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KUALA LUMPUR 1819-2019

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YKUALA LUMPUR
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WORDS FROM PRESIDENT

Dato’Ar. Ezumi Harzani Ismail

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ii

WORDS FROM CHAIRMAN

Ar. Steven Thang Boon Ann

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iii

WORDS FROM CO-CHAIRMAN

Dato’ Ar. Zulkhairi Md Zain

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iv

PREFACE

Veronica Ng Foong Peng

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DRAFT COPY

CONTENTS

Words from President i
Dato’Ar. Ezumi Harzani Ismail

Words from Chairman ii
Ar. Steven Thang Boon Ann iii
iv
Words from Co-Chairman
Dato’Ar. Zulkhairi Md Zain

Preface

YVeronica Ng Foong Peng
P1 Kuala Lumpur Formative Years: 1857-1957
Ezrin Arbi 1
15
O2 Kuala Lumpur - 200 Years of ‘Jewels in the Mud’ 30
Ahmad Najib Ariffin 45
60
3 Construction Stories: From Java Street Mosque to Masjid Jamek75
90
CMariana Isa 115
130
4 The Architectural Design of Masjid Jamek, Kuala Lumpur 145

Wan Iskandar Wan Shamsuddin

T5 Arthur Bennison Hubback
Nooridayu Ahmad Yusuf

F6 Spatial Analysis Study of Masjid Jamek, Kuala Lumpur
Ahmad Najmi Che Pee

7 Masjid Jamek: Architectural and Decorative Elements

AWan Iskandar Wan Shamsuddin

8 A History of Mosque Architecture

Mohd Tajuddin Mohd Rasdi

R9 The Story of Kuala Lumpur from Masjid Jamek Painting
Ahmad Najib Ariffin

D10 Building Conservation in Kuala Lumpur and Masjid Jamek
Nor Hayati Hussain

End Notes 160
References 165
Acknowledgement 175

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4

THE AORFCHMIATESCJITDUJRAAMLEDKESIGNPYINTRODUCTION
OBeing the oldest surviving mosque in Kuala Lumpur and yet still one of

the city’s major places of worship, Masjid Jamek possesses significant

Cheritage values which are skilfully manifested in its architectural planning

and style. It embraces multi-cultural association (Pertembungan alam
dan budaya) that link to Malaysian colonial history. Being amongst the

Tearliest schemes that adopt contextualism or contextual architecture, its

architecture style represents the architecture of Indo-Saracenic

Fpredominantly known for its mughal architecture of Northen Indian. The

group of buildings within the Jamek Mosque’s vicinity built around the

Aperiod of 1890-1920, in Indo-Saracenic style include the Bangunan

Sultan Abdul Samad (1897); High Court (1909); KTM Administrative HQ
(1917); PWD (1896); General Post Office (1896) and City Hall (1896).

ROriginated from British colonial architecture in India but with local

nomenclatures, the adaptation has resulted in a unique Indo-Saracenic

Dstyle in Malaysia.

The Architectural Design of Masjid Jamek 36

THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

“Masjid Jamek” can be translated as “Congregation Mosque” or “Mosque
of Congregation” which means a place where the Muslims congregate for
religious purposes. The Masjid Jamek Kuala Lumpur is one of the oldest
mosque in Kuala Lumpur (KL), and is still in use until today. It was
designed by Arthur Benison Hubback or popularly known as A.B.
Hubback, an architectural assistant in the Public Works and Survey
Department, who was intrigued and inspired by the Mogul (Mughal)
architecture of India. It was built in 1907 on the site used to be the Malay
burial ground, whereby the remains of the buried was exhumed and
transferred to the Gombak Muslim cemetery. The mosque was built and
officially opened by the Sultan of Selangor on 23rd of December in 1909.

YMasjid Jamek was the main mosque for the muslim residents of Kuala

Lumpur untill The National Mosque was opened in 1965.

PReferring to the interpretative panel, “Prior to the construction Masjid

Jamek in 1908, the site at the junction of the Klang and Gombak Rivers

Owas used as Kuala Lumpur’s Muslim burial ground. It is the oldest known

Muslim cemetery that had existed in the town, which served the pioneer

CMuslim communities nearby such as those who live in Kampong Rawa

(Rawa Village) and Kampung Melaka (Malacca Village).

TThe cemetery, which appears in Kuala Lumpur’s 1870s map, was

officially gazetted by the British Administration in 1893. The size of the

Fcemetery however, was gradually reduced from its original 2.25 acres

through the decades to make way for development.

