ASNT NDT Handbook Volume 8 Magnetic Testing

ASTM E 1444, 16, 185, 186, 188, 189, 191, 193, blowholes (welding defect)
232, 354 magnetic particle indications, 299

ASTM E 1571, 16 blue light sources
ASTM E 2297, 16 for fluorescent particle inspection, 234-235
austenitic stainless steel, temper 11
magnetic particle testing of boiler tubes, 355 blue visible light powders, 180, 221
austenitic stainless steel, temper 22 BMP file format, 246
magnetic particle testing of boiler tubes, 355 Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, 360
austenitic steel, UNS 230815 (SA-213) boilers
magnetic particle testing of boiler tubes, 355
automated interpretation, of magnetic particle failure from high internal steam pressure, 3
magnetic particle testing of power generation
indications, 175
automated magnetic particle testing equipment, 163, equipment, 355-356
boiler tubes
170-175
automated magnetizing, 171 cracks in power plant, 354
automatic scanning, 173, 175 magnetic particle testing of power generation
automobiles
equipment, 355
early use of magnetic particle testing, 29-30 brass
fatigue cracking of crankshaft, 317
magnetic particle testing power pack systems, 168 electrical conductivity, 97
A.V. de Forest Associates, 27 bridge girder weld
aviation. See aircraft
portable magnetic particle equipment application,
B 166

barium strontium titanate bridges
dielectric constant, 97 magnetic particle testing applications, 364

barium titanate brightness, 248, 249
dielectric constant, 97 brightness contrast, 212-213
brilliance test, for wet particle suspensions, 187, 220
bar magnets, 44, 110-111 British Standards Institution
broken, 45
A-A-50751, 18
bars A-A-59230, 18
automated magnetic particle testing, 172 BS 5138, 18
circumferential magnetization by direct current BS 6072, 18
application, 66 brittle fracture, 358
forging burst in, 304 buildings
magnetic flux leakage testing, 81 magnetic particle testing applications, 364
magnetic flux leakage testing applications, 42 bulk field indicators, 150-153
magnetic particle testing power pack systems, 168 buried pipelines, 327
seams in, 302 burrs
false magnetic particle indications, 218
bath, in wet particle techniques
contamination, 187, 190 C
foaming solutions, 186-187
maintenance, 188-189 cables
monitoring in automated magnetic particle testing, with mobile magnetic particle equipment, 164-165
171, 172, 173-175 with portable magnetic particle equipment, 166
preparation, 187-188 power pack systems, 52, 168
vehicles for water conditioning, 186 with prods for magnetization of large test objects,
120
beach marks, 316-317
bearings cable wrap demagnetization, 285, 287
calcium sulfate
magnetic testing techniques, 72
need for demagnetization, 278 use in alginate impressions, 242
vapor deposited hall elements in magnetic testing of Canadian General Standard Board

ball bearings, 148 CGSB 48-GP-8M, 18
berthold field gage, 28 cannon tubes
BH curve, 127-128, 340
billets, 76 magnetic flux leakage testing, 81
capacitance
factor controlling magnetization, 117, 118
magnetic flux leakage testing, 81-82 pulsed current magnetization system, 131, 343
magnetic flux leakage testing applications, 42 capacitive discharge portable magnetic particle
magnetic particle testing power pack systems, 168
pipe defects, 299 equipment, 167
wet horizontal unit for testing of steel, 159 capacitor discharge circular magnetization, 121
wet method particle sensitivity size limits in steel, capacitor discharge coil field

194-195, 200-204 longitudinal magnetization, 336, 339
biot-savart law, 89 capacitor discharge magnetization, 66, 339
bismuth capacitor discharge pulsing magnetization, 129, 132,

as diamagnetic material, 45 343
relative permeability, 95 carbon
bit map, 247
black light. See ultraviolet radiation electrical conductivity, 97
black visible light powders, 180, 221 carbon molybdenum steel
block (shim), 269
blooms, 76 magnetic particle testing of boiler tubes, 355
magnetic flux leakage testing applications, 42 carbon molybdenum steel, SA-209, temper 1
magnetic particle testing power pack systems, 168
blowholes (casting defect), 76 magnetic particle testing of boiler tubes, 355
laminations resulting from, 301 carbon steel
magnetic particle indications, 299
coercivity and remanence of .9% carbon, hot rolled,
101

creep resistance, 318
electrical conductivity of 1% carbon, 97
low carbon or nodular with low magnetic

remanence, 279
magnetic particle testing of boiler tubes, 355
relative permeability of .9% carbon, 95
striations in low carbon, 317
casing (oil fields), 73, 126
magnetic flux leakage testing, 80-81

396 Magnetic Testing

casting, 298 cobalt
casting discontinuities, 78 as ferromagnetic material, 45
relative permeability of 99% annealed, 95
early magnetic particle applications, 28
magnetic particle indications, 298-300 cobalt molybdenum alloy (comol)
castings permanent magnet, 45
dry powder technique application, 180
magnetic particle testing power pack systems for coercive force, 54, 100, 178, 282-283
coercivity, 100
large, 52, 168-169
mobile magnetic particle equipment for testing large, selected materials, 101
coil magnetization, 115
164 coils
portable magnetic particle equipment application,
aboveground storage tank floors, 329
166 for alternating current demagnetization, 59
stationary magnetic particle equipment for testing circular magnetization with induced current, 113
demagnetization after cold working, 46
large, 162 for magnetic flux leakage testing, 65-66
center line hot cracking, 306 portable magnetic particle equipment, 166, 167
central certification, 19 power pack magnetic particle equipment, 52
central conductor magnetization, 338 simple pickup coils, 145-147
ceramics cold cracking, 78
magnetic particle indications, 305
magnetic particle testing not applicable to, 43 cold shuts, 78
certification, of personnel, 15-19, 20 magnetic particle indications, 298, 299
CGM file format, 246 cold start, 308
charge coupled devices, 70 cold working
chemical and petroleum applications, 323 magnetic particle indication interpretation, 217
mechanically induced magnetism, 45-46
chemical and petroleum industry, 324-326 color, 247-248
oil field tubes, 126-135, 335-349 color balance, 248
transmission and storage systems, 327-330 color blindness, 209
underwater, 331-334 color contrast, 212-213
chemical industry color intensity, 248
magnetic particle testing applications, 324-326 combined auxiliary magnetization, 125-126
chemical spot testing, 11 computerized signal mapping, 330
chemical testing, 5 condensers
chromium magnetic particle testing of power generation
enhances creep resistance of steel, 318
plating cracks from, 315 equipment, 358
chromium molybdenum steel condenser tubes
magnetic particle testing of boiler tubes, 355
circular field, 112 magnetic flux leakage testing, 325-326
circular field demagnetization, 285 conductors
circularly magnetized object, 47, 110, 112
circular magnetic fields, 47, 112 boundary with insulator, 93
circular magnetization, 47, 112 cones, human eye, 209
combined with longitudinal, 122 connecting pins
with direct contact, 113
and direction of magnetic field, 120-121 grinding cracks, 313
early development, 27 connecting rods
hollow test objects, 114
with induced current, 113 forging lap in, 303
inducing in test object, 50 magnetic particle testing power pack systems, 168
limitations of, 121 need for demagnetization, 278
monitoring of automated, 171 connectors
multidirectional magnetization, 123 with mobile magnetic particle equipment, 164-165
with prods, 113 constitutive relations, 86, 87
residual fields from, 280-281 and material properties, 95
solid test objects, 112-113 consultants, 13
wet horizontal equipment, 159 contact clamps. See clamps
circular residual flux density, 281 containments
circular residual magnetic fields, 280-281 nuclear power plants, 360
circumferential magnetization, 50, 338 contamination test
pipe, 126-135 for wet particle suspensions, 220
circumferential remagnetization, 291 continuity equation, 94
clamps continuous test method, of magnetic particle testing, 64
for applied direct current magnetization, 66 contrast, 249
for magnetization of large test objects, 120 dry method particles, 180
with mobile magnetic particle equipment, 164, 165 effect of exposure duration on, 245
with portable magnetic particle equipment, magnetic particle indications, 211-213
wet method particles, 184
53, 166, 167 conversion, 248
power pack systems, 52, 168 cooling cracks, 77
clamshell marks, 316-317 magnetic particle indications, 301-302, 303
cleaning copper
verification in automated magnetic particle as diamagnetic material (pure), 96
electrical conductivity of pure, 97
testing, 173 magnetic particle testing not applicable to, 43
closed magnetized ring, 110 as paramagnetic material, 45
clustering, wet method particles, 183 penetration on journal, fatigue cracking from, 316,
coatings
317
to enhance contrast with dry technique plating cracks from, 315
materials, 180 relative permeability, 95
stress corrosion cracking when exposed to ammonia,
factor controlling magnetization, 116
field tests of structural painted welds, 364-369 319
underwater magnetic particle testing of welds copper ferrite dilution cracking, 367-368
copper nickel cobalt alloy (cunico)
through, 331-334
permanent magnet, 45

