1RH
Tel : 0191 244 5500
Email : [email protected]
www.thenbs.com

The Organisations listed above are for general information and do not endorse, support or sponsor this publication in any form.

Chilled Beams - Cooling & Heating Effects - 51

Thermal Comfort Principles

How we experience the thermal indoor climate depends primarily on our overall heat exchange with the surroundings. A person’s thermal comfort is
affected by the following: ● air temperature ● radiant temperature ● relative humidity ● air velocity ● activity ● clothing

Thermal comfort is realised when a person feels in thermal balance i.e. Frenger avoids such situations of high air velocities for passive chilled
they are neither too hot nor too cold. In addition, there should be no beam solutions by having 40% of their cooling by ‘Radiant’ absorption
unwanted heating or cooling of individual exposed body areas (draughts and the remaining 60% by convection (“X-Wing”). The radiant quotation
around the neck or the ankles). We primarily exchange heat to our provides cooling without any air movement; hence the total cooling air
surroundings via ‘Convection’ and ‘Radiation’. movement is approximately 35% lower air velocities than that of a
convective-only passive chilled beam (fin coil batteries are 95%
These two methods of transferring heat are approximately equal with convective). Frenger also limits total cooling capacities to 315 watts/linear
normal air movement in a room. Therefore, we are affected just as much meter for ‘Radiant’ passive chilled beams and 200 watts/linear meter if
by the room’s surface temperatures as we are by the air temperature. convective-only fin coil battery element, both of which when concealed
behind a perforated metal fascia and/or ceiling.
If the temperature of the room’s surface is decreased, fully or in part, the
air temperature can be increased by an amount corresponding to the Frenger avoids such situations for high air velocities for active chilled
decrease in the room surface’s mean temperature. Therefore, when we beam solutions by limiting the supply air discharge to not exceed 23
cool an environment with a radiant cooling device, the desired operative ltrs/sec/meter for a two-way discharge unit and through patented
temperature can be slightly higher. Vice versa, when we heat an registered designs. This creates the “Coanda” effect within the casing of
environment with a radiant heating device, the desired operative the product by means of a smooth (non-faceted) discharge curve and air
temperature can be slightly lower, thus energy savings are available. management discharge veins ‘AMDM’ mounted within the air chamber
at the point of discharge for a short fan shaped distribution pattern. This
Thermal comfort is also affected by the velocity and temperature of any short fan shaped distribution with the “Coanda” effect is particularly useful
air movement within the space. As a rule of thumb when cooling an indoor when two or more active beams are positioned closer together than 3m,
environment with a room temperature of 24°C, the air movement within as without such product features, care must be taken to avoid converging
the space should not exceed 0.25 m/s. air streams/turbulence intensity.

Excessive air speeds cause (draughts) discomfort which is measured by Frenger takes thermal comfort so seriously they have invested millions
the Percentage People Dissatisfied (‘PPD’). The European standard for of pounds in their UK Technical Facility to equip themselves with 3
such matters is ISO 7730: “Ergonomics of the Indoor Environment”. Climatic Test Labs, 2 Photometric Lighting Labs and an Acoustic Sound
Laboratory to not only enable their R&D to be one step ahead of the
Frenger always designs and selects its product solutions with thermal competition, but also to extensively test all disciplines (heating, cooling,
comfort as a fundamental starting position before meeting the required lighting and sound) of the products they develop and manufacture.
cooling and/or heating loads of the indoor environment. Frenger also gains secondary validation by using independent
laboratories for each discipline periodically. All Frenger’s Chilled Beam
Some companies just design or select their products to meet the cooling product performance have been independently tested and “Accredited”
and/or heating loads with little regard for thermal comfort, which can lead by the Eurovent Certification Scheme.
to occupancy complaints even though the environment may be at the
design temperature. Usually this is due to high air velocities below the
cooling device ‘if passive’, or in-between cooling devices ‘if active’.

Frenger Passive Beam Features Frenger Active Beam Features

40% Radiant Absorption / Fresh air introduced via the fascia / underplate.
Room air induced through fin coil cooling
60% Convective Passive System. batteries.
High cooling capacity of up to 1000 W/m.
Can be concealed behind micro perforated Heating capacity 500 W/m.
ceiling systems or within an MSCB or fully Can integrate lighting and other services,
exposed. including controls within an architectural metal
casing “MSCB” (Multiservice Chilled Beam).
Requires minimal control.
Compact®
75-135 W/m² cooling capacity when High output with shallow depth
concealed behind a ceiling or up to 315
W/linear meter as part of an MSCB.

X-Wing®
Single sinusoidal coil with no joints /

no risk of leaking

Running Cost / Energy Use – Chilled Beams

There are several aspects of an active chilled beam system that promote a more energy efficient operation than air-based systems such as fan coil units
and VAV. Typically, the chilled water is distributed to the chilled beams at 14-17°C to minimise the risk of condensation, whereas fan coil units operate
typically at 6-12°C. Elevated chilled water temperatures offer two principal benefits in terms of energy efficiency:

By operating the chiller plant at elevated temperatures, its co-efficient of performance (COP) is increased and energy consumption reduced. The efficiency
of the compressor can be increased by using a dry cooling system (inlet water 14°C instead of 7°C) with a percentage increase in COP of typically 22%.

Elevated temperatures enable a significant increase in the opportunity to avail free cooling from sources such as outdoor air or ground water heat sinks.
That is an annual increase from 800 hours to 2000 hours for a 12-hour day and 2100 to 5200 hours for 24-hour operation.

Fan coil units and VAV systems rely on a fan assisted cooling distribution; that is each fan coil unit incorporates a fan. Chilled beam systems utilise a
centralised fan that can be sized to deliver the amount of air to meet respiratory requirements (not additional air to compensate for cooling loads); with
a consequent reduction in capital cost, electricity consumption and maintenance cost.

Approximate Air Volume Required (l/s/m²) Fan Coil Unit Passive Chilled Beam Active Chilled Beam VAV System (12ºC) Displacement System
Reduced Electrical Energy Consumption (18ºC Supply Air)
1.2 1.2 1.2 8
Low Maintenance No Yes Yes No 14
Good Thermal Comfort No Yes Yes Medium No
No Yes Yes No Yes
Low Noise Level No Yes Yes Medium Medium
Yes

Frenger Systems Ltd Tel : 01332 295678
Riverside Road Fax : 01332 381054
Pride Park
Derby DE24 8HY @Frenger
Email : [email protected]
Frenger Systems Ltd is an FTF Group Company Website : www.frenger.co.uk

52 - Dehumidification / Humidification / Upgrades

Munters Desiccant Rotor Technology Munters Adiabatic Humidification & Cooling

Munters desiccant dehumidifiers attract moisture from the air by creating Water is circulated through a pump station and supplied to the top of the
an area of low vapour pressure at the surface of the desiccant. The cooling pad via a distribution manifold. A distribution pad on the top of
pressure exerted by the water in the air is higher, so the water molecules the cooling pad ensures an even water distribution. The water flows down
move from the air to the desiccant and the air is dehumidified. the corrugated surface of the GLASdek evaporative cooling pad.

Munters desiccant dehumidifiers make use of changing vapour pressures Part of the water is evaporated by the warm and dry air that passes
to dry air continuously in a repeating cycle described by the simple through the pad. The heat that is needed for the evaporation is taken
diagram below. As the desiccant picks up moisture from the surrounding from the air itself. The air that leaves the pad is therefore cooled and
air, dry air is discharged to the process area and the reactivation air humidified simultaneously without any external energy supply for the
stream discharges the wet air outside. evaporation process. This is nature’s own cooling process. Modular
design fits all AHUs, for airflows from 0.5 to 30m³/s.
Munters units can operate in a wide range of temperatures, including at
low temperatures down to -40°C. Munters Direct Evaporative Cooling systems reject heat without adding
moisture to data centres, hospitals, airports, correctional and power
Munters Desiccant Rotor Principle facilities. Evaporative cooling is an energy efficient solution for industry,
where hot indoor climates lead to low yields, reduced productivity and
Process air Dry air unsatisfied working staff.

EC Plug Fan Upgrades

Air heater

Wet air Reactivation air

Drive motor

Munters PowerPurge™ - Save up to 35% Energy Upgrading dehumidifiers and air handling units (AHUs) with EC Plug fan
technology can realise significant savings. Benefits include:
PowerPurge works in a similar way to the standard desiccant rotor, yet
it has its own small fan that circulates the air between the two additional • Reduce energy consumption by up to 75%
sectors. PowerPurge saves energy in two ways:
• Reduce running costs
The unique patented PowerPurge acts as an energy recovery system,
collecting waste heat off the hottest section of the desiccant wheel and • Save on labour & maintenance
using it to help with the regeneration by pre-heating the coolest part of
the rotor. This reduces the energy required for reactivation while also • No more belts to change
reducing the discharge temperature of the process air, resulting in lower
energy costs for post-cooling; • Reduce CO2 – help meet targets

PowerPurge can also save on first cost. Equipping a desiccant system • Improve speed control
with PowerPurge can reduce the size of the desiccant rotor without
diminishing the dehumidification capacity. • Upgrading rather than replacing AHUs
saves time, money & resources
Munters Rotor Principle with PowerPurge™
Munters offer a FREE, full survey report and
Dry air data logging service. This ensures any proposals are based on actual
power use, enabling Munters engineers to forecast expected savings.
Process air Munters unique modular frame and fan plate systems enable fast
installation, reducing downtime.

Dry Room Systems for R&D and Production

Wet air Air heater

Cold air Reactivation air
PowerPurge™
air stream Warm air

Drive motor

Benefits of Munters PowerPurge™
• Reduced reactivation energy
• Reduced post cooling energy
• Energy savings
• Improved drying performance

Munters Ltd Tel : 01480 432243
Knowledge Centre
Wyboston Lakes @MuntersUK
Great North Road Wyboston Email : [email protected]
Bedfordshire MK44 3BY Website : www.munters.com

Close Control AC - High Density Cooling - 53

High Density Heat Loads AFPS

With the deployment of modern IT hardware, including blade servers and AFPS is the Automatic Floor Pressurisation System pioneered by Uniflair.
the like, today’s data centre is experiencing heat load concentrations Pressure sensors beneath the raised floor are used in conjunction with
which go far beyond the capabilities of traditional cooling solutions. That Uniflair downflow units with variable speed EC fans and AFPS software
said, in most data centres it is not necessary to cater for such a high heat to ensure a constant pressure within the void.
load throughout but it is essential to ensure that it is planned for in a This system fulfils two primary objectives:
particular high density area or areas.
Heavy promotion of “in-row” or “in-rack” cooling solutions in recent times 1 Adequate airflow within the floor void at all
has led to a popular misconception that downflow systems providing times, especially in conjunction with Active
cooling air via a raised floor void are inadequate to cope with high heat Floor® modules;
load densities. With the products and technologies offered by Uniflair,
this is simply not the case. Indeed, TÜV laboratories have certified the 2 Saving energy by automatically keeping
Uniflair solution at heat load densities up to 40kW/rack. downflow unit fan speeds to the minimum
necessary to meet the requirements of the
First Steps data centre at the time. This is especially
valuable when racks are only deployed or
The first steps in any modern data centre are to: loaded over a period of time according to
customer requirements.
1 “Go with the flow” of the servers themselves, with their cool air intake
at the front and exhaust at the rear, by adopting a “hot-aisle cold-aisle” Cool Pool
rack configuration;
For the ultimate heat load densities of
2 Ensure that the clear raised floor void is deep enough to ensure up to 40kW/rack, the Uniflair “Cool Pool”
adequate air distribution. This may be anywhere between 300 and solution is deployed.
1000mm depending upon the size of the area and the layout of cables This combines downflow units with EC
and other services beneath the floor; fans, AFPS, Active Floor® modules and
the segregation of the hot and cold air
3 Ensure that there are adequate floor grille outlets in the cold aisles streams which is achieved either by
for the cooling air requirements of the servers in the adjacent racks. cold aisle containment: enclosing each
cold aisle with transparent doors and
Active Floor ceiling; or by hot aisle containment in a
similar fashion.
As the heat load per rack approaches 15kW or more, then further steps Either method prevents any risk of
are required to ensure that there is an adequate supply of cooling air into short-circuiting of air from the hot aisle
back to the cold aisle.
the cold aisle in front of the servers that These techniques offer a solution which are as modular and scalable as
need it. Uniflair Active Floor® is a 600mm the in-rack or in-row alternatives but are much more flexible.
square unit that fits exactly into the space Required levels of redundancy are much more easily incorporated and
of one tile of an access floor. Located in the absence of water or other liquid coolants in or around the racks
the cold aisle directly in front of a rack, it minimises the risk of damage to hardware in the event of any leakages.
incorporates a variable speed EC motor- Uniflair is an ISO9001 and ISO14001 certified manufacturer and an official
driven fan controlled by temperature endorser of the EU Code of Conduct on Data Centre Energy Efficiency.
sensors, located at the rear of the rack to
automatically adjust airflow in accordance
with the instantaneous demand of the
servers within the rack. With its adjustable
diffuser vanes, it also ensures that the
cooling air can be directed across the whole of the front face of the rack,
avoiding any starving of the uppermost servers. With adequate cooling
and airflow available from the perimeter downflow units, installation of
Active Floor® enables the handling of heat loads of up to 25kW per rack.

Uniflair Limited Tel : 01702 219494
33 Star Lane Estate Fax : 01702 219898
Southend-on-Sea
Essex Email : [email protected]
SS3 0PJ Website : www.uniflair.co.uk

54 - Adiabatic Cooling Technologies

Adiabatic Process System Efficiencies

Adiabatic coolers offer the benefit of the pre-cooling of ambient air stream Adiabatic Efficiency: A measure of an adiabatic cooling process ability to
entering the cooler, following the principles of adiabatic humidification. reach 100% saturation.
The entering air stream is cooled and humidified, at constant wet-bulb Typical efficiencies range from 80-90% for standard spray type adiabatic
temperature. systems up to 100% for hybrid systems.
Absorption Efficiency: A measure of the ability of the adiabatic system to
Benefits absorb the adiabatic supply water into the airstream. Typically, spray
systems incorporating atomising nozzles have a relatively high absorption
• Higher cooling output per m2 of plant space efficiency of upto 80%, whereas, flooded or cascading type systems have
• Ability to achieve lower leaving water temperatures at a specified a low absorption efficiency of under 10% and therefore normally
incorporate a collection basin and water recirculation pump.
entering ambient air condition
• Possibility of free cooling Approach
• Reduced power input for a specified cooling output & leaving water
Approach is defined as the difference between the ambient dry bulb
temperature temperature AFTER the adiabatic process and the water leaving
temperature. It is possible to achieve an approach temperature as low
as 1°C. However, consideration should be given to the physical size of
the plant, since a lower approach generally requires a much deeper coil
which can lead to excessive airside pressure drops.

Considerations

• Supply of water for the adiabatic process.

• Water treatment where applicable.

• Hygiene & prevention of legionella growth

• L8 Compliance

• Compliance with VDI2047-2

• Reduced CAPEX & OPEX Industrial Pad • Increased maintenance & logging

System Types Hybrid (H.S.S.)

Adiabatic Spray

Water is supplied to a distribution rack at low Water is supplied to a distribution pipe at the top Operation is similar to a standard adiabatic spray
pressure and subsequently sprayed in counter of a lattice of adiabatic pads positioned before system, however, the spray water is directed
flow direction against the incoming air through a the coil. Water subsequently cascades down the towards the coil at medium pressure.
network of nozzles. pads. Entering ambient air passes through the
pads where the air is adiabatically cooled. Hybrid systems have the added benefit of direct
The water is atomised through the nozzles to sensible cooling on the coil due to the lower
produce a fine mist. Any unevaporated water falls into a collection adiabatic water temperature. The absorption
basin. Cascading systems normally incorporate efficiency is similar to a standard spray system,
Recirculation of the spray water is not essential recirculation due to the low absorption efficiency. and therefore recirculation is not essential.
due to the relatively high absorption efficiency.
Adiabatic Efficiency: 80-90% Adiabatic Efficiency: 90-95% Adiabatic Efficiency: up to 100%

Absorption Efficiency: High Absorption Efficiency: Low Absorption Efficiency: Med-High

System Comparison

Saturation Spray Pads - Open Circuit Pads - Close Circuit H.S.S.
Increasing R.H. ■■■■■■■■■■ 80% ■■■■■■■■■■ 99% ■■■■■■■■■■ 99% ■■■■■■■■■■ 100%
Air Temperature Reduction ■■■■■■■■■■ 30% ■■■■■■■■■■ 60% ■■■■■■■■■■ 60% ■■■■■■■■■■ 55%
Ventilation Energy Saving ■■■■■■■■■■ -5 K ■■■■■■■■■■ -8 K ■■■■■■■■■■ -8 K ■■■■■■■■■■ -10 K
Direct Energy Consumption ■■■■■■■■■■ 2/10 ■■■■■■■■■■ 4/10 ■■■■■■■■■■ 4/10 ■■■■■■■■■■ 5/10
Water Consumption ■■■■■■■■■■ 1/10 ■■■■■■■■■■ 1/10 ■■■■■■■■■■ 3/10 ■■■■■■■■■■ 1/10
Investment ■■■■■■■■■■ 4/10 ■■■■■■■■■■ 9/10 ■■■■■■■■■■ 3/10 ■■■■■■■■■■ 5/10
Water Quality ■■■■■■■■■■ 2/10 ■■■■■■■■■■ 5/10 ■■■■■■■■■■ 6/10 ■■■■■■■■■■ 3/10
■■■■■■■■■■ 6/10 ■■■■■■■■■■ 3/10 ■■■■■■■■■■ 3/10 ■■■■■■■■■■ 8/10

Precision Cooling Ltd Tel : 01702 535135
33 Star Lane
Southend-on-Sea Email : [email protected]
Essex Website : www.drycoolers.co.uk
SS3 0PJ

Achieving Desirable Cooling Comfort - 55

Still Air

ASHRAE defines ‘still air’ as a condition where the velocity of the air is lower than 0.15m/s, a level where people cannot detect air movement.

Wind-Free™ Cooling

Samsung has developed Wind-Free™ technology to achieve ‘still air’, maintaining a dispersed gentle soft flow of cool air through thousands of micro holes.
The innovative technology was launched as a split system wall unit and now extends to 1-way and 4-way cassette units for single split and VRF systems.

2 Stage Process

The 2 stage process initially utilises standard operation through wide louvre blades to reduce the temperature of the room. Then Wind-Free™ operation
disperses a gentle flow of cool air to maintain the temperature and comfort condition.

4-Way (600x600): 9,000 Micro Holes Based on Internal Test (AS140NN4DKH/EU(14.0kW) @ 122m²

Wind-Free™cooling mode eliminates draughts and cold spots, achieving ultimate comfort conditions.

Conventional 4-Way Wind-Free™ 4-Way

Applications 1-Way
1-Way
1-way cassettes can be installed into hotel bedrooms as an
alternative to ducted units and provide superior comfort.

4-way cassettes can be applied to offices and retail stores to
achieve ideal comfort conditions for building occupants, staff and
customers.

Samsung Electronics Air Conditioner Tel : 01932 575604

Europe B.V.

Evert van de Beekstraat 310 @SamsungUK

118 CX Schiphol Email : [email protected]

Netherlands Website : samsung.com/climate

56 - Fan Coil Units

Fan Coils

The Type PWX range of fan coil units comprises of six sizes to cover a range of airflows from 50 l/s to 636 l/s. The fan coils can also be matched to the
available TROX plenum/grille sets for system optimisation.
With heating and cooling (4-pipe) and cooling only (2-pipe) options available, the Type PWX is based around a standard base unit of 270 mm with 6 sizes
of unit available (600, 900, 1200, 1500, 1800, and 2050 mm).
With 16 different fan options available the Type PWX has 9 different air flow configurations.
A range of optional equipment and accessories is available including: Integrated controls package, inlet attenuator, discharge attenuator, inlet plenum,
electric heating and circular or rectangular discharge connection.

Controls

Type PWX fan coils can be supplied, as standard, with a wide range of controls from simple single zone (room) control to more sophisticated BMS
compatible BACnet controllers.

Integrated TROX control strategies, including energy efficient VAV functionality, are supplied as standard however project specific functionality can be
programmed upon request. In addition to electrical control, TROX are able to offer a complete package of waterside controls. Various sensor packages
can also be included to offer monitoring of all performance aspects.

Testing

Type PWX fan coil unit, attenuator and plenums have been independently evaluated at SRL Technical Services. UK based on-site testing facilities are
available for solution verification and project teams are welcome to observe testing.