AA large number of the grave were exhumed to accommodate the

construction of Masjid Jamek’s original structure in 1908, while the rest

Rremained within the compound of the mosque. Many of the elder KL folks

recall sighting these gravestones when praying at Masjid Jamek until the

Dgraves were all exhumed in the 1980s. The old gravestones of the
cemetery appear to be of mixed Malay-Acehnese and Indian Muslim
influence and most of them were made of sandstone, granite and marble.
Jawi scripts on the face of gravestones mention the name of the
deceased and the year of their death”. ¹

35 The Architectural Design of Masjid Jamek

FT COPYSource:Google
DRAMap of Kuala Lumpur in 1895

The Architectural Design of Masjid Jamek 36

Sungai Klang was the main means of transportation for early settler to
get into the inner land of Selangor. Paddy fields and Malay villages with
typical pitch-roofed Malay timber houses, surrounded by the green lush
of rain trees, coconut trees, etc. were typical scenery along riverbanks
which provide a tranquil setting while sailing through the river. The Klang
River passes right through the Selangor state, and along its away at the
centre of the states it collides with the Gombak River. At the confluence,
the convergence of these 2 flowing rivers causing water state became
rather muddy, forming a “muddy confluence” (or “Kuala Lumpur” in
Malay). Thus it’s believed that it’s here, how Kuala Lumpur or “muddy
confluence” got its name.

COPYMosque’s original architecture appearance with pitch roof
TThis is the very spot for Kuala Lumpur's history, where the early settlers

of Kuala Lumpur built their shelters. In the 1850s, early miners would sail

Facross and unload here their equipment and provisions before trekking

up the jungle path to inland, to look for tin.That strategically located

A‘sandwiched land’ at the confluence which became the birth place of

“Kuala Lumpur” was chosen to be the very site for Masjid Jamek.

RAs stated in the descriptive panel, “In the Malay language, a place where

a river meets another river or other water body is a “kuala” or ‘estuary’. In

Dthose days’ rivers were the ‘highways’ of their time, a kuala was

significant as it was a natural landmark where villagers from Malay
kampungs upstream of each river would meet for trading or gatherings,
and sometimes a mosque would be built nearby. Such is the case for the
meeting point of the Kelang (Klang) and Gombak rivers. The area was
long inhabited with scattered kampungs along the various river
tributaries. But it was not until tin began to be mined in the 19th century
that it began to attract people from further afield.

35 The Architectural Design of Masjid Jamek

One figure of prominence was Sutan Puasa, an entrepreneur from
Mandailing Malay who arrived in the 1830s. The traditional seat of the
Mandailing was on Bukit Rasam (later Bukit Mahkamah) and Bukit
Nanas, with the former under the sway of Sutan Puasa. By 1950 the
rudiments of streets evolved that would later become Leboh Pasar Besar
and Jalan Tun Perak.

Nonetheless this kuala was destined for bigger things with the arrival in
1857 of the royal Chieftain of Kang, Raja Abdullah with his
tin-prospecting entourage that included 87 Chinese miners. Coming to
the confluence of the two rivers, they came upon much mud silted in the
waters. The Chieftain’s adviser inspected the mud and confirmed the
presence of tin ore. It would be the starting point in time and space of

Ymore systematic mining activities fanning the Klang Valley. Tin was

exported commercially for the first time from Kuala Lumpur in 1859.

PMalay place-naming systems favour natural significance, and thus came

the name “Kuala Lumpur” – estuary or confluence of mud. Later, circa
1909, a semi-circular set of steps making the landing site of Masjid

DRAFT COJamek marked the tongue of this ‘muddy estuary’”. ²

Semi-circular set of steps making the landing site of Masjid Jamek

The Architectural Design of Masjid Jamek 36

THE ORIGINAL LAYOUT PLAN

The view of the approach towards the confluence is magnificent.
Perhaps this was considered as one of the points of arrival. The concrete
steps dressing the riverbanks lead to open platform which then leads to
building’s entrance. Entrance gateway is situated at the east side. Upon
entering, one will pass by ‘ablution’ pond, position in the centre of
enclosed garden with pathway leading towards the main prayer hall. ²
Spiral stairs form minarets at each corner, that align with entrance
gateway. The minarets serve as a place to call for prayers or ‘azan’.

DRAFT COPYOriginallayoutplan

Islamic spatial requirement is determined primarily by function or use and
not by form. The form of a building must serve and enhance its function.
The main prayer hall design which consist of mihrab wall and the ground
floor space for prayer are oriented towards the main qiblat (Kaabah
direction). Rectangular in shape, the main hall has a basic layout
characteristic of mosque design, as the shape maximises the saf
capacity i.e. number of worshipers in a single row. Ceiling of main hall
covered with main dome at the centre, sandwiched by two smaller domes
at the sides. The two minarets and three domes hold the composition of
the mosque and unifies the geometrical concept of the overall building
layout.

