Textiles

2. ive differences between : Field Work
1. C harcoal iron and thermostatic iron.

2. T hermostatic iron and steam iron. l V isit a commercial laundry and write a
3 . Ironing and p ressing. rep ort

4 . Ironing and roll p ressing. Project / Self Study

5. Ironing and steaming. l C ollect the information about various
Long Type Answers typ es of ironing and stick the p ictures
related to them in a scrap book.

1. Ex p lain the typ es of irons with the
diagram.

2. Ex p lain the methods of ironing.

3 . D iscuss the p oints to be kep t in mind while
using the iron

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88

Unit 9
HOUSEHOLD TEXTILES

l In which ways do you use various textiles in your daily life other than apparel?
l Which are the textiles that can be termed as household textiles?
l What do you keep in mind while buying household textiles?

T he main area of use of tex tiles is as l Selection of Towels : While selecting

apparels but the other most significant area in towels, following points should be kept in

which textiles are used by all of us on a daily mind :

basis is at the household level. All around us
we see different kinds of fabrics being used 1. Material & Construction : In India,
mainly cotton is used for making towels.
as curtains, sofa covers, bed sheets, cushion
In western countries, linen is used. Pile
covers, towels, napkins, blankets, dish clothes,
weave is mainly used for making towels.
rags, mops, carpets and many other similar uses.
Piles (loops) increase the absorbency.
All such fabrics are called H ous eh old T ex ti les .

Proper selection, use and care of these textiles 2. Colour & Design : In western countries,

is important as it will help them last long, (give bath towels are always white and plain.

us full value of our money) and serve us well. In In India, we get all sorts of colours and

this chapter we will be learning about four major designs. Young children prefer bright

household textiles namely Towels & napkins, colours and cartoon prints in their towels.

Bed sheets & pillow covers, Curtains &

draperies and Carpets & rugs. 3. Texture : Some people prefer very soft

towels while some other may prefer

9.1 TOWELS AND NAPKINS slightly crisp and rough texture. For

very young and very old persons, towels

l Why do towels and napkins have so should be of very soft texture as rough
many loops on their surface? texture can damage their skin.

l What are the criterial you consider when 4. Workmanship : The two open sides

you are buying a towel? of the towel should be properly folded

Towels are used to absorb moisture and stitched otherwise thread will keep
from body after a bath, so they are made using coming out and the towel will not last
absorbent fibres and weaves. These towels are long. Interlocking is best.

known as Terry Towels or Turkish Towels.

89

l Types of Towels : They should be kept clean and dry. These
towels are used for wiping utensils.
1. Bath Towels : T hese are regular towels
found in everybody’s bathrooms. In Do you know?
western countries they are white and Lint are the very small fibres on the surface of
plain, while in India we get all kind of fabric. If the dish cloth has lint, it can stick to
colours and designs. the wet utensils.

2. Beach Towels : These towels are used only 9.2 BED SHEETS AND
at the beach in western countries. They PILLOW COV ERS
are brightly coloured and have beautiful
designs on them. They are much bigger in l Have you ever shopped for bed sheets?
size than bath towels so a person can lie What were your criteria?
on them to take sun bath (see picture no.
9.1) l How do you wash and take care of
bedsheets?

l Why do pillows get dirty than bedsheets?
What can we do to preserve them?

Bed sheet is the material which is spread
over the mattress and tucked beneath. It is made
of a thinner material and has matching pillow
covers. Bed cover is a thicker material which is
spread over bed sheet during day time to protect
it.

l Selection of Bed sheets : T he following
criteria should be considered :

Picture No. 9.1 Beach Towel 1. Material & Construction : In India we
usually have cotton bed sheets while in

3. Hand & Face Towels ( Napkins) : most countries abroad, they are made
These are small sized towels which can of linen. Mostly they are made of plain
be individual or can be one for the entire weave.

family, hanging by the wash basin. The 2. Colour & Design : In western countries,

standard size for napkins is 18 x12 . the bed sheets are always white and plain.

4. Dish Towels : These are usually made by In India, they are available in different
simple weave and strong, tightly twisted colours and designs. Light coloured
yarns so that there is not lint formation. bed sheets have a soothing effect on the

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person sleeping on it. Dark colours should l How many different types of curtains are
be avoided because if there is any insect available in the market?
on the bed, it will not be seen.
l What points will you keep in mind while
3. Texture : The texture of the bed sheet selecting curtains?
should necessarily be smooth and soft so
that a person can rest on it peacefully. Curtains and draperies are an integral part
of home decoration today. They are basically
4. Workmanship : The two raw edges there to cover and frame windows but they also
should be folded and stitched firmly make a room look more beautiful. Curtains and
so no loose thread comes out of them. draperies are two different things and should
Interlocking is best. not be misunderstood as one and the same. The
difference between curtains and draperies is
5. Size : The bed sheet should be big given in table no.9 .1 :
enough to cover the mattress and its sides
completely as well as to tuck underneath. Table No. .1 Difference between curtains
There are two standard sizes available in and Draperies
market –Single bed sheet and Double bed
sheet Curtains Draperies

Pillow Covers : Mostly a bed sheet comes 1. Made up of light 1. Made up of
with two matching pillow covers made
from the same material. Ready made and thin material. heavy and thick
pillow covers are also available in market
in all colours, design and size. The size of material.
the pillow cover should be 2 inches more
in width and 4 inches more in length than 2. Short in length 2. Quite long and
the pillow. A slip should be used to protect
the pillow covers. and reach up to reach up to the

Always remember window sill. floor.
A s li p is a piece of old sheet or towel spread
over the pillow cover on the area where our 3. Hung next to 3. Hung over the
head touches it. It helps in protecting the
pillow covers from getting dirty. window glass. curtains.

9.3 CURTAINS AND DRAPERIES l Aims of hanging Curtains :

l Why do we hang curtains in our home? 1. T o make a room look attrac ti v e : C urtains
make interiors beautiful and interesting.
For ex. - Curtains in living rooms,
restaurants, reception areas of offices etc.

2. T o av oi d ex c es s s unli g h t : C urtains
in bedrooms are often hung with this
purpose.

3. F or p ri v ac y : Bedrooms, hospitals and
bathrooms have curtains mainly for this
purpose.

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l Selection of Curtains : T he following
criteria should be considered -

1. Material & Construction : Cotton, linen
and polyester curtains are most durable.

Silk and rayon curtains as well as lace
and net curtains are less durable. Curtains
made from glass fibre are considered
excellent as they are very durable and
easy to care.