Fan Type F7: (Guide NR35)

Airside Cooling Heating

Model FCU Supply Volume Total Sens. Water flow Water Pt Total Water flow Water Pt SFP

(l/s) m3/hr) (kW) (kW) (kg/s) (kPa) (kW) (kg/s) (kPa) (w/l/s)

PWX-60/1 121 436 1.95 1.61 0.077 12.1 2.13 0.028 1.2 0.19

PWX-90/1 153 551 2.60 2.16 0.104 9.5 3.23 0.043 3.5 0.22

PWX-90/2 220 792 3.57 2.95 0.142 16.5 4.11 0.055 5.4 0.19

PWX-120/2 276 994 4.53 3.75 0.180 15.8 4.90 0.065 1.7 0.21

PWX-120/3 276 994 4.53 3.75 0.180 15.8 4.90 0.065 1.7 0.18

PWX-150/3 359 1292 5.87 4.86 0.234 14.0 6.60 0.088 3.4 0.19

PWX-180/3 388 1397 6.45 5.34 0.257 11.9 7.65 0.102 5.1 0.21

PWX-180/4 427 1537 7.00 5.80 0.279 13.7 8.13 0.108 5.7 0.19

PWX-205/4 470 1692 7.71 6.39 0.307 12.8 9.26 0.123 7.9 0.20

Fan Type F10: (Guide NR35)

Airside Cooling Heating

Model FCU Supply Volume Total Sens. Water flow Water Pt Total Water flow Water Pt SFP

(l/s) m3/hr) (kW) (kW) (kg/s) (kPa) (kW) (kg/s) (kPa) (w/l/s)

PWX-60/1 - - - - - - - - - -

PWX-90/1 - - - - - - - - - -

PWX-90/2 249 896 3.94 3.26 0.157 19.6 4.45 0.059 6.1 0.22

PWX-120/2 303 1091 4.90 4.06 0.195 18.2 5.22 0.069 1.9 0.23

PWX-120/3 368 1325 5.75 4.76 0.229 23.9 5.87 0.078 2.4 0.22

PWX-150/3 416 1498 6.63 5.49 0.264 17.3 7.24 0.096 4.0 0.23

PWX-180/3 423 1523 6.95 5.76 0.277 13.5 8.10 0.108 5.6 0.24

PWX-180/4 489 1760 7.85 6.50 0.313 16.4 8.87 0.118 6.6 0.22

PWX-205/4 521 1876 8.40 6.96 0.335 15.0 9.87 0.131 8.8 0.21

TROX UK Ltd Tel : +44 (0) 1842 754545
Caxton Way Fax : +44 (0) 1842 763051
Thetford
Norfolk @TROXUK
IP24 3SQ Email : [email protected]
Website : www.troxuk.co.uk

The Art of Handling Air - 57

TROX UK Ltd

TROX is a global leader in the development, production and sale of components, units and systems for the ventilation and air conditioning of rooms.
With 31 subsidiary companies in 29 countries on five continents, 18 production facilities, and importers and representatives. TROX is present in over 70
countries. Currently, the TROX GROUP has around 4,000 employees worldwide and generates revenues of about EUR 530 million.

Air Handling Units – X-CUBE Flow Control Units – VAV terminal units & CAV controllers
• Flexible with individual configuration options • Distinguished by their quality, easy commissioning & precise

• Eurovent certified, ErP ready function

• In addition to the standard AHU for commercial applications, • Able to meet the most demanding acoustic requirements
variants include: dual ATEX certification option, weatherproof for
outdoor use, hygiene variant for hospitals & laboratories • Suitable for air conditioning in all kinds of internal spaces

• Suitable for laboratories, clean room technologies, fume
cupboards & room control needs

Grilles & Diffusers Demand Based Room Control
Developed with renowned
designers and architects, TROX • Efficient individual room
provides a range of: control with X-AIRCONTROL

• Ceiling, swirl, floor, industrial, • Less design & commissioning
staircase & slot diffusers effort

• Air & roll down grilles • Adaptable if room use changes

• Jet nozzles • Optimisation of AHU based on
ventilation & air conditioning
parameters

• Zone modules combine
information from humidity, air
quality, temperature & PIP
sensors

Chilled Beams Also available Fan Coil Units
• Active & passive chilled beams • Decentralised ventilation systems
• Fire & smoke protection • An air conditioning terminal unit that, combined
• Multi-service chilled beams (MSCB) can • Silencers with a diffuser, provides air conditioning suited to
incorporate cooling & heating systems and • Filter units & filter elements offices, hotel rooms, shops & restaurants
the following services: • Ventilation & exhaust building fans
- Lighting • Automation & system technology • Guaranteed noise levels, thermal & aerodynamic
- Public address systems performance – independently evaluated
- Smoke detectors & water sprinklers
- CCTV & PIP sensors • BIM/Revit files available for all product sizes &
- BMS, voice & data cables optional equipment

• 6 sizes of unit based around a base unit of length,
90mm & height 270mm

• 9 different air flow configurations with 16 different
fan options

TROX UK Ltd Tel : +44 (0) 1842 754545
Caxton Way Fax : +44 (0) 1842 763051
Thetford
Norfolk @TROXUK
IP24 3SQ Email : [email protected]
Website : www.troxuk.co.uk

58 - Daikin UK - Case Study

Fitness club back to full health with rapid change to R32 chiller

A Norwich health and fitness club was one of the first sites to benefit from Daikin’s
Reclaim With Confidence service – and the new-generation, R32-based EWAT-B chiller.
The David Lloyd facility at Hellesdon, four miles from the city centre, includes a full
suite of gym equipment and group exercise studios, plus indoor and outdoor swimming
pools, tennis courts and badminton courts, and a lounge area. With easy road access,
ample parking, a superstore as its neighbour and a popular hotel upstairs, the club
enjoys high prominence and an enthusiastic membership with at least 1,000 fitness
enthusiasts swiping in to use the facilities on a typical day.
The club has operated under various brands for 20 years, finally becoming part of the
David Lloyd Leisure network about three years ago. The gym and exercise studios are
at the heart of the club, and a temperate environment is essential for the comfort of
their users and instructors.
Temperatures are regulated by fan coil units and an air handling unit that are fed with
chilled water from a chiller housed in a ground-level enclosure at the rear of the club.
The club’s experience manager, Gary Wood, says with reliability issues overhanging
the existing chiller and repairs impractical because of the unit’s age, it was time for
new technology.
Nationwide Air Conditioning, a Daikin D1+ Partner and David Lloyd contractor,
recommended the Daikin EWAT-B chiller. As a first step, the old chiller had to be decommissioned – which involved recovering its 99kg charge of R407C
refrigerant to render it safe for removal. Nationwide project manager Daniel Valente says: “We’d heard about the Reclaim With Confidence service at a
Daikin D1 Business Partner conference. Norwich was a good opportunity to try it.”

Daikin offers Reclaim With Confidence in partnership with A-Gas, which provides a rapid refrigerant recovery service, coupled with specialist reprocessing
of refrigerants that are still in general use and efficient disposal of those that are not.

The refrigerant recovery service is a boon to Daikin Business Partners, using more powerful recovery machines than engineers normally use and long
recovery hoses to reach condensing units in virtually any location. In addition, the A-Gas crews bring their own recovery cylinders – avoiding another chore
for engineers.

The major benefit of the rapid recovery service is that it can significantly reduce downtime for the customer's equipment – and it saves valuable working
time for engineers.

Daniel Valente says Reclaim With Confidence was a key factor in the success
of the Norwich project. “It enabled us to replace the old chiller more quickly than
would have been possible otherwise. As a result, we were able to recommission
the entire system and bring indoor temperatures to the desired levels with
minimal delay.”

He says the choice of the new Daikin EWAT-B chiller was simple. “It is a good
quality product. We’ve worked with them previously and we know that the
support from Daikin is excellent.”

The EWAT-B is the world’s first air-cooled scroll chiller with R32 refrigerant a
product of Daikin’s ongoing quest for innovation and an expansion of its
Bluevolution range to larger capacity systems. These chillers range from
80-700kW.

R32 has a global warming potential of 675 – one third of the GWP of the
commonly used R410A blend (of which R32 is a 50% component). With its low
flammability classification, R32 can be safely used in many applications –
including chilled water systems. And as a single-component refrigerant, R32 is
easier to recycle.

Daikin UK Tel : 01932 879000
The Heights
Brooklands @Daikinuk
Weybridge Website : www.daikin.co.uk
Surrey KT13 0NY

VRF Air Conditioning - 59

Technology within LG’s MULTI V 5 VRF System

Dual Sensing Control

One of the most impressive features of LG’s MULTI V 5 is its Dual Sensing Control which helps the air conditioning unit evaluate climate conditions down
to the smallest detail. Unlike conventional air conditioners which only track temperature, the MULTI V 5 measures both temperature and humidity levels
for outdoor and indoor environments. This comprehensive understanding of multiple climate conditions helps the solution determine its parameters to
achieve optimal energy efficiency and maximum indoor comfort levels.
Efficient systems like Smart Load Control makes it possible to control outdoor unit discharge refrigerant temperature, increasing energy efficiency anywhere
from 15 to 31% depending on humidity conditions. Typical VRFs normally fluctuate considerably to maintain a set indoor temperature, making them highly
inefficient. The MULTI V 5’s Dual Sensing Control also has a Comfort Cooling function which maintains operation around the desired temperature,
delivering maximum user comfort.

Ultimate Inverter Compressor

The LG MULTI V 5’s new Ultimate Inverter Compressor offers unrivaled efficiency, reliability and durability. Improving on the 15 to 150 Hz operational
range of its predecessor, it operates from 10 Hz to 165 Hz. This widened range increases part load efficiency and enhances the MULTI V 5’s ability to
quickly reach the desired temperature.
The MULTI V 5 features an enhanced bearing system layered with PEEK (Polyetheretherketone) – an advanced material normally used in aeroplane
engines – this efficient infrastructure allows the MULTI V 5 to operate for sustained periods without any oil. In addition, the MULTI V 5’s Smart Oil
Management uses sensors to check the compressor's oil balance in real time, minimising unnecessary oil recovery operation.

Large Capacity ODU Humpback Whale
Design
With an innovative biomimetic fan, 4-sided heat exchanger, and improved compressor performance,
the MULTI V 5’s efficiency and capacity have each been enhanced, making it possible for a single ODU
to reach 26 HP. Utilising research from the Seoul National University’s Department of Mechanical and
Aerospace Engineering, the engineers behind the MULTI V 5 drew on inspiration from humpback whale
flippers when designing the fan. Moreover, the solution's advanced biomimetic fan significantly increases
wind capacity.

Black Fin Clam Shell
Pattern
Equipped with LG’s exclusive Black Fin™, the MULTI V 5 is protected from corrosive substances such
as salt, sand and other elements brought in by sea winds as well as industrial pollution. The black coating
of the Black Fin heat exchanger keeps water from accumulating to minimise moisture build up. This
durability enhancement prolongs the product's lifespan and lowers maintenance costs, paving the way
for improved performance.

Active Refrigerant Control

LG’s Active Refrigerant Control automatically regulates the amount of refrigerant circulating each cycle.
Thanks to its ability to increase the flow of refrigerant incrementally, this precise five-step system leads to a 3% improvement in energy efficiency.

Oil Separator Oil Separator

No loss in
suction gas

Compressor Oil Sensor
MULTI V 5
Compressor
CONVENTIONAL

Heat Exchangers

The Variable Heat Exchanger Circuit, which implements LG’s patented variable heat exchanger technology, automatically controls the heat exchanger’s
surfaces, selecting the optimal path hot and cold streams. This reduces energy loss and contributes a 15% increase to integrated energy efficiency.

1) Conventional 2) MULTI V 5
The number and the direction of the path are fixed independent of Variable Heat Exchanger Circuit adjusts the path operation modes,
temperature and operation mode. A fixed path limits efficiency. thereby contributing to an increase in energy efficiency.
Compromising efficiency for each operation. Maximising efficiency for all operations.

COOLING HEATING COOLING HEATING

Advantages of a Split Coil

1) Split defrost. 2) Optimising efficiencies cooling, heating and partial load. 3) Allows cooling down to -10ºC by using single coil.

LG Electronics UK Ltd Tel : 01932 331400
AE Dept Velocity 2
Brooklands Drive Brooklands @LGUK_B2B
Weybridge Website : partner.lge.com/uk
Surrey KT13 0SL

60 - Heat Pumps for Heating Heating accounts for more than half of the total energy consumed by an
average commercial property, so this is the obvious area to target to make
Ready for Mass Market Renewables the required difference.

We are rapidly approaching the end of gas and oil as the dominant The line-up includes the QAHV commercial heating system which runs on
method of heating our homes and so the future of mass market heating CO2 (R744) to deliver hot water up to 90°C and help businesses increase
utilising heat pumps is nearly upon us. the efficiency of hot water production whilst significantly reducing their
carbon footprint.
The decarbonisation of the grid combined with the urgent need to tackle
climate change means we have to find ways to significantly reduce carbon The products are now proving themselves in schools, offices, showrooms,
in our society – and heat pumps provide a straightforward way of in farming and in almost any situation calling for reliable, renewable
achieving that. heating.

With buildings accounting for over 40% of all UK emissions, reducing the District & Community Heating
carbon footprint of each property will have a significant effect on helping
achieve the nation’s carbon reduction targets. Ecodan is being used across the nation, from the Isle of Skye to the Isle
of Wight, in individual homes and delivering community heating in projects
In preparation for the days of mass market, renewable heating, Mitsubishi such as the multi award-winning Kingston Heights project, which sees 132
Electric has developed one of the most comprehensive ranges of apartments and a 142-bed hotel get their renewable heating from the
sustainable alternatives that are flexible in design, easy for skilled River Thames.
engineers to install and straightforward for building operators to use.
The latest addition to the range, the 40kW QAHV, delivers hot water up to
The award winning Ecodan heat pumps are available from 4kW up to 90°C for commercial sanitary hot water applications in hotels, leisure
960kW, making them suitable for virtually any property, from small flats to centres, hospitals, care homes, restaurants, schools and universities.
large detached houses, from an office block to a school.
The system is equally suited to manufacturing processes and district
They are the renewable, low carbon alternative to traditional high carbon heating schemes.
heating systems – the renewable heating technology that efficiently and
reliably generates sustainable space heating and hot water all year round, Ecodan® Heat Pumps
delivering a level of comfort that sets the technology apart from other
forms of heating. Ecodan harvests renewable energy from the outdoor air, ground or open
water and upgrades it to provide heating and hot water for homes and
Now in its sixth generation, the line-up includes the ultra-quiet Ecodan commercial properties.
which virtually eliminates the need for planning permission.
With Ecodan, for every 1kW of energy fed in, you get at least 3.2kW of
All the latest developments have focused on improving hot water recovery heat energy out, because the air source heat pump harvests at least
efficiency and time, and ease of installation and use, and this includes a 2.2kW of renewable energy from the ambient air. This gives Ecodan an
range of cylinders using a completely new way of heating the water in average Co-efficient Of Performance (COP) of 3.2 across the year.
domestic situations, with a plate heat exchanger and patented Scale-Stop
technology to eliminate the effect of lime scale.

Mitsubishi Electric has also introduced remote energy monitoring on every
Ecodan that leaves the factory, with the company believing that this is key
to demonstrating the effectiveness of heat pumps and helping
homeowners qualify for incentive payments.

The domestic range offers three different options for homeowners:

• Standard Level which is pre-installed at the factory, offering remote
energy monitoring using partial estimation of energy use;

• Level Two which includes the addition of an electric meter;

• Level Three which adds a Metering and Monitoring Service Package
(MMSP) heat meter, enabling homeowners to receive an additional
RHI payment.

High Efficiency for New-Build

A new domestic Ecodan 4kW unit has been developed specifically to meet
the demands of modern homebuilding techniques.

The unique design of the Ecodan QUHZ air source heat pump delivers
efficient hot water whilst still providing renewable heating to answer the
high hot water, low heating requirement of highly insulated homes.

Commercial Heating

The Ecodan range is designed specifically for use in a wide variety of
properties, the larger air cooled and water cooled renewable Ecodan
products (QAHV, CAHV and CRHV) use proven heat pump technology to
deliver effective low carbon heating, providing a simple solution that can
replace traditional systems.

Mitsubishi Electric Enquiries Tel : 01707 282880
Travellers Lane
Hatfield @meuk_les
Herts Email : [email protected]
AL10 8XB Website : www.les.mitsubishielectric.co.uk

Air Conditioning & Ventilation - 61

Building the UK’s Greener Future A Comprehensive Chiller Range

Radical change to how we produce and consume energy is required as The e-Series chiller range delivers a unique modular approach to chiller
the nation’s fossil-fuel supplies dwindle, along with our energy technology in cooling-only and heat pump modules. Offering capacities
independence. Other key drivers, from climate change and fuel poverty, from 90kW to 1080kW, larger systems can also be installed with minimal
to Government legislation and increasing consumer pressure, are also at service space requirements.
work.
With the acquisition of the Climaveneta range, Mitsubishi Electric is able
Commercial building stocks – characterised by a disproportionate to offer the UK market a comprehensive range of advanced, bespoke air
number of old structures and a slow rebuild rate – remain massive source and water-cooled chillers to suit almost any application
consumers of energy. To reach the ambitious emission reduction targets
the UK has set itself, our occupied spaces must be made more energy- IT Cooling
efficient, less carbon intensive and incorporate renewable energy where
possible. The good news is that many of the solutions are affordable, It is imperative that these vital I.T. servers and equipment are always kept
scalable and available now. in optimal conditions, with effective cooling being paramount. The new
range of Computer Room Air Conditioning (CRAC) systems from
As a major manufacturer of the pivotal technologies that cool, heat and Mitsubishi Electric combine the latest in DX Technology with the RC
ventilate our buildings, Mitsubishi Electric holds the UK’s energy brand’s expertise in I.T. cooling.
challenges close to our heart. We want to help the nation achieve its
climate goals; we want to help individuals and businesses reduce the These innovative, energy efficient systems can effectively deliver robust
energy consumption of their buildings, whilst also reducing their annual solutions to I.T. environments with ease. DX Computer Room Air
running costs. Conditioning solutions from Mitsubishi Electric offer a range of high
sensible systems, specifically designed to provide close control of
Modern air conditioning is an ideal way of controlling the internal temperature and humidity; perfectly suited for small to medium sized
environment of any building, large or small. It does not only provide enterprise data centres.
cooling when required, but also heating and often hot water can be
supplied from the same system. In IT Cooling applications where the cooling required per rack exceeds
15kW, the risk of hot spots demand a more targeted solution, and this is
Providing heating and hot water as part of an integrated air conditioning where the new Multi Density range of close coupled precision cooling
system is far more efficient than traditional heating methods such as gas, systems can help.
and as a result reduced running costs and emissions can be realised.
Mechanical Heat Recovery Ventilation
Advanced R32 Air Conditioning
The build-up of health damaging pollutants, mould and rot are all
Mitsubishi Electric has one of the largest ranges of small, medium and attributed to poor indoor air quality and the lack of effective ventilation.
large air conditioning systems available on the market, to provide
advanced environmental control to almost any building. The majority of Lossnay’s simultaneous air exhaust to air supply heat transfer element
our systems are also available utilising low GWP R32 refrigerant, with the provides effective ventilation with total heat recovery (sensible and
company being the only manufacturer currently able to offer an R32 VRF latent), providing a comfortable air temperature and environment within
system. This ability to have RAC, PAC and now, VRF air conditioning in the room.
R32 means that, for the first time, the same lower GWP refrigerant can
be used across a site. The energy saved by using Lossnay contributes towards lowering the
running costs and minimising the size of air conditioning systems
The company’s City Multi VRF range not only has higher seasonal needed. Both residential (Lossnay VL) and commercial (Lossnay RVX)
efficiencies but can also allow operators to optimise control of their are available, giving Mitsubishi Electric a ventilation solution for any type
system based on either heating demand or energy efficiency with the of building application.
new High Performance-Heating and COP Priority modes.

Less Refrigerant in Occupied Spaces

The R32 Hybrid VRF (HVRF) range uses water to transfer heating or
cooling to occupied spaces, combining the function of a 4-pipe fan coil
system with the efficiency and flexibility of VRF air conditioning in one
system. The system utilises a unique hybrid branch controller box to
provide simultaneous heating and cooling in a simplified, two-pipe design.

The HVRF operates without using refrigerant in occupied spaces,
removing the need for leak detection equipment and allowing more
properties to take advantage of phased installation through the system's
modular design.

WR2/WY Series Ground Source Heat Pumps

Mitsubishi Electric’s water-cooled City Multi range is listed on the
Government's renewable energy list.

Tests at the company’s Hatfield headquarters have proven that this
technology is 300% more efficient at heating and cooling an office than a
traditional gas-fired boiler and rooftop chiller combination. The systems
can be integrated with ground loops and boreholes to use the geothermal
energy of the earth like a battery to store heating and cooling energy.

Mitsubishi Electric Enquiries Tel : 01707 282880
Travellers Lane
Hatfield @meuk_les
Herts Email : [email protected]
AL10 8XB
Website : les.mitsubishielectric.co.uk

62 - Daikin Applied (UK) Air Handling Units

Indoor Air Quality

Indoor air quality (IAQ) is a term which refers to the air quality within and around buildings and structures. Poor IAQ negatively affects your health and
has been proven to decrease learning performance. Generally most people are aware that outdoor pollution can impact their health but the the reality is
that indoor air can be 2 to 50 times more polluted than outdoor air, which is particularly important as most people spend around 90% of their time indoors.

Whilst increasing air flow rates has been seen as an important factor in air quality, a big impact is the new filter standard change from EN779:2012 to
ISO 16890 along with further legislation requirements, as more clients consider air quality as a major factor in their building design. The ISO16890 standard
considers the particulate matter in the air, with the smallest particles considered to have the highest potential harm to personal health. These are divided
into 4 categories ISO ePM1, ISO ePM2.5, ISO ePM10 and ISO ePMcoarse.