Index 397

copper nickel iron alloy (cunife) theory, 278-281
permanent magnet, 45 types of residual fields, 280-281
typical problems, 289-290
corrosion, 80 when not needed, 278
chemical and petroleum industry, 324 demagnetizing equipment, 288
inhibition in wet method systems, 187 Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad, 28-29
pipelines, 327 depth of penetration
of magnetization, 118-119
Coulomb’s law, 86 Deutsches Institut für Normung [German Institute for
cracks. See also discontinuities
Standardization]
aerospace industry applications, 37-373 DIN 54132, 18
chemical and petroleum industry, 324 DIN 25435 P2, 18
circumferential magnetization of pipe, 126 DIN 54136 P1, 18
infrastructure applications, 364-369 diamagnetic materials, 45, 96
intercrystalline, multidirectional magnetization for, relative permeabilities of selected, 95
DIB file format, 246
123 dielectric constant
internal conduction magnetization method used, selected materials, 97
differential permeability, 130
121, 122 digital magnetic field indicator, 273
magnetic particle sensitivity studies, 194-204 digital photography, 243-250
magnetic particle testing in nuclear power plants, digital radiometer, 232
DIN. See Deutsches Institut für Normung
360 direct contact circular magnetization, 113
magnetic particle testing of power generation direct current coil
longitudinal magnetization, 336
equipment, 355-359 direct current demagnetization, 59, 285-286
magnetic rubber detection, 251 elongated test objects, 293-294
in magnetized bar, 111 of large objects, 288
in magnetized ring, 110 direct current magnetization, 116-118
underwater magnetic particle testing of welds, 331- alternating current demagnetization after, 289
circumferential magnetization of pipe, 128
334 combined direct current fields for multidirectional
crankshafts
magnetization, 123
magnetic particle testing power pack systems, 168 combined with alternating current fields for
need for demagnetization, 278
stationary magnetic particle equipment for testing, multidirectional magnetization, 124
development, 31-32
162 for magnetic flux leakage testing, 74
testing by Indy Motor Speedway, 30 selecting, 117-118
crater cracking, 78-79, 307 stationary magnetic particle equipment, 162
creep, 316, 318-319 typical requirements, 340
creep cracking, 318-320 direct current wet horizontal equipment, 159-160
creep fatigue, 358 dirt
critical damping, 131, 342 bath contamination, 219
cupping, 77 false magnetic particle indications, 218
magnetic particle indications, 301, 302 discontinuities. See also cracks; fatigue cracking; reference
curie point, 102, 279, 283
curl-curl equation, 90 standards
cycles, 57 artificial, 260, 262, 267
circumferential magnetization of pipe, 126-135
D comprehensive list, and nondestructive test method

damage assessment, 82 categories, 5
dark adaptation, human eye, 210-211 demagnetization of elongated test objects, 291-295
dark background, 246 detection by nondestructive tests for ferrous and
data interpretation, 15
daylight fluorescent powders, 180 nonferrous metals in refinery components, 326
deaerator tanks detection of magnetic particle indications, 208
dry technique testing materials, 179-182
magnetic particle testing of power generation effect of orientation in magnetic flux leakage
equipment, 358
testing, 48-49
defect, 298 electromagnetic testing of transmission and storage
de Forest, A. V., 26-28
demagnetization, 43, 59, 277. See also magnetization systems, 327
field indicators and simulated discontinuities,
development after War, 33
downcycling, 283 347-349
effect of magnetic field origin on, 280 fixing coatings for test indications, 241
elongated test objects, 291-295 interpretation of magnetic particle indications, 216
field intensity too weak, 289 magnetic flux in test objects with complex
and hysteresis, 101-102
improvements during development, 30-31 shapes, 136-137
as limitation of magnetic particle testing, 12 and magnetic flux leakage fields, 140
magnetic field indicators, 154 magnetic particle testing in nuclear power plants, 360
maximum effective field intensity, 288 magnetic particle testing of oil field tubes, 335
with mobile magnetic particle equipment, 165 magnetic particle testing of power generation
monitoring of automated, 171
need for, 278 equipment, 355-359
poor length-to-diameter ratio, 289 magnetic particle testing sensitivity studies, 194-204
portable magnetic particle equipment, 167 magnetic testing applications, 75-82
power pack systems, 168-169 and magnetization factors, 116-119
principles of, 282-283 and magnetization field direction, 120-122
problems associated with partial, 294-295 magnetization fields, 110-111
procedures, 284-288 magnetization with electric current, 112-115
requirement for, 279 multidirectional magnetization, 123-125
selection of technique, 287-288 nondestructive testing reveals, 2
specialized, 286-287 principles of magnetic particle testing, 42-43
specifications, 290 refinery components, 324-326
test object orientation, 289
and test system configuration, 158