2. Colour : The colour of the curtains

should be matching to the colour of walls

and other furniture in the room. In warm

Picture No. 9.2 Curtain climates, cool colours like white, blues,

4. T o av oi d d us t and d i rt : Houses on ground greens are preferable. In cold climates,
floor, near main roads or near open fields warm colours like yellows, reds, oranges
need curtains to keep the dust and dirt are preferable.
away.
Light coloured curtains will help a small
room look bigger.

3. Design : For low ceiling rooms, curtains
with vertical designs are more suitable as
they create an illusion of height. In big
rooms, curtains having big designs look
good. For small rooms, curtains with
small prints or plain curtains should be
selected. They make a small room look
bigger.

4. Use of the room : For different rooms,
selection of curtains have to be done
differently.

Picture No. 9.3 Draperies L i v i ng Room / H all : Beautiful and
attractive curtains perfectly matching
5. A s p arti ti on : Mainly in offices and with the furniture should be selected for
hospitals. Sometimes even in homes a big living room.
room is divided into two with the help of
curtains. B ed room : Curtains of soothing colours
and thick material should be chosen for

92

bedrooms to provide rest and privacy. wh i le a rug i s s mall i n s i z e, c ov eri ng only a
The choice of the person occupying the certain part of the floor. They are usually found
bedroom should also be considered. in living rooms and many times in bed rooms,
dining rooms, lobbies, staircases too. They are
B ath room : Mostly plastic curtains also also found in hotels, restaurants, offices, stores,
known as Shower curtains are used for airports, auditoriums, hospitals, schools etc.
bathrooms. They do not get damaged due
to moisture and can be cleaned easily. l Aims of using Carpets :

K i tc h en : If possible fire resistant cloth 1. They make a room look beautiful.
should be used for making kitchen
curtains. 2. They give warmth and comfort. In cold
climates, carpets are primarily used for
5. Style of Furniture : The type of material this purpose.
, colour and designs of curtains should
be selected keeping in mind the style of 3. They absorb floor noise as well as other
furniture. noise in a room.

W ood en c arv ed f urni ture : Silk, satin or 4. They prevent slipping while walking on
velvet curtains will look better. the floor.

M od ern s teel and g las s f urni ture : Net, l Selection of Carpets : T he following
lace or synthetic curtains with modern criteria should be considered -
abstract designs will be more suitable.
1. Material & Construction : Traditionally
Cane f urni ture : Cotton curtains with carpets were made by wool, cotton, jute
earthy colours and designs will look good. and sometimes silk. Nowadays all kinds
of synthetic fibres are used. Carpets made
9.4 CARPETS AND RUGS from glass fibre are considered very
durable and easy to maintain. Carpets are
l Why do people use carpets? usually made of Pile weave.

l Which different types of carpets are 2. Colour : Traditional carpets and rugs
available in market? are available in earthy colours like red,
maroon, orange, brown, black, blue,
l Do you find it difficult to clean the carpet? cream, white etc. Nowadays they are
also available in light pastel colours,
Carpets and rugs are considered an fluorescent colours as well as silver and
integral part of home decor nowadays. Most of gold. A carpet should be matching or
us tend to use these two terms interchangeably complementing to the colour of walls and
but actually there is a difference. A c arp et i s furniture.
always wall-to-wall, covering the entire floor

93

Picture no. 9.4 Traditional Carpets 5. Ease of care : Traditional carpets made
from natural fibres are more difficult to
3. Design : Traditional carpets have floral take care as they tend to get spoilt or eaten
designs usually with a border or an entire up by insects very easily. Cleaning them
scene made on them. These carpets are is also more difficult. Modern carpets
usually hand made and the designs are made from synthetic fibres have a longer
pretty intricate. Modern carpets have life as these fibres are not easily affected
traditional as well as modern, abstract by any natural element. They get cleaned
designs. also easily.

4. Texture : Traditional carpets were made 6. Price : Carpets are usually a costly item
mostly of wool and so had a rough texture. amongst furnishing and so we should
Modern carpets use synthetic fibres and invest in them wisely. Traditional woollen
so can be extremely soft in texture. carpets like Kashmir or Iranian carpets are
expensive because of the pure wool used
as well as the fact that they are hand made
with intricate designs. Modern carpets use
synthetic fibres and are mostly made by
machines so they turn out to be cheaper.

With intricate disigns. Modern carpets use
synthetic fibers and are mostly made by
machines so they turn out to be cheaper.

Do you know?

The world’s largest hand-woven carpet
measures 60,000 square feet. It is installed
in Sheikh Zayed mosque in Abu Dhabi.
It took weavers two years to make and is
reportedly valued at 5.8 million.

l How can we take proper care of household
textiles?

l How often should we wash/clean the
household textile.

l How can we prevent their spoilage?

Picture no. 9.5 Modern Carpets

94

9.5 CARE OF HOUSEHOLD 7. A slip should be used to protect pillow
TEX TILES covers.

Proper care and maintenance of household 8. Velvet, silk, satin curtains should be dry
textiles will make them last longer, serve us cleaned.
better and give us value for money. Following
points should be kept in mind – 9. Carpets should be brushed and vacuum
cleaned regularly.
1. Wash it before it gets too dirty.
10. Special carpet shampoos are available in
2. If any repairing is needed, it should be market. Trained persons are also available
done immediately. to clean it.

3. They should be stored only after they are 11. A rug c us h i on should be kept below the
completely dry. rug to reduce the wear.

4. Scrubbing brush and iron should not be 12. Carpets and rugs should be rolled for
used in case of towels. storage and some insecticide should be
used.
5. A fabric softener should be used from
time to time to keep towels soft. A rug cushion is a mat or piece of old bed
sheet spread below the rug to protect it from
6. During day time, a bed cover should be wear –n-tear.
used to protect the bed sheet from getting
dirty.

Use Your Brain Power

1. Fill in the blanks using letters given below. Use each letter only once -

UE O A I S P E KET TA
DR I E A H O U E EC WE
IS EX E U A L O WS IS
LH S I N L I R O RA

a) C ___ R ___ ___ I N S f) S ___ ___ P
b) R ___ G S g) D R ___ P ___ R ___ ___ S
c) B E ___ S ___ ___ E T ___ h) C ___ R P ___ ___ S
d) T ___ ___ E L ___ i) P I ___ L ___ ___ C ___ V ___ ___
e) N ___ P ___ ___ N S j) W ___ ___ K M ___ N ___ H I ___

95

2. Name the household textile based on e) Smooth texture - next to mattress -
the clues given below – light colour

a) Window sill - next to glass - thin g ______________________________
material
f) Tightly twisted yarn - clean - dry
g _____________________________ g ______________________________

b) Warmth - stop slippage - absorb floor g) Wool fibre - more care - intricate
noise designs

g ______________________________ g ______________________________

c) Pile weave - cotton fibre - different h) Over the pillow - under head - small
sizes in size

g ______________________________ g ______________________________

d) Next to wash basin - small size - hand i) Jute or cotton - to protect rug - facing
& face floor

g ______________________________ g ______________________________

j) Very big - colourful - for lying
down

g ______________________________

EX ERCISE

Objective Type Q uestions II. Select and write the most appropriate
answer from the given alternatives for
I. (A) Match the following : each question :

AB 1. Weave used in making towels
a) Twil b) Plain c) Pile

1. slip a) below the rug 2. Colour of bed sheets in western
countries
2. dish b) towels
towels

3. rug c) silk a) Light b) Dark c) White
cushion
3. Design suitable for curtains in low
4. pile weave d) plastic curtains ceiling rooms

5. shower e) jute a) Vertical
curtains b) Horizontal
c) Plain
f) protection for pillow
covers

g) tightly twisted yarns

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4. Term for a small floor covering 7. Very small fibres on the surface of
a) Carpet b) Rug c) Mat fabric.