The ISO 18690, together with BS EN 16798-3:2017 considers both the Outdoor Air Quality (ODA) and the Supply Air (SUP) to recommend a filter standard
to ensure the best indoor air quality is met.

Outdoor Air quality (ODA) definitions

ODA 1 Where WHO guidelines (2005) and any national air quality standards are fulfilled (PM2·5 ≤ 10µg/m3 PM10 ≤ 20µg/m3), typically rural environments.
ODA 2
ODA 3 Where WHO guidelines (2005) and any national air quality standards are exceeded by up to 1·5 times (PM2·5 ≤ 15µg/m3 PM10 ≤ 30µg/m3), typically city
environments.

Where WHO guidelines (2005) and any national air quality standards are exceeded by more than 1·5 times (PM2·5 ≤ 15µg/m3 PM10 ≤ 30µg/m3), typically industrial
environments.

Supply Air (SUP) definitions

SUP 1 Refers to supply air with concentrations of particulate matter which fulfilled the WHO (2005) guidelines limit values multiplied by a factor x 0·25 (annual mean
SUP 2 for PM2·5 ≤ 2·5 µg/m3 and PM10 ≤ 5 µg/m3).
SUP 3
SUP 4 Refers to supply air with concentrations of particulate matter which fulfilled the WHO (2005) guidelines limit values multiplied by a factor x 0·5 (annual mean
SUP 5 for PM2·5 ≤ 5 µg/m3 and PM10 ≤ 10 µg/m3).

Refers to supply air with concentrations of particulate matter which fulfilled the WHO (2005) guidelines limit values multiplied by a factor x 0·75 (annual mean
for PM2·5 ≤ 7·5 µg/m3 and PM10 ≤ 15 µg/m3).

Refers to supply air with concentrations of particulate matter which fulfilled the WHO (2005) guidelines limit values (annual mean for PM2·5 ≤ 10 µg/m3 and
PM10 ≤ 20 µg/m3).

Refers to supply air with concentrations of particulate matter which fulfilled the WHO (2005) guidelines limit values multiplied by factor x 1·5 (annual mean for
PM2·5 ≤ 15 µg/m3 and PM10 ≤ 30 µg/m3).

Higher demand for better IAQ is leading to specifications for higher filter standards, with the filters recommended to achieve the minimum filtration efficiency
based on particle ODA (EN 16798).

The higher filtration requirements lead to high pressure drops which can result in larger footprint AHUs, (to be in line with the ErP requirements), and
require a bespoke design to minimise the impact, whilst delivering the best IAQ at the lowest energy input.

Daikin Applied UK Air Handling Units range from standard to fully bespoke and range from 0.3m³/s to more than 55m³/s.

Overall SFP is a partnership between 40 D-AHU Professional
Designers and Manufacturers to provide best Professional
solutions. • Pre-configured sizes

What the manufacturer can control? 34 • Tailored to the individual customer
• Modular construction
• Optimised components for minimum
internal resistances including single filters, 28
high performance low PD filters, low PD
coils, low pressure drop silencers, low 25
pressure drop heat recovery, airfoil
dampers etc. Modular R Modular P Modular L
• Pre-configured sizes
• Best efficiency fan drive solution for duty • Pre-configured sizes • Pre-configured sizes • Plug & Play concept
and space, EC Single Fan or Fan Array • EC fan technology
22 • Plug & Play concept • Plug & Play concept • High efficiency aluminium
• Optimised AHU size/efficiency / cost profile
• EC fan technology • EC fan technology counter flow plate heat
What the designer can control? exchanger
Air flow (m³/s x 1,000) • Heat recovery wheel • High efficiency aluminium • Low height unit
• Optimised external system resistances for • For false ceiling applications
minimum overall unit sizes (Plant Space) (sorption & sensible counter flow plate heat
D-AHU
• Better ductwork design to reduce bends 19 technology) exchanger Modular
and restrictions, lower pd devices, larger
ductwork. • Compact design • Compact design 0.07 m³/s
up to 0.7 m³/s
• Easy fan discharge with EC plug fans. 16
Reduced ductwork losses result in low total
external pressure which is 50% of the 14
partnership for low and improving SFP.
11 D-AHU D-AHU
Daikin Applied can assist in all aspects of the Modular Modular
HVAC system design. 5.5
0.13 m³/s 0.13 m³/s
0.21 m³/s up to 6.95 m³/s up to 14.16 m³/s
up to 40 m³/s
0

Daikin Applied (UK) Ltd Tel : 0345 565 2700
Bassington Lane Ind Est Daikin Applied (UK) Ltd
Cramlington
Northumberland @DaikinAppliedUK
NE23 8AF Website: www.daikinapplied.uk

Email: [email protected]

Daikin Applied (UK) Chillers - 63

Ecodesign - New Efficiency Targets

Whilst advances in chiller technology have been primarily driven by market demands and the manufacturers’ desire for continuous product development;
efficiency targets are set to rise further. With building cooling demands ever increasing, central chiller plant is essential to meet client demands. However
HVAC machineries contribute to greenhouse gas emissions via the following:

• INDIRECT emissions – linked with the machinery power consumption (and energy efficiency) EU Countermeasure: Ecodesign Directive

• DIRECT emissions – due to possible leakages of refrigerant into the atmosphere EU Countermeasure is F-GAS Regulation
These countermeasures will be what drives chiller technology advancement over the coming years and are what should be considered when designing
HVAC plant within buildings.
Direct emissions have been under regulation for some time and are largely unchanged in recent times. F-gas requirements for refrigerant handling, chiller
leak detection and regular inspection regimes are now common place in the market. These will continue to drive the reduction in direct refrigerant gas
emissions.

F-Gas Requirement

In regards to F-GAS regulations, units containing refrigerants with lower GWP and the calculated tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2e) do not need
to be checked as often.

Frequency of leak checks Equivalent weight of carbon dioxide that the HFC 32 (kg) HFC 1234ze (kg) HFC 513A (kg) HFC 410a (kg) HFC 134a (kg)
equipment contains (tonnes)

At least once every 12 months 5 to less than 50 7.4 715 7.92 2.4 3.5

At least once every 6 months 50 to less than 500 7.4 71500 79.2 24 35

500 or more if contained in electrical switchgear or

At least every 3 months organic Rankine cycles that were installed before 1 740 71500 792 240 350

January 2017

500 or more for all equipment other than electrical

With automatic leak detection switchgear and organic Rankine cycles, that were 740 71500 792 240 350

installed before 1 January 2017

Ecodesign Lot 21

The indirect emissions will come under legislation countermeasures to enhance the efficiency of equipment supplied to the market. The Ecodesign
requirements are in several elements – firstly is the new European benchmark calculation for efficiency, to be known as SEER, under EN14825. This will
undoubtedly cause some understandable confusion in the market as today we already have both ESEER and SEER for Part L calculations for chiller
efficiency. The European Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (ESEER) has been the standard European benchmark calculation for nearly 10 years and is a
weighted formula considering the variation of chiller efficiency (EER) with the partial load and variation of air inlet condenser temperatures.
The more recent index used in the UK is the SEER which follows the same calculation method as ESEER, however can look at more localised ambient
weather data which for the UK can offer lower average ambient temperatures when compared with the ESEER. Also building bespoke part load data, if
known, can be used in the SEER calculation. With both potential reduction in ambient and change in load profile leads to a more tailored SEER calculation
and higher SEER result for your building, but as it is not a fixed set of conditions it makes comparing two different chiller efficiencies extremely difficult. The
potential confusion in the market will be with the new SEER (EN14825) which is a benchmark figure as dedicated by a new calculation method.
The new SEER calculation is important as this is the benchmark figure used in definition of Ecodesign Lot 21 for cooling only chillers.
Lot 21 is the critical minimum design efficiency legislation that all chillers will have to meet in order to be sold in the European market. Tier 2 enhanced
requirements came into force on the 1st January 2021 and sets out minimum chiller efficiency targets, the requirements to be met.

Minimum efficiency requirements for chiller units

Comfort Cooling Chillers High Temperature Process Chiller

TIER 1 TIER 2 TIER 1 TIER 2
(1st Jan 2018) (1st Jan 2021)
(1st Jan 2018) (1st Jan 2021)
SEPR SEPR
Chiller type Capacity (kW) Ŋs (%) SEER Ŋs (%) SEER Chiller type Capacity (kW) 4,50 5,00
Air Cooled <400 5,00 5,50
Air Cooled <400 149 3,80 161 410 Air Cooled ≥400 6,50 7,00
Water Cooled <400 7,50 8,00
Air Cooled ≥400 161 4,10 179 455 Water Cooled 8,00 8,50
Water Cooled ≥400 & <1500
Water Cooled <400 196 5,10 200 520 ≥1500 & <2000

Water Cooled ≥400 & <1500 227 5,88 252 650

Water Cooled ≥1500 & <2000 245 6,33 272 700

Why is Ecodesign Lot 21 Important for the Market? What does it mean for different Chillers?
Ecodesign has been in force for all chillers sold into the EU from the 1st January 2018 however enhanced Tier 2 requirements are in force from 1st January
2021. Any chiller not meeting the Tier 2 requirements by this date will not be able to be supplied to the market. This is important for 3 main aspects:

1 HVAC equipment suppliers need to ensure that any chillers supplied meet these standards and have a duty to inform the market of the new
requirements and design based around the standards.

2 Consulting engineers and designers need to ensure that all design works from 2021 onwards,
as design based on chillers meeting these minimum Tier 2 efficiency standards.

3 Contractors will need to ensure that any procurement of equipment that is to be shipped to
site after the enforcement dates will meet the standard.

Refrigerant Phase Down
Whilst F-Gas tackles local and onsite refrigerant management and Eco-design targets equipment
efficiency, there is also a European refrigerant phase down target to achieve. Lower GWP refrigerants
such as R32, R1234ze and R513a are all being used across the Daikin chiller range along with
traditional refrigerants such as 134a. It should be noted that the target is a phase down in CO2
equivalent and is not a phase out or ban on the use of 134a in chiller applications.

Daikin Applied (UK) Ltd Tel : 0345 565 2700
Bassington Lane Ind Est Daikin Applied (UK) Ltd
Cramlington
Northumberland @DaikinAppliedUK
NE23 8AF Website: www.daikinapplied.uk

Email: [email protected]

64 - Gilberts Natural Ventilation Systems

Natural ventilation, unlike mechanical fan forced ventilation, simply uses the naturally occurring pressure
differential forces of air movement, wind and buoyancy to deliver a steady supply of fresh air for building ventilation
and space cooling.
In an age where energy conservation is at a premium, this sounds ideal… And so it is!
Naturally ventilating a building can offer the best of both worlds, combining little or no energy consumption with
low capital costs, whilst still providing adequate fresh air and comfort temperature conditions throughout the year.
With plant room also eliminated, services space minimised and lower servicing/maintenance costs, natural
ventilation now makes for one of the most practical choices of the day.

Natural Ventilation Strategies

Gilberts’ Mistrale is designed to satisfy wind driven, buoyancy (stack effect) and hybrid wall or façade ventilation
design strategies.

Stack Effect

A conventional solution where a vertical stack or shaft can be used to allow warmer air to naturally migrate and rise through the building up to high level
outlets whilst drawing fresh, cool air in from low level.

Wind Effect

In some locations and building designs, wind alone can be used as the principal driving force. In wind driven systems, the air on the windward side of the
building creates positive pressure with a corresponding negative pressure generated on the leeward side. Using this effect, air can be more easily drawn
through the building.

Stack Driven Wind Driven Fusion Mixed Effect

Warm stale Warm stale + VE + VE One of the latest innovations in ventilation is our Fusion cassette which
air out air out pressure pressure can provide an extremely low-cost ventilation solution from a single
façade, with the added benefits of heat recovery. Mistrale Fusion is a
Cool Warm hybrid style of natural ventilation incorporating an ultra-low power fan
fresh air stale air assistance feature, able to energise in poor air movement conditions to
out ensure adequate ventilation at all times.
in A standalone system, Fusion can provide adequate ventilation and cooling
without the need for supportive systems such as opening windows.
Warm stale Achieving the 8 litres/sec/person fresh air required by the current
air rises Department of Education Building Bulletin (BB101) and PBSP Guidelines,
Fusion is engineered to absorb noise in keeping with BB93 Classroom
Cool fresh Cool fresh Windward Leeward Criteria. It also remains compliant with Building Regulations Approved
air in air in Document L: attaining air leakage better than legislative requirements –
5m³/HR/m² and a U-value of 1W/m²/°C.

Benefits of Natural Ventilation

• Energy savings through reduction in cooling energy • Healthy building conditions due to ample fresh air supply

• Reduced capital cost • Simple, reliable & robust

• Quieter sustainable building • Low repair & maintenance costs

Mistrale Design Solution

Mistrale is a complete natural ventilation air distribution solution comprising louvres, volume control dampers, internal grilles and rooftop turret louvres with
installation options encompassing windows, walls, floors and ceilings. Designed by air distribution experts for dependable performance, the latest innovation
is Mistrale Fusion, a hybrid unit providing a single wall or façade natural ventilation solution with both heating and heat recovery features.

Key Features

U-Value: As low as 0.96 Watt/m²/K
Leakage: As low as 5m³ per hour per sq/m
External Weather Rating: Up to Class A (BS EN 13030)
This high design standard and flexibility makes Mistrale the ideal partner for your next natural ventilation project.

Gilberts (Blackpool) Ltd Tel : 01253 766911
Clifton Road Fax : 01253 767941
Blackpool
Lancashire Email : [email protected]
FY4 4QT Website : www.gilbertsblackpool.com

The Future of Design Regulations - 65

PSBP (FOS) & BB101 (2018) – The Future of Design Regulations

In August 2018, the Education & Skills Funding Agency (ESFA) published a fully revised and updated edition of Building Buletin101 ‘Guidelines on
ventilation, thermal comfort and indoor air quality in schools’. Having been an integral part of the working group which developed this revised document,
Breathing Buildings are uniquely placed to help contractors and designers ensure their school project fully complies with the latest letter of the law.

With rising awareness of how indoor environments impact on health and wellbeing, BB101 (2018) looks at the key design elements of modern ventilation
systems in schools and encourages designers to deliver low-energy solutions with superb indoor conditions.

Operative Temperature

Operative temperature is now the de-facto measure of thermal comfort. CIBSE Guide A, defines operative temperature as:
operative temperature = ½ (air temp) + ½ (mean radiant temp)

Weather Files

BB101 (2018) mandates the use of 2020 Design Summer Year weather data. These future climate projections are typically warmer than historical weather
data, making it ever more challenging to demonstrate compliance with summertime thermal comfort criteria.

Breathing Buildings’ dynamic thermal modelling software 4DFlo automatically generates outputs in terms of both air temperature and operative
temperature, enabling us to readily assess designs against the new thermal comfort criteria.

Adaptive Comfort

One aspect of the adaptive comfort philosophy is that a person’s thermal history modifies their thermal expectations and preferences.

As an example, when the weather has been seasonably warm for the past few days, occupants tend to feel comfortable at slightly higher temperatures
than if the weather has been cool during the preceding days.

Air Freshness

Maximum allowable CO2 limits are now defined separately for mechanical and natural ventilation systems:
Mechanical Vent: Daily average CO2 < 1000ppm. Peaks must not exceed 1500ppm for more than 20 consecutive minutes.
Natural Vent: Daily average CO2 < 1500ppm. Peaks must not exceed 2000ppm for more than 20 consecutive minutes.

Thermal Comfort

In addition to summertime thermal comfort, there is a new emphasis on the importance of thermal comfort in colder weather, and in particular, the mitigation
of uncomfortable cold draughts. There is now a requirement for pre-mixing of outdoor air, ruling out simple openings close to the occupant.

NVHR® or E-Stack® hybrid ventilation systems offer an automatic alternative to opening windows, providing tempered fresh air in wintertime and assisted
natural ventilation in summer.

The Science of Cold Draughts

We are often told by consultants, clients and engineers that the two main problems with natural ventilation are cold draughts or high energy use; previously
associated with alleviating draughts. This is precisely where E-Stack® and NVHR come into their own.

Using our patented mixing system, we introduce turbulence to promote mixing and thereby mitigate cold draughts in a low-energy way, recycling heat
gains from the space to temper in-coming fresh air.

Summer Boost Winter Mixing

Breathing Buildings Ltd Tel : +44 (0) 1223 450 060
Unit 3A The Shade BreathingBuildings
Soham Ely @BreathingBuild
Cambridgeshire
CB7 5HF Email : [email protected]
Website : www.breathingbuildings.com

66 - Halton Foodservice - Smart Connected Kitchens

Halton Connect & Care Smart Services add a Real Value to Kitchen Ventilation Design by directly
contributing to Peace of Mind and Highest Value of Ownership for Business Owners

Halton Connect smart services include:

• 24/7 monitoring of Halton’s solutions for commercial kitchens

• Access to Halton Connect cloud-based and intuitive web portal that
provides detailed information about the systems’ operation and data
analytics

• Automatic systems’ faults notification and editing of simplified
automated analytics reports

• Option for advanced automated data analytics reports (energy
savings, water savings, cooking appliances usage, etc)

• Allows deeper analysis by our engineers to optimise set points or
adjust the equipment utilisation, in order to keep the systems
efficiency at design level or even improve it during the entire
kitchen(s) life cycle

Halton Connect is Halton’s brand new and state-of-the-art IoT (Internet of Halton Care smart services include:
Things) platform whose core is an advanced and yet easy-to-use
cloud-based portal. • Predictive maintenance based on the data analytics of the systems.
Visits are planned depending on the real needs and replacement
Your customers and our engineers can then just as easily keep an eye on parts use is optimised
the operation and maintenance of the kitchens’ ventilation we design
together, for incomparable benefits. • Lowest risk of ventilation down time due to a wrong manipulation or
equipment fault

Halton Connect enables Halton Care smart services that directly contribute • Better view on the competitiveness through predictive costing
to the highest value of ownership for your customers as well as their peace • Option for automatic adjustment of the maintenance contracts duration
of mind. • Option for Software maintenance and update of Halton Connect

This is truly an added value to kitchen ventilation design.

Halton Foodservice Ltd Tel : +44 (0) 1634 666111
11 Laker Road
Airport Industrial Estate @GroupHalton
Rochester Email : [email protected]
Kent ME1 3QX Website : www.halton.com/foodservice

Safe Connected Kitchens - 67

Together with Halton Connect & Care, Halton SafeGuard UVGI (Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation)
solutions reducing the risk of virus spread

Halton Connect & Care smart services bring predictive maintenance
and optimisation to the forefront of your business, resulting in less
site interventions thus limiting at best human contact in case of
local or national sanitary measures.

As part of our Smart Services, Halton engineers always keep an eye on
the systems and solutions. It enables fixing many of the system faults
reported remotely, by a simple call to advise the kitchen team. Some
other faults can be fixed by our engineers by upgrading or modifying the
controllers’ settings or software.

All that remains are the predictable or unpredictable interventions – in all
cases strictly required – for consumables and other spares replacement
and general maintenance.

Talking about topical risks, they can not be more controlled as when
Halton Connect & Care smart and distant services are combined
with Halton SafeGuard UVGI anti-viral solutions (Ultraviolet
Germicidal Irradiation). They help make guests, employees or
external agents safer by directly reducing the risk of virus spread.

Ultra Violet Germicidal Irradiation (UVGI) is light primarily in 254nm
wavelength (UV-C). This light spectrum has been proven to disrupt DNA
base pairing, causing molecular lesions, and leads to the inactivation of
bacteria, viruses and protozoa.

Halton SafeGuard UVGI solutions are the result of extensive 3rd party
and Halton Health Segment documented research regarding the
effectiveness of filtration and Ultraviolet light on the mitigation of viral
contagions. Healthcare facilities have had established indeed criteria for
ventilation design to mitigate airborne transmission of infectious disease,
Halton Health Segment has done extensive research in this area.

Halton Foodservice is sharing this knowledge to
provide proven technology for deployment in the
foodservice environment.

Download our brochure about Halton SafeGuard
UVGI solutions.

Since 2015, our supply Air Handling Units Aerolys are equipped with
UVGI solutions and are Eurovent accredited.

Aerolys Supply Air Handling Units compliment PolluStop exhaust units.
Both have been specifically developed for commercial kitchens and the
very specific requirements.

Aerolys units ensures not only the vital balance between exhaust and
supply is kept at all time, even with M.A.R.V.E.L. optimisation technology
constantly adjusting the airflow rates, but it also ensures the chefs and
their teams benefit from the healthiest fresh air. UVGI prevents the outside
viruses, bacteria and fungi entering the kitchens and also fights against
the known risk of seeing them developing on the coils of the unit.