398 Magnetic Testing

and selection of magnetic particles, 63 electromagnetic fields. See also magnetic flux leakage
selection of magnetic particle testing, 12 fields
simulated test, 134
underwater magnetic particle testing of welds, boundaries, 90-94
defined, 86
331-334 effect of materials on, 95-97
wet technique testing materials, 183-193 energy in, 105
why magnetic particle indications form, 141-142 field relations and Maxwell’s equations, 87-89
diverted flux testing, 42 force in magnetic field, 105-106
DLA A-A-59230, 185 fundamentals of electromagnetism, 86
Doane, F.B., 26-28 steady state alternating current fields, 90-91
documentation time dependent, 91-92
digital photography and image archiving, 243 torque in magnetic field, 106, 107
magnetic particle indication recording, 238 electromagnetic reference devices, 273-274
magnetic particle testing of oil field tubes, 349 electromagnetics, 35-36
when demagnetization is not needed, 278 electromagnetic spectrum, 208
DOD F 87935, 185 electromagnetic testing, 5, 9
double short pulse magnetization, 133, 344, 345 electronic testing, 5
downcycling, 283 electrooptical devices, 208
drill pipe, 73, 126, 349 electroplating
direct current magnetization for fatigue crack and hydrogen cracking, 320
electrostatic CGS units, 35, 36
detection, 338 EMF file format, 246
end area tests, 292 emission spectrum, 224
drums energy
magnetic particle testing of power generation in electromagnetic field, 105
EPS file format, 246
equipment, 355-356 etching cracks, 79, 314, 315
dry method fluorescent particles, 180-181 European Committee for Standardization (CEN)
EN 1290, 18
interpreting indications, 182 EN 1291, 18
dry method visible particles, 180-181 EN 1369, 18
EN 10228-1, 18
interpreting indications, 182 EN 10246-4, 18
dry particle applicators, 181 EN 10246-5, 18
dry powder technique, 42, 60, 61, 62 EN 10246-12, 18
EN 10246-18, 18
brief introduction, 178 evaluation, 15
early development, 28 examination, 360
magnetic media reference standards, 271 excitation spectrum, 223
magnetic properties, 60-61, 179 explosion hazards
painted welded structures, 366-369 magnetic particle testing materials, 22-23
particle application, 69-70, 181 external burst
particle characteristics, 179-180 magnetic particle indications, 304
particle mobility, 62-63 eye. See human eye
particle reuse, 181 eyeglasses
particle specification, 182 ultraviolet use, 225
particle storage, 181
selection, 63 F
sensitivity studies, 195
tape transfers, 239 failure
uses, 180 rising costs of, 3, 4
dry technique testing materials, 179-182
dual use particles, 221 fans
dusts (early magnetic particles), 28 magnetic particle testing of power generation
dynamic loading, 3 equipment, 358, 359
dynamic stress, 3
Faraday’s law of induction, 87, 88
E fast break designs, 31-32
fatigue cracking, 80, 316-318
Earth’s magnetic field, 45, 46
residual field from, 45, 280 crack structure, 316-317
fatigue strength, 80
eddy current devices, 274 feedwater heaters
eddy currents, 102, 103
magnetic particle testing of power generation
circumferential magnetization of pipe, 127 equipment, 358
losses in hysteresis loops, 104
eddy current testing, 8 ferrite cores
refinery components, 325, 326 with hall elements, 148, 149
electrical conductivity in simple pickup coils, 145, 146
nonlinearity, 87
selected materials, 97 ferrites
electric current density, 88 wet particles, 183
electric field intensity, 86
electric flux density, 86 ferromagnetic materials, 45, 96-97
electric power applications, 353 characteristics, 54-56
early uses of magnetic particle testing, 30 demagnetization, 102, 279, 282
inspector training, 354 discontinuities in castings, 298
nuclear power plant requirements, 360 discontinuities in forgings, 301
power generation equipment, 355-359 material properties and constitutive relations, 95
test procedure, 354 nonlinearity of electrical properties, 87
electromagnetic boundary conditions, 92-94 processing discontinuities, 312
electromagnetic CGS units, 35, 36 relative permeabilities of selected, 95
residual magnetism, 278
service induced discontinuities, 316
weld discontinuities, 305

ferroprobes, 126, 140, 143
applications, 149

Index 399

field flow magnetization, 115 glass
field intensity, 86 dielectric constant, 97
file formats, 246, 247 electrical conductivity, 97
finite element techniques, 70-71 magnetic particle testing not applicable to, 43
fire hazards
gold
magnetic particle testing materials, 22-23 as diamagnetic material, 45
fixing, 238 electrical conductivity, 97
fixing coatings, 241 relative permeability, 95
flakes, 77-78, 301, 304
flash line tears, 78 Gosudarstvennye Standarty (State Standard)
GOST 21105, 18
magnetic particle indications, 303-304
flash point graphite
electrical conductivity, 97
oil vehicles for wet particles, 185
fleming’s right-hand rule, 112 gray visible light powders, 180, 221
flexible laminated strips, 268 green fluorescent particles, 214
fluorescence, 222-223
fluorescence excitation spectrum for, 234
alternate ways to excite, 234-235 green visible light powders, 221
emission spectrum, 224 grinding, 313
excitation spectrum, 223
of eyes, 225 checking using dry technique, 180
and illumination, 211-212 grinding cracks, 79
phosphorescence, 224
photographing, 245-246 magnetic particle indications, 312, 313
fluorescent lamps, 226-233 magnetic particle testing in aerospace industry, 372
fluorescent magnetic particle indications, 224-225 gun barrels
optical pattern recognition for, 175 flux leakage testing, 26, 81
fluorescent pigments, 183 stationary magnetic particle equipment for testing,
fluorescent powders, 180
fluorescent tubular cold discharge ultraviolet sources, 229 162
flux gate magnetometers, 143, 149 wet horizontal equipment application, 159
flux leakage testing, 42
flux meter H
with pulsed current magnetization, 133-134, 345
flux sensed demagnetization, 294 half-wave direct current magnetization, 57-58
flux sensitive devices, 143-155 development after War, 33
flying spot scanners, 70
foaming half-wave rectified alternating current magnetization, 339
solutions with wet method particles, 186-187 half-wave rectified current magnetization, 116, 117
foerster microprobes, 149
footcandles, 36, 208 and circular magnetization, 113
force circumferential magnetization of pipe, 128
in magnetic field, 105-106 hall effect meters, 273
forging, 298, 301 hall effect probes, 273
to reduce segregation, 300 hall effect sensors, 69, 329
mobile magnetic particle equipment for testing large, aboveground storage tank floors, 329
hall element sensors, 140, 143
52, 164 theory, 147-148
forging bursts, 78 handheld magnetic particle equipment, 166
forging discontinuities, 75, 77-78 hand probe, 53
headers
magnetic particle indications, 301-304 magnetic particle testing of power generation
forging laps, 78
equipment, 355-356
magnetic particle indications, 301, 302-303 heat affected zone, 217
piston rods, 43
forming, 42 creep in, 318
fracture surface, 317 hydrogen cracking in, 78-79, 320
fracture toughness, 316 heat exchanger tubes
free machining steels, 76 magnetic flux leakage testing, 325-326
full-wave direct current magnetization, 58 heat treating cracks, 79, 312
circumferential magnetization of pipe, 128 heat treatment, 312
test objects with complex shapes, 136 and demagnetization, 278
full-wave rectified alternating current magnetization, 339 discontinuities, 42
full-wave rectified current magnetization, 116 effect on creep resistance, 319
fully automated handling, 170 helicopter rotor component
fusion welding, 305 fatigue cracking, 316
future usefulness, 2 high explosive shell casings
wet method particle sensitivity size, 194, 196-200
G Hoke, W. E., 26
holography, 11
gadolinium homogeneity, 87
as ferromagnetic material, 45 homogeneous helmholz equation, 91
homogeneous material, 87
gas metal arc welding (GMAW), 308 horseshoe magnet, 47, 110, 111
gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), 310 straightened out, 48
gauss, 36, 54 hot cracking
Gauss law, 86 magnetic particle indications, 305-307
hot tears, 78
magnetic circuits, 98 magnetic particle indications, 298, 299
from Maxwell’s equations, 87, 88, 94 hue, 247-248
gear tooth roots hue saturation, 248
fatigue cracking, 317 human eye
germanium as detector, 213-214
electrical conductivity, 97 fluorescence of, 225
giant magnetoresistive probes, 69 personnel vision requirements, 215
GIF file format, 246 sensitivity in detecting magnetic particle indications,