5. Clothes used for drying utensils. 8. Cloth used for wiping utensils.
a) Hand towel
b) Beach towel Short Answer Type Q uestions
c) Dish cloth
I. Give reasons :
6. Fibers used for making carpets are 1. Glass fibres are considered good for
easy to maintain. making curtains.
a) Cotton b) Wool c) Glass 2. Plastic curtains are suitable for
bathrooms.
III. Write whether the following statements 3. Pile weave is used for making terry
are True or False : towels.
1. Beach towels are bigger in size as 4. A rug cushion is required while
compared to other towels. spreading a rug on the floor.
2. Bed sheets should be light in colour. 5. A slip should be used along with
3. Carpets made from synthetic fibres pillow cover.
require more care than woolen 6. Scrubbing brush should not be used
carpets. while washing towels.
4. Thick material is used for draperies.
5. Dish clothes should be loosely . Differentiate between:
woven. Curtains and Draperies
6. Plastic curtains are suitable for
bathroom. III. Write short notes on the following :
1. Aims of hanging curtains.
IV . Name the following : 2. Selection of bed sheets (any 2 points)
1. Piece of cloth used below the rug. 3. Selection of towels (any 2 points)
2. Piece of cloth used on pillow covers. 4. Care of household textiles
3. Small towel used for wiping hand (any 4 points)
and face. 5. Selection of carpets (any 2 points)
4. Weave used in towels. 6. Selection of curtains (any 2 points)
5. Wall to wall floor covering. 7. Aims of using carpets.
6. Curtains used in bathrooms. 8. Napkins.

97

. Define the following terms : SELF STUDY/ PROJ ECT
1. Lint • Do a market survey on the various types
2. Slip
3. Rugs of house-hold textiles.
4. Carpet • Find out the methods used by home-
5. Beach towel
6. Drapery makers to take care of their household
7. Napkin textiles through a survey.
8. Dish cloth
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98

Unit 10
TRADITIONAL TEXTILES OF INDIA

Remember
l Please tell the names of the Textile fibres.
l Which Textile fibres are famous of the various part of India?
l At which occasions are the traditional clothes used.

T he p resent chap ter is an endeavor to in p roviding livelihood to the p eop le. It is
rep resent our glorious tex tile traditions from our estimated that handloom industry p rovides
rich collection from different regions and diverse emp loyment to 65 lakh workforcedirectly
communities of the Indian subcontinent. India and indirectly and there are about thirty five
has evidence of dyed and woven tex tiles found lakhs looms sp read all over India.
at Mohenj o- D aro about 5000 yrs ago, which
p roves that the p eop le had both the knowledge T he p roduction of Indian H andloom
as well as the art of dyeing and weaving fabrics. fabrics is estimated to be ap p rox imately 694 7
millions sq . mtrs. and the contribution of
Can you tell? handloom to the total cloth/ tex tile p roduction is
l Where are fabrics manufactured? estimated to be about 16% .
l In the past how the fabrics was
T he H andloom industry in India is best
manufactured? knownforitsdistinctiveness, style, traditionalism
l Have you seen “A Handloom”? and modern technology. Each and every state in
India has the cap ability of boasting innovative
Internet My Friend p rinting, weaving, embroidery and designing
trends.
Find out information regarding H andloom
and various terms used like warp , weft, Handloom industry is significant because
selvedge. Also collect information regarding of the use of fine textured fabrics, exclusively
various traditional looms used in India. beautiful woven p atterns and design, trendy
outlook intricate motifs.
l Handlooms Means Handwoven
Fabrics All H andlooms P roducts/ fabrics are sp un
with hand spindles and small shuttles filled with
H andloom tex tiles constitute a timeless coloured, gold or silver thread p assed through
fact of the rich cultural heritage of India. the wrap as req uired manually.
As an Economic Activity, the handloom
sector occup ies a p lace second to agriculture

99

A land of variety in every sense – India ancient times and since then it has been used
has so much to offer from the array of interesting in India in a variety of forms by rich and the
customs, traditions and festivals that every state Middle class as a p rotective garment against the
has its own cultural uniq ue fabric and every biting cold.
region has its own handloom T echniq ues that
are used to weave many amazing fabrics. Motifs Used: - are usually formalized
imitations of the leaf of chinar tree found in the
Do you know: high altitudes, ap p le blossoms, the almond, the
tulip and occasionally the fruits of the mountains
l Various types of Indian fabrics represent and the birds also are used with delicate flowers.
the culture of the India.
ColoursUsed: -T he P ashmina shawls
l The person who may be ultramodern found in natural white and off white colours.
will wear traditional garments at the T hey are also found in yellow, black, blue,
time of traditional ceremonies. p urp le, crimson and scarlet colours after dyeing.

l Today traditional garments are Other famous shawls found are J amiavars,
preferred over modern garments. D o- rukka or D oshala ( T win Shawls).

l Even in fashion shows, now a day’s
traditional fabrics are reintroduced.

10.1 KASHMIR - PASHMINA

“ P ASH MIN A” SH AWL S are famous from Picture No. 10.1 Pashaina of Kashmir
K ashmir even in the times of Emp eror Ashok
( 3 rd B .C .). Sultan Z ain- UL - Abiddin ( 14 20-
14 7 0 A.D .) has initiated the shawl industry in
K ashmir.

T he P ashmina word came from P ersian
word “ P ashn” meaning soft and silky. T he
P ashmina shawls are hand woven with a
high q uality of wool that is obtained from the
P ashmina goat.