Halton Foodservice Ltd Tel : +44 (0) 1634 666111
11 Laker Road
Airport Industrial Estate @GroupHalton
Rochester Email : [email protected]
Kent ME1 3QX Website : www.halton.com/foodservice

68 - EC Fan Coils 100 35
87
EPIC Fan Coils
Air/Water % 80 Air
The EPIC fan coil range provides the designer with the opportunity to Water 4
achieve very low specific fan power levels. This is becoming an increasingly
important issue as successive building regulations slash the allowable total 60
carbon emissions from a building.
40
The horizontally mounted ECM motor gives many benefits which may be
summarised as follows: 20

• The most energy efficient fan coil unit 61 2

• Infinitely variable speed 0 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

• Variable air volume can be easily achieved with further savings in Heating Dead Band Cooling
energy consumption

• Single motor as opposed to multiple motors means greater reliability

• Lower noise levels

• Pressure independence give the ability to pre-set air volumes at the
factory & fully commission the unit

VAV Fan Coils

For the last 45 years, virtually all fan coils have been constant fan speed
and consequently Constant Air Volume (CAV).
Any changes in cooling or heating were adjusted by the water valve i.e.
varying the water volume. However, with the fans running at full speed all
the time, this is a needless waste of energy.

By varying the air volume, significant reductions in energy can be achieved
and typical values for a wide range of constant and VAV fan coils are shown
in the energy comparison graph.

Controls

The control philosophy is relatively simple as can be seen from the diagram
opposite. At maximum cooling the fan is running at 100% with the water
valve fully open. As the cooling load reduces, the fan air volume is reduced
to a minimum of 60%.
If the cooling load reduces further, the water valve is progressively closed
until the dead band is reached. In other words, the fan air volume is reduced
first, followed by a progressive reduction in the water-cooling volume.
On heating, the early morning boost has maximum air volume and heating.
On the heating cycle, the air volume is kept constant to ensure there is no
stratification within the room.
The heating requirement is usually a short period just prior to occupation of
the building and therefore does not significantly impact on carbon emissions.

ECM Technology

Advanced Air EPIC 280 fan coil units include pressure independent
discharge fans, which means the air volumes can be pre-set in the factory.

Due to its “smart” motor technology, the fan is self-commissioning as any
change in external resistance is recognised by the “smart” controller and
the fan automatically compensates to achieve its set-point.
The “smart” motor has feedback capabilities which via the BMS can be used
to indicate dirty filters and can be programmable to suit varying room
condition loads.

Assessed to BS EN ISO 9001:2000
Cert No. FM01714

Advanced Air (UK) Ltd Tel : +44 (0) 1842 765657
Burrell Way Sales Tel : +44 (0) 1842 855545
Thetford
Norfolk Fax : +44 (0) 1842 762032
IP24 3QU Email : [email protected]
Website : www.advancedair.co.uk

Typical Specifications for Standard Air Filters - 69

EMCEL Filters Ltd

EMCEL specialises in the design and manufacture of a wide range of filters for air and gas purification applications ranging from simple air conditioning
to complex chemical systems. Please find below typical performance data based on some of our ranges.

Activated Carbon Filter Units

EMCEL specialises in producing carbon filter units to suit specific duties requiring adsorption of odours and gaseous contaminants. Filters can be tailored
to suit AHU dimensions or space restrictions and suit any air volume flow rate. The standard range of filters cover airflows from 0.25m³/sec to 1.0m³/sec
with dwell times from 0.1 to 0.5 seconds for increased carbon weight loading and adsorption efficiency. Larger airflows can be accommodated with
specifically designed filter units or combinations of standard units.

Maxicarb Airflow Dwell Time Dimensions Maxicarb Airflow Dwell Time Dimensions
Reference Capacity (Secs) Reference Capacity (Secs)
(m³/sec) ABC (m³/sec) B
305 610 550 610
NV1 0.25 0.1 305 610 950 1MXB1 0.25 0.2 A 610 C
0.1 457 610 950 1MXB2 0.25 0.3 355 610 950
NV2 0.50 0.1 610 610 950 1MXB3 0.25 0.5 355 610 950
0.1 2MXB1 0.50 0.2 355 610 1150
NV3 0.75 2MXB2 0.50 0.3 660 610 950
2MXB3 0.50 0.5 660 610 950
NV4 1.00 3MXB1 0.75 0.2 660 610 1150
3MXB2 0.75 0.3 965 610 950
Typical Carbon Filter Unit 3MXB3 0.75 0.5 965 610 950
4MXB1 1.00 0.2 965 610 1150
4MXB2 1.00 0.3 1270 610 950
4MXB3 1.00 0.5 1270 950
1270 1150

Containment System

Please see table and diagram below for containment systems, which can contain pre, HEPA and carbon filtration. Please note dimensions are approximate
only, for further details, please contact EMCEL. Optional shut off or flow control dampers and header sections to suit customer requirements.

AB A 830

D

F

566 C
E

Sections A B CDE F FF
Long / Airflow
System Damper Main Filter Housing Only 1 Main & 1 Pre Filter Housing 2 Main & 1 Pre Filter Housing
(m³/sec)
(Optional) Add 200 mm if Cell Dampers fitted Add 200 mm if Cell Dampers fitted Add 200 mm if Cell Dampers fitted
1
2 420 943 274 179 289 828 1136 1686
3 420 1774 274 179 289 828 1136 1686
4 420 2614 380 232 342 934 1242 1792
5 420 3454 486 285 395 1040 1348 1898
6 420 4294 592 338 448 1146 1454 2004
420 5134 592 338 448 1146 1454 2004

EMCEL Filters Ltd Tel : 01403 253215
Blatchford Road Fax : 01403 259881
Horsham Sales Fax : 01403 217011
West Sussex Email : [email protected]
RH13 5RA Website : www.emcelfilters.co.uk

70 - Air Terminal Device Selection

Introduction

Frequently the type and location of a grille or diffuser will be determined by architectural or other requirements. If this is the case, performance data can
be applied directly to determine whether the resulting performance is acceptable. Usually, the sizing and design of a terminal device is based on the
throw, but at each stage, it is necessary to check that any acoustic or pressure drop specification is satisfied.

Having decided which type of grille or diffuser is required, apply the following techniques for selection in conjunction with necessary information, such as
total airflow rate and room size. It is helpful to have scale drawings of air terminal device layouts. Table 5.1

Mixed Flow Applications Class of ATD Air change rate per hour
8
Table 5.1 provides very approximate typical air change rates for various types of air terminal devices. Grilles 10

Consideration must be given to the following which will determine the final selection. Linear Grilles

• Mounting position Slot & Linear Diffusers 15
• Size of ATDs Rectangular Diffusers 15
• Blade divergence Perforated Diffusers 15
• Acceptable local velocities Circular Diffusers 20
• Noise criteria Swirl Diffusers 20-30

Table 5.2

Sidewall Grilles Ceiling Height (m) 2.5 2.7 3.0 3.5 4.0
Maximum Throw (m) 2.5 3.3 4.5 6.3 8.0
Sidewall supply grilles may be selected or adjusted to discharge air to

take advantage of the ceiling effect with or without spread in the horizontal Table 5.3 Distance between terminal device & ceiling surface ‘X’
plane. The blade angle can be used to balance the spread and throw for Terminal device 300mm 300-600mm 600-1000mm 1000mm +
the required air flow rate. The maximum available throw should be based
on the recommended ceiling height and throw shown in table 5.2.

If the required throw exceeds the maximum throw shown in table 5.2, Diffusers 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7

consider an alternative scheme. Choose suitable grille locations and Linear Grilles 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.7
calculate the individual grille duty.
Grilles 1.0 0.7 0.7 0.7
Determine the most suitable terminal velocity on which the throw is to be

based; in general, a jet terminal velocity of 0.25 – 0.4 m/s will be

satisfactory for year-round air conditioning schemes using sidewall grilles.

Using selection tables or nomograms, select the most suitable grille size.

Grilles with an aspect ratio (width to height ratio) between 2:1 and 5:1 produce a better air diffusion pattern than square
grilles and are less likely to cause draught problems due to excessive drop of the supply jet.

When the terminal device is mounted away from a surface (a free jet) the velocity decay is more rapid, and throw is less
than surface clinging jets. Table 5.3 gives typical ratios of throw.

Approach 1

It is recommended that the space between ATDs should be equal to 1/3 of the ATDs throw.

Be aware that an ATD installed close to the ceiling may cause a Ceiling Effect. This may cause the throw to be extended
beyond the data in a manufacturers’ guidelines.

Taking this into account divide the room into equal sections along the length (L) ensuring that each individual section
has a width:length aspect ratio of at least 1:3 or more (see Figure 5.3).

The example shows 4 ATDs, for which the air flow rate for each can be acquired by dividing the total air flow rate (Qt)
by the total amount of ATDs as represented in the following expression = Qt/4.

Upon obtaining the air flow rate for individual ATDs, the exact throw can be ascertained relative to the segment length
(W) from the manufacturer’s technical data.

To prevent causing draughts, identify an acceptable air flow drop (based on velocity) which ensures the air flow envelope
does not breach the occupied zone, normally a height of 1.8m (see Figure 5.2).

Select an ATD size relative to the specific data of the ATD. Remember to consider the above along with temperature
differential and position of the ATD in relation to the ceiling.

Approach 2

By dividing the room area lengthwise, it increases the amount of ATDs (see Figure 5.4). This in turn lowers the air flow
rate per ATD.

Proceed as per Approach 1.

Approach 3

Begin by dividing the room by the same aspect ratio (1:3) as seen in Approach 1. Then, maintaining the widths of the
segments, divide the room area lengthwise (see Figure 5.5).

Set the blades to 22° and proceed as before.

Waterloo Air Products Plc Tel : 01622 711500
Quarrywood Industrial Estate
Mills Road @WaterlooHVAC
Aylesford Email : [email protected]
Kent ME20 7NB Website : www.waterloo.co.uk

Air Terminal Device Selection - 71

Linear Grilles

Continuous grilles mounted at high level on a sidewall or bulkhead may be treated in a similar manner to linear slot L = Active Length
diffusers. If the grille is mounted to take advantage of the ceiling effect, this is always beneficial with cooling Qt = Total Air Flow Rate
differentials as the risk of dumping is minimised. Qm = Active Quantity per meter run

To avoid draughts at head level, the maximum throw should be limited to the figures shown in table 5.4, based on 2.7 3.0 3.5 4.0
3.3 4.5 3.6 8.0
ceiling height:
2.7 3.0 3.5 4.0
If the required throw exceeds the maximum throw shown above, consider Table 5.4 5.5 6.5 9.5 12.0

supplying air from both sides of the room or using an alternative terminal device. Ceiling Height (m) 2.5

Calculate the grille duty by dividing the maximum available active length into the Maximum Throw (m) 2.5
total flow rate.

Determine the most suitable terminal velocity for the application; for year-round Table 5.5

air conditioning with linear grilles, a terminal velocity of 0.3 – 0.4 m/s is satisfactory. Ceiling Height (m) 2.5
4.0
Using selection nomograms, determine the most suitable grille height based on Maximum Throw (m)

the required duty and throw.

Linear Slot Diffusers

These diffusers can be selected or set to provide horizontal diffusion in one or two directions across a flat ceiling surface drawing up on the ceiling effect.
As the supply jet entrains room air, it expands its depth and must be prevented from prematurely entering the occupied zone. Table 5.5, illustrates
recommended maximum throws for differing ceiling heights.

One Way Throw

For continuous slot diffuser arrangements, divide the ceiling area into convenient strips, based on the maximum throw.

Determine the available active lengths of diffuser sections, then calculate the diffuser duty by dividing the active length into the total air flow rate to be
supplied.

With the available information of maximum throw and diffuser duty, draw two lines on the selection nomogram; one passing through the minimum throw
and the other passing through the maximum throw. This produces a band of possible selections.

It is now necessary to find the optimum selection for comfort (maximum number of slots to produce the ideal room air movement for the application).

If the optimum selection falls below a one-slot diffuser, then the active length can be reduced as necessary.

If the optimum selection is greater than eight slots, it is possible that a slot diffuser arrangement is not practical and further advice should be obtained.

Two Way Throw

If selecting a linear diffuser with a two-way throw, the two throws should be selected on a nomogram as though they are separate diffusers.

After working out the Qm, divide that air flow rate by the number of Slots on the Linear Diffuser.

Example: A 3-Slot Diffuser with an air flow rate of 180l/s/m would give 60l/s/m through each slot.

If the slot is to be configured with two slots diffusing one way, but the third to diffuse in the opposite direction, then selections would be for a two-slot
configuration of 120l/s/m and a one-slot configuration of 60l/s/m.

Circular, Square & Swirl Diffusers

Circular diffusers produce a radial air diffusion pattern while square and rectangular

devices can be selected or adjusted to produce 4, 3, 2 or 1-way directional air Table 5.6

patterns and drawing up on the ceiling effect. Wherever possible, select a 4-way Ceiling Height (m) 2.5 2.7 3.0 3.5 4.0

or radial pattern as this results in the most efficient air diffusion. Using table 5.6, 4.0 5.5 6.5
determine the maximum recommended radial throw based on the zone ceiling Maximum Throw (m) 9.5 12.0

height. This will prevent the supply jet from entering the occupied zone prematurely,

as it expands in the vertical plane.

Standard Selection

Using a scaled ceiling plan, divide the area into convenient squares twice the size of the derived maximum radial throw. A circular or square diffuser at
the centre of each area can now be selected to handle its proportion of the total airflow rate.

Using selection tables or nomograms, determine the diffuser sizes which satisfy the throw parameter. The most economical selection will produce a
minimum radial throw very close to the required throw. However, the optimum selection will probably be a compromise between the most economical
selection and that which will produce the most comfortable room air movement.

If the maximum radial throw produced by the smallest available diffuser is less than the required throw, then insufficient room air movement and high-level
stratification will result. An alternative air terminal device should be considered.

Similarly, if the minimum radial throw produced by the largest available diffuser is greater than the required throw, it is probable that the air terminal device
is unsuitable.

Wherever possible, diffuser selections should be within the limits given in the tables; extrapolating data down to very low-neck velocities will usually result
in poor air diffusion – for example, high-level stratification with heating cycles and draughts due to dumping with cooling cycles.

Swirl diffuser units usually have a circular pattern of radial vanes which generate a swirling air motion when used in supply mode. This highly turbulent
swirl effect allows the unit to introduce high volumes of air into the conditioned space, taking advantage of the rapid entrainment and intermixing
characteristics. As a result, the unit can deliver high room air change rates as compared to conventional diffusers.  

Waterloo Air Products Plc Tel : 01622 711500
Quarrywood Industrial Estate
Mills Road @WaterlooHVAC
Aylesford Email : [email protected]
Kent ME20 7NB Website : www.waterloo.co.uk

72 - Swimming Pool Ventilation Guidelines - Menerga

Typical Conditions Pool Hall Air Distribution

The pool hall temperature in most public pools is maintained around 30°C. The best unit in the world cannot compensate for poor air distribution.
To limit the evaporation of water from the water surface, it is common to The air distribution should be able to bring the evaporated moisture direct
have the pool water temperature 1-2°C lower than the pool hall to the return air inlet. There are two reasons that make this function
temperature. With respect to the comfort conditions for the bathers, it is significant.
acceptable for the humidity to remain within a range of 50% to 60%.
One is to get the moisture out, the other is to get rid of the disinfection
Pool halls require more energy than any other public building (by an order by products coming into the pool hall with the evaporation of the water.
of magnitude) with virtually year-round heating (in the UK). Fan motor The best method for this is a floor level induction diffuser and a return air
power consumption is high because the ventilation system runs system which takes the air out with several inlets.
continuously. Ensuring minimum energy for the air supply has a much
bigger impact than focusing on the water (which can only be heated at Dry supply air parallel to 37ºC dew point: 13ºC
a rate of 0.5ºC per day and once at temperature requires minimal input). window surface - 25% twindow = 31ºC
Menerga slot diffusers
When calculating the amount of fresh air required for dehumidification, air velocity approx 4 m/s 33ºC
please consider the following: 30%

● The surface area of the pool & characteristics of the pool usage 30ºC 40ºC
55% 20%
● The difference between the vapour pressure of the pool water & the
vapour pressure of the saturated air in the pool hall Menerga slot diffusers reduce:
- transmission heat loss by approx 20%
● The air changing rate should be between 4-6 per hour according to - fan motor power consumption by more than 25%
the air distribution principle
Outside Air RequirementEvaporation rate (kg/h)
● CIBSE guidance currently states 10 l/s per m² total floor area (based
on a public pool 25 x 13m) 30% min OA dehumidification rate CIBSE B2
140
To calculate the heating demands of the pool hall, the following
calculations are required: 120

● Transmission loss 100

● Energy lost due to the heat required for water evaporation 80

● Heat energy required to cover the water evaporation Dehum effect
60
Temperature, Humidity Control & Energy
Consumption Evaporation rate

Most pool units are designed to ventilate, heat and dehumidify a space. 40

To ensure the best performance at the lowest lifecycle cost, several key 20
factors should be noted:
0
● Fully controllable eC direct drive fans – no one should be using belts -20 -10 0 10 20 30
in this day & age
OA temperature (ºC)
● The ability to maintain a small negative pressure at all times – through 25 x 13m pool @ 29ºC
varying usage & volume requirement, with as close to balanced air pool hall 35 x 19.5 x 6m
flows to maximise heat recovery
Under UK CIBSE guidance, a minimum of 30% outside air is required at
● High passive heat recovery efficiency – so there is no penalty for all occupied times to supply a public swimming pool. For much of the
introducing outside air >95% year, this proportion of outside air is enough to dehumidify the pool hall.
By maximising heat recovery efficiency there is no penalty to introducing
● Minimal (ideally no) metallic parts in the air paths to avoid corrosion more outside air when required, ensuring running costs are simply for
or acid attack top up heating to overcome fabric transmission losses within the space,
and power for the constantly running fans. The ability to have full outside
● Polypropylene based recuperators, ABS grade fixtures & fittings, air bypass is critical to ensuring good conditions year-round in the UK.
flexible duct connections, plastic damper cogs This also gives you peace of mind that the required outside air can always
be delivered for a healthy atmosphere. Using the controls to ensure
● Accurate, self-contained, real time control systems – the unit must conditions are met with no risks.
always be able to calculate the most efficient mode of operation from By eliminating the need for a heat pump, you can reduce electricity costs,
real time measurements of outside & return air conditions maintenance costs and minimise the number of components that can fail.
Why pay for a heat pump and additional circulation electricity when the
Annual Running Cost Comparison Pool Hall Ventilation for 25 x 15m Pool outside air required by law can dehumidify for you for the cost of running
the fans?
Conventional equipment meeting 2010 Part L £/year 17188

High efficiency units exceeding 2010 Part L £/year 4920

YEARLY Swimming pool hall vent system energy saving £/year 12268

Assumptions made:

● 3.8m³/s air volume
● Pool hall 30ºC 60% rh, year average 10ºC 84% rh

● Conventional AHU SFP 2.0W l/s heat recovery efficiency 60% year
average

● High efficiency AHU SFP 1.6W l/s heat recovery efficiency 90% year
average

Systemair Ltd Tel : 0121 322 0200
Unit 28 Fax : 0121 322 0201
Gravelly Industrial Park
Birmingham systemairuk
West Midlands @SystemairUK
B24 8HZ Email : [email protected]
Website : www.systemair.co.uk

Systemair’s Guide to the Building Regulations Part L2 - 73

The Building Regulations - Conservation of Fuel & Power, Part L2A 2014

Non-Domestic Buildings

Recommended Minimum Energy Efficiency Standards for Building Services Specific Fan Power (SFP)
Air Distribution Systems New Buildings Existing Buildings
Central balanced mechanical ventilation with Heating and Heat Recovery*
Central balanced mechanical ventilation with Heating and Cooling and Heat Recovery* 1.9 2.2
Central - All other balanced mechanical ventilation systems with Heat Recovery* 2.0 2.6
1.5 2.0

Central balanced mechanical ventilation with Heating and Cooling 1.6 2.2
Central balanced mechanical ventilation with Heating only 1.5 1.8
Central - All other balanced mechanical ventilation systems 1.1 1.6

Zonal supply and extract with Heating and Heat Recovery (ceiling void, roof, single room or zone) 1.9 1.9

Zonal supply system - Fan is remote from zone (i.e. ceiling void or roof) 1.1 1.4

Zonal extract system - Fan is remote from zone (i.e. ceiling void or roof) 0.5 0.5

Local supply and extract system serving single area with Heating and Heat Recovery (e.g. wall / roof) 1.6 1.6
Local supply or extract ventilation units serving single area (e.g. toilet - window / wall / roof) 0.3 0.4
Local - Other supply or extract units 0.5 0.5

Fan coil units (rating weighted average) 0.5 0.5

Kitchen extract fan - Remote from zone with grease filter 1.0 1.0

Extended SFP values for additional components in a central system +1.0 +1.0
HEPA Filter 0.1 0.1
Humidifier / Dehumidifier

Return air filter for heat recovery +0.1* +0.1*
Heat recovery - Thermal Wheel, Plate Heat Exchanger +0.3* +0.3*

*Included in central heat recovery figures above

Ecodesign Directive 1253/2014 - Air Handling Units

The Ecodesign directive outlines minimum requirements for heat recovery efficiency, fan efficiency and SFP internal values.
The directive applies to occupied spaces ventilated with outdoor fresh air, process ventilation e.g. heat removal is not covered by the directive.
Non-Residential (NRVU) units are classified under the directive with airflows from 280 l/s onwards.
Bidirectional (BVU) units are those producing an airflow between indoor and outdoor via supply and extract fans.
All BVU products must incorporate heat recovery in the form of Thermal Wheel, Counterflow, Plate or Run Around Coil.
Air recirculation (Mixing) is only permissible if the fresh air content is 10% or less of the total ventilation rate without a separate heat recovery device.