35 The Architectural Design of Masjid Jamek

The interpretative panel described that, “Masjid Jamek’s original
structure sits in the centre of the present mosque complex, identifiable by
the lighter shade of its brickwork face. Its original open courtyard
entrance however, has disappeared as it is now covered with a new roof
structure. the following description of the building, published in the Malay
Mail dated 24 December 1909, describes the mosque’s original
architecture appearance.

‘The mosque, which has been built to the design of Mr. A. B.
Hubback, Architectural Assistance P.W.D. who is at present on leave
at Home, is in the arabesque in style, and consists of the mosque

Yitself (with the mehrap (mihrab) facing towards Mecca), 40ft. deep

and 100ft. wide, and a courtyard in front, 56ft. deep and 101ft. wide.
And the two corners of the courtyard furthest from the mosque are

Ptwo minarets each 88ft. high and identical in design, with a spiral

staircase leading to two circular galleries before the top one is
reached.

OAs arched wall enclosed the courtyard on three sides, the mosque

being on the fourth and in each of the walls there is an entrance. The

Cinside of the courtyard is open, except in the centre where there is a

bathing pool, and from it a flight of steps leads up to three double
doors into the main building. These are the only doors though there
are windows with coloured glass the whole way around. The roof of

Tthe building opens into three domes, the centre one which has

clerestory with windows running around it, being 70ft. in height. The

Fmaterial used are brick with concrete castings and plaster, though

the three domes are made of timber covered with malthoid* roofing,
painted white, while the floor is paved with Doulton tiles, designed

Aafter the patter of a Malay praying mat. The total cost of the building

has been $87,000 and of this sum a portion was given by the
government, the rest being subscribed among Mohamedans

Rthemselveves.’

*Malthoid is a weather and waterproof material impregnated with bitumen, painted

Dwith tar, and topped off with sprinkling sand”.³
Malay Mail, 24 December 1909
The New Mosque, Description of the Building.

Changes to Masjid Jamek’s original structure

The Architectural Design of Masjid Jamek 38

THE ARCHITECTURAL STYLE

Masjid Jamek has the resemblance in design with the Sultan Abdul
Samad Building (the KL Government Office Building) which was also
designed by Hubback. Hubback dressed most of his buildings with
neo-classical facades and Mughal influenced domes during the Colonial
period of British in Malaya. This influence kept away the existing local
mosque architecture of the era i.e. with indigenous character such as
timber structure with pitch roof. Nevertheless, Western architecture
adapted to local climate by applying terrace, high ceiling, single room
thickness, bricks from clay, loggia & verandah (kaki lima) and combined
with pediment, colonnades, round/pointed arches, this style is known to

Ythe local as ‘Indo-Saracenic’ influence or Moghul Indian architecture,
DRAFT COPwhich flourish during the British colonisation era in India.

Minarets and domes hold the composition of the mosque

35 The Architectural Design of Masjid Jamek

DRAFT COPYMasjid Jamek’s original structure identifiable as lighter shade of brickwork face

The Architectural Design of Masjid Jamek 40

DRAFT COPY
Round/pointed arches at loggia and verandah (kaki lima)
35 The Architectural Design of Masjid Jamek

CONCLUSION
It is proven that by having architectural significance, with its the historical
background, contextualism approach and unique indo-saracenic
architectural style, Masjid Jamek becomes the focus of international
attention and a strong draw cut for tourist.
It is proven that conservation of heritage areas in Malaysia has placed
the country in the world map and help elevate its name globally. The
conservation of heritage areas will support our economy future, attract
large scale tourism industry in Malaysia. Most importantly, heritage
conservation can lift the dignity and identity of every citizen of Malaysia.
It unquestionably helps promotes the harmony living amongst all

YMalaysians of different background. Thus, conserving our heritage areas

– built environment or cultural as a kind of living museum, is a MUST to

Phelp securing our future community and economic well-being.
DRAFT COIndo-Saracenic influence architecture

The Architectural Design of Masjid Jamek 40

DRAFT COPYMinarets at each corners and Mughal influenced domes unifies
geometrical concept of overall building layout
35 The Architectural Design of Masjid Jamek