P ashmina shawls are embroidered by silk
and stap le threads. T hey are soft, silky and warm
fleece, elegant and dignified, sober and pure that
resembles the clean white top s of the H imalayan
ranges. P ashmina shawls are shoulder mantle
which were worn by the kings and Q ueens since

100

Picture No. 10.1 Pashaina of Kashmir

10.2 UTTARPRADESH
BROCADES

T he sp ecial occasion sarees from B anaras Pic. No. 10.2 Brocades
are called “ BROCADES” .
10.3 WEST BENGAL - J AMDANI
T he sarees are woven in p ure silk wrap and
weft on handlooms. T hey are heavy in weight. J amdani is a wedding Saree of West
B engal. It is derived from D acca Muslims with
T he B orcade Sarees are decorated and the woven- in P attern known as “ J amdani” .
woven with elaborate design in border, body
and p allu with Z ari threads.

Mofits C ommonly used are: - Elep hant,
P arrot, Floral, Standing coup le. Mahabharta
Scenes H orse and R iders, K alash etc.

Colors Used are of golden or silver zari
and nowadays of metallic threads with maroon,
blue, green, or bright colours.

Picture No. 10.3 (a) Baluchari
101

Jamdani is woven in fine cotton yarn and 10.4 ORISSA - IKAT
rarely in silk yarns.
T he common handloom weaving centers
Motifs Used: - Flowers are figures and of Orissa are Sonp ur, B utap alli and N avp atna.
elaborate designs are woven in the entire p allu.
“ IK AT ” Sarees are the handloom sarees of
Colors used: - G olden, Yellow, R ed and Orissa. Ikat Sarees is a made through a p rocess
White, P urp le and B lue. of tie- dyeing the wrap and weft threads to create
the design on the loom before weaving, it forms
l BALUCHARI : feathered edges and a hazy fragile ap p earance.

“ B aluchari or B uttedar” are silk sari from
Murshidabad from West B engal.

They are Traditional silk saree with floral
and geometrical silk brocaded design.

Motifs: - Stylised trees, mango, man
riding a horse, swan etc.

Colors: - D ark red and blue.

Pic. No. 10.4 (a) Ikat

T hese sarees are woven in p ure mercerized
cotton with multi colored designs.

MOTIFS USED: Birds, fish, flowers,
animals, shankh, geometric, Shell etc. and the
layout is well p lanned with a woven borders and
pallu. The floral and butta design are repeated
throughout the body.

Colors Used : For Ikat tex tile, B lack,
R ed, V iolet, Yellow & magenta colurs are used.
Sometimes for both borders & body p ortions
p astel colours are used.

Picture No. 10.3 (b) J amdani Picture No. 10.4 (b) Ikat

102

10.5 RAJ ASTHAN - KOTA - Motifs Used: traditional V ines and
DORIYA flowers, shapes of fruits and stylized forms of
birds are used in this saree.
“ K OT A D OR IYA” is one of the woven
sarees made at K ota district in R aj asthan. T hese The Tota : Maina motif or Muniya
Sarees are made of p ure cotton and silk threads. symbolizes p arrot sign of love and p assion. T he
T he cheq ured weave of a kota sari is very lotus or kamalp ushp a is a motif which resembles
popular. They are very fine weaves and weigh murals of Aj anta caves.
very less.
T he traditional coconut border ( N arali)
K OT A D OR IA is woven on a traditional known as Srip hal is the fruit of G od, coconut
p it loom in such a way that it p roduces sq uare tree or kalpavriksha, and geometrical figures are
checks p attern on the fabric known as K hats. used.

Colors used:- Mostly R ed, B lack, Yellow,
P urp le colours are used.

Picture No. 10.5 Kota Doria Picture No. 10.6 Paithani

D OR IA mean thread.
T hey smear onion j uice and rice p aste
with lot of care into the yarn making the yarn
so strong that no additional finishing is needed.
Colors Used: T hey are dyed in bright
colors like orange, p ink, yellow, green etc.

10.6 MAHARSHTRA - PAITHANI

P aithani saree took its name from a p lace
called P AIT H AN .

T his sari is made of silk with an ornamental
zarip allav and border. ( gold and silver threads).

103

10.7 GUJ RAT - PATOLA Colors Used: bright red, orange, deep
red, navy blue, yellow, green, violet, off white.
“ P AT OL A” is a famous wedding saree in
G uj rat. 10.8 KARNATAKA - IRKAL

T hese Sarees are also woven by using tie “ IR K AL ” Saree is a traditional form of 9
and dye techniq ues in the design in the wrap and yards’ saree which takes its name from a town
weft threads while weaving. ilkal in the bagalkot district of K arnataka.

T his sareeis also known as “ D OUB L E Irkal sarees are woven in either cotton,
IK AT SAR EE” p ure silk or a mix ture of cotton and art silk
threads.

Picture No. 10.8 (a) Irkal

Picture No. 10.7 Patola Motifs Used:- Are traditional p atterns
like p alanq uins, elep hant and lotuses.
Motifs Used: - are stylized animals
like elephant, camels, tigers, birds, flowers in T he designs and p atterns are divided n
symmetrical motifs, dancing womens and p en. 2p arts: - P allu and B order.

Pallu :- T he p allu p art which falls on the
shoulders carry motifs of “ T emp le T owers”

T he end region of the p allu is made up of
patterns of different shapes like Hanige (comb),
kotikammli ( fort ramp arts), top utene ( tower)
and ramp a ( mountains).

104

Picture No. 10.8 (b) Irkal

Border:- T he border of the saree is very Picture No. 10.9 Kanchivaram
broad made odochire p atterns.
Motifs and Designs: Sp ecialty of this
Colors used:- T he traditional colors used Saree is solid border, solid body, solidp allu and
are red, maroon, p omegranate red, brilliant small butta designs are used all over the body
p eacock green, p arrot green, only bridal wear is with golden and zari threads
made of color called G iriK umkum.
Colors: used are solid colors of the same
10.9 TAMILNADU - threads or contrasting colors in the border.
KANCHIV ARAM
Mostly green and red, blue and p ink,
“ K AN C H IV AR AM” Saree are famous orange and p urp le colors are used.
from a town called K anchip uram 7 4 km away
from C hennai in T amil N adu. 10.10 KERALA -
BALARAMAPURAM
It is woven in p ure silk saree with golden
Z ari and silver Z ari T hreads.

“ B AL AR AMAP UR AM” Sarees are
woven sarees of K erala well known for its
q uality and variety.

T hese sarees are woven 5.5 mt long and
1.2 mt wide narrow fabric worn by ladies,
K uthamp ully sarees, B alaramp uram Sarees are
woven on T hiruvananthap uram district and use
of p ure zari for border designs. T hey are woven
on traditional looms.

105

Motifs Used: are p eacocks, diamond
shap es or stylized forms of elep hants and
geometrical shap es.

Colors used:- white or off white colors
with woven gold bands on the borders and p allu.

Picture No. 10.10 Balarapuram

Internet my friend:
Obtain the detailed information regarding
traditional clothes and p resent in the class.