Recommended Minimum Dry 1:1 Heat Recovery Efficiency 2018
Run Around Coil 68%
Thermal Wheel, Plate & Counterflow 73%

Effective from 6th April 2014, the table above details the recommended minimum requirements for ventilation products in air distribution systems and
comfort cooling chillers.

The Specific Fan Power (SFP) is a ratio of power consumed to the amount of air moved by a ventilation system i.e. W/I/s or kW/m³/s. SFP is greatly
influenced by system resistance and reducing by design is an effective method of achieving the requirements of Part L2A.

The requirements are defined by application and differentiate between a new build and an existing building.

Central System - A supply and extract system serving the whole or major parts of a building.
Zonal System - A system which serves a group of rooms forming part of a building (i.e. a zone where ducting is required).
Local Unit - An unducted ventilation unit serving a single area.

Kitchen Extract - A new category for 2013.
All Systemair products meet the ErP requirements of 2017 and are CE marked accordingly. Incorporating the highly energy efficient EC (electronically
commutated) permanent magnet (PM) motors (IE4) for up to a third reduction in energy consumption compared to conventional AC motors to meet the
demanding requirements of Part L 2014.

Systemair manufactures one of the largest ranges of high efficiency EC products incorporating thermal wheels and demand controls.

Systemair Ltd Tel : 0121 322 0200
Unit 28 Fax : 0121 322 0201
Gravelly Industrial Park
Birmingham systemairuk
West Midlands SystemairUK
B24 8HZ Email : [email protected]
Website : www.systemair.co.uk

74 - Fan Coil Unit Acoustics & Room Noise Levels

1. Introduction

The selection of fan coil units is governed not only by thermal or air volume flow 1) Sound power levels of the fan coil unit - Sound power levels are specified as
two separate sets of acoustic data, namely discharge in-duct sound power levels
rate requirements, but also by any constraints on the level of noise permitted in the and inlet and case radiated sound power levels.
2) Outlet ductwork - Size, length and type of ductwork, together with the quantity
room. Frequently, the manufacturer is required to select fan coil units based on the of bends incorporated into it, affect the level of discharge in-duct sound reaching
the supply air plenum.
predicted noise levels in the room because of the fan coil unit application. However, 3) Supply air plenum - Acoustic characteristics of supply air plenum are affected
by its size, number of duct connections and whether it is acoustically lined.
these are influenced not only by the fan coil unit, but also by the room itself. During 4) Supply air grille - Type and size of the supply air grille affects the level of the
discharge in-duct sound radiated into the room. High air velocities through the grille
the preliminary design stages, not all the room conditions may be known but certain may result in noise regeneration.
5) Position of supply air grille - Proximity of the grille to one or more major room
assumptions allow the room noise levels to be approximated. surfaces affects the level of discharge in-duct sound radiated into the room,
transmitted via the direct sound path to the listener.
2. Sound Pressure Level 6) Ceiling construction - Level of inlet and case radiated sound transmitted into
the room space is dependent upon the acoustic characteristics of the ceiling.
The human ear reacts to fluctuations in air pressure caused by sound. The level of 7) Position of return air grille - This affects the inlet and case radiated sound
emitted into the room. Return air grilles should be installed as far as possible from
sound heard by the human ear (and measured by an acoustic meter) is known as the inlet to the fan coil unit.
8) Room conditions and position of the listener - Sound pressure levels resulting
the sound pressure level (SPL). The ear reacts logarithmically over a very broad from the component of sound transmitted from the ceiling and the grilles via the
reverberant sound path is affected by both the surface area of the room space and
range of sound levels and therefore sound pressure levels are quantified on a the quality of the room surfaces. As sound travels further from the source, both
acoustic energy and hence sound pressure levels reduce.
logarithmic scale relative to a reference sound pressure. They are measured in
8. Noise Assessment
decibels (dB) above the pressure corresponding to the threshold of hearing for a
Noise rating (NR) curves are the most commonly used method for assessing noise
typical human ear. level. Each curve connects predefined sound pressure levels, which consider the
response of the human ear at each of the octave bands. The noise level at a point
Sound Pressure Level (SPL) is given by… SPL = 20 Log10 P / Pr in space is represented by the value of the NR curve whose constituent sound
where P = sound pressure being measured (Pa) pressure levels are either greater than or equal to those calculated or measured.

Pr = sound pressure reference i.e. limits of hearing (2 x 10-5 Pa) Figure 2: Noise Rating (NR) curves with typical SPL data plotted. Noise level in this case is said to be NR35

3. Sound Power Level 70

In generating sound, the source will expend energy. The rate of transfer of acoustic

energy from the source to the medium through which the sound is transmitted is

known as the sound power level (SWL). In a similar manner to sound pressure

levels, sound power levels are measured on a logarithmic scale in dB above the

power corresponding to the threshold of hearing for a typical human ear.

Sound Power Level (SWL) is given by… SWL = 10 Log10 W / Wr
where W = sound power of source (W)

Wr = sound power reference (1 x 10-12 W)

4. Frequency & Octave Band Spectra

Sound is oscillatory in nature and the speed of oscillation is measured as a

frequency in Hertz (Hz). In practice, virtually all sound consists of components at

different frequencies; each component has a sound power level at its relevant

frequency. The human ear is sensitive to sound with a frequency between 30Hz

and 20kHz. Since frequency is a continuous variable, sound levels (both SPL and

SWL) are grouped in frequency bands for convenience. These are referred to as

octave bands (as their width is typically one octave) and the mid-band frequency 60

is used to identify them.

Octave Band - mid-frequencies (Hz)

32 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000 16000

For fan coil unit applications, octave bands 125Hz, 250Hz, 500Hz, 1kHz, 2kHz and 50 NR55

4kHz are critical. Each octave band, for a piece of equipment such as a fan coil NR50

unit, has a corresponding sound power level, from which an equivalent sound 40 NR45

pressure level at the same frequency may be derived. Noise level (dB) NR40

5. The Relationship between SWL & SPL 30 NR35
SPL
In simple terms, the SWL is the rate at which acoustic energy is transferred to a NR30

room and the SPL is a measure of the effect of the SWL at a given point within the 20 NR25

room. A useful analogy is to consider a heater; the output of a heater is measured

as power in Watts (W) and the effect of the output of the heater is measured as

temperature in degrees Celsius (°C).

6. Sound Path

It is important to consider sound can be emitted from different sources to the listener.

1) Inlet and case radiated sound is transmitted through the ceiling into the room

space.

2) In-duct sound is carried along the duct and through the supply air diffusers to

the room space. NR20

It is also important to consider that sound is transmitted via more than one route. 10
125
1) The direct sound path is a straight uninterrupted path between source and listener. 250 500 1000 2000 4000

2) Reverberant sound paths are any path, beginning at the source, along which Octave band centre frequency (Hz)

sound is reflected off one or more surfaces prior to reaching the listener.

7. Factors Affecting Room Sound Pressure Levels 9. Common Problems with Fan Coil Unit Installations

Certain criteria must be known to determine room sound pressure levels. 1) Undersized outlet ductwork - Leads to high air velocities and external static
pressures and noise regeneration in the duct. As a guide, the maximum air velocities
Figure 1: A typical fan coil unit application with factors affecting room sound levels should be limited to 3m/s in typical office environments and to a lower figure in noise
critical areas. Recommended air volume flow rates for duct sizes of Ø250mm,
A In-duct discharge sound power levels Ø200mm and Ø150mm are 145l/s, 95l/s and 55l/s respectively.
B Inlet and case radiated sound power levels 2) Excessive quantities of flexible ducting - For a given air volume flow rate,
flexible ducting produces a higher pressure drop than an equivalent length of rigid
ducting. Higher pressure drops may lead to noise regeneration.
3) Position of return air grilles - Installation of return air grilles too close to the
inlet of the fan coil unit results in more of the inlet and case radiated sound reaching
the room via the grille. The length of the air path between the inlet of the fan coil
unit and return air grille should be maximised to minimise the level of inlet and case
radiated sound that is transmitted through the return air grille into the room space.
4) Hard acoustic conditions - Predominantly hard surfaces result in higher sound
pressure levels. Addition of soft furnishings to room space yields lower noise levels.
5) Poor ceiling attenuation - Some inlet and case radiated sound will reach the
room space via the ceiling. Use of acoustic ceiling tiles with low sound transmission
and good absorption properties reduces the level of inlet and case radiated sound.
6) Listener too close to supply air outlet - Sound pressure levels reduce with
increasing distance between the listener and the supply air outlet.

Dunham-Bush Ltd Tel : 023 9247 7700
Downley Road
Havant @dunham_bush_UK
Hampshire Email : [email protected]
PO9 2JD Website : www.dunham-bush.co.uk

Low Surface Temperature (LST) Radiators & Convectors - 75

Safe Heating for Buildings Standards for Testing

Safety is paramount in all buildings; designers have a duty of care to CE marking on heating devices is a mandatory requirement for
eliminate or minimise all risks to building occupants as is reasonably construction products and can only be applied to products that have been
practical. Buildings such as day centres, playrooms, surgeries, nurseries successfully tested to an EU standard by a notified body, accredited under
and care homes are used by people of all ages who are vulnerable. Risk the Construction Products Regulations (305/2011/EU-CPR).
assessment, provided by the Management of Health and Safety at Work The only accredited body in the UK is BSRIA, who test in accordance
Regulations 1999, will enable the designer to identify hazards, assess with the harmonised standard:
the risk of injury and decide appropriate measures. All occupants are
deemed to be at risk and some are more vulnerable than others to BS EN 442 Specification for Radiators and Convectors
scalding or burning from hot surfaces or water temperatures; research
has shown that partial thickness burns to skin can be inflicted by solid Part 1 1996 Technical Specifications and Requirements
surfaces at temperatures of 45°C or more for a period 2+ hours (a possible
occurrence if the occupant is rendered immobile or unconscious). Part 2 1997 Test Methods and Rating
Heating systems are typically designed using Low Pressure Hot Water
(LPHW) with a flow temperature of 80°C and a return temperature of Part 3 2003 Evaluation of Conformity
60°C; if the surface temperature of a heating device is between these
two, then the average person could receive a partial thickness burn in Part 1 provides technical specifications for radiators and convectors
about one second, with a full thickness burn being inflicted after which are permanently installed in a building and fed with hot water or
approximately ten seconds. Hence, a heating device should operate with steam below 120°C from a remote heat source.
a maximum surface temperature when running at design output, which Part 2 specifies the laboratory apparatus, test method and criteria for
can be achieved by installing a heating device designed to have a low selecting test samples. It also specifies the correct information that a
surface temperature. manufacturer shall provide from the test data.
Part 3 specifies how radiators and convectors are evaluated to comply
with the standard.
A radiator or convector can be tested to BS EN 442 and its thermal output
can be measured at various water temperatures, enabling characteristic
equations to be determined for different sizes or models of the same type.
Similarly, surface temperatures are measured at various water
temperatures and characteristic equations can be derived to predict
surface temperatures at different operating conditions.

NHS Estates Health Guidance Note ‘Safe’ Hot Water & Surface Low Surface Temperature (LST)
Temperatures 1998 provides guidance for designers on safe surface Natural Convector
temperatures of components and services. The guidance recommends
that heating devices should have a maximum surface temperature of The table below shows performance data for a typical Low Surface
43°C when operating under design conditions. Temperature (LST) natural convector which is wall mounted with a casing
Heating devices should be designed so there are no surface ‘hot spots’. width of 1500mm.
All openings (e.g. grilles) should prevent small hands entering the device The casing includes an outlet grille on the casing top and inlet grille on
and touching hotter surfaces inside the device. They should be designed the casing bottom, with a hot water emitter connected to LPHW flow and
to be easily cleaned as a routine maintenance activity, to prevent dust return. Air temperature is taken at 0.75m above finished floor level.
and debris build-up and to control infection. Consideration should also A review of the results can yield the following conclusions:
be given to exposed horizontal or vertical pipework within 2m of floor
level, since this will present the same risk as the heating device. Pipework i) Greater output is achieved from the stack effect; an increase in the
to the device should therefore be boxed or insulated. For most heating height of the casing will induce better airflow and heat transfer, leading
devices, the outlet grille has the highest surface temperature. However, to higher thermal output.
a risk assessment may deem the outlet grille does not present a
significant hazard. Therefore, higher grille temperatures may be ii) This in turn leads to reduced maximum surface temperatures at the
acceptable since casing temperatures will always be significantly lower outlet grille on top of the casing.
than grille temperatures.
iii) Reducing the return temperature will only lead to a lower mean water
temperature; this reduces output but will not reduce grille surface
temperature which is determined by the water flow temperature.

iv) Reducing the water flow temperature will reduce output as well as
bring the grille surface temperature down to an acceptable value when
selected in conjunction with an appropriate casing height.

v) A reduced room design temperature will increase heat output by a
greater mean temperature difference across the emitter, and lead to
reduced grille surface temperatures.

Space ΔT = 55k ΔT = 50k ΔT = 50k ΔT = 57k
Heating (LPHW 80/70°C Air 20°C) (LPHW 76/65°C Air 20°C) (LPHW 80/60°C Air 20°C) (LPHW 80/70°C Air 18°C)
Device BS EN 442 Standard Conditions
Height
(mm) Thermal Output Max Touch Thermal Output Max Touch Thermal Output Max Touch Thermal Output Max Touch
(W) Temperature (W) Temperature (W) Temperature (W) Temperature
1140
746 (°C) 656 (°C) 656 (°C) 783 (°C)
740 715 628 628 751
601 39 527 38 527 39 632 37
340
43 42 43 41

56 53 56 54

Dunham-Bush Ltd Tel : 023 9247 7700
Downley Road
Havant @dunham_bush_UK
Hampshire Email : [email protected]
PO9 2JD Website : www.dunham-bush.co.uk

76 - Air Curtains

Selection Guide

Door Height

The maximum height of installation depends on the conditions of the premises

Model Exposed Recessed Revolving Vertical Horizontal Cold store Commercial/ Industrial/ EC fan Clever Superior
Public Warehouse option control control
■ building/ option option
■ Retail ■
■ ■
Aris ■ ■■ ■
■ ■ ■
Essensse Neo ■ ■■ ■ ■
■
Finesse ■ ■ ■■ ■
■ ■
Fly ■ ■ ■ ■■ ■
■
Invisair ■ ■ ■■ ■ ■
■
Kool ■ ■■ ■ ■

Maxwell ■ ■■ ■ ■ ■
■
Mini Optima ■ ■■ ■ ■
■ ■
Recessed Optima ■ ■■ ■
■
Rotowind ■■■ ■■
■
Rund ■ ■ ■■ ■

Smart ■ ■■

Standesse ■ ■■

Standesse XP ■ ■■

VCP ■ ■■ ■

VCP XP ■ ■■ ■

Venesse ■ ■ ■
■
Windbox ■■ ■■ ■
■
Industrial Windbox ■ ■■ ■ ■

Recessed Windbox ■ ■■

Zen ■ ■■

JS Air Curtains Tel : +44 (0) 1903 858656
Member of the Condair Group Fax : +44 (0) 1903 850345
Artex Avenue
Rustington Littlehampton @JSAirCurtains
West Sussex BN16 3LN Email : [email protected]
Website : www.jsaircurtains.com

Trench Heating - 77

RCM Heating is introducing a new and exciting range of trench Ecological & BMS Friendly

heaters, designer radiators and towel rails. The range includes radiant Models with modern tangential ventilators 24V DC EC allow for
convector heaters, designed to heat residential rooms, corridors, implementation into low temperature heating systems, making use of
dust-free production rooms and public spaces and will operate in any thermal pumps and other ecological heating sources. Trench heaters with
heating system. Exchanger convectors with modern heating elements the EC fan technology combined with a modern digital thermostat can
can be used for offices, commercial areas, car showrooms and hotels. easily be incorporated into building management systems (BMS).

Trench heaters are embedded directly in the floor, do not disturb the Radiators
interior space design and do not occupy any space that could otherwise
be used for furniture. Trench heaters take in cold air from the surrounding Beautiful curves, imaginative design, try choosing just one of the many
environment – this air enters the trench heaters either by means of natural designs to finish your luxury interior. Exceptional construction made of
circulation or it is displaced using the installed tangential fans. resistant stainless steel. Designed for customers looking for high quality
and originality.
A heat exchanger is a basic component of each trench heater. This is
where the air is heated and subsequently rises back into the room. The Stylish & Unique Radiator Designs
air forms a heat curtain in front of a cool glass surface which separates
this cool surface from the inner space of the room and prevents air If you are looking for something a little bit different, unique to your
humidity condensation on its surface. requirements and perhaps tailored for the perfect fit, then our range of
stylish radiators will provide you with the perfect solution.
Discover this beautiful and versatile range of bathroom and designer
radiators and towel rails now available from RCM Heating; eye-catching Available in a range of stunning designs, featuring both classic and
products which will compliment any of your developments. Customers contemporary styles.
will always require the classical functions of heating, but with the RCM
range of radiators, towel rails and trench heaters, they can choose from With a comprehensive selection of quality finishes, colours and
units that not only warm, but also make a visual statement complementing connection options, we aim to provide our customers with a combination
the overall aspect of any room. to suit most installations.

Trench Heating

Natural Convection or Fan Assistance

Our range of trench heaters are available as natural convection and fan
assisted units. The 24V DC tangential fans are designed with longitudinal
tangential rotors. These ensure maximum coverage of the heat
exchanger which combined with the low energy motors, make the units
highly efficient.

Controlled by thermostat only and with optimum heating catering to the
needs of the user, they provide economic operation and so much more.

Wide Range of Cover Grilles & Finishes Wide range of types and dimensions
Maximum coverage of the heat exchanger by fan rotors
Aluminium Grilles – Roll-up grilles are made up of transverse lamellas Continuous control of trench heaters with fans
of aluminium alloy which are connected by a pre-tensioned spring and Silent operation
evenly spaced by a cured plastic roller. The surface is anodised, tinted Very low working voltage
and available in a selection of powder coated RAL shades. Low energy consumption
Use in low-temperature systems & heat-pump systems
Wooden Grilles – Lamellas made from Oak or Beech are available with Easy implementation in the BMS systems
a raw or stained surface. The grille constitutes the final design – invisible internal
components
Stainless Steel Grilles – With an impressive robust look and feel, these
grilles are also available as a rigid structure.

RCM Products Tel : 01234 843303
12-14 Sunbeam Road Fax : 01908 483930
Woburn Road Industrial Estate
Kempston Email : [email protected]
Bedford MK42 7BY Website : www.rcmheating.co.uk

78 - DSE Flex - Bespoke Solutions

Overview

District heating and cooling transfer stations provide the link between energy suppliers and customers’ systems. They incorporate the necessary equipment
to tailor the supplied heat to the needs of the object premises as specified in the heating supply contract.
In this they need to comply with all applicable standards and with the supplier’s technical connection conditions. Indirect connections (in which district
heating and in-house systems are hydraulically isolated) incorporate components to separate the systems (heat exchanger), to limit the flow volume to
that specified in the contract, regulate the secondary supply temperature and measure the energy consumption.
The system described here is a standard type and can be adapted to your specific project requirements.

Function

Low Temperature Hot Water (LTHW) drawn from the pipeline of the local or district heating supply company is fed into the station at an appropriate
temperature and pressure, which may be higher in winter than in summer. In the primary supply line this LTHW will flow through a shut-off valve and a
dirt trap / strainer.
The supply and return lines will incorporate a thermometer and a manometer to register the temperature and pressure.There will also be regulatory
equipment in the return lines of the primary as specified by the circuit design. On secondary side 3 types of pump modules and different options can be
connected.

Assembly

The DSE Flex is designed to your needs in advance, assembled in factory conditions and then delivered, pre-assembled and ready to connect to the
system. The controls are pre-wired for quick and simple installation to the network, or left out of the station to enable building management contractors
to control it externally.