208, 209-210
hydrogen blistering, 320
hydrogen cracking, 316, 320

400 Magnetic Testing

hydrogen embrittlement, 79 iron. See also stainless steel; steel
hydrogen flakes, 77-78 as anisotropic material, 88
coercivity and remanence of pure annealed, 101
magnetic particle indications, 301, 304 electrical conductivity of pure, 97
hydrogen induced cold cracking, 306 as ferromagnetic material, 45, 97
hydroplane propellers, 372-373 initial permeability curve, 101
hysteresis, 99-104 relative permeability of 98.5%, cold rolled, 95
relative permeability of 99.8% annealed, 95
and demagnetization, 282 relative permeability of 99.95% annealed in
eddy current losses, 104 hydrogen, 95
energy lost in cycle, 103-104
minor hysteresis loops, 102-104 iron ore, 76
hysteresis curves, 100-101 iron oxide
and demagnetization, 282
ferromagnetic materials, 97 wet particles, 183
isotropic material, 87-88
I isotropy, 87

IFF file format, 246 J
illuminance, 208
illumination jablonski diagram, 222
Japanese Standards Association, 18
and fluorescence, 211-212
photographing indications, 244 JIS G 0565, 18
units, 36 JIS Z 2319, 18
weld inspection, 365 JIS Z 2320, 18
image analysis, 5 JIS Z 2321, 18
image archiving, 243-250 JIS Z 2340, 18
image characteristics, 247-249 JFF file format, 246
image generation, 5 JFIF file format, 246
image integrity, 250 JIF file format, 246
inclusions JPEG file format, 246
magnetic particle indications, 310 JPG file format, 246, 247
incremental permeability, 102
indium antimonide K
in hall element sensors for magnetic testing, 148
induced current circular magnetization, 113, 343-344 keeper, 115
inductance, 107 kirchoff’s current law, 94
pulsed current magnetization system, 131-132
inductive ammeters L
use in pulsed current magnetization, 134-135,
lack of fusion, 78
345-347 magnetic particle indications, 305, 307-308
inductive pickup coil, 135
infrared testing, 5, 11 lack of penetration, 78
infrastructure magnetic particle indications, 305, 309

magnetic particle testing applications, 364-369 lamellar tearing
ingots, 76 magnetic particle indications, 305, 307

cracks, 76-77 laminations, 77
pipe and porosity, 299 magnetic particle indications, 301, 302
in-house programs, 13
initial magnetization curve, 100 laps, 78, 301, 302-303
inservice testing circumferential magnetization of pipe, 126
magnetic flux leakage testing applications, 42 magnetic particle indications, 301, 302-303
inspection, 360
insulators large volume magnetic field indicators, 150-155
boundary between two, 93 laser profilometry
boundary with conductor, 93
internal burst refinery components, 325, 326
magnetic particle indications, 304 lead
internal conductor magnetization, 50, 114, 120-121
for multidirectional magnetization, 123 as diamagnetic material, 96
internal conversion, 223 relative permeability, 95
International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 18 leakage fields, 279
ISO 3059, 18 leak testing, 9-11
ISO 4986, 18 pipelines, 327
ISO 6933, 18 leeches, 113
ISO 9402, 18 length-to-diameter ratio, 289
ISO 9598, 18 lift magnets
ISO 9712, 18 produce strong residual fields, 280
ISO 9934, 18 light, 208-211
ISO 13664, 18 magnetic particle indications viewed under
ISO 13665, 18
ISO 15463, 18 ultraviolet, 222-225
ISO 17638, 18 magnetic particle indications viewed under visible,
ISO 23278, 18
interpretation, 15 221
intersystem crossing, 224 light emitting diodes

light source for visible light inspection, 221
light sources

magnetic particle indications viewed under ultraviolet
light, 226-233

magnetic particle indications viewed under visible
light, 221

limited certification, 19
linearity, 87
linear medium, 87
lines of force, 45
liquation cracking, 307
liquid penetrant testing, 7

Index 401

longitudinal field, 111 and magnetic particle testing, vi, 42
longitudinally magnetized object, 47, 111 magnetism, theory, 85-108
longitudinal magnetization, 47-48, 114, 115 magnetization, 74, 65-71, 109-138
pipelines, 327
coil field criteria, 335 refinery tubes, 325, 326
combined with circular, 122 short parts, 73-74
and direction of magnetic field, 121-122 steps, 42
inducing in test object, 51 test object configurations, 325
magnetic testing of oil field tubulars, 335-340 transverse discontinuities, 74
monitoring of automated, 171 magnetic hysteresis. See hysteresis
multidirectional magnetization, 123 magnetic materials. See also diamagnetic materials;
portable magnetic particle equipment, 167
residual fields from, 280 ferromagnetic materials; paramagnetic materials
wet horizontal equipment, 159 coercivity and remanence of hard and soft, 101
longitudinal residual magnetic fields, 280 effect on electromagnetic fields, 95-97
long pulse magnetization, 133, 344 types of, 45, 95-97
lorenz equation, 88 magnetic media, 271-272
Lorenz’ law, 95 magnetic media reference standards
luminance, 209 magnetic stripe cards, 272
lux, 36, 208 reference standards, 263, 264
magnetic particle indication recording, 237
M alginate impressions, 242
digital photography and image archiving,
machines
increased demand on, 3-4 70, 243 250
documentation, 238
machining drawings and written descriptions, 238
and demagnetization, 278 fixing coatings, 241
early magnetic particle applications, 28 magnetic rubber, 251-256
tape transfers, 239-240
machining discontinuities, 42, 75, 79 magnetic particle indications
machining tears, 79 automated interpretation, 175
basic documentation, 238
magnetic particle indications, 312, 314 contrast, 211-213
Magnaflux Corporation, 27, 33 control of wet particles, 219-220
magnesium detection, 208-215
detection devices, 213-214
magnetic particle testing not applicable to, 43 effect of flux leakage on false indications, 141
magnetic chucks effect of test object shape, 216
evaluation, 216-218
need for demagnetization, 278 eye sensitivity, 209-210
produce strong residual fields, 280 false, 218
magnetic circuits, 98-99 formation of, 49
magnetic discontinuity standards, 267 interpretation, 216-218, 330
flexible laminated strips, 268 interpreting dry particle tests, 182
magnetic media, 271-272 interpreting wet particle tests, 193
notched shim standards, 268-271 light conditions, 214-215
pie gages, 267-268 media selection, 63
magnetic domains, 44 operator skill as limitation of interpretation, 12
in demagnetization, 282 personnel vision requirements, 215
ferromagnetic materials, 96 photographing of, 243-246
magnetic field indicators, 267, 273, 274 process selection, 63-64
and automated magnetic particle testing, 172 surface differentiation, 330
bulk field indicators, 150-153 technique selection, 216
calibration, 289 viewed under ultraviolet light, 222-225
calibration and uses, 151-153 viewed under visible light, 221
large volume, 150-155 why particle indications form, 141-142
residual field measurement, 153 magnetic particles, 69-70, 177, 178
and simulated discontinuities, 347-349 attraction to cracks, 110, 111
use of, 155 development of, 28
magnetic field intensity, 36, 48, 86 dry technique testing materials, 179-182
magnetic fields sensitivity, 194-204
direction, 50, 51 sensitivity studies, 194-204
direction in magnetization, 120-122 wet technique testing materials, 183-193
force in, 105-106 magnetic particle testing, 8. See also demagnetization;
inductance, 107
in magnetization, 110-111 discontinuities; magnetic particle indications;
torque in, 106, 107 magnetization; reference standards
magnetic field sensors, 140 accessories for production testing unit, 162
magnetic field strength. See magnetic field intensity accessories for tests in quality control, 161
magnetic flux, 36, 54 advantages, 12
magnetic flux density, 36, 47, 54, 86 automated interpretation, 175
magnetic flux leakage, 42 automatic scanning, 173, 175
magnetic flux leakage fields, 47 automating procedure, 172-173
flux sensitive devices, 143-155 automation, 163, 170-175
fundamentals of, 140-142 capabilities and limitations, 43
induction of leakage, 140 continuous test method, 64
magnitudes of, 67 development in 1930s, 28-31
magnetic flux leakage testing, 42, 72, 110, 325, 327 early flux leakage testing, 26-28
aboveground storage tank floors, 328-330 early patents, 26-28
applications, 42, 80-82, 328-330 education, 33
circumferential magnetization of pipe, 126 equipment safety, 23-25
demagnetization, 277-296 field indicators and simulated discontinuities,
field detection and measurement, 68-69, 129-156
heat exchanger tubes, 325 347 349
history, 26
liftoff control of scanning head, 74