EX ERCISE

Objective Type Q uestions II. State True or False

I. Math the following pairs : 1. B anarasi B rocades are light in weight.
2. J amdani Sarees are woven in cotton
AB
fibers.
1. P aithani a) Uttar P radesh 3 . Ilkal Sarees are 9 yards’ saree.
4 . K ota D oriya Sarees have round
2. Irkal b) G uj arat
p atters known as khats.
3 . P ashmina c) South India 5. P eacock motif with a bangle is

4 . P atola d) Maharashtra common n K anchip uram sarees.
6. P atola is a traditional saree of K erala.
5. B rocades e) R aj asthan 7 . K anchivaram Sarees have a bold

f) K arnataka border and bold p alluj .
8. B alaramap uram Sarees are black in
g) K ashmir
color with golden borders.

106

MULTIPLE CHOICE Q UESTIONS 4 . N ame the South Indian Sarees
5. N ame the p attern of K ota D oriya

l Select and write the most appropriate 6. N ame the shawl found in K ashmir
answer from the given alternatives for
each subquestions: 7 . N ame the p lace where brocades are
worn
1. IR K AL Sarees is a traditional form
of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Saree of 8. N ame 2 handloom centre of Orissa
K arnataka.
a) 4 yards b) 9 yards c) 5.5 yards 9. N ame the village where P aithani
Saree is Woven
2. T he p ure cotton Sarees of Orissa is
______________. 10. N ame the Saree of R aj asthan
a) P atola b) Ikat c) Irkal
11. N ame the traditional 9 yard saree of
3 . T he B angle P eocock motif is very K arnataka
common in _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
sarees. 12. N ame the white Saree with golden
border found in K erala

13 . N ame the famous silk sare of South
India

a) P aithani Short Answer Type Q uestions
b) J amdadi

c) K anchivaram.

4 . T he famous wedding saree of G uj arat 1. Classify the sarees of the states :

is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . A) Western states

a) K anchivaram B) Eastern states
b) P aithani ( i) J amdani
c) P atola ( ii) P atola

5. T he sp eciality of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ( iii) IK AT
sari is a solid border, solid body, solid ( iv) P aithani
p allu and small butla designs all over
the body with golden zari threads.\ ( i) G uj arati
( ii) Maharashtra
a) B alamp uram ( iii) R aj asthan
b) K anchivaram ( iv) Orissa
c) B aluchari

IV . Answer in one word only :- 2. Write Short Notes on :

1. N ame the saree of K erala 1. D escribe the P ashmina Shawls
( Motifs and colors)
2. N ame the color used for weaving
J amdani Sarees 2. Ex p lain B rocades of Uttar P radesh

3 . N ame of the handloom sarees of 3 . Ex p lain the Weaving p attern of K ora
Orissa D oriya

107

3. ive the difference between : FIELD WORK
1. Irkal Sarees and P atola Sarees.

2. K anchivaram Sarees and l V isit H andloom centres of your city or
area of any.
B alaramp uram Sarees.

3 . J amdani and B aluchari Sarees

PROJ ECT / SELF STUDY

LONG ANSWER

l C ollect small samp les/ p icture of the
different other handloom articles of
1. Ex p lain any 2 state handloom Sarees. different states.

2. Write about the H andloom Industry
of India.

3 . D escribe the P aithani Sarees found in
Maharashtra.

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108

Practicals

109

Practicals

110

Practical - 1
SEWING TOOLS AND ACCESSORIES

Stitching clothes involves the use of a vaiety of sewing tools and accessories. We must know
about different tools and accessories available, their function and method of use. This will help
us make proper selection of the tool required for a particular job. The differnt sewing tools can be
classified according to their use in the following way :

Chart No. 1.1 Sewing Tools & accessories

Measuring Sewing Tools Marking
Equipments & Accessories Equipments
measure tape tailor’s chalk
french curve
ruler tracing wheel
tailor’s square

Cutting Stitching Finishing
Equipments Equipments Equipments
pinking shears
shears needles
scissors threads
thimble

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1. Measuring Equipments : We can mark more than one layer
of fabrics at the same time, using
a) Measuring Tape : Used for taking tracing wheel.
body measurements or measuring
fabrics. It is 60 inches or 152 cms d) Dressmaker’s Carbon : These are
long. It is made of plastic or rexin, is carbon papers available in red or
flexible and marked on both sides. yellow colour. They do not leave
dark smudges on the fabric. They
b) Rulers : A ruler can be 12 or 6 inches are used along with tracing wheel
long, made of wood, plastic or metal to mark more than one layers of
and has measuremnts marked in fabrics at the same time.
inches as well as centimeters.

c) Tailor’s square : This is a ‘L’ shaped e) Coloured Pencil : Also known as
instrument made of wood, plastic or tailor’s pencil. It is half red and half
metal. It helps in measuring straight blue. Used for marking on the fabrics.
lines and right angles on pattern It is not so popular nowadays.
layouts.
f) Brown Paper : This is used for
2. Marking Equipments : making drafting patterns before
marking and cutting the fabric.

a) Tailor’s chalk : This is a soft, flat
piece of chalk which is thick in 3. Cutting Equipments :

the middle and taper at sides. It is a) Shears : Shears are two bladed
available in different colours and cutting tools used for cutting
shapes. It is used for marking on fabrics. They can be 9-12 inches
fabrics. Marking with this chalk is long. One of the handle is round
easy and the markings rub off easily for inserting thumb and the other is
too. long which can permit 3-4 fingers

b) French Curve : These are used for better control while cutting. They
for drawing curves while drafting are available in different sizes. The
designs. They are made of plastic blades are made of iron or steel and
and are available in different shapes the handles can be brass, plastic or
and sizes. steel. The shears used for cutting
fabrics should not be used for other
c) Tracing wheel : This is a small saw- purposes otherwise they will lose
toothed wheel made with steel with a their sharpness.
wooden or plastic handle. It is used
to mark perforations in the fabric to b) Scissors : These are small sized
indicate seams, positions of pockets, cutting tools also known as
necklines, pleats etc. It can be used clippers. They are 6-9 inches long
alone or along with a carbon paper. and made of steel. The handles are

112

made either with steel or plastic. Both normal home stitching cotton

the handles are round to insert thumb thread of No. 40-50 is used.

and forefinger. These are used to cut d) Pins : The pins are used to hold
paper, threads etc. the pieces of fabrics together

4. Stitching Equipments : while stitching. They help in faster
stitching and avoiding mistakes.

a) Thimble : This is a small cap which They are a must for beginners but

is worn on finger to protect it from are used by experts too for greater

needle prick while hand stitching. efficiency. They should be of steel

Thimbles are available in plastic, and have fine, sharp points so that

steel or brass. they do not spoil the fabric. Attractive

b) Hand sewing Needles : These are dressmakers pins with pearl heads
used for hand stitching. They are are also available.

available in different sizes and in 5. Finishing Equipments :

assorted packages. No. 9 needle is a) Pinking Shears : These shears
ideal for home stitching. have zigzag edges which are used

c) Threads : For regular stitching, to finish seams so that threads do
threads should match the fabric in not ravel from the open edge of the
colour, lustre, and yarn size . They fabric. They are heavier and costlier
very in size from No. 10-150. For than other shears.