DRAFT COPY

END NOTES

KUALA LUMPUR FORMATIVE YEARS: 1857-1957
. Khoo Kay Kim, 1984. Negeri-negeri Melayu Pantai Barat, 1850-1873, Fajar Bakti, Petaling Jaya;
---------------------,1987. Historical Data on Kuala Lumpur, in ‘Kekal Abadi’, (1),6-11. Kuala Lumpur;
KLMC, 1990. Kuala Lumpur 100 Years: Centenary 1859-1959.
The map was shown in C.J.Irving’s Report on “Affairs of Salangore and Perak”. A British tin trader
W.S.Cracroft who visited Selangor in 1818 came across a place called ‘Lumpur’ whose population consist-
ing of Mandailing Malays. John Anderson a British officer from Penang who ventured inland around the
same time mentioned about Sungai Lumpur, a centre of tin production.
The name change could also have been caused by people’s way of avoiding confusion, as there is another
river in the neighbouring state of Pahang that is called Sungai Lumpur disposing its water to the South
China Sea.

YGullick, JM, 1983. The Story of Kuala Lumpur (1957-1939), Easter University Press, Petaling Jaya.

Gullick, JM, 2000. A History of Kuala Lumpur 1856-1939. Malaysian Branch of Royal Asiatic Society.
Gullick, 1983.

PThe latest seminar conducted by DBKL in 2018 narrows down the arguments between Raja Abdullah and

Sutan Puasa. Although Raja Abdullah was officially appointed by Sultan Abdul Samad to be the Chief of
Klang Valley and began his venture in 1857, Razzaq Lubis in his voluminous book convincingly argued

Othat Sutan Puasa pioneered the establishment of irrigation system for paddy planting in the areas in

mid-19th century before Raja Abdullah was officially appointed. When Yap Ah Loy moved to Kuala

CLumpur in 1862, the Chinatown that was initiated by Hiu Siew was already established.

Sheppard, Mubin, 1980. Klang: Twenty Centuries of Eventful Existence. The Heritage Trust of Malaysia.
Pelanduk Publication, Petaling Jaya.

TAbdullah Zakaria Ghazali, 2005. Sejarah Negeri Selangor: Dari Zaman Pra-sejarah hingga Kemerdekaan.

Persatuan Sejarah Malaysia Cawangan Selangor, Shah Alam.
Sheppard, 1980

FAbdullah Zakaria, 2005.

Gullick, 2000.

DRAMubin Sheppard, 1980.

160

Mubin Sheppard, 1980.
Mubin Sheppard, 1980; Abdullah Zakaria, 2005.
Abdullah Zakaria, 2005.
Mansoer, M.D. (et.al), 1971. Sedjarah Minangkabau. Bharata, Djakarta;

Tugby, Donald,1977. Cultural change and Identity: Mandailing Immigrants in West Malaysia, University
of Queensland Press, Brisbane.
Gullick, 1983.
KLMC, 1959; Gullick, 1983, 2000.
Gullick, 2000

Khoo Kay Kim, 1990. Album Kuala Lumpur: 100 Years as a Local Authority, Penerbitan Puteries, Kuala
Lumpur.
Middlebrook, S.M. 1951. Yap Ah Loy 1837-1885. JMBRAS, 24(2); MBRAS Reprint No.9. 1989.
Khoo Kay Kim, 1987;

Gullick, J.M.,1988. Kuala Lumpur 1880-1895: A City in the Making. Pelanduk Publication, Petaling
Jaya; Ahmad Kamal, Ariffin M.R. 2001. Sanitary Board Kuala Lumpur: Peranan dan Pentadbiran
1890-1914, Persatuan Sejarah Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.
Abdur-Razzaq Lubis, 2013. Sutan Puasa: Founder of Kuala Lumpur. Areca Book, Penang.

YGullick, 1983.

Khoo Kay Kim, 1972.The Western Malay States (1850-1873), Fajar Bhakti, Petaling Jaya;

PGullick, 1983.

Middlebrook, 1951;
Buyong Adil, 1981. Sejarah Selangor. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka; Ahmad Kamal, 2001.

OThe war was not between the locals and the immigrants, but between loose alliance of Malays and Chinese

groups and factions. Among the Malay rajahs and head men the core motive of rivalry was to get the right
to impose tax on exported tin and duty for imported goods. Kanching, another mining site northwest of

CAmpang had workers belonging to Kah Ying Chiu faction, while Kuala Lumpur’s Chinese to Fui Chiu

groups. They both belong to Hakka clans from the same part of China, but bitter feud developed because of
personal rivalry and intense competition between leaders of secret society on both sides.

TKhoo Kay Kim, 1972; Gullick, 1983.

KLMC, 1959; Middlebrook, 1951; Khoo Kay Kim, 1990.