402 Magnetic Testing

flux leakage fields, 140-142 magnetic testing fundamentals, 41
flux sensitive devices, 143-155 electrically induced magnetism, 50-51
growth in 1940s, 31-33 ferromagnetic material characteristics, 54-56
industry challenges, 33 introduction, 42-43
interpretation, 15, 175 magnetic field theory, 44-46
introduction to, 42-43 magnetic flux and flux leakage, 47-49
limitations, 12 magnetic particle test systems, 52-53
management of testing programs, 12-19 magnetic testing applications, 75-82
measurement units, 208-209 magnetic test technique, 65-71
media and processes in, 60-64 magnetizing current types, 57-59
particle vehicle safety, 21-23 media and processes in magnetic particle
personnel qualification and certification, 15-19, 18-20 testing, 60 64
power generation equipment, 355-359 techniques of magnetic testing, 72-74
principles, 42-43
radiating accessories, 226-233 magnetic test probes, 68-69
recording (See magnetic particle indication magnetic vector potential, 88-89
magnetism, 85
recording)
reliability, 15 characteristics of electromagnetic fields, 105-107
residual test method, 63-64 effect of materials on electromagnetic fields, 95-97
safety, 20-25 electromagnetic fields and boundaries, 90-94
selection, 12 field relations and Maxwell’s equations, 87-89
standards, 15, 115 fundamentals of electromagnetism, 86
test environment, 21 hysteresis, 99-104
test object handling for, 170 magnetic circuits, 98-99
test procedures, 14 magnetitite, 183
test specifications, 14-15 magnetization, 42, 109. See also circular magnetization;
typical geometry, 136
Magnetic Particle Testing (1989), 33 demagnetization; longitudinal magnetization;
magnetic particle testing applications. See also chemical pulsed current magnetization
circumferential magnetization of pipe, 126-135
and petroleum applications; metals testing combined auxiliary, 125-126
aerospace, 370-373 depth of penetration, 118-119
electric power, 353-360 with electric current, 112-115
infrastructure, 364-369 electronic switching, 163
magnetic particle testing equipment, 12, 52-53, 157 factors controlling, 116-119
automation, 170-175 and history of magnetic testing, 26-33
basic equipment, 158 and hysteresis, 101
effect of test parameters on choice, 158 magnetic field description, 110-111
improvements during development, 30-31 magnetic field direction, 120-122
mobile equipment, 52-53, 164-165, 166 magnetic flux leakage testing techniques, 65-71
portable equipment, 163, 166-167 magnetic rubber application, 254
power pack systems, 52, 168-169 magnetizing current types, 57-59
radiating accessories, 226-233 monitoring of automated, 171
safety, 23-25 multidirectional, 123-125
stationary magnetic particle equipment, 52, 162-163 for oil field applications, 126-135
test system configuration, 158 parallel, 121
wet horizontal equipment, 159-161 power pack systems, 168-169
magnetic permeability, 56, 87, 95 test object with complex shapes, 136-137
diamagnetic materials, 96 and test system configuration, 158
ferromagnetic materials, 96-97 types of magnetizing current, 116-118
magnetic particles, 60 verification, 173
paramagnetic materials, 96 wet horizontal equipment, 159
relative permeability, selected magnetic materials wet magnetic particles, 191
magnetization curves, 99-100
compared, 95 magnetized ring, 110
magnetic poles, 44, 110, 111 magnetized test blocks, 266
magnetic resistance, 99 magnetizing coil, 65-66
magnetic rubber, 251-256 magnetizing current, 140-141
magnetic shielding, 289 magnet lines of flux, 110
magnetic stripe cards, 272 magnetodiodes, 68-69, 140, 143
magnetic susceptibility, 96 applications, 148-149, 150
magnetic tape, 69 magnetography, 69, 81
magnetic testing. See also magnetic flux leakage testing; magnetomotive force, 98
magnetostaic fields, 88
magnetic particle testing major hysteresis loops, 102
history, 26 Manhattan Project
industrial uses, 42 magnetic particle testing used during, 31
measurement units, 34-37 Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and
testing in active field, 66 Fittings Industry (MSS)
testing in residual field, 66 MSS SP 53, 16
material safety data sheets
magnetic particle testing materials, 22-23
maxwell, 36, 54
Maxwell’s equations, 87-89
as boundaries, 92-94
quasistatic form, 90
use of, 86
measurement units
electromagnetism, 86
mechanically induced magnetism, 45-46
mechanical powder blowers, 181
mechanical testing, 5

Index 403

medium carbon steel, SA-210 O
magnetic particle testing of boiler tubes, 355
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA),
meissner effect, 96 20
mercury
Occupational Safety and Health Standards, 21
as diamagnetic material, 45 Occupational Safety and Health Standards for the
electrical conductivity, 97
relative permeability, 95 Construction Industry, 21
mercury arc ultraviolet lamps, 226, 227-228 oersted, 36, 54
mesopic vision, 214 oil drilling, 126
metals testing oil field tubulars
casting discontinuities, 298-300
forging discontinuities, 301-304 circumferential magnetization of, 126-135
processing discontinuities, 312-315 demagnetization, 280, 286-287, 291-295
service induced discontinuities, 316-320 magnetic testing, 335-349
welding discontinuities, 305-311 specifications for testing, 126
methods, 2 wet horizontal equipment application, 159
classification, 4-6 oils
objectives, 6 source of bath contamination, 187, 219, 220
mica oil vehicles, for wet method particles, 185-186
dielectric constant, 97 oil vehicle tape transfers, 239
electrical conductivity, 97 optical gaging, 250
MIL-I-6868E, 185 optical pattern recognition, 175
MIL-STD-1949, 190 optical testing, 5, 11
MIL-STD-1949A, 189 orange fluorescent particles, 214
minor hysteresis loops, 102-104 overlap
mobile magnetic particle testing equipment, 52-53, 164- magnetic particle indications, 305, 310, 311
overstress cracking, 79-80
165, 166 oxide inclusions
moderate pulse magnetization, 133, 344-345 magnetic particle indications, 305, 310
moiré imaging, 11
molybdenum P