Table No. 1.1 Threads and Needles for Sewing

Fabric Cotton Hand Machine
Thread Needle Needle
Fine, sheer fabrics- Chiffon, Lace etc.
Light weight fabrics – Muslin, Voile etc. 80-100 9-10 9
Medium weight fabrics – Poplin, Woollen, Shirting etc.
60-80 8-9 11

40-50 6-7 14

Heavy weight fabrics – Denim, Drill, Khaki, Curtains, 30-40 4-6 16-19
Bed sheets etc.

Canvas, Fabrics with heavy weaves like Jacquard etc. 20-30 3-4 21

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113

Practical - 2
PARTS OF SEWING MACHINE, THEIR FUNCTIONS AND CARE

The sewing machine is the most important 4. Presser foot - This is a very important

equipment required for stitching. It is essential part of sewing machine. This is a small

for us to know about its different parts, their shoe-like device attached at the lower end

functions and how to take care of it. of the presser bar. This holds the fabric

in place while stitching. Because of this,

l Parts of sewing Machine and their the machine stitching is always in one

Functions : straight line.

Many types of sewing machines are 5. Feed dog - This is also a very important

available in the market. They have part of sewing machine. It is situated just

different designs and facilities. Certain below the needle plate. It is a small device

basic parts are given below : with teeth. It pushes the fabric forward

1. Thread tension regulator - This while stitching. If this stops moving,
regulates the tension on the spool stitching will not be possible.

thread. It is on the extreme left side of 6. Stitch regulator - It is in the front at the

the machine and it is turned clockwise or right side of the machine. It regulates the

anticlockwise to increase or decrease the length of stitches. It has numbers and

tension on the spool thread.The tension we can set it at a desired number to get

on the spool thread must match with the corresponding size of the stitches. It is

tension on the bobbin thread, otherwise connected from below to the feed dog. The

stitches will be improper. feed dog moves less or more according to

2. Take up lever - This moves up and down the number selected, thus pushing less or
as the machine runs and controls the flow more fabric after every stitch. This results
of spool thread. Without its movement, in smaller or bigger stitches.

the spool thread will not reach up to the 7. Fly Wheel or Hand wheel - This is the

fabric. wheel at the extreme right of the machine.

3. Needle bar - This is a bar going vertically When this wheel moves, it moves the
through the machine and it keeps on needle bar, thread take - up lever and feed
moving up and down when the machine is dog. This enable the machine to stitch. In
running. The machine needle is attached hand machines, there is a handle attached
at the lower part of this bar. Without its to this wheel to more it easily.

movement, the needle will not reach up

to the fabric.

114

Picture No. 2.1 Parts of Sewing machine

3
1

77

2

6
4

5

These are the parts which will be there in Picture No. 2.2 Foot Operated Machine
any sewing machine. If the machine is a
Foot machine, certain additional parts are
added below the table.

1. Drive Wheel:- This is a bigger wheel
below the table. It is connected to the fly
wheel with the help of a belt. This drive
wheel is rotated to rotate the fly wheel
and run the machine.

2. Belt:- This is leather belt which
connects the drive wheel and the fly
wheel. It transfers the motion of drive
wheel to the fly wheel.

115

3. Treadle: It is at the bottom near the feet of His machine was of the chain-stich
the person who is operating the machine. type and he was interested in making
It is passed with both feet in an up and uniforms for the armies of french on
down movement to run the machine. a mass production basis. Opposition
however, caused him to give up his
4. Pitman rod:- This is a small rod of the plans.
treadle and drive wheel which connects
the two. It is responsible for transferring v Siger Isaac :
the up 4 down movement of the treadle to
circular movement of the drive wheel. Invented his sewing machine in 1846
and this was the year in which these
Internet my friend! machines were used in factories.
1) Find out the names, position and functions
Care of Sewing Machine :
of other parts of sewing machine?
2) Also find out about the important parts 1. Machine should be cleaned regularly to
keep it running smoothly.
below the table in case of Foot Machines.
3) Find out about the different kinds of 2. Machine should be kept covered when not
in use, to keep it safe from dust & dirt
sewing machines available nowadays.
3. All loose threads, dirt and lint should be
Something Interesting removed with the help of a brush.

v Inventors and their Inventions : 4. Machine should be oiled once a week
v Thimmonier, Barthelemy with a good brand of oil for lubrication.
v This Frenchman was the first to receive This is to reduce friction and to avoid
rusting.
recognition for a sewing machine in
1830. However his machine were 5. Machine should be wiped thoroughly
destroyed by workers, who feared that after oiling to avoid oil stains on the fabric
the sewing machine would cause the to be stitched.
to loose their jobs.
6. If the machine is not used for a long
time, the oil dries up making the machine
hard to run. In such case, a drop of liquid
paraffin should be put into each of the
oiled parts and the machine should be ran
without fabric.

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Practical - 3
STICHING OF TABLE CLOTH

Size of Tablecloth = 90 cm X 90 cm Finish all four sides by machining.
Casement Material. = 1 meter
Then all four sides can be finished with a lace
or crochet.

Pic No. 3.1 Table Cloth

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Practical - 4
SEAMS

Any dress or piece of clothing is made by are trimmed and then the fabrics turned
joining a number of differently shaped fabric so that now right sides will be facing
pieces together. These ‘joints ‘of fabric pieces each other. Another seam is made at a
are called ‘Seams’. distance of 1 cm. thus the first seam gets
enclosed with the second seam. This seam
A seam is a line of stitching which joints is extensively used in children’s clothing,
two or more pieces of fabrics or sections of a saree blouses and for sheer materials like
garment. voile, organdy etc. (See diag. no. 4.1)

Agood seam must possess certain characteristics. Diag. no. 4.1 French Seam

1. It should be strong and secure.

2. It should be neat.

3. It should not be bulky.

v Seams can be made in many different
ways. A few important seams are as
follows.