Key Benefits

• High serviceability
• Durability due to the use of precious metals (red brass /stainless steel)
• Flat – sealing connections
• Very low heat loss
• Easy electrical connection
• Plenty of space for wiring work

Danfoss Ltd Tel : 0330 808 6888
Capswood Oxford Road @Danfoss_UK
Denham
Buckinghamshire Danfoss Heating
UB9 4LH Email : [email protected]
Website : www.heating.danfoss.co.uk

Principles / Advantages of Inverter Drives - 79

The VLT® HVAC Drive - The best is now better than ever Refrigeration Systems

Optimised features make the drive tougher and smarter with improved The performance of a refrigeration system is expressed using the Energy
process efficiency and enhanced accessibility ensuring reliable operation Efficiency Ratio (EER) or the Co-efficient of Performance (COP). This is
in the harshest conditions. VLT® HVAC Drive is a must for sophisticated the ratio of the generated cooling or heating capacity to the power
HVAC systems in today’s intelligent buildings. consumed and is usually based on full-load operation. However, it is not
enough to rate refrigeration units at just one load level, since most
Motor Independency for Building Services refrigeration systems operate under partial load conditions. This means
that significant energy savings can be obtained using speed control.
Frequency converter control of fans, pumps and compressor motors
brings significant energy and operational benefits in terms of simple and Refrigeration System without Speed Control
flexible overall control.
Legislation has reinforced the need for higher efficient systems, resulting In a refrigeration system without speed control the refrigerant compressor
in a more diverse offering of highly efficient induction, permanent magnet always runs at full speed, regardless of the cooling capacity required.
and synchronous reluctance motors. The cooling output is regulated by the evaporator, which is filled by the
Danfoss Drives are at the forefront by providing a solution where one expansion device. Since the expansion valve constantly tries to fill the
drive fits all motor types. This gives motor independency to installers, evaporator optimally, this adjustment causes the pressure to change and
OEM and end users, helping to future-proof the building services system. therefore creates oscillation in the system. Because of this oscillation,
Maximum possible energy savings can therefore be achieved using the the evaporator never properly fills and operates ineffectively and therefore
best motor technology for the application whilst reducing the total cost of the cooling capacity of the refrigerant is not optimal.
ownership.
Do it differently – One Danfoss Drive for all motors. Refrigeration System with Speed Control

EC+ Technology for Building Services Continuous variable speed control by VLT® Refrigeration Drive FC103
makes intelligent capacity control possible. By creating stability whilst
When building an HVAC system, to get the highest performance and balancing the capacity to the actual load, system wide COP/EER
system efficiency, the individual components (motor, drive and fan) need improves providing significant energy savings. Intelligent compressor and
to be flexible and broadly compatible with each other. condenser fan control is a “must” in any optimised refrigeration system.
If you specify a high-efficiency motor that is only compatible with lower
efficiency fans, the overall system efficiency would suffer and would not
reflect the high performance and investment in the individual components.
Danfoss Drives EC+ concept allows ventilation system designers to
combine a HVAC Drive with the most efficient fan and permanent magnet
motor. A practical example can be seen in the EC version of radial fans
with external-rotor motors illustrated below.
To achieve extremely compact construction, the motor extends into the
intake area of the impeller. This impairs the efficiency of the fan, and
therefore the efficiency of the entire ventilation unit. As a result, high
motor efficiency does not lead to high system efficiency.

System efficiency is calculated according to VDI DIN 6014 by multiplying the efficiencies of the components. The following positive effects can be achieved in a refrigeration system
with variable-speed compressor operation:
The stated drive efficiencies (converter x motor) are based on measurements, while the fan efficiencies
are taken from manufacturer catalogues. Due to the directly driven fan, ƞcoupling=1 Compressor

Multi-Fan Control • Stable suction pressure
• Increased capacity using smaller compressor
Plug Fans and Axial Fans in parallel are becoming more and more popular • Built-in soft starter function
in AHU, RTU, condenser and multi-fan applications. Use of high efficiency • Reduced mechanical load
PM Motors has so far required separate drives for each motor. • Fewer starts & stops extends lifetime
Danfoss Drives now takes technology development to the next level with • Eliminate mechanical capacity control
the multi-fan feature enabling one HVAC Drive to control multiple fans
with IE5 permanent magnet motors. Condenser Fan Control

• Load dependent capacity control
• Stable condensing pressure
• Reduced charge of refrigerant
• Less dirt build up on condenser
• Stand-alone optimised control with VLT® Refrigeration Drive FC103

Pumps in A/C or Indirect Cooling Systems & Fans in
Air Conditioning Systems

• Coolant pump capacity according to demand
• Stable coolant flow & pressure
• Optimised operation of air handling units
• High efficiency
• Airflow according to demand
• Stand-alone optimised control with VLT® Refrigeration Drive FC103
• Operate from direct signal (0/4-20mA or 0-10v DC)
Depending on the application, speed control can result in energy
savings ranging from 10% to as much as 70%.

Danfoss Drives Tel : 0330 808 6888
Capswood Ireland Freephone : 1 800 946 332
Oxford Road
Denham DanfossDrives
Buckinghamshire @DanfossDrives
UB9 4LH Email : [email protected]
Website : www.danfoss.com/en-gb

80 - Metering & Flow Control

Superstatic - The Credible Alternative to Ultrasonic CMeX Series
Why? The Top 10
The CMeX Series is ready to use with no configuration required in the
• Same meter for heating & cooling: -20ºC +130ºC field. The possibility of stacking the CMeX enables one CMe to handle
• Complete range of flows qp 0.6-1500 m³/h, DN15-DN500 multiple M-Bus 2-wire buses isolated from each other. After installation,
• Only 0.5 bar system pressure required the device shows an indication if the installation was successful and no
• Same meter for horizontal, vertical riser & vertically down pipework short-circuit was detected on the bus. The RS232 interface enables
• Best result at AGFW (Germany) durability test communication to any system using M-Bus over RS232 (Tridium,
• No influence from water impurities – thanks to the self-cleaning effect Honeywell, Trend).

from the fluid oscillator jet • M-Bus standard open protocol
• No reflection or misdirection of the signals – as with ultrasonic sensors
• Replaceable sensor head without removing from pipework • M-Bus Slaves 32 / 64 / 128 / 256
• More than 65 cooling liquids (Glycols) programmed!
• Complete range of flow capacities qp 1-1500 m³/h, DN15-DN500 • GSM/GPRS data transmission (CMe2100 required)

• Transparent M-Bus dataflow

• I/O modules

• D/A modules to read input signals

Sontex Supercal 5 Control Valve – AB-QM Pressure Independent

The future of smart metering Sontex presents its latest generation Balancing & Control Valve
integrator, the Supercal 5. It convinces thanks to its many attractive
innovations. The AB-QM can be used separately as an automatic flow limiter valve or
as a combined flow limiter and control valve when fitted with an actuator.
The Supercal 5 is an integrator based on our user friendly, modular In addition, the setting is extremely user friendly and reliable, making the
design, offering multifunctional state-of-the-art technology: NFC, freely AB-QM maintenance free.
configurable tariff and data logger functions, versatile communication The AB-QM valve is the obvious choice for balancing and controlling
possibilities, both wire-based (e.g. M-Bus, Modbus, BACnet) and wireless terminal units such as fan coils, chilled ceilings and air handling units.
(Sontex radio, wM-Bus). For the Commissioning Engineer it is straightforward to set the maximum
designed flow – just turn the pre-setting scale at the desired flow. A built-in
Modules can be upgraded at any time without losing calibration. It diaphragm then maintains a constant low differential pressure across the
operates with battery or mains supply. setting cone on the AB-QM. This ensures that the maximum set flow is
not exceeded.

DMS Ltd Tel : 01773 534555
X-Cel House Chrysalis Way
Langley Bridge @dmsltd2011
Eastwood Email : [email protected]
Nottingham NG16 3RY Website : www.dmsltd.com

Belimo Energy Valve™ - 81

The Concept

The unique Belimo Energy Valve™ combines many functions in a single
installation-friendly unit, hydronic balancing, air bubble-tight shut off, pressure-
independent flow control, permanent volumetric flow measurement and energy
monitoring.
Energy consumption for heating and cooling is determined on a continuous
basis and saved on the web server, integrated in the actuator, for 13 months.
Using a laptop (RJ45 Ethernet interface) or by means of the management
system, the values can be viewed, analysed and if necessary optimised on site,
directly through the valve.
With the integration of the Belimo Energy Valve™ into the Belimo Cloud, the
users create their own account to have full transparency about the energy
consumption in the cooling/heating application.

Technical Configuration

The Belimo Energy Valve™ is a characterised control valve with adjustable flow
rate and sensor-operated flow control, as well as a power and energy-monitoring
function, 2-way, internal thread, with flange PN16:

• For closed cold & warm water systems

• For modulating water-side control of air purification & heating systems

• Nominal Voltage AC/DC 24V

• Ethernet 10/100 Mbit/s, TCP/IP, Integrated web server

• Communication via BACnet IP, BACnet MS/TP, MP-Bus or conventional control

• Optional Belimo Cloud connection

Advantages

Building owners, facility managers, contractors and system integrators will not fail to recognise the advantages of this intelligent technology, such as:
• Quick & certain dimensioning as well as simple commissioning
• Energy-saving through automatic, permanent hydronic balancing
• Correct volume of water despite differential-pressure changes & partial loads
• Efficient operation ensured through the Delta-T management
• 7 Year Warranty with the integration of the Belimo Energy Valve™ into the Belimo Cloud

Valve, Electronic Flow Rate Controller & Energy Monitoring in a Single Valve

Temperature sensors Energy-efficient operation Data recording
Integrated web server

Actuator

Optimisation / maintenance Analysis / monitoring

Characterised Measuring pipe with velocity sensor
control valve Sensor electronics

(CCV) Tel : 01932 260460
Fax : 01932 269222
BELIMO Automation UK Ltd
Shepperton Business Park Email : [email protected]
Govett Avenue Website : www.belimo.co.uk
Shepperton
Middlesex TW17 8BA

82 - Building Energy Management System (BEMS)

A Trend Building Energy Management System (BEMS) is the best investment for life-long building performance and energy management.

Our solutions are low risk and provide a fast ROI through energy and resource efficiencies.

Regardless of the application or sector being considered, today’s building owners and managers demand
a control system that can accommodate regular changes in the use of its buildings.

However, these developments must be sustainable, affordable and above all else, remain compliant
and resilient.

The BEMS that monitors and controls this built environment needs to offer flexibility and backwards
compatibility to maximise the use of existing resources, and provide a high quality, fit for purpose
environment for its occupiers and services, whatever the application or market sector.

Lighting is the second largest consumer of energy in a building. Integrating your lighting system with
your Building Energy Management System (BEMS) will further improve the efficiency of your lighting
systems, without compromising the comfort and performance of the space.

Trend has been partnering with building owners for more than 30 years, providing expertise at every
stage of a building’s lifecycle: from engineering the right solution, to maintaining its effective operation
and continuing to optimise performance as occupant requirements change.

It’s all about Partnerships

Trend’s ability to supply the worldwide market via its extensive and well-established third-party Partner
network gives end users the reassurance of knowing that, wherever they are located, a Trend specialist
is never far away.

Our Partner network offers the end customer a genuine choice of supply, which is important not only
when a customer first installs a system, but also if the system is later modified, expanded or extended
into other buildings.

Market Sectors

Trend systems are to be found in virtually every type of non-residential building, from schools, hospitals and leisure facilities to office blocks, shops and
factories. Suitable for the largest building complexes and multi-site applications, they are still cost-effective in even very small premises.

Commercial Healthcare

In the modern commercial environment, Trend BEMS play a key role in Trend systems have been installed in many of the National Health
satisfying the aspirations of developer, tenant and owner-occupier. Service’s largest and best-known hospitals, as well as a huge number of
its smaller premises, including health centres, clinics and GP surgeries.

Education Data Centres

A Trend BEMS controls and monitors all facets of HVAC, classroom Trend’s proven solutions consistently add value and peace of mind to
ventilation, energy and lighting. Whatever the energy targets may be, an those delivering compliant, resilient and sustainable data centres across
educational establishment must be fit for purpose and provide an the globe.
environment conducive for learning.

Trend Control Systems Ltd Tel : +44 (0) 1403 211888

St. Mark’s Court

North Street

Horsham @trendcontrols

West Sussex Email : [email protected]

RH12 1BW Website : www.trendcontrols.com

Psychrometric Chart - 83

PSYCHROMETRIC
CHART

Trend Control Systems Ltd Tel : +44 (0) 1403 211888

St. Mark’s Court

North Street

Horsham @trendcontrols

West Sussex Email : [email protected]

RH12 1BW Website : www.trendcontrols.com

84 - Guidance for Control Valves in HVAC Applications

General Guidance for the Use of Control Valves Typical Mixing Valve Applications
in HVAC Applications
Mixing Circuit Load
This information is intended as a general guide for the application of Diverting Circuit Load
HVAC control valves. Please consult the manufacturer’s relevant data
sheets for detailed specifications. Load
Mixing Circuit with Bypass (Underfloor Heating)
• Control valves must be suitable for the medium and operating pressure
Load
• Modulating control valves must not be used where tight shut-off is
required Injection Circuit with Straight-Through Valve
10 x DN (min 0.5m)
• Control valves can be manufactured with +/- 10% tolerance on the kvs
value and should not be used as a reference for balancing purposes Load

• Mixing valves have 2 inlets and 1 outlet Injection Circuit

• Diverting valves have 1 inlet and 2 outlets Hints on Sizing Control Valves

• Most manufacturer’s valves are mixing valves and when used in a The valve sizing chart is based on Siemens Building Technologies’
diverting application, must be placed in the return magnetic valve, kvs/size may vary for other types and manufacturers.
Control valves should be sized relative to the pressure drop in the
• Most valves will work when installed in any position (see relevant “variable flow part” of the circuit.
manufacturers’ details). However, they should be installed upright as far
as possible

• Installing valves upside down should be avoided as any water leakage
will run into the electrical actuator and may result in damage

• Valves should be installed with sufficient room available for removing
the actuator and complete valves for inspection purposes

• Isolating valves and quick disconnect fittings should be installed to ease
removal

• Water systems should be cleaned, flushed and treated in accordance
with current good practice e.g. as described in BSRIA Application Guide
AG 1/2001: Pre-Commission Cleaning of Pipework Systems & AG 2/93
Water Treatment for Building Services Systems

• For further relevant information see CIBSE Guide B2

Valve Sizing Chart p max

. v
V[m³/h]
[l/h]
200 40
30
100 20
70
50 10
40 7
30 5
3
20 2

10 1
7 0,7
5 0,5

3 0,3
2 0,2

1 1
0,7 0,07
0,5 0,05
0,03
0,3
0,2 0,02
200 300 [kPa]
1
2 3 [bar]
0,07 2 3 5 7 10 20 30 50 100
1 0,02 0,03 0,05 0,07 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,5 1 pv
0,01

Siemens Building Products Tel : 0330 403 5106

Sir William Siemens Square

Frimley @SiemensBT

Camberley [email protected]

Surrey GU16 8QD www.siemens.co.uk/buildingtechnologies

Remeha - Case Studies - 85

The role of condensing boilers in the path to net zero

Heating has been identified as a natural target for improvement as we work towards our 2050 net zero emissions target. While great strides have been
made in well-insulated commercial buildings, finding suitable solutions to meet the requirements in the UK’s older building stock is a greater challenge.
To address this, we are innovating with longer-term green gas retrofit solutions, including hydrogen boilers. But our condensing boiler range provides
immediate opportunities for significant energy savings right now – and will likely continue to do so for the next decade.

Replacing any old or inefficient boiler plant with highly efficient low NOx condensing boilers remains one of the most practical, achievable and cost-effective
means of driving down energy consumption, costs and emissions associated with heat.

As a core component of the commercial plant room, the highly efficient operation of our condensing boiler range will continue to play a vital part in
improving building energy performance and help make significant strides along the path to net zero.

Bespoke prefabricated heating solutions

Space and access limitations combined with time constraints are frequent hurdles to boiler installation.
More recently, the need to prioritise on-site safety has presented new challenges. We have addressed
all these concerns with our bespoke prefabricated heating systems.

These are essentially mini plant rooms systems with a bespoke configuration of either wall hung or floor
standing boilers, pumps, and other components designed to address all site and project requirements.
Fabricated off-site in quality-controlled conditions, the turnkey solution is then delivered on a wheeled
frame, with insulated pipework set, ready for rapid connection.

Time & space savings

A Remeha bespoke rig was identified as the best time and space saving solution to boiler replacement
at Bridgemary School.

Ridge and Partners LLP specified six Remeha Quinta 115 wall hung boilers on a bespoke rig to overcome
space constraints and meet the tight installation schedule.

“Our experience of working with the Remeha team over the years has been consistently good, as they
provide continued support from the initial selection through to commissioning,” said Ridge.

The boilers were arranged in a compact back-to-back layout on the wheeled rig unit. Pumps specifically
selected for the duty required for plate heat exchanger operation, an expansion vessel, a pressurisation
unit, and a dosing pot were integrated into the design.

To achieve hydraulic separation, a Plate Heat Exchanger (PHE) was selected to meet the specified boiler output and temperature, and oriented on the
rig for non-disruptive future servicing. Air-dirt separation was installed to protect the PHE from the older retained secondary pipework. Controls were
pre-wired to enable faster connection to the new Building Management System control panel.

M&E contractors IDWE said, “The bespoke rig solution was great – it was wheeled straight off the tail lift and into place, saving us a lot of valuable time.”

Minimising disruption

When Nottinghamshire Police refurbished the heating systems at a series of its stations, the
critical challenge was the tight schedule as all sites needed to be fully completed within three
months. Additionally, there could be no disruption to the hot water service throughout this
period as all police stations were to be kept operational during the works.

Consultant CJR Midlands selected Remeha Gas 220 Ace floor standing boilers “due to
Remeha’s excellent service and support, including assisting with surveys, and good
availability of spare parts”. The ability to use prefabricated cascade arrangements
floor-standing range was a major advantage on this extensive refurbishment project.

Working with CJR and M&E contractors ABSN, we prepared 3D drawings of the boiler
cascade arrangement to the specified layout for each site and integrated LTHW and gas
headers, pump sets and a PHE into the design. The project went smoothly with the
challenging delivery dates successfully met.

ABSN said: “Early engagement with Remeha was central to the success of the scheme.
Having the detailed co-ordinated dimensioned designs for each plantroom allowed us both
to procure and to preinstall pipework in readiness for the boiler delivery. This helped speed
up the installation process considerably.”

Remeha Tel : 0345 070 1055
Innovation House Remeha UK
3 Oaklands Business Centre
Oaklands Park @RemehaUK
Wokingham RG41 2FD Email: [email protected]

Website: www.remeha.co.uk

86 - CALPEX Pipes - Heat Loss Data

Heating, 6 bar

CALPEX / CALPEX PUR-KING UNO

Heat losses q [W/m] for one UNO pipe

CALPEX UNO U-Value Average operating temperature TB [°C]

[W/mK] 40° 50° 60° 70° 80°

25/ 76* 0.1050 3.15 4.20 5.25 6.30 7.35

25/ 91 PLUS* 0.0910 2.73 3.64 4.55 5.46 6.37

32/ 76* 0.1320 3.96 5.28 6.60 7.92 9.24

32/ 91 PLUS* 0.1110 3.33 4.44 5.55 6.66 7.77

40/ 91* 0.1380 4.14 5.52 6.90 8.28 9.66

40/111 PLUS* 0.1140 3.42 4.56 5.70 6.84 7.98

50/111* 0.1420 4.26 5.68 7.10 8.52 9.94 a=0.1 m H=0.8 m
TE λE
50/126 PLUS* 0.1260 3.78 5.04 6.30 7.56 8.82
RL (return)
63/126* 0.1620 4.86 6.48 8.10 9.72 11.34 VL (flow)

63/142 PLUS* 0.1420 4.62 5.68 7.10 8.52 9.94 TE
λE
75/142* 0.1750 5.25 7.00 8.75 10.50 12.25

75/162 PLUS 0.1616 4.85 6.46 8.08 9.70 11.31

90/162 0.2057 6.17 8.23 10.29 12.34 14.40

90/182 PLUS 0.1747 5.24 6.99 8.74 10.48 12.23

110/162 0.2957 8.87 11.83 14.79 17.74 20.70

110/182 0.2355 7.07 9.42 11.78 14.13 16.49

110/202 PLUS 0.1992 5.98 7.97 9.96 11.95 13.94

125/182 0.3026 9.08 12.10 15.13 18.16 21.18

125/202 PLUS 0.2771 8.31 11.08 13.86 16.63 19.40

140/202 0.3084 9.25 12.34 15.42 18.50 21.59

160/250** 0.3028 9.08 12.11 15.14 18.17 21.20

CALPEX / CALPEX PUR-KING DUO (flow and return in one pipe)

Heat losses q [W/m] for one DUO pipe

CALPEX DUO U-Value Average operating temperature TB [°C] 80°
[W/mK] 40° 50° 60° 70°

25 + 25/ 91* 0.1635 4.91 6.54 8.18 9.81 11.45

25 + 25/111 PLUS* 0.1285 3.86 5.14 6.43 7.71 9.00

32 + 32/111* 0.1690 5.07 6.76 8.45 10.14 11.83

32 + 32/126 PLUS* 0.1431 4.29 5.72 7.16 8.59 10.02

40 + 40/126* 0.1909 5.73 7.64 9.55 11.45 13.36 H=0.8 m

40 + 40/142 PLUS* 0.1594 4.78 6.38 7.97 9.56 11.16

50 + 50/162 0.1954 5.86 7.82 9.77 11.72 13.68

50 + 50/182 PLUS 0.1662 4.99 6.65 8.31 9.97 11.63

63 + 63/182 0.2381 7.14 9.52 11.91 14.29 16.67

63 + 63/202 PLUS 0.2075 6.23 8.30 10.38 12.45 14.53

75 + 75/202 0.2802 8.41 11.21 14.01 16.81 19.61

Note: Due to the planned revision of standards, the heat losses are not shown as specified within EN 15632

Type of installation, CPX UNO: 2-pipe, laid in the ground Heat loss during operation:
Type of installation, CPX DUO: 1-pipe, laid in the ground q = U (TB -TE) [W/m]
Pipe distance: a = 0.10 m U = Heat transfer coefficient [W/mK]
Cover above pipe: H = 0.80 m TB = Average operating temperature [ºC]
Ground temperature: TE = 10ºC TE = Average ground temperature [ºC]
Soil conductivity: λE = 1.0 W/mK VL = Flow
*Conductivity of PUR-KING foam: λPU = 0.0199 W/mK RL = Return
Conductivity of PUR foam: λPU = 0.0216 W/mK
**Conductivity of PUR foam: λPU = 0.0260 W/mK
Conductivity of PEX pipe: λPEXa = 0.38 W/mK
Conductivity of PE pipe: λPE = 0.33 W/mK

BRUGG PIPES UK Ltd Tel : 01268 759567
Riverside Mountbatten Way
Congleton Cheshire [email protected]
CW12 1DY www.bruggpipesystems.co.uk
A Member of the BRUGG Group
Dean Lowe : 07968 99 0112

Energy Savings Using Radiant Heat - 87

The most important consideration when choosing a heating and cooling 4. System Temperatures
system is energy efficiency. Zehnder radiant heating and cooling systems
can save more than 40% in energy compared to other systems. And all The future of heating is in the low-temperature field. These systems use
with a pleasant indoor climate. less energy and the energy that they do use is used very efficiently. Heat
• Save energy by achieving a higher perceived temperature than the transfer systems that work using radiant heat and have a low storage
mass are ideally suited to low-temperature systems.
actual room temperature Zehnder ceiling-mounted heating and cooling systems are a perfect
• Even temperature distribution across the full height of the room example of this. Requiring very low flow temperatures is important,
• Very high heat output to EN 14037 especially when pumping heat. For example, if you use a heat transfer
• Short heating & cooling time system that runs at a flow temperature of 50ºC, you will use around 90%
• Free choice of energy source including alternative energies, heat more energy than with a system that runs a flow temperature of 30ºC.

pumps, condensing appliance technology or process waste heat Sample Calculations
• No additional power costs for propulsion energy
The energy costs are mainly dependent on the type of system and the The energy saving potential of over 40% can be demonstrated and
energy source. The biggest cost factor is the inefficient distribution of heat determined more precisely in accordance with DIN V 18599. As an
within the room. example, we will use a comparison between radiant ceiling panels and
Zehnder ZBN radiant ceiling panels are particularly efficient and achieve air heaters.
energy savings of over 40%. Numerous facilities equipped with Zehnder Boundary Conditions: Hall height 20m, room temperature regulation for
provide proof of this, day after day. both systems via PI regulations, air distribution at a normal induction rate,
lateral air outlet.
1. Human Temperature Perception
Basic Information: Calculation formula under DIN V 18599
Human perception of temperature is the arithmetic mean of the indoor air
temperature and the surface temperature e.g. of the walls, ceiling and
floor. Due to the radiation and hence the higher surface temperature of
ceiling-mounted cooling and heating systems, the indoor air temperature
during heating can therefore be kept lower, can be higher during cooling
and still be perceived as pleasant. Energy costs are reduced, both when
heating and when cooling, due to the lower or higher air temperature.