enhances creep resistance of steel, 318 paper
multidirectional field power packs, 169 dielectric constant, 97
multidirectional magnetization, 123-125
parallel coil, 145-146
inducing in test object, 51 parallel magnetization, 121
monitoring, 171-172 paramagnetic materials, 45, 96
stationary magnetic particle equipment, 162
multidirectional wet horizontal test systems, 161 relative permeabilities of selected, 95
multiple magnetic poles, 281 particle mobility, 62-63
particle shape, 61-62
N
dry technique materials, 179-180
National Electrical Safety Code, 20 wet technique materials, 183
National Electric Code, 20 particle size, 61
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health dry technique materials, 179-180
wet technique materials, 183
(NIOSH), 20 paste-on shims, 270-271
neighborhood processing algorithms, 175 PBM file format, 246
nickel PCT file format, 246
P-D-680, 185
enhances creep resistance of steel, 318 PDF file format, 246
as ferromagnetic material, 45, 97 penetrameters, 347
plating cracks from, 315 penetrating radiation testing, 5
relative permeability of 99% annealed, 95 permanent magnets, 45, 272
nickel alloy as anisotropic material, 88
coercivity and remanence of annealed, 101 perpendicular coil, 145
relative permeability, 95 personnel qualification and certification, 17, 18-20, 19
relative permeability of annealed, 95 petroleum industry, 324-326
wet particles, 183 PGM file format, 246
nickel alloy steel, SA-203, temper 12 phasor notation, 90, 91
magnetic particle testing of boiler tubes, 355 phenolic resin, cured
nickel chromium alloy dielectric constant, 97
electrical conductivity, 97 electrical conductivity, 97
nickel chromium stainless steel phosphorescence, 224
electrical conductivity, 97 photography
nickel zinc ferrite magnetic particle indications, 243-246
coercivity and remanence, 101 photopic vision, 209, 214
NIOSH. See National Institute for Occupational Safety photosensitive eyeglasses, 225
PIC file format, 246
and Health pickling
nondestructive material characterization, 2 and hydrogen cracking, 320
nondestructive testing, 2 pickling cracks, 79
magnetic particle indications, 312, 314-315
classification by test object, 5 pickup coils, 68, 145-147
method classification, 4-6 PICT file format, 246, 247
other methods, 7-11 picture elements, 246
purposes, 3-4 pie gages, 267-268
value of, 6-7 use with oil field tubes, 347-348
Nondestructive Testing Handbook, 33 with wet horizontal equipment, 160
nonmetallic inclusions, 76 pipe
magnetic particle indications, 298, 299-300 circumferential magnetization of, 126-135
north pole, 45 magnetic testing threaded regions, 72
notched shim standards, 268-271 weld cracks in power plant, 354
with wet horizontal equipment, 159, 160
nuclear power plants
magnetic particle testing applications, 360

404 Magnetic Testing

pipe (casting defect), 75, 76 quench cracks, 79, 312
laminations resulting from, 301 quenching, 312
magnetic particle indications, 298-299 quick break circuits, 31-32, 59, 217

pipeline crawler, 81 circular magnetization with induced current, 113
pipelines, 327 stationary magnetic particle equipment, 163

magnetic flux leakage testing, 80-81 R
piping systems
radial field, 333
magnetic particle applications in chemical and radiographic testing, 8-9
petroleum industry, 324-326
pipelines, 327
nuclear power plants, 360 railroad axles
pitting, 80
early use of magnetic particle testing, 28, 30
detection by nondestructive tests for ferrous and railroads
nonferrous metals in refinery components, 326
early use of magnetic particle testing, 28-29, 30
pixels, 246-247 portable magnetic particle equipment for crimper
plastics
connector of car, 167
magnetic particle testing not applicable to, 43 wet horizontal equipment application, 159
plating, 314 railroad wheels
stationary magnetic particle equipment for
discontinuities, 42
effect of residual magnetism on, 279 testing, 162
plating cracks, 79 rails
magnetic particle indications, 312, 315
platinum magnetic flux leakage testing, 26, 73
as paramagnetic material, 45 microstructure, 300
PNG file format, 246 raster images, 246
porosity (casting defect) RAW file format, 245, 246, 247
magnetic particle indications, 298, 299 reactor vessels
porosity (weld defect) nuclear power plants, 360
magnetic particle indications, 305, 309-310 receiving testing
portable magnetic particle testing equipment, magnetic flux leakage testing applications, 42
recertification, 19
163, 166-167 rectified current magnetization, 116
portable ultraviolet lamp, 228 red fluorescent magnetic particles
potassium alginate fluorescence excitation spectrum for, 234
red visible light powders, 180, 221
use in alginate impressions, 242 reference standards, 12-19, 259
power generation equipment chemical and petroleum industry, 324
electromagnetic reference devices, 273-274
magnetic particle testing, 355-359 issued by organizations in United States, 16
power pack systems, with magnetic particle testing issued by organizations outside United States, 18
magnetic discontinuity standards, 267-272
equipment, 52, 168-169 for magnetic particle testing, 260-262
poynting vector, 105 needs for known indicator, 261-262
pre-Maxwell set of equations, 90 for system evaluation, 261, 263-266
pressure vessels system standardization, 261
tool steel ring standard, 263-266
magnetic particle applications in chemical and with wet horizontal equipment, 159
petroleum industry, 326 reference standard test blocks, 266
relative permeability, 95
primary creep, 318 relativistic effects, Maxwell’s equations handling, 86
primary processing discontinuities, 75, 77, 301 reliability
processing discontinuities, 312-315 magnetic particle testing, 15
process monitoring, 173-175 magnetic particle testing reference standards,
prods, 53
260-261
circular magnetization with, 112, 113 reluctance, 56, 99
dry powder technique application, 180 remanence, 54
magnetization of large test objects, 120
with mobile magnetic particle equipment, 164, 165 selected materials, 101
with portable magnetic particle equipment, 166, 167 remote field testing
with power pack magnetic particle equipment, 52
quick break magnetization unnecessary with use refinery components, 325, 326
resampling, 248
of, 163 residual field, 279
safety, 23
programmable logic controllers, 162 common sources of, 280
pulsating reversing demagnetization, 286 and demagnetization, 278
pulsed current magnetization, 116 measuring, 153
analysis, 129-131, 341-342 types of, 280-281
circumferential magnetization of pipe, 128-129 residual flux, 279
current effectiveness, 133-134, 345 residual induction tests, 336
current pulse time dependence, 130-131, 342-343 residual leakage field, 102, 103
magnetic testing of oil field tubulars, 340-343 residual magnetism, 54, 55, 278, 279
use of flux meter, 133-134, 345 residual test method, of magnetic particle testing, 63-64
use of inductive ammeters, 134-135, 345-347 resistance
pumps pulsed current magnetization system, 131, 343
magnetic particle testing of power generation resolution, of image, 248-249
retentivity, 45, 278, 282-283
equipment, 358-359 magnetic particles, 60-61
nuclear power plants, 360 retinal illuminance, 211
reversing cable wrap demagnetization, 286
Q reversing direct current demagnetization, 285
equipment for, 287, 288
qualification, of personnel, 1, 17, 18-20
quantitative quality indicators, 115