1) Plain or Simple Seam :Two pieces of
fabric are put with their wrong sides out
and right sides facing each other. The
edges are matched perfectly, 0.5 cm or
1 cm seam allowance is taken and the
machine is run to make the seam. The
edges can be finished by cutting them with
pinking shears, or by overcasting. This
seam is most commonly used in making
dresses. (Diag. No. 4.1)

2) French Seam:Two pieces of fabric are
put with their right sides out and wrong
sides facing each other and a plain seam
is made at a distance of 0.5 cm. the edges

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Practical - 5
NECKLINES

v Necklines are finished by using facing 2. Bias Facing: Too cut bias we need an

or bindings. angle of 45o going exactly in the middle of

1. Fitted Facing:Afacing is a strip of fabric the two grain lines of fabric. For achieving
which is stitched along the neckline to this, the fabric is folded in such a way
finish it and then folded completely on that the wrap yarn fall in the direction of
the wrong side. It is not visible on the the weft yarns (see pic 5.1). The folded
right side. The fitted facing is cut in the diagonal line is cut and taking even width,
same shape as the neckline. It is usually bias strip of 2-3 cms are cut. The bias
about 4-5 cms wide. The facing is put on trip is stitched along the neckline, giving
the right side of the garment and stitched. latitude for the shape of the neckline. Then
Then it is folded completely on the wrong it is folded completely on the wrong side
side and finished by hemming. Square or and finished. This is used very commonly
fancy necklines are mostly finished by in ladies and children’s dresses.

this facing.

Picture No. 5.1 Cutting of bias strips

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119

Practical - 6
6. IRONING

A) Ironing of a saree blouse 4. Folding

1. Iron the sleeves from the back and then a. Fold the blouse vertically into half
from the right side. keeping the buttons open.

2. Iron the body part that is the left front
and right front.

3. Iron the back.

Picture No. 6.1 Folding of Saree blouse
120

B) Ironing of kameez 5. Folding :

1. Adjust the temperature of the iron a. Place the kurta on the ironing board
according to the garment. with back side uppermost.

2. Iron the double part first, seams, b. Fold the sides towards the centre.
neckline, Hem etc.
c. Fold the sleeves down straight and see
3. Iron by using vertical strokes of the that it forms a triangle.
iron, do not move the iron constantly
on one part. d. Fold the kurta horizontally, such that
it forms a rectangle.
4. Iron the front side of the kurta first.
1. 2.

3. 4.

5. 6.

Picture No. 6.2 Folding of Kameez
121

C) Ironing of salwar 5. Always move the iron from the flair or
hemline towards the waist band.
1. Adjust the temperature of the iron
according to the fabric of salwar. 6. Folding
a. Join the two legs of the salwar
2. Iron the hem (poncho) of the salwar
first. together.
b. Fold the extra part of salwar
3. Then iron the belt if it is a belted salwar.
horizontally such that it becomes a
4. Iron with the toe (pointed part) of the perfect rectangle.
iron, the gathers/pleat (the inside c. Fold the length of salwar into half.
part).

Picture No. 6.3 Folding of Salwar

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122

Practical - 7

COLLECTION OF TEXTILE LABELS AND
IDENTIFICATION

Informative, Permanent care, Brand and 9. Length & Width
Certification Labels. 10. Price / meter

v Student should collect & stick labels in (B) Permanent Care labels :
the journal. These can be in written form or in the
form of symbols.
v Student should observe Labels carefully. Washing, Drying, Ironing, Dry cleaning,
v Students should notice the characteristic Bleaching instructions may be seen on the
labels.
of each label.
(C) Brand labels :
(A) Informative labels : A distinctive design or symbol may be
A typical informative label on a fabric seen. It may also Lave a combination of
may give following information. words with these design ie. Trade work or
1. Manufactures’s name Trade Name.
2. Logo of the manufactures
3. Fabric’s commercial name (D) Certification Labels :
4. Fiber content This label itself is a assurance of quality.
5. Yarn used eg. – Silk Mark, wool Mark, Handlooms
6. Fabric construction / count mark or any similar certification label.
7. Finishes applied
8. Batch Number / date

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Practical - 8
IDENTIFICATION OF FIBRES BY

MICROSCOPIC TEST

One of the ways to identify fibres is viewing them through microscope. The microscopic test
reveals the inner structures of fibres which are remarkably different from each other. Microscopic
test is an authentic test to identify a given fibre.
(A) Microscopic Test of Cotton Fibre :

1. Flat ribbon-like structure.
2. Uneven width.
3. Convolutions (twists) are seen

Pic. No. 8.1 Cotton fibre
(B) Microscopic Test of Linen Fibre :

1. Striations are seen.
2. Nodes are seen.
3. Uneven width.
4. Slight lustre.

Pic. No. 8.2 Linen fibre
(C) Microscopic structure of Jute fibre :

Pic. No. 8.3 Jute fibre 1. Cylindrical fibre.
2. Uneven diameter.
3. Dark in colour.
4. Striations are seen.

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Practical - 9
IDENTIFICATION OF FIBERS BY BURNING TEST

Qualitative identification of fibers is difficult and may require several tests. The burning test
can be used to identify the general chemical composition of fiber such as cellulose, protein, mineral
or man made fiber.

v Test Procedure:

1. Unravel a yarn from the fabric sample.
2. Untwist yarns so the fibers are in loose mass.
3. Hold the loosened fibers in forceps or tweezers, and move them towards the flame form

the side.
4. Notice the odour given by the fiber during burning.
5. Observe the ash or residue formed.

Table 9.1
Buring Characteristic of Fibers

Fiber Approaching In the Removed Odour Residue
from the
Natural the flame flame flame
Cellulosic
Cotton Linen/ Does not Burns Continues Similar to Light
Jute shrink away; quickly burning, burning feathery.
ignites upon after glow paper Light or
contact charcoal
gray in
colour.

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Practical - 10
MAINTENANCE OF THE JOURNAL

v Students should maintain journal and write all the practicals serially as per the syllabus.

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125

Practical - 11
PROJECT WORK

Students are supposed to do one project • Acknowledgement

work during the academic year. This project • Index / Table of Contents
should be based on the syllabus. The suggested
topics are listed after every chapter. The student • Introduction

can choose any one of them or can find out • Main body of the Project with suitable

a new topic for project subject to teacher’s photographs, illustration, tables, graphs,

approval. The format of the project i.e. how it is diagrams etc.

to be presented is given below. • Conclusion

Format of the Project • Bibliography

• Title page – Title of the project. Name of • Annexure
the student, Class, Division, Roll No. / • Websites

Seat No. Name of the College.