FTo ensure easy dealing with the Chinese community, the Malay Chief allowed the former to appoint their

own leader to whom the title Kapitan China was conferred. The first Kapitan China was Hiu Siew, a Fui
Chiu Hakka trader from Lukut from whom Sutan Puasa used to get supply of goods. Upon Sutan Puasa’s

Apersuasion he and his partner Ah Sze moved to Kuala Lumpur in the late 1850s and established their store

in a clearing set back from the river somewhere around Jalan Silang. The initial shop expanded into the
centre of Chinese encampment. To take care of the Chinese community that kept expanding, with the

Rsupport of Sutan Puasa, Hiu Siew was appointed by Raja Abdullah with the approval of the Sultan. Hiu

Siew passed away in 1862 and succeeded by Liu Ngim Kong as the 2nd Kapitan China. The latter invited

Dhis close friend Yap Ah Loy who was ‘an ex-shop attendant, coolie, cook and pig dealer’ from Lukut.

KLMC, 1959.
Middlebrook, 1951;

Joginder Singh, Jessy, 1980. Sejarah Tanah Melayu (1400-1959). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala
Lumpur;

161

Gullick, JM., 2004. A History of Selangor: 1766-1938. The Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Soci-
ety, Kuala Lumpur.

Khoo Kay Kim, 1972. The Wester Malay States (1850-1873): The Effects of Commercial Development
on Malay Politics. Oxford University Press Kuala Lumpur;

Gullick, 2000.
Gullick, 1988.
Buyong Adil, 1981; Gullick, 2004.
KLMC, 1959; Buyong Adil, 1981; Gullick, 1983, 2004.
KLMC, 1959; Buyong Adil, 1981; Gullick, 1983, 2004; Khoo Kay Kim, 1987.
Khoo Kay Kim 1989; Middlebrook, 1989.
Gullick, 1983, 1988.
Khoo Kay Kim, 1990.

YKLMC, 1959; Gullick, 1983, 2000; Ahmad Kamal, 2001.

Gullick, 1983; 1988.
Middlebrook, 1989.

PGullick, 1988, 2000.
Burns, P.I. and & Cowan, C.D. (1975). Swettenham Malayan Journal 1877-1879. Oxford University
Press, Kuala Lumpur;

OGullick, 2004.

Gullick, 2000.

CGullick, 1988.

Gullick, 2000.
Gullick, 2000.
Gullick, 2004.

TKLMC, 1959

Ahmad Kamal, 2001.

FKhoo Kay Kim, 1990; Gullick, 2000.

Buyong Adil, 1971; Gullick, 2000; 2004.
KLMC, 1959.

ASidhu, Manjit Singh (1978). Kuala Lumpur and its Population. Surinder Publication, Kuala Lumpur.

Sidhu, 1978.

RSidhu, 1978.

Sidhu, 1978.

DAzhar Mat Daros (2008). Sejarah Pendudukan Jepun di Selangor 1941-1945, in ‘Malaysia in History’,

no.36/2008, pp.84-108, Malaysian Historical Society, Kuala Lumpur.
KLMC, 1959; Ahmad Kamal, 2001.
KLMC, 1959.
Mc Gee, T.G. (1967). The Southeast Asian City. Praeger, New York, Washington.
KLMC, 1959.
Sidhu, 1978.

162

THE CONGREGATION OF JAVA STREET
Websites
www.abhubback.com, Arthur Benison Hubback [13 July 2019]
Newspapers
MM, 24 March 1908, The New Mosque. Laying of the Foundation Stone.
MM, 24 December 1909, The New Mosque. Opening Ceremony by the Sultan.
TST, 17 December 1906, p5, Notes from Selangor
Arkib Negara Malaysia (ANM)
19570001160, Informs that Imam of K. Lumpur has subscribed to rebuild the masjid
19570048327, Asks for a report on the title to the Mosque land at Java Street, 1894

Y19570109693, Mosque in Java Street [1903]

19570112348, Acquirement Lot 43, Section 4, Java Street [1903]
19570112825, Land required for enlarging the Mosque, 29.11.03

P19570126476, Proposed new mosque at Java Street – Acquirement of lots 39 – 44 Section 2 Kuala Lumpur

Town
19570127336, Acquisition of land in Java Street

O1957012816, Summary of expenses in acquisition of lots 39-44 for the proposed new Mosque

19570128825, Petition asking to enquire into the ownership of the land at Java Street on which the mosque

Cstands [1906]

19570130989, Construction of a Mosque in Java Street. Tenders for
19570134309, Government contribution towards the erection of a new mosque in Kuala Lumpur [1907]
19570136375, Site for New Mosque

T19570139953, Indent on Crown Agents for iron work required for the mosque

19570140197, Contract for the erection of the new Mosque in K. Lumpur [1908]