with wet horizontal equipment, 159
quantum yield, 223
quartz

dielectric constant, 97
electrical conductivity, 97
quasistatic form, 90

Index 405

right hand rule secondary processing discontinuities, 75
magnetic field direction, 50, 51 segregation
static fields, 88
laminations resulting from, 301
ring magnet with air gap, 110 magnetic particle indications, 298, 299, 300
risk based inspection, 224 selenium cell photoelectric meters, 230-231
rods sensitivity
magnetic particles, 194-204
magnetic flux leakage testing applications, 42 sensor coils, 140, 143
photographs of cracked at various brightness service companies, 13
service induced discontinuities, 42, 73, 75, 79-780, 316-
levels, 249
rods, human eye, 209 320
rolled laps settling ranges, 189
settling test, 184, 189-190, 219
magnetic particle indications, 301, 302-303 settling tube, 189-190
rolling shearography, 11
shell casings
to reduce segregation, 300
rubber wet method particle sensitivity size of high explosive,
194, 196-200
dielectric constant, 97
electrical conductivity, 97 ships
magnetic particle testing used on during WWII, 31
S
shrinkage cracks, 78
SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) International SI base units, 34
SAE AMS 2442, 16 SI derived units, 34
SAE AMS 3040, 179, 182 signal image analysis, 5
SAE AMS 3042, 188 silicon
SAE AMS 3043, 188
SAE AMS 3044, 188 electrical conductivity, 97
SAE AMS 3045, 185, 188 silicon iron
SAE AMS 3046, 185
SAE AMS 3161, 185 coercivity and remanence, 101
SAE AMS 5062, 269 silicon steel
SAE AMS 2641A, 16
SAE AMS 3161B, 16 narrow hysteresis curve, 104
SAE AMS 3040C, 16 silver
SAE AMS 3043C, 16
SAE AMS 3041D, 16 electrical conductivity, 97
SAE AMS 3042D, 16 relative permeability, 95
SAE AMS 3045D, 16 simple pickup coils, 145-147
SAE AMS 3044E, 16 simulated test discontinuity, 134
SAE AMS 3046E, 16 SI multipliers, 34, 35
SAE AMSI 83387, 16, 251 single-leg technique, 333-334
SAE AS 3071, 16 single phase circuit, 116, 117
SAE AS 4792, 16 single-phase full-wave direct current magnetization, 58
SAE AS 5282, 16, 263, 265-266 single short pulse magnetization, 133, 344, 345
SAE AS 5371, 16, 269 SI prefixes, 35
SAE AS 5447, 16 SI system, 34
SAE AS 7114, 16 conversions to, 35
SAE J 420, 16 units for magnetic testing, 35-37
SAE MAM 2301C, 16 size, of image, 248
SAE MAM 2304C, 16 skin depth, 92
SAE MAM 2300D, 16 skin effect
SAE MAM 2303D, 16 from ac fields, 57, 289
residual fields from, 280
safety, 20-25 slabs, 76
acoustic emission testing, 20 slag inclusions
fully automated handling, 170 magnetic particle indications, 305, 310
public demands for greater, 4 slotted strips (flexible laminated strips), 268, 269
smart pigs, 327
safety factor, 3 Society for Nondestructive Testing (SNT)
samarium cobalt education programs, 33
sodium chromate
coercivity and remanence, 101 corrosion inhibitor for wet particle bath, 187
sampling, 2 sodium nitrite
sand corrosion inhibitor for wet particle bath, 187
sodium phosphate
source of bath contamination, 220 use in alginate impressions, 242
saturation, 100, 249 solenoid, 107
solidification cracking, 306-307
selected materials, 101 sonic testing, 5
saturation point, 54, 55 south pole, 45
scabs, 78 spark testing, 11
scale special process, 15
spectrofluorometer, 223
false magnetic particle indications, 218 spectroscopy, 11
scaling, 248 split prism test block, 266
scanning, 42 stainless steel
as ferromagnetic material, 97
automatic, 173, 175 magnetic particle testing of boiler tubes, 355
scanning detectors, 213 magnetic particle testing of pump shafts, 359
scotopic vision, 209, 214 as paramagnetic material, 96
scratches stamping marks, 217
standard depth of penetration, 141
false magnetic particle indications, 218 standards. See reference standards or artificial
seams, 75, 77
discontinuities; published standards by designation
circumferential magnetization of pipe, 126 (for example, ASTM E 1444)
magnetic particle indications, 301, 302, 303
search coils, 143, 147
sea water
electrical conductivity, 97
secondary creep, 318

406 Magnetic Testing

static fields, 88 subsurface discontinuities, 48
stationary magnetic particle equipment, 52, 162-163 interpretation of indications, 216
steady state alternating current fields, 90-91
steady state creep, 318 superconductors, 96
steam drums super video graphics array, 246
support structures
magnetic particle testing of power generation
equipment, 355-356 nuclear power plants, 360
surface magnetic poles, 279
steam lines surge magnetization, 32-33
magnetic particle testing of power generation SVG file format, 246
equipment, 356 SWF file format, 246
swinging field methods, 92
steam turbines swinging field technique, 168-169
magnetic particle testing of power generation
equipment, 356-358 T

steel. See also stainless steel tanks
aircraft forgings, magnetic particle testing objects magnetic particle testing of power generation
with complex shapes, 136 equipment, 358
circumferential magnetization of oil field tubes, 128
coercivity and remanence of 0.9 percent carbon, hot tape transfers, 239-240
rolled, 101 tapping, 11
creep resistance, 318-319 T9074-AS-GIB-010/271, 267
early use of magnetic particle testing, 29 techniques, 3
easily demagnetized transformer steels, 283 tensors, 87
eddy current in tube, 339 tesla, 36, 54
electrical conductivity of soft, 97 tesla gage, 274
as ferromagnetic material, 97 test plate, 266
free machining, 76 test procedures, 14
hysteresis loop for annealed low carbon, 56 test specifications, 14-15
hysteresis loop for hardened, 56 thermal testing, 4, 5, 11
inducing in circular magnetization in tubes, 50 three-phase circuit, 116, 117
isotropy, 88 three-phase full-wave direct current magnetization, 58-59
jet engine blades, multidirectional test system, 161 through-coil demagnetization, 284, 287
lamellar tearing in plate, 307, 308 through-current demagnetization, 285, 287
laminations in tube, 302 TIF file format, 246
low carbon or nodular with low magnetic TIFF file format, 246, 247
remanence, 279 time dependent electromagnetic fields, 91-92
magnetic flux leakage testing applications, 42 tool steel
magnetic hysteresis, 54, 55
magnetic particle testing power pack systems, 168 early use of magnetic particle testing, 29
magnetic testing of oil field tubes, 335 tool steel ring standard, 263-266
pickling cracks on spring, 314
pie gages for castings, 267 factors controlling magnetization, 119
relative permeability of 0.9 percent carbon, 95 toroid, 98-99
seam in billet, 302 torque
steam turbines, 356
stress corrosion cracking in mild exposed to sodium in magnetic field, 106, 107
hydroxide, 319 training, 33
striations in low carbon, 317
tool steel ring standard, 263-266 electric power applications of magnetic particle
wet horizontal unit for billet testing, 159 testing, 354
wet method particle sensitivity size limits
carburized, 194 transient creep, 318
wet method particle sensitivity size limits for transmission and storage systems, chemical and
nitrided, 194
wet method particle sensitivity size limits in petroleum applications, 327-330
billets, 194-195, 200-204 triple short pulse magnetization, 133, 344, 345
triplet state, 224
storage systems troland, 209
in chemical and petroleum applications, 327-330 tubing, 73. See also oilfield tubulars

storage tanks lack of fusion in resistance welded, 309
nuclear power plants, 360 magnetic flux leakage testing, 81
magnetic flux leakage testing applications, 42
straightening cracks, 79, 312 magnetic particle testing power pack systems, 168
strain gaging, 11 tubular ultraviolet sources, 226, 229
stray fields, 140 tungsten
stress corrosion cracking, 80, 316, 319-320 electrical conductivity, 97
enhances creep resistance of steel, 318
detection by nondestructive tests for ferrous and tungsten inclusions
nonferrous metals in refinery components, 326 magnetic particle indications, 305, 310
turbine blades
stress raisers cracks in nuclear power plant, 360
and fatigue cracking, 316 cracks in power plant, 354
and stress corrosion cracking, 319 magnetic particle testing of power generation

striations, 317 equipment, 356-358
stringers turbine disks, 356, 357
turbine rotor, 356-357
magnetic particle indications, 301
strip indicators

use with oil field tubes, 348-349
structural steel

magnetic particle testing of power generation
equipment, 359

Structural Welding Code, 305
structural welds

field tests in infrastructure applications, 364-365
testing infrastructure through paint, 365-366