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126

GLOSSARY

Term : Definition / Meaning • Crepe yarns : Variation of simple yarn,
having a high degree of twist which tends
• Balanced yarn : Yarns in which twist is to kink resulting in the rough texture.
such that yarn will hang in poop without
kinking. Doubling or twisting upon itself. • Delusterning : The process of dulling the
luster of man – made fibre with chemicals
• Bias : Any direction in the fabric which usually titanium dioxide.
does not follow exactly warp yarns or weft
yarns. • Density : Mass / unit volume. It is
expressed as gm/cc. The closeness with
• Bleaching : A Chemical process that makes which the molecules of a substance are
fabrics, yarns or fibers white or prepares packed within it. Fabrics made with high
them for dyeing or printing. density fibres are heavier than fabrics made
with low density fibres.
• Boucle yarn : A novelty yarn charaterized
by light loops projecting form the body of • Detergent : A substance having cleaning
the yarn of regular intervals. ability.

• Carding :An initial process in yarn making • Detergency : The ability of a substance to
of removing impurities and arranging the clean.
fibers into parallel fashion and convert
them into card sliver. • Draperies : Window covers which are
thicker and longer than curtains and which
• Cellulosic fibres : Fibres having cellulose are hung over curtains.
as their basic component. All natural
vegetable fibres are cellulosic fibers. Rayon • Drawing : A process in yarn manufacture
is a regenerated cellulosic fibre. in which the sliver is elongated by passing
through a series of pairs of rollers.
• Chenille yarn : A novelty yarn which
resembles a hairy caterpillar. • Durability : The quality of a substance
which makes it long lasting.
• Cohesiveness : The ability of fibres to stay
together and adhere to each other. • Elasticity : The ability of a substance to
change dimensions when force is applied
• Combing : A process involved while and to come back to original position once
manufacturing high quality yarns, which the force is removed. Clothes made form
separates long desirable fibres of same fibers having good elasticity are easy to put
length from short, undesirable fibres and on or take off.
arranges them in parallel order in the form
of sliver. • Filament fibres : Long, continuous, fibres
whose length can be measured in meters
• Cord Cable yarn : A yarn made by or yards. All non- made fibres and silk are
twisting together two or more ply yarns. filament fibres.

127

• Flammability : The manner in which a • Novelty yarn : A yarn characterized
fibre reacts to fire. irregularities in size, twist and effect and
creat an interesting novel effect or textural
• Flexibility : The ability to bend without variation in the fabric.
breaking.
• Nub or spot yarn : A novelty yarn in which
• Flock yarn : A type of novelty yarn in the base yarn is held stationary while the
which small tufts of fibres are inserted as effect yarn is wrapped around it several
irregular intervals and held in place by the times to build up an enlarged segment.
twist of the base yarn.
• Piles : The loops formed on the surface of
• Heat conductivity : The ability of a fabric with the help of extra warp or weft
substance to allow the heart to pass through yarn.
it. Fibres with good heat conductivity are
more comfortable in summer and fibres • Ply yarn : A yarn made by twisting two or
with bad heat conductivity are more more single yarns together.
suitable for winter.
• Polymer : A large molecule formed by
• Household Textiles : Fabrics which we linking together many monomers.
use for various activities in our homes.
• Polymerisation : The linking of many
• Knot or knob yarn : A novelty yarn monomers to form a polymer.
produced in the same way as nub yarn
except that brightly coloured fibres are • Regenerated fibres : Fibres for which the
added to the enlarged knot. raw material is taken form nature and then
a new fibre is made by various chemical
• Lustre : The amount of light reflected back treatments. Rayon is a prime example.
and reaching our eyes form the surface of a
substance. • Resiliency : The ability of the fibre to
recover after wrinkling or to save itself
• Man – made fibres : Fibres which do not from wrinkling.
occur in fibrous form in nature and have to
be made into fibers. • Simple yarn : Yarn that is even in size,
has equal twist throughout length and is
• Monomer : A single unit or molecule form smooth and uniform.
which polymers are formed.
• Single yarn : A yarn which when it
• Natural Fibres : A fibre which is available is untwisted will break apart into the
in nature in fibrous form. individual fibres.

• Non – thermoplastic fibres : Fibres • Sliver : Round, continuous untwisted rope
which so not change shape or melt due to like strand of fibres.
heat. Such fibres burn and turn to ash on
contacting fire. • Slub yarn : A type of novelty yarn in which
yarn is left untwisted or with slack twist at
irregular intervals to produce soft, bulky
sections.

128

• Spinning : A final process of yarn • Textile fibre : A thin, lomg, thread – like
manufacturing where twist is imparted to structure which is enough flexible and
the yarn to give strength and other desirable strong to be made into yarns fabrics.
characteristics.
• Texture : The touch or feel of a surface.
• Staple fibres : Short fibres whose length
can be measured in cm or inches. All • Thermoplastic fibres : Fibres which
natural fibres except silk are staple fibres. start changing their shape or start malting
beyond a certain temperature.
• Suction Washing : A method of laundry
which uses a special instrument called • Twist : The spiral arrangement of the fibres
suction washer. This method is used mainly around the axis of the yarn.
for heavy and large clothes.
• Yarn : A continuous strand of textile fibers,
• Synthetic fibres : Fibres made form filaments or material in a form suitable for
chemicals that were never in fibrous form. knitting, weaving or otherwise intertwining
to form a textile fibre.
• Tenacity : The tensile strength of a fibre
expressed in gm / denier.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Alexander P. R. Textile Products use and 15. Marsh J. T. an Introduction to Textile
care Boston: Houghton – Mifflin company, finishing plain field N. J. Textile book
1997. service 1966.

2. Encyclopedia of Textiles, 2nd ed, 16. Aggarwal V. K. Hand book of synthetic
Englewood cliff N. J. Prentice Hall Inc detergents; consultants corporation of
1973. Industries 1971 – 75.

3. Corbman, B. P. Textile, fiber to fabric 5th 17. Ralik R. K. Dhingra, Handbook of soap
ed rev. New York McGraw – Hill book Industries, small Industry research
company, 1975. Institute 1974.

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WEBSITES

1. Wickipedia – the free encyclopedia 14. www.textilesociety.org/resources_
2. www,leighfibers.com textilesites.htm
3. www.firestonefibers.com
4. www.nationaltextile.org/library/orgs.htm 15. www.washlaundry.com/ - United States
5. www.fibre2fashion.com 16. www.finest4.com/L/Laundry
6. www.texttilelinks.com 17. www.centrobet.es
7. www.textilefiberspace.com 18. www.sewingmachinesplus.com
8. www.numei.com/fiberfacts.htm 19. www.singer.com
9. www.oerlikontextile.com 20. www.hometextile.com
10. www.textileworld.com 21. www.homegoods.com
11. www.ask.com/Cotton+Fibres 22. www.householdtextiles.com
12. www.jbmfibers.com 23. www.istylista.com
13. www.chemical-fibers.com 24. www.fashionandyou.com/Buy-Now
25. www.laudryparts.com

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NOTES

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