F19570141294, Laying of the foundation stone of the new mosque in K. Lumpur by H.H. the Sultan on

Monday 23 at 2 pm
19570146224, New Mosque Funds [1909]

A19570141832, Indent on the Crown Agents for tiles and glass for the new Mosque Kuala Lumpur

19570141996, Asks that arrangements may be made for him to see all the Penghulu in Sel. in connection

Rwith the new mosque fund
DPapers

Mariana Isa, Sejarah Ringkas Tapak Masjid Jamek Kuala Lumpur sebagai Tanah Perkuburan Melayu, 8
March 2016

163

THE SPATIAL STUDY
Kecik,F., Ramli, F.H., Saleh,H., Arif,K.(1977). Masjid Jame’, Kuala Lumpur. Kajian Lukisan Terukur
(Fakulti Alam Bina) -Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.

Shamsuzzoha, A.T.M., & Islam, H.(2011) Structure, Decoration and Material: Mughal Mosque of

Medieval Dhaka. Journal of the Bangladesh Association of Younf Researchers (JBAYR), Volume 1,

Number 1, January 2011, Page 93-107. Retrieved from https://researchgate.net

Mustafa, F.A., & Hasan A.S. (2013), Mosque Layout Design: An Analytical study of Mosque layout
in the early Ottoman period. Frontiers of Architectural Research (2013) 2, pg 445-456. Retrieved from

DRAFT COPYhttps://www.sciencedirect.com

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Gullick, 1983.
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Gullick, 2000

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OGullick, 1983.

Middlebrook, 1951;
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CThe war was not between the locals and the immigrants, but between loose alliance of Malays and Chinese

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TAmpang had workers belonging to Kah Ying Chiu faction, while Kuala Lumpur’s Chinese to Fui Chiu

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ATo ensure easy dealing with the Chinese community, the Malay Chief allowed the former to appoint their

own leader to whom the title Kapitan China was conferred. The first Kapitan China was Hiu Siew, a Fui

RChiu Hakka trader from Lukut from whom Sutan Puasa used to get supply of goods. Upon Sutan Puasa’s

persuasion he and his partner Ah Sze moved to Kuala Lumpur in the late 1850s and established their store

Din a clearing set back from the river somewhere around Jalan Silang. The initial shop expanded into the

centre of Chinese encampment. To take care of the Chinese community that kept expanding, with the
support of Sutan Puasa, Hiu Siew was appointed by Raja Abdullah with the approval of the Sultan. Hiu
Siew passed away in 1862 and succeeded by Liu Ngim Kong as the 2nd Kapitan China. The latter invited
his close friend Yap Ah Loy who was ‘an ex-shop attendant, coolie, cook and pig dealer’ from Lukut.
KLMC, 1959.
Middlebrook, 1951;

Joginder Singh, Jessy, 1980. Sejarah Tanah Melayu (1400-1959). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala
Lumpur;

Mubin Sheppard, 1980.
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Gullick, 2000

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Gullick, 1983.
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OGullick, 1983.

Middlebrook, 1951;
Buyong Adil, 1981. Sejarah Selangor. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka; Ahmad Kamal, 2001.

CThe war was not between the locals and the immigrants, but between loose alliance of Malays and Chinese

groups and factions. Among the Malay rajahs and head men the core motive of rivalry was to get the right
to impose tax on exported tin and duty for imported goods. Kanching, another mining site northwest of

TAmpang had workers belonging to Kah Ying Chiu faction, while Kuala Lumpur’s Chinese to Fui Chiu

groups. They both belong to Hakka clans from the same part of China, but bitter feud developed because of

Fpersonal rivalry and intense competition between leaders of secret society on both sides.

Khoo Kay Kim, 1972; Gullick, 1983.
KLMC, 1959; Middlebrook, 1951; Khoo Kay Kim, 1990.

ATo ensure easy dealing with the Chinese community, the Malay Chief allowed the former to appoint their

own leader to whom the title Kapitan China was conferred. The first Kapitan China was Hiu Siew, a Fui
Chiu Hakka trader from Lukut from whom Sutan Puasa used to get supply of goods. Upon Sutan Puasa’s

Rpersuasion he and his partner Ah Sze moved to Kuala Lumpur in the late 1850s and established their store

in a clearing set back from the river somewhere around Jalan Silang. The initial shop expanded into the

Dcentre of Chinese encampment. To take care of the Chinese community that kept expanding, with the

support of Sutan Puasa, Hiu Siew was appointed by Raja Abdullah with the approval of the Sultan. Hiu
Siew passed away in 1862 and succeeded by Liu Ngim Kong as the 2nd Kapitan China. The latter invited
his close friend Yap Ah Loy who was ‘an ex-shop attendant, coolie, cook and pig dealer’ from Lukut.
KLMC, 1959.
Middlebrook, 1951;

Joginder Singh, Jessy, 1980. Sejarah Tanah Melayu (1400-1959). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala
Lumpur;

Mubin Sheppard, 1980.
Mubin Sheppard, 1980; Abdullah Zakaria, 2005.
Abdullah Zakaria, 2005.
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Tugby, Donald,1977. Cultural change and Identity: Mandailing Immigrants in West Malaysia, University
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Gullick, 1983.
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Gullick, 2000

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O1890-1914, Persatuan Sejarah Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.