Index 407

U W

ultimate strength, 79 wall loss
ultrasonic testing, 5, 10 detection by nondestructive tests for ferrous and
nonferrous metals in refinery components, 326
aboveground storage tank floors, 328
can be used after magnetic flux leakage testing, 82 water
high temperature bolts in steam turbines, 358 dielectric constant, 97
pipelines, 327 relative permeability, 95
refinery components, 325, 326
ultraviolet energy, 24-25 water vehicle tape transfers, 239
ultraviolet filters, 228, 233 wave propagation, 91
ultraviolet irradiance, 37 weber, 36
ultraviolet light sources, 226-227 welding, 305
blue light sources, 234-235
care of, 230 and demagnetization, 278
fixtures, 228 and hydrogen cracking, 320
fluorescent tubular cold discharge, 229 requirement for demagnetization in arc welding,
output varieties, 228-229
safety, 24-25 279, 280
ultraviolet meters, 231-233 welding discontinuities, 75, 78-79, 305-311
ultraviolet radiation weldment
flexible laminated strips used under, 268
measurement, 230-232 acceptance or rejection, 305
range used in fluorescent magnetic particle testing, welds

208 dry powder technique application, 180
safety, 23, 24-25 early magnetic particle applications, 28
shims used under, 271 early use of magnetic particle testing, 29
units, 36-37 field tests of structural, 364-369
ultraviolet radiation hazards, 24 linked creep voids in weld zone, 318
ultraviolet radiometers, 232-233 magnetic particle indication interpretation, 218
undercut magnetic particle testing in nuclear power plants, 360
magnetic particle indications, 305, 310, 311 magnetic particle testing of power generation
underwater magnetic particle testing, 331-334
UV-A radiation, 36 equipment, 355-356, 358
UV-B radiation, 36 mobile magnetic particle equipment for testing
UV-C radiation, 36
large, 164
V pie gages for, 267
pipelines, 327
vacuum portable magnetic particle equipment for bridge
dielectric constant, 97
relative permeability, 95 girder, 166
principles of magnetic particle testing, 43
valves stationary magnetic particle equipment for testing
magnetic particle testing in nuclear power plants,
360 large plate structures, 162
magnetic particle testing of power generation underwater magnetic particle testing, 331-334
equipment, 358, 359 wet concentration test, 219-220
wet fluorescent particle technique
vanadium blue light sources for, 234-235
enhances creep resistance of steel, 318 chemical and petroleum industry, 324-325
control of, 220
vector images, 246 development of, 32
vector poisson equation, 89 magnetic stripe cards, 272
vessels reference standards, 263, 264
steam turbines, 357
magnetic particle applications in chemical and wet fluorescent tape transfers, 239-240
petroleum industry, 324, 326 wet horizontal equipment, 159-161
components of typical unit, 52, 160
nuclear power plants, 360 multidirectional test systems, 161
vibration, 5 systems outside North America, 161
vibration analysis, 4, 11 test object positioning, 159
video detectors, 213 wet method fluorescent particles, 60, 183-184
bath maintenance, 188-189
inspection documentation, 250 composition, 183
virgin curve, 54, 55 effect of particle shape, 62
viscosity test effect of particle size, 61
lighting specifications, 193
oil vehicles for wet particles, 186 particle settling, 189
for wet particle suspensions, 220 selection, 63
visibility, 184 wet method visible particles, 60, 61, 62
dry method particles, 180 bath maintenance, 188-189
wet method particles, 184 lighting specifications, 193
visible dye tests particle settling, 189
chemical and petroleum industry, 324-325 selection, 63
visible light wet technique particles
flexible laminated strips used under, 268 bath contamination, 187, 190
interference with fluorescent indications, 224-225 bath maintenance, 188-189
shims used under, 271 bath preparation, 187-188
visible light powders, 180 brief introduction, 178
vision, 208-211 control of, 219-220
visual acuity, 210, 211 early development, 28
visual testing, 5, 7 foaming solutions, 186-187
use in conjunction with magnetic particle testing in limitations, 12
magnetic media reference standards, 271
underwater applications, 331 magnetic properties, 60-61, 183-184
VK-K-220, 185 material safety, 21-23
oil vehicles for, 185-186
particle control at indication site, 219-220

408 Magnetic Testing

particle mobility, 63 Y
sensitivity studies, 194-204
settling, 189-190 yellow fluorescent particles, 214
settling, condition of vehicle after, 190-191 yellow visible light powders, 180, 221
settling test, 219 yokes
for special applications, 192
tape transfers, 239-240 for combined alternating current fields for
temperature limits, 192 multidirectional magnetization, 124-125
vehicles for water conditioning, 186
viewing indications, 193 for combined direct current and alternating current
visibility and contrast, 184 fields for multidirectional magnetization, 124
wetting abilities, 186
wet technique testing materials, 183-193 demagnetization after cold working, 46
wet visible method demagnetization with, 286, 287
reference standards, 263, 264 development, 31
white balance, 245 dry powder technique application, 180
wire field flow magnetization, 115
voltage developed between ends of long straight, handheld magnetic particle equipment, 166
hand probe, 53
143-145 with longitudinal magnetization, 122
wire rope for magnetic flux leakage testing, 65
for multidirectional magnetization, 124
inservice testing using magnetic tests, 42 for portable magnetic particle equipment, 167
magnetic flux leakage testing, 80, 369 quick break magnetization unnecessary, 163
wood single-leg technique for underwater magnetic particle
as paramagnetic material, 45
World War II testing, 333-334
magnetic particle testing grows during, 31-32 underwater magnetic particle testing of welds, 332
wormhole porosity, 309 with wet horizontal equipment, 159

X Z

XBM file format, 246 zinc
x-ray computed tomography, 8-9 as diamagnetic material, 45

Index 409

Figure Credits

Chapter 4 Chapter 9

Figure 9 — Tiede GmbH, Essingen, Germany. Figure 6 — Magnaflux Division of ITL, Glenview, IL.
Figures 10, 11, 17-21 — Karl Deutsch + Company,
Chapter 10
GmbH, Wuppertal, Germany.
Figure 7 — Karl Deutsch + Company, GmbH, Wuppertal,
Chapter 5 Germany.

Figure 1 — Colorado State University (J. Hawang, thesis), Chapter 12
Fort Collins, CO.
Figures 1, 7, 8, 10, 30, 32, 33, 36 — Magnaflux Division
Figure 4 — Baker-Hughes Tubular Services, Houston, TX. of ITL, Glenview, IL.
Figure 10 –– Donald E. Bray, College Station, TX
Figures 12-13 — LDJ Electronics, Troy, MI. Figures 2, 16, 21, 27 — ASM International, Materials
Park, OH.
Chapter 6
Figures 17-20 — The Welding Institute (formerly British
Figure 1 — Magnaflux Division of ITL, Glenview, IL. Welding Institute), Abingdon, United Kingdom.
Figure 2a — Parker Research Corporation, Clearwater, FL.
Figure 23 — American Welding Society, Miami, FL.
Chapter 8
Chapter 15
Figure 5 — Academic Press, Burlington, MA.
Figures 15, 18 — Spectroline, Westbury, NY. Figures 1-3 — GTL, Saint Louis, MO.
Figure 12 — Circle Systems, Hinckley, IL.

410 Magnetic Testing