2. Heat Distribution up to Ceiling Height

With air heating systems the heated air rises, and radiant ceiling panels
generate heat where the heat radiation meets objects (walls, floors and
people). This results in an even temperature distribution throughout the
entire room at ceiling level, and thus a considerably lower energy
consumption.
Although the perceived temperature remains the same, the actual indoor
air temperature can be up to 3K lower (for heating) or higher (for cooling).
The consequential smaller difference between indoor air temperature and
outdoor temperature means that heat loss is dramatically reduced.

3. Reaction Time & Controllability

Buildings are becoming increasingly well insulated and thus need less
and less energy. Even small variations in the heat load can result in major
temperature fluctuations. The result is that users manually intervene in
the system and remove the excess heat from the room, e.g. via ventilation.
The conclusion from this is that systems are required that can react quickly
to changes in the heat load or temperature fluctuations in a room –
systems with a rapid reaction time and very good controllability.

Test Series

To simulate the miscellaneous inertias of various systems, tests were
carried out using a radiant ceiling panel, an underfloor heating system
and an active building system. All systems were cooled to a surface
temperature of 17ºC. The systems were then subjected to the same mass
flow and the same flow temperature until each system had achieved a
surface temperature of approximately 35ºC.
For example, a conference room is heated to 20ºC in the winter. The
participants enter the room and give off body heat. This, plus additional
heat loads from lighting, projectors, computers etc makes the temperature
of the room rise. The result is that to quickly bring the sharply increased
room temperature back down to the desired 20ºC, the windows are
opened – and precious energy is wasted.

Zehnder Group UK Ltd Tel : 01276 605800
Concept House Zehnder Group UK Ltd
Watchmoor Point
Camberley @Zehnder_UK
Surrey GU15 3AD Email : [email protected]
Website : www.zehnder.co.uk

88 - Steam & Condensate Pipe Sizing

Capacity of Steam Pipes in kg/h

Practical experience shows that reasonable velocities for dry saturated steam mains are 25-40m/s.
Longer branch lines should be restricted to a velocity below 15m/s unless the pressure drop is also calculated.

Nominal Size Pipe (mm)

Pressure Velocity 15 20 25 32 40 50 65 80 100 125 150
Bar (g) (m/s)
15.80 20.93 26.64 35.04 Actual inside pipe diameter Schedule 40 77.92
15
0.4 25 9 15 25 43 40.90 52.50 62.70 210 102.26 128.20 154.05
14 25 41 71 350
40 23 40 66 113 Pipeline capacity (kg/h) 561 362 569 822
15 10 18 29 51 251 603 948 1369
0.7 25 17 30 49 85 58 95 136 419 965 1517 2191
40 28 48 78 136 671 433 681 983
15 12 21 34 59 97 159 227 292 722 1135 1638
1 25 20 35 57 99 487 1155 1815 2621
40 32 56 91 158 154 254 363 779 503 791 1142
15 18 31 50 86 427 839 1319 1904
2 25 29 51 83 144 69 114 163 712 1342 2110 3046
40 47 82 133 230 1139 735 1156 1669
15 23 40 65 113 115 190 271 559 1226 1927 2782
3 25 38 67 109 188 931 1961 3083 4451
40 61 107 174 301 185 304 434 1490 962 1512 2183
15 28 50 80 139 689 1603 2520 3639
4 25 47 83 134 232 81 133 189 1148 2565 4032 5822
40 75 132 215 371 1836 1186 1864 2691
15 34 59 96 165 134 221 315 817 1976 3106 4485
5 25 56 98 159 276 1362 3162 4970 7176
40 90 157 255 441 215 354 505 2180 1408 2213 3195
15 39 68 111 191 947 2347 3688 5325
6 25 65 114 184 319 118 194 277 1578 3755 5901 8521
40 104 182 295 511 2525 1631 2563 3700
15 44 77 125 217 196 323 461 1073 2718 4271 6167
7 25 74 129 209 362 1788 4348 6834 9867
40 118 206 334 579 314 517 737 2861 1848 2904 4194
15 49 86 140 242 1198 3080 4841 6989
8 25 82 144 233 404 154 254 362 1996 4928 7745 11183
40 131 230 373 646 3194 2063 3242 4681
15 60 105 170 294 256 423 603 1455 3438 5403 7802
10 25 100 175 283 490 2425 5501 8645 12484
40 160 280 453 785 410 676 964 3880 2506 3938 5686
15 80 141 228 394 1951 4176 6563 9477
14 25 134 235 380 657 190 313 446 3251 6682 10502 15164
40 214 375 608 1052 5202 3360 5281 7625
316 521 743 5600 8801 12708
8960 14082 20333
506 833 1189

225 371 529

375 619 882

601 990 1411

261 430 613

435 716 1022

696 1146 1635

296 487 695

493 812 1158

788 1299 1853

330 544 775

550 906 1292

880 1450 2068

401 660 942

668 1101 1570

1069 1761 2512

537 886 1263

896 1476 2105

1433 2362 3368

Capacity of Condensate Pipes in kg/h The Release of Flash Steam

For condensate pipe sizing, use the starting load which will in most cases 15 bar 1.5 bar 1.0 bar 0.5 bar 20 bar
be about twice the running load. This will make allowance for flash steam 14 bar
and avoid high back pressure on start up. 12
Size the line on a resistance of 1.4 mbar per metre of travel for steam 10 2.5
pressure up to 10 bar. For higher pressures, increase the pipe size to 2.0
allow for larger volumes of flash steam. 8
Pressure on the traps (bar) 6
Approximate frictional resistance in mbar per m travel 4

15mm 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.8 1 1.4 Flash Steam Pressure
20mm (30 Pa) (50 Pa) (60 Pa) (80 Pa) (100 Pa) (140 Pa) 2
25mm 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20
32mm 95 130 140 160 180 220
40mm 220 290 320 370 420 500 kg Flash per kg Condensate
50mm 410 540 600 690 790 940
65mm 890 1180 1300 1500 1700 2040
80mm 1360 1790 2000 2290 2590 3100
100mm 2630 3450 3810 4390 4990 6000
5350 6950 7730 8900 10150 12100
8320 10900 12000 13800 15650 18700
17000 22200 24500 28200 31900 38000

Spirax Sarco Limited Tel : 01242 521361
Charlton House Fax : 01242 573342
Cheltenham @Spirax_Sarco_UK
Gloucestershire Email : [email protected]
GL53 8ER Website : www.spiraxsarco.com/uk

Steam Tables / Data - 89

Saturated Steam Tables

Pressure Temperature Water (hf) Specific Enthalpy Steam (hg) Specific Volume
Steam
bar kPa °C kJ/kg Evaporation (hfg) kJ/kg m³/kg
69.10 289.23 2,625.30 5.2290
0.30 30 81.33 340.49 kJ/kg 2,645.90 3.2400
91.78 384.39 2,336.10 2,663.00 2.2170
0.50 absolute 50 98.20 411.43 2,305.40 2,673.20 1.7770
100.00 419.04 2,278.60 2,676.00 1.6730
0.75 75 102.66 430.20 2,261.80 2,680.40 1.5330
105.10 440.80 2,257.00 2,684.20 1.4140
0.95 95 107.39 450.40 2,250.20 2,687.60 1.3120
109.55 459.70 2,243.40 2,691.00 1.2250
0 gauge 0 111.61 468.30 2,237.20 2,693.90 1.1490
115.40 484.10 2,231.30 2,699.50 1.0240
0.1 10 118.80 498.90 2,225.60 2,704.50 0.9230
121.96 512.20 2,215.40 2,709.20 0.8410
0.2 20 124.90 524.60 2,205.60 2,713.30 0.7730
127.62 536.10 2,197.00 2,717.10 0.7140
0.3 30 130.13 547.10 2,188.70 2,720.80 0.6650
132.54 557.30 2,181.00 2,724.00 0.6220
0.4 40 135.88 571.70 2,173.70 2,728.60 0.5680
140.00 589.20 2,166.70 2,733.90 0.5090
0.5 50 143.75 605.30 2,156.90 2,738.70 0.4610
147.20 620.00 2,144.70 2,742.90 0.4220
0.7 70 150.44 634.00 2,133.40 2,746.90 0.3890
155.55 656.30 2,122.90 2,753.00 0.3420
0.9 90 162.08 684.60 2,112.90 2,760.30 0.2920
167.83 709.70 2,096.70 2,766.50 0.2550
1.1 110 173.02 732.50 2,075.70 2,771.70 0.2270
177.75 753.30 2,056.80 2,776.20 0.2040
1.3 130 188.02 798.80 2,039.20 2,784.80 0.1630
196.62 837.90 2,022.90 2,791.10 0.1360
1.5 150 204.38 872.30 1,986.00 2,795.70 0.1170
211.25 903.10 1,953.20 2,799.00 0.1020
1.7 170 217.35 931.30 1,923.40 2,801.40 0.0906
224.02 962.20 1,895.80 2,803.10 0.0797
1.9 190 230.14 990.70 1,870.10 2,804.00 0.0714
235.78 1017.00 1,840.90 2,804.10 0.0645
2.2 220 244.26 1057.70 1,813.30 2,803.20 0.0554
251.94 1094.60 1,787.00 2,800.90 0.0485
2.6 260 260.13 1135.30 1,745.50 2,796.90 0.0421
265.26 1160.80 1,706.30 2,793.60 0.0386
3 300 1,661.60
1,632.80
3.4 340

3.8 380

4.5 450

5.5 550

6.5 650

7.5 750

8.5 850

11 1100

13.5 1350

16 1600

18.5 1850

21 2100

24 2400

27 2700

30 3000

35 3500

40 4000

46 4600

50 5000

Heat Emission from Pipes (W/m)

Heat emission from bare horizontal pipes with ambient temperatures between 10°C and 21°C and still air conditions.

Temp. Diff. Pipe Size
Steam to Air
15mm 20mm 25mm 32mm 40mm 50mm 65mm 80mm 100mm 150mm
ºC
56 54 65 79 103 W/m 155 188 233 324
67 68 82 100 122 198 236 296 410
78 83 100 122 149 108 132 241 298 360 500
89 99 120 146 179 289 346 434 601
100 116 140 169 208 136 168 337 400 501 696
111 134 164 198 241 392 469 598 816
125 159 191 233 285 166 203 464 555 698 969
139 184 224 272 333 540 622 815 1133
153 210 255 312 382 205 246 623 747 939 1305
167 241 292 357 437 713 838 1093 1492
180 274 329 408 494 234 285 808 959 1190 1660
194 309 372 461 566 909 1080 1303 1852
271 334

321 394

373 458

429 528

489 602

556 676

634 758

Spirax Sarco Limited Tel : 01242 521361
Charlton House Fax : 01242 573342
Cheltenham @Spirax_Sarco_UK
Gloucestershire Email : [email protected]
GL53 8ER Website : www.spiraxsarco.com/uk

90 - Kooltherm® HVAC & Building Services Pipe Insulation

Thermal Performance Fire

With a robust declared lambda of 0.025 W/mK at 10°C to EN 14314, The European fire classification for Kooltherm® Pipe Insulation of BL-s1,
based on the time averaged value over 25 years, Kooltherm® Pipe d0 is the highest possible classification for phenolic foam insulation.
Insulation is one of the most thermally efficient insulation material
commonly used. A low thermal conductivity allows specified thermal The subscript L indicates that Kooltherm® has been correctly tested as
performance standards to be achieved with thinner insulation. The pipe insulation as placed on the market in accordance with the
superior thermal performance of Kooltherm® Pipe Insulation derives requirements of CE Marking and BS EN 14314.
mainly from its closed cell properties. Its closed cell structure has been
optimised to resist heat transfer. The excellent fire and smoke performance characteristics of Kooltherm®
Pipe Insulation clearly demonstrate the suitability for the designated
The closed cells have a small solid to void volume ratio which are small application.
and uniform in size, and their construction is very fine with extremely thin
walls and minimum point contact (struts). They are filled with a thermally Fire Test Classifications
efficient CFC/HCFC-free blowing agent with zero Ozone Depletion
Potential (ODP) and low Global Warming Potential (GWP). As a result Property Test Method Typical Result
of its closed cell structure, Kooltherm® Pipe Insulation is unaffected by
air infiltration – problems that can be experienced with mineral fibre and Reaction to fire EN 13501-1 BL-s1, d0
which can reduce thermal performance.
FM Approval FM Approval Please contact Kingspan Technical Services
Moisture Resistance Standard 4924 for details of coverage

Kooltherm® Pipe Insulation has a 90% (or greater) closed cell structure.
The risk of moisture absorption into the insulation is effectively eliminated
as the factory-applied aluminium foil facing to Kooltherm® Pipe Insulation
System products provides a high performance vapour barrier jacket.

Insulation Thickness Table to Control Heat Loss

Water at 60°C Water at 75°C

Steel Pipe Size Kooltherm® max. heat loss Kooltherm® max. heat loss

NB NB OD (W/m) (W/m)
(inches) (mm) (mm)

3 10 17.2 15 6.60 15 8.90
8

½ 15 21.3 15 7.13 15 9.28

¾ 20 26.9 15 7.83 20 10.06

1 25 33.7 20 8.62 20 11.07

1¼ 32 42.4 20 9.72 20 12.30

1½ 40 48.3 20 10.21 20 12.94

2 50 60.3 20 11.57 25 14.45

2½ 65 76.1 25 13.09 25 16.35

3 80 88.9 25 14.58 25 17.91

4 100 114.3 25 17.20 30 20.77

5 125 139.7 25 19.65 30 23.71

6 150 168.3 25 22.31 30 26.89

8 200 219.1 30 27.52 30 32.54

10 250 273.0 30 32.40 35 38.83

Estimated Mean Temperature of Insulation: +50°C

Ambient Air Temperature: +15°C

Surface Emissivity (Outer Surface): 0.05

Assumed Thermal Conductivity (k-value) of Kooltherm® Pipe Insulation: 0.025 W/m K

Indicative Thickness (mm) of Insulation for Non-Domestic Hot Water (60°C) and Low Temperature Heating Service Areas (75°C) to Control Heat Loss

(Based on Non-domestic Building Services Compliance Guide: 2010 Edition, Section 11; TIMSA HVAC Guide Sections 6.2.1 & 6.2.2; and BS 5422:2009 Tables 15 & 17)

General Technical Properties (Kooltherm® Pipe Insulation)

Property Test Method Unit Typical Value

Nominal Density EN ISO 845 kg/m³ 35-40

Thermal Conductivity EN 12667 at +10°C Aged (25 weeks @ 70°C) W/mK 0.025

Closed Cell Content EN ISO 4590 Method 1 % ≥90
Operating Temperature Limits
Upper Limit °C +110
Lower Limit °C -50

Compressive Strength EN 826 at +23°C kPa ≥150
Parallel kPa ≥90
Perpendicular

Kingspan Technical Insulation Tel : +44 (0) 1457 890 400

Glossop Brook Road

Glossop @KingspanHVAC_UK

Derbyshire Email : [email protected]

SK13 8GP Website : www.kingspantechnicalinsulation.co.uk

Leak Detection / Design Guide - 91

Design Guide - Design Guide -
AquiTron Refrigerant Gas Detection AquiTron & TraceTek Liquid Leak Detection

Whether you are designing a refrigerant gas (air conditioning gas) leak AquiTron and TraceTek leak detection systems can be utilised in a variety
detection system for a hotel, an apartment building, office space, concert of installations to detect water, chemical or fuel leaks. TraceTek sensor
hall or public building, refrigerant gas leaks and emissions are a concern. cables detect and locate leaks along their entire length. AquiTron water
You should ensure that your systems are safe, that adequate monitoring sensing probes detect leaks at a specific point. Virtually any number of
is in place and that you are complying with regulations whilst still keeping point sensors can be combined with sensor cables on a leak detection
costs under control. single circuit. The following information is provided for initial guidance only.
There are many different worldwide standards, however, the main reason Complete product information, including selection guides, data sheets,
for detection of gas is to protect personnel, protect the environment and installation instructions and operating manuals can be downloaded from
save costs. our website.
For reference, the standards in the UK and parts of Europe are:
F-Gas Regulations, BS EN 378 and BREEAM Pol 01. Sensor Selection

Exposure Limits The first design task is to select the most appropriate sensor type based
on the liquid to be detected and the area to be monitored.
Refrigerant gas manufacturers supply MSDS and COSHH data sheets that
typically state 1000ppm for an 8-hour period which is a time weighted Water Detection
average (TWA). AT-PROBE should be selected for areas requiring only a single point of
detection, such as lift pits, drip trays under HVAC units and plant rooms.
When Do I Need Refrigerant Detection? TT1000 sensor cable should be selected for areas in commercial building
applications where larger area coverage is required, such as under raised
There are guidelines on the maximum volume of refrigerant that could be floors in computer or telecomms rooms, in building service/utility areas, etc.
discharged into a space without the need for a fixed refrigerant sensor, TT1100-OHP sensing cable has been specially designed for suspended
also known as “practical limits”. These two examples have been taken from piping applications where the cable is attached to the bottom of the pipe.
BS EN 378 Part 1 and have been widely used for air conditioning Fuel Oil Detection
applications for hotel bedrooms and small office spaces. TT5000 sensor cable should be selected for fuel and oil detection, such as
For example, the value 0.42kg/m³ is for R410A, 0.063 kg/m³ for R32, diesel used in generators.
(QLMV) contact us for other gases. Above this value a sensor is required. AT-OPSEN optical sensor probe should be selected for areas requiring
Other international standards use similar values as a guide. only a single point of detection, such as lift pits, below diesel tanks and
generators. This sensor offers fast and reusable technology.
How Many Sensors Do I Need?
Sensor Layout
In many applications, such as small offices and hotel rooms, one sensor
mounted at low level will provide the desired level of protection. This does The next design task is to determine the optimum sensor layout. The
depend on the size of the room and the quantity of air conditioning units. sensing cable or point probe should be positioned so that leakage from the
There are no published regulations or standards to help with this. potential leak sources will contact the sensor quickly, before reaching any
There have been various “good practices” and “good rules of thumb” which critical equipment, cables or other items to be protected.
engineers have used in the past:
Alarm Module Selection
• One sensor for every 36m² of floor area
Depending on the size of the leak detection system and accessibility of the
• One sensor for each air conditioning unit within the space sensors, an appropriate alarm (or alarm and locating) module must be
selected.
These guides typically do not apply to chiller and plant rooms. Small Area Circuits for small leak detection circuits (normally those less
than 30 metres of sensor cable in a single area), a simple alarm module
Where Should Sensors be Placed? may be selected. The EcoLeak ECO-1 and AT-SZA modules provide local
indication of the system operating status via LEDs, plus voltage-free
The ability of a system to detect / measure the refrigerant leak is dependent contacts for remote connection to external alarm signals, remote alarm
on the location of the sensor. The sensor may be remotely located up to panels, water shut-off valves or building management systems. Multi Zone
300 metres from the controller. The controller and sensor should be firmly panels (AT-MZA and Eco-6) allowing up to 8 different rooms to be
mounted indoors. The controller should be in an area where the display is monitored on one panel.
easily seen. Large Circuits, Concealed Sensors or Separated Areas for large circuits
The sensor location should be approximately 200 to 300mm above the (normally more than 30 metres or where sensors are distributed between
floor in an area where refrigerant vapours are most likely to accumulate. several separate areas) or installations where the sensor is concealed and
Sensors should be in low-lying areas for occupant safety, or near each normally inaccessible, an alarm and location module is most appropriate.
potential leak source if refrigerant conservation is a high priority, such as The digital TTDM-128 or TS-12 panel provides voltage-free alarm contacts
ceiling voids. and digital communication via simple RS-485 wiring and the ModBus RTU
Systems used to protect personnel should have their sensors located in protocol. Alternatively, TTSIM modules can be connected either to the
such positions that they monitor the concentration at heights of the TTDM-128/TS-12 or directly to a building management system via RS-485
occupants, considering the characteristics of the refrigerant used e.g. at wiring. The TTSIM supports ModBus directly, providing complete sensor
less than bed height with heavier than air gases in a hotel room. status and leak location information digitally to the host system. The
BS EN 378 states that a ceiling void is regarded as part of the human TTDM-128 can be connected to as many as 128 TTSIMs via a single
occupied space unless it is airtight, therefore monitoring in ceiling voids RS-485 network, allowing extremely large leak detection systems to be
would not be acceptable. easily configured and integrated.
Systems shall operate a supervised and/or audible and visual alarm so
that appropriate action may be taken by the occupants or initiated by trained
personnel and/or shall close the fractured refrigerant line by suitable valves
to limit the rise in concentration within the human occupied space. In chiller
rooms and plant rooms, these sensing points should be considered:

• Low level close to the chiller

• Pressure vent line (monitoring leaks from the safety valve)

• Extract duct

For further information contact our technical department

Aquilar Ltd Tel : 01403 216100
Unit 30 Lawson Hunt Industrial Park Aquilar-Ltd
Broadbridge Heath
Horsham @AquilarLtd
West Sussex RH12 3JR Email : [email protected]
Website : www.aquilar.co.uk

92 - nVent RAYCHEM Trace Heating Systems

Trace Heating Systems - Design Guide

TraceCalc for Buildings

TraceCalc Pro for Buildings is an intuitive, easy-to-use, online design tool
that lets you create simple or complex heat-tracing designs for pipes for
the following applications:

• Pipe Freeze Protection

• Hot Water Temperature Maintenance

• Flow Maintenance / Grease Line Flow Maintenance
This advanced tool lets you create a design project that can contain
multiple applications, multiple circuits and multiple pipe segments with
different design parameters on a single circuit. Additionally, it lets you
save your projects for future use. The Service is online therefore no
software download is required to company computers.
Register now for your private design account.
Email: [email protected] or contact us on 0800 969 013

Hot Water Temperature Frost Protection for Pipes Frost Protection Snow Melting for Ramps, Access Ways & Footpaths
Maintenance for Gutters &
Downpipes
Cable type HWAT-L HWAT-M HWAT-R 10XL2-ZH 15XL2-ZH 26XL2-ZH 32XL2-ZH FS-C10-2X EM2-XR EM2-MI EM2-CM EM4-CW
230 VAC 230 VAC 230 VAC 230 VAC 230 VAC 230 VAC 230 VAC 230 VAC GM-2X/GM2-XT 230 VAC 230 VAC 230 VAC 400 VAC
Nominal 15 W/m at 5°C 10 W/m at 5ºC
voltage 7 W/m at 9 W/m at 230 VAC
45ºC 55ºC max.20A max.20A
Nominal power 12 W/m at 10 W/m at 5ºC 160 m 20A 26 W/m at 5ºC 31 W/m at 5ºC 180 m 20A 36 W/m in ice at 90 W/m at 50 W/m 300 W/m² 25 W/m
output (*on max.20A max.20A 70ºC 10 mm 22 W/m at 40 ºC 10 mm 0ºC 0ºC
insulated metal 65°C 90ºC
pipes) 180 m 100 m 18 W/m in air at 0ºC
20A 20A
C-type circuit- 10 mm 10 mm max.20A max.16A max.16A max.16A max.20A max.50A max.20A max.20A max.20A
breaker 135 m 20A 118 m 20A
according to 65ºC 65ºC 100 m 215 m 20A 10 mm 10 mm 80 m 20A 85 m 50A 136 m 21 m 250 m
selected kit 20A 10 mm 65ºC 85ºC 10 mm 50 mm 50 mm (12.6m²) 30 mm

Max. circuit 10 mm -
length
80ºC 65ºC 65ºC 100ºC 250ºC 65ºC 65ºC
Min. bending
radius

Max.
continuous
exposure
temperature

Max. exposure 85ºC 85ºC 90ºC 85ºC 85°C 85ºC 90ºC 90ºC 85ºC 110ºC 250ºC 65ºC 65ºC
temperature
(power-on- 16 x 6.8 13.7 x 6.2
condition 0.14 kg/m 0.13 kg/m
-800 h.
cumulative)

Max. 13.8 x 6.8 13.7 x 7.6 16.1 x 6.7 13.8 x 6.8 13.8 x 6.8 13.8 x 6.8 13.8 x 6.8 18.9 x 9.5 min 4.8 5.0 x 7.0 5.0 x 7.0
dimensions in 0.12 kg/m 0.12 kg/m 0.14 kg/m 0.13 kg/m 0.27 kg/m max 6.3
mm (W x H) 0.13 kg/m 0.13 kg/m 0.13 kg/m --
- CE / VDE
Weight
BS / ÖVE / VDE / SEV / CSTB / SVGW / DVGW / CE / VDE
Approvals

Control units HWAT- HWAT- HWAT- AT-TS-13, AT-TS-14 AT-TS-13, AT-TS-14 AT-TS-13, AT-TS-14 AT-TS-13, AT-TS-14 AT-TS-13, AT-TS-14 EMDR-10 Raystat-M2 Raystat-M2 Raystat-M2 Raystat-M2
T55 T55 T55 RAYSTAT-V5 RAYSTAT-V5 RAYSTAT-V5 RAYSTAT-V5 RAYSTAT-V5 GM-TA VIA-DU-20 VIA-DU-20 VIA-DU-20 VIA-DU-20
HWAT- HWAT- HWAT- ELEXANT 450C ELEXANT 450C ELEXANT 450C ELEXANT 450C ELEXANT 450C
ECO ECO ECO RAYSTAT-CONTROL-11- RAYSTAT-CONTROL-11- RAYSTAT-CONTROL-11- RAYSTAT CONTROL-11- RAYSTAT-CONTROL-11-
DIN DIN DIN DIN DIN

Connection system

Junction box - - - - - - - JB16-02 - VIA-JB2 VIA-JB2 VIA-JB2 VIA-JB2
CE20-01 RayClic VIA-CE1 -
Connection kit RayClic RayClic RayClic RayClic RayClic RayClic RayClic Pre-installed
JB-SB-08 included in kit -
Support bracket included included included included in kit included in kit included in kit included in kit --
in kit in kit in kit

nVent RAYCHEM Integrated Electrical Safety & System Control Panels

Product Range Application Number of Circuits Available (xx = number of circuit)

SBS-xx-FP Multi-circuit frost protection of pipes 3, 6, 9 and 12 circuit configurations

SBS-xx-HV-ECO-10 Multi-circuit hot water temperature maintenance 1, 3, 6 and 9 circuit configurations

SBS-xx-SNR Multi-circuit frost protection of sprinkler pipes 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 pipe configurations (therefore up to 12 heater circuits including the redundant heater)
(including redundant circuit switching in accordance with BS EN 12845)

SBS-xx-VV-20 Multi-surface heating control for ramps and access ways with EM2-XR self regulation heater technology 3, 6, 9 and 12 circuit configurations

SBS-xx-MV-20 Multi-surface heating control for ramps and access ways with EM2-MI mineral insulated heater technology 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 circuit configurations

SBS-xx-EV-10 Multi-circuit heating control for gutter, roof and drain ice and snow protection 3, 6, 9 and 12 circuit configurations

If the extensive standard range of panels does not precisely fit the project requirements, a bespoke panel service can be offered

Product Range Application Number of Circuits Available (xx = number of circuit)

ACS-30 All building construction applications (pipe frost protection, hot water maintenance, sprinklers, surface Modular system up to 260 circuits (suitable for multiple building installations)
snow melting, roof and gutter snow melting and de-icing, and floor heating)

nVent UK Limited Tel : 0800 969 013

3 Rutherford Road Fax : 0800 968 624

Stephenson Industrial Estate

Washington Email : [email protected]

Tyne & Wear NE37 3HX Website : www.nVent.com/RAYCHEM

nVent RAYCHEM Heating Cables - Product Selection - 93

Dimensions of Power Cable Connections

Maximum power (Cold Lead) cable lengths based on circuit breaker sizing and cable conductor cross sectional area.

C-type Cable Type Max. Circuit Max. Length of Power Cable
Circuit Length (m)
Breaker HWAT-L 3 x 1.5 mm² 3 x 2.5 mm² 3 x 4 mm² 3 x 6 mm² 3 x 10 mm² 3 x 16 mm²
(Ampères) HWAT-M 80
HWAT-R 50 120 205 325 490 n.a. n.a.
10 FS-C10-2X 50 185 310 490 740 n.a. n.a.
10XL2-ZH 110 135 220 355 535 n.a. n.a.
13 15XL2-ZH 140 50 85 135 205 n.a. n.a.
26XL2-ZH 90 40 66 106 159 n.a. n.a.
16 31XL2-ZH 80 41 69 110 165 n.a. n.a.
GM-2X/GM2-XT 67 27 45 71 107 n.a. n.a.
20 EM2-XR 40 27 45 72 107 n.a. n.a.
25 HWAT-L 17 45 70 115 175 n.a. n.a.
32 HWAT-M 110 50 85 135 205 n.a. n.a.
HWAT-R 65 95 155 250 375 n.a. n.a.
FS-C10-2X 65 120 200 325 485 n.a. n.a.
10XL2-ZH 130 115 190 300 455 n.a. n.a.
15XL2-ZH 195 45 70 115 175 n.a. n.a.
26XL2-ZH 120 29 48 76 114 n.a. n.a.
31XL2-ZH 110 31 52 83 124 n.a. n.a.
GM-2X/GM2-XT 88 19 32 52 78 n.a. n.a.
EM2-XR 50 20 34 54 82 n.a. n.a.
HWAT-L 22 35 60 95 140 n.a. n.a.
HWAT-M 140 40 65 105 160 n.a. n.a.
HWAT-R 80 70 115 185 280 n.a. n.a.
FS-C10-2X 80 105 175 280 420 n.a. n.a.
10XL2-ZH 150 90 150 245 370 n.a. n.a.
15XL2-ZH 215 40 65 100 150 n.a. n.a.
26XL2-ZH 155 11 43 69 104 n.a. n.a.
31XL2-ZH 135 24 40 64 96 n.a. n.a.
GM-2X/GM2-XT 110 16 26 42 64 n.a. n.a.
EM2-XR 60 16 27 44 65 n.a. n.a.
HWAT-L 28 30 50 75 115 n.a. n.a.
HWAT-M 180 30 50 80 125 n.a. n.a.
HWAT-R 100 n.p. 90 145 220 365 n.a.
FS-C10-2X 100 n.p. 145 230 345 570 n.a.
10XL2-ZH 180 n.p. 120 195 295 490 n.a.
15XL2-ZH 215 n.p. 45 70 110 n.a. n.a.
26XL2-ZH 160 11 43 69 104 n.a. n.a.
GM-2X/GM2-XT 135 23 38 62 93 n.a. n.a.
31XL2-ZH 80 16 26 42 64 n.a. n.a.
EM2-XR 118 n.p. 35 60 85 145 n.a.
EM2-XR 45 15 25 40 61 n.a. n.a.
55 n.p. n.p. 50 75 130 n.a.
n.p. n.p. n.p. 65 105 n.a.

n.a. = Not applicable
n.p. = Not permitted

For a FREE complete technical and design brochure, call 0800 969 013 (Please mention that you have seen the Mechanical Engineers’ Notebook)

nVent UK Limited Tel : 0800 969 013

3 Rutherford Road Fax : 0800 968 624

Stephenson Industrial Estate

Washington Email : [email protected]

Tyne & Wear NE37 3HX Website : www.nVent.com/RAYCHEM

94 - Underfloor Heating & Ice / Snow Melting

Specifying the Correct Electric Underfloor Heating System

Product Product Description Major Benefits Most Suitable for
Code

PKM-110 110W/m² heating mats Low loading requirement, fast to fit, Lifetime Direct acting low output heating mats designed for well insulated properties.
Warranty, BEAB approved

PKM-160 160W/m² heating mats Suitable for nearly any floor covering, fast to Direct acting universal heating mats suitable for any floor surface once

fit, Lifetime Warranty, BEAB approved covered with a latex screed/levelling compound.

PKM-200 200W/m² heating mats Fast reacting, fast to fit, Lifetime Warranty, Direct acting high output heating mats suitable for tile and stone finishes
BEAB approved where an exceptionally fast warm up time is desired.

PKM-240 240W/m2 heating mats Suitable for sole source heating in small or Direct acting high output, fast reacting heating mats. Suitable for sole source
CBM-150 150W/m² CBM mats high heat loss rooms, Lifetime Warranty of heating in small areas or for where the floor requires quick drying such as
wet rooms or changing areas.
No need for wet trade, earth shielded for
safety, fast to fit Direct acting heating mat for installation directly beneath floating laminate and
engineered board floors without the need for wet trade. Suitable for carpet
and vinyl when used with Combymat overlay boards.

PKC-3.0 3mm undertile heating cable The ultimate in flexibility, design your perfect Ultra thin undertile heating cable most suitable for small or complicated areas.
output

PKC-6.0 Red in-screed heating cable Incredibly cost effective, quick to install, any Incredibly cost effective and quick to install robust heating cable for use
output possible, 15 Year Warranty beneath screeds.

MRH-XXX Mirror demister units - 240V Many sizes available, bespoke specifications Simple to fit mirror demister units to ensure mirrors remain steam free.
possible, simple to install, BEAB approved

M12-XXX Mirror demister units - 12V Low voltage, many sizes available, bespoke Low voltage, simple to fit mirror demister units to ensure mirrors remain steam
specifications possible, simple to install free.

All underfloor heating systems are suitable to provide a sole source heating system and all are IP rated for use in wet areas, with the exception of the ULS system.
All systems are made in Western Europe and can be controlled by Heat Mat's wide range of programmable and manual thermostat timers.

Product Data Sheets

Product data sheets are available from www.heatmat.co.uk for underfloor heating, and www.iceandsnowsystems.co.uk for ice and snow melting.

Ramp, Driveway & Walkway Heating

Heat Mat provides a wide variety of bespoke and off-the-shelf systems for ice and snow melting under all external surfaces. The main applications include
ramp heating, driveway and walkway heating, disabled access and pedestrian areas.
Please contact Heat Mat for a technical consultation. Our technical experts will work with you to prepare a suitable specification and design to meet your
requirements. Installation support is provided FOC where required.

Gutter & Drainage Protection

Gutter heating systems enable water to drain away in all temperatures and prevent dangerous icicles forming, damaging the building structure or the
property below.

Ice & Snow Melting Thermostats & Sensors

A wide variety of DIN rail mounted thermostats are available to automatically control ice and snow melting systems and many include moisture sensors
to ensure the ultimate in energy efficiency.

Heat Mat Ltd Tel : 01444 247020
3 Danworth Farm
Cuckfield Road @HeatMatLimited
Hurstpierpoint Email : [email protected]
West Sussex BN6 9GL Website : www.heatmat.co.uk

Handy Pump References - 95

Useful information to help you make better pump selections

Grundfos delivers a wide range of products that encompass a huge number of applications. Our pumps are designed to provide excellent reliability and
meet or exceed current energy efficiency regulations. To deliver a complete solution, we offer a comprehensive range of drives, controls, energy-efficient
motors and sensors, which are combined to offer seamless functionality and integration.

This page has been compiled to identify some of the basic requirements that will help you to understand the various options and therefore make better
pump selection choices.

Different types of centrifugal pumps - Single-stage Different types of centrifugal pumps - Multi-stage

Inline single-stage Horizontal norm Horizontal norm Horizontal Vertical inline Immersible Submersible
pump long-coupled pump close-coupled multi-stage multi-stage multi-stage multi-stage
pump
pump pump pump

Pump curves - explained

The pump performance curve shows the correlation between media flow rate (Q) and the pressure differential or head (H) that the pump creates.
Flow is normally given in m3/h or l/s. Pressure differential or head is given in kPa or m (meter water column). For variable-speed pumps, the performance
curve is given at minimum and maximum RPM.

The QH-curve

The QH-curve shows the head, which the pump is able to perform at a
given flow. Head is measured in meter water column [m]; normally the
unit meter [m] is applied. The advantage of using the unit [m] as the unit
of measurement for a pump’s head is that the QH-curve is not affected
by the type of liquid the pump has to handle.

Efficiency - the η-curve

The efficiency is the relation between the supplied power and the utilised
power. In the world of pumps, the efficiency ηP is the relationship between
the power, which the pump delivers to the water (PH) and the power input
to the pump shaft (P2).

Power within the pump P2 P1
PH P2
Power consumption (P)

Pumps are made of several components. The power consumption of the different components is
designated in the following way:
P1 The power input from the mains or, put in another way, the amount of power the consumer

has to pay for.
P2 The power input to the pump or the power output from the motor. Often referred to as

shaft power.
PH Hydraulic power – the power that the pump transfers to the liquid in the shape of flow

and head.

For the most common pump types, the term “power consumption” normally refers to P2.
Power is measured in W, kW.

Grundfos Pumps Ltd Tel : 01525 850000
Grovebury Road
Leighton Buzzard @Grundfos_UK
Bedfordshire Email : [email protected]
LU7 4TL
Website : www.grundfos.co.uk

96 - Armstrong Fluid Technology - Case Study

Queen Street, Glasgow

Armstrong Fluid Technology has played a key role in the delivery
of the CONNECT11ONS project at 110 Queen Street, Glasgow.

A fully integrated packages plantroom for heating and air
conditioning of the new building was off-site manufactured by
Armstrong at its factory, speeding installation and reducing traffic
at this busy city centre site.

The new development at 110 Queen Street (the site of the former bank) “Armstrong’s extensive experience was invaluable to ensuring the final
is expected to provide the centre of Glasgow with 143,000 sq ft of product was delivered on time, to a high standard of workmanship, and
offices and over 20,000 sq ft of retail space. nearly two years later, remains defect free.”

When designing the HVAC facilities for the new building it was decided Gavin Wilcox
that off-site manufacture would have particular benefits. The specifier
at BAM had worked on projects involving integrated packaged Senior Project Services Engineer
plantrooms before, and recognised the significant opportunities that BAM Construction
off-site manufacture could bring for the Queen Street project.

Armstrong Fluid Technology was involved early in the project and
utilised the latest 3D modelling technology to optimise the design of the
plantroom and streamline the logistics of delivery and installation. The
plantroom was fully assembled at Armstrong’s factory and, in line with
the building schedule, was delivered to site requiring location on the
roof and final connections only.

As the site is in one of the busiest parts of Glasgow, off-site
manufacture of the plantroom meant that contractor traffic relating to
this aspect of the project could be minimised, reducing health and
safety risk and easing disruption in the immediate vicinity.

Off-site manufacture also meant that assembly of the plantroom would
be carried out concurrently with the construction phase of the building,
rather than having to wait until the building was completed before it
could begin.

The choice of Armstrong components for the HVAC systems housed in
the plantroom will also provide the new building with outstanding levels
of energy efficiency. Installed are Armstrong Design Envelope IVS
pumps which adjust automatically to changes in load, matching energy
consumption to demand and reducing wastage.

In addition to ensuring that the installation is compliant with the latest
legislation on motor efficiency, the in-built intelligence of the variable
speed pumps delivers significant energy savings and reductions in
carbon emissions.

The Armstrong Design Envelope pumps are also capable of HIGHEST LOWEST LOWEST
adjusting to changes in load across a wider range of operational ENERGY INSTALLED OPERATING
conditions than any other available pump range. This means that EFFICIENCY
energy efficiency can be maintained across the various changes COST COST
in occupancy and usage of the building.

LOWEST LOWEST
ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECT &
OPERATING
COST
RISK

Armstrong Fluid Technology Ltd Tel : +44 (0) 8444 145 145

Wolverton Street @ArmstrongFT

Manchester armstrong-fluid-technology

Lancashire [email protected]

M11 2ET www.armstrongfluidtechnology.com