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Middlebrook, 1951;

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The war was not between the locals and the immigrants, but between loose alliance of Malays and Chinese

Fgroups and factions. Among the Malay rajahs and head men the core motive of rivalry was to get the right

to impose tax on exported tin and duty for imported goods. Kanching, another mining site northwest of
Ampang had workers belonging to Kah Ying Chiu faction, while Kuala Lumpur’s Chinese to Fui Chiu

Agroups. They both belong to Hakka clans from the same part of China, but bitter feud developed because of

personal rivalry and intense competition between leaders of secret society on both sides.
Khoo Kay Kim, 1972; Gullick, 1983.

RKLMC, 1959; Middlebrook, 1951; Khoo Kay Kim, 1990.

To ensure easy dealing with the Chinese community, the Malay Chief allowed the former to appoint their

Down leader to whom the title Kapitan China was conferred. The first Kapitan China was Hiu Siew, a Fui

Chiu Hakka trader from Lukut from whom Sutan Puasa used to get supply of goods. Upon Sutan Puasa’s
persuasion he and his partner Ah Sze moved to Kuala Lumpur in the late 1850s and established their store
in a clearing set back from the river somewhere around Jalan Silang. The initial shop expanded into the
centre of Chinese encampment. To take care of the Chinese community that kept expanding, with the
support of Sutan Puasa, Hiu Siew was appointed by Raja Abdullah with the approval of the Sultan. Hiu
Siew passed away in 1862 and succeeded by Liu Ngim Kong as the 2nd Kapitan China. The latter invited
his close friend Yap Ah Loy who was ‘an ex-shop attendant, coolie, cook and pig dealer’ from Lukut.
KLMC, 1959.
Middlebrook, 1951;

Joginder Singh, Jessy, 1980. Sejarah Tanah Melayu (1400-1959). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala
Lumpur;

Mubin Sheppard, 1980.
Mubin Sheppard, 1980; Abdullah Zakaria, 2005.
Abdullah Zakaria, 2005.
Mansoer, M.D. (et.al), 1971. Sedjarah Minangkabau. Bharata, Djakarta;

Tugby, Donald,1977. Cultural change and Identity: Mandailing Immigrants in West Malaysia, University
of Queensland Press, Brisbane.
Gullick, 1983.
KLMC, 1959; Gullick, 1983, 2000.
Gullick, 2000

Khoo Kay Kim, 1990. Album Kuala Lumpur: 100 Years as a Local Authority, Penerbitan Puteries, Kuala
Lumpur.
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YKhoo Kay Kim, 1987;
Gullick, J.M.,1988. Kuala Lumpur 1880-1895: A City in the Making. Pelanduk Publication, Petaling
Jaya; Ahmad Kamal, Ariffin M.R. 2001. Sanitary Board Kuala Lumpur: Peranan dan Pentadbiran

P1890-1914, Persatuan Sejarah Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.

Abdur-Razzaq Lubis, 2013. Sutan Puasa: Founder of Kuala Lumpur. Areca Book, Penang.

OGullick, 1983.

Khoo Kay Kim, 1972.The Western Malay States (1850-1873), Fajar Bhakti, Petaling Jaya;
Gullick, 1983.

CMiddlebrook, 1951;
Buyong Adil, 1981. Sejarah Selangor. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka; Ahmad Kamal, 2001.
The war was not between the locals and the immigrants, but between loose alliance of Malays and Chinese

Tgroups and factions. Among the Malay rajahs and head men the core motive of rivalry was to get the right

to impose tax on exported tin and duty for imported goods. Kanching, another mining site northwest of
Ampang had workers belonging to Kah Ying Chiu faction, while Kuala Lumpur’s Chinese to Fui Chiu

Fgroups. They both belong to Hakka clans from the same part of China, but bitter feud developed because of

personal rivalry and intense competition between leaders of secret society on both sides.

AKhoo Kay Kim, 1972; Gullick, 1983.

KLMC, 1959; Middlebrook, 1951; Khoo Kay Kim, 1990.
To ensure easy dealing with the Chinese community, the Malay Chief allowed the former to appoint their

Rown leader to whom the title Kapitan China was conferred. The first Kapitan China was Hiu Siew, a Fui

Chiu Hakka trader from Lukut from whom Sutan Puasa used to get supply of goods. Upon Sutan Puasa’s

Dpersuasion he and his partner Ah Sze moved to Kuala Lumpur in the late 1850s and established their store

in a clearing set back from the river somewhere around Jalan Silang. The initial shop expanded into the
centre of Chinese encampment. To take care of the Chinese community that kept expanding, with the
support of Sutan Puasa, Hiu Siew was appointed by Raja Abdullah with the approval of the Sultan. Hiu
Siew passed away in 1862 and succeeded by Liu Ngim Kong as the 2nd Kapitan China. The latter invited
his close friend Yap Ah Loy who was ‘an ex-shop attendant, coolie, cook and pig dealer’ from Lukut.
KLMC, 1959.
Middlebrook, 1951;

Joginder Singh, Jessy, 1980. Sejarah Tanah Melayu (1400-1959). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala
Lumpur;

Mubin Sheppard, 1980.
Mubin Sheppard, 1980; Abdullah Zakaria, 2005.
Abdullah Zakaria, 2005.
Mansoer, M.D. (et.al), 1971. Sedjarah Minangkabau. Bharata, Djakarta;

Tugby, Donald,1977. Cultural change and Identity: Mandailing Immigrants in West Malaysia, University
of Queensland Press, Brisbane.
Gullick, 1983.
KLMC, 1959; Gullick, 1983, 2000.
Gullick, 2000

Khoo Kay Kim, 1990. Album Kuala Lumpur: 100 Years as a Local Authority, Penerbitan Puteries, Kuala
Lumpur.
Middlebrook, S.M. 1951. Yap Ah Loy 1837-1885. JMBRAS, 24(2); MBRAS Reprint No.9. 1989.

YKhoo Kay Kim, 1987;
Gullick, J.M.,1988. Kuala Lumpur 1880-1895: A City in the Making. Pelanduk Publication, Petaling
Jaya; Ahmad Kamal, Ariffin M.R. 2001. Sanitary Board Kuala Lumpur: Peranan dan Pentadbiran

P1890-1914, Persatuan Sejarah Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.

Abdur-Razzaq Lubis, 2013. Sutan Puasa: Founder of Kuala Lumpur. Areca Book, Penang.
Gullick, 1983.

OKhoo Kay Kim, 1972.The Western Malay States (1850-1873), Fajar Bhakti, Petaling Jaya;
Gullick, 1983.

CMiddlebrook, 1951;
Buyong Adil, 1981. Sejarah Selangor. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka; Ahmad Kamal, 2001.
The war was not between the locals and the immigrants, but between loose alliance of Malays and Chinese
groups and factions. Among the Malay rajahs and head men the core motive of rivalry was to get the right

Tto impose tax on exported tin and duty for imported goods. Kanching, another mining site northwest of

Ampang had workers belonging to Kah Ying Chiu faction, while Kuala Lumpur’s Chinese to Fui Chiu

Fgroups. They both belong to Hakka clans from the same part of China, but bitter feud developed because of

personal rivalry and intense competition between leaders of secret society on both sides.

AKhoo Kay Kim, 1972; Gullick, 1983.

KLMC, 1959; Middlebrook, 1951; Khoo Kay Kim, 1990.
To ensure easy dealing with the Chinese community, the Malay Chief allowed the former to appoint their

Rown leader to whom the title Kapitan China was conferred. The first Kapitan China was Hiu Siew, a Fui

Chiu Hakka trader from Lukut from whom Sutan Puasa used to get supply of goods. Upon Sutan Puasa’s

Dpersuasion he and his partner Ah Sze moved to Kuala Lumpur in the late 1850s and established their store

in a clearing set back from the river somewhere around Jalan Silang. The initial shop expanded into the
centre of Chinese encampment. To take care of the Chinese community that kept expanding, with the
support of Sutan Puasa, Hiu Siew was appointed by Raja Abdullah with the approval of the Sultan. Hiu
Siew passed away in 1862 and succeeded by Liu Ngim Kong as the 2nd Kapitan China. The latter invited
his close friend Yap Ah Loy who was ‘an ex-shop attendant, coolie, cook and pig dealer’ from Lukut.
KLMC, 1959.
Middlebrook, 1951;

Joginder Singh, Jessy, 1980. Sejarah Tanah Melayu (1400-1959). Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala
Lumpur;

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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