240) Res ipsa loquitur: (Latin: the thing speaks for itself) Situation
where negligence is presumed against the defendant since the
object causing injury was under his control. This is a
presumption which can be rebutted by showing that the accident
was inevitable and had nothing to do with the defendant’s
control or supervision. An example of res ipsa loquitur might be
where a motorist hits a stray cow. The event itself imputes
negligence by the farmer and that presumption may only be
defeated if the defendant proves that the land was properly
fenced.
241) Rescission: Abrogation or cancellation of a contract, putting the
parties in the same position they would have been in, had there
been no contract. Rescission can occur because of some defect in
the formation of the contract (such as misrepresentation, duress
or undue influence) or by agreement of the parties – for example
where they reach a new agreement.
242) Reserved costs: Apportionment of payment of legal fees to be
decided at a later stage.
243) Reserved judgment: Decision to be given at a later date.
244) Residence: Place where someone usually – but not necessarily
permanently – lives.
46
245) Respondent: Person against whom a summons is issued, or a
petition or appeal brought.
246) Restitution in integrum: (Latin: restoration to the original
position) In a breach of contract case, the injured party may ask
the court to restore the parties to the positions they were in
before the contract was signed. But if the court finds that
restitution in integrum is not possible because of subsequent
actions or events, it may order payment of damages instead.
247) Resulting trust: Trust which comes into being when an express
trust fails. It is similar to a constructive trust but the court will
presume an intention to create a trust. The court will assume
that the possessor of property is only holding it in trust for the
rightful owner. (In constructive trusts, the courts do not presume
any intention to create a trust.)
248) Reversion: Future interest in property retained by a transferor
or his heirs (for example, the interest left when the owner of a
fee simple grants a life estate in the property).
249) Riparian rights: Rights of owners of land on a river bank.
Riparian rights include the right of access to, and use of, the
water for domestic purposes (bathing, cleaning and navigating).
The owner of the rights may take action to prevent damming,
diversion or pollution of the water.
47
250) Sanction: To ratify, to approve or to punish.
251) Scienter: (Latin: knowledge) Common law rule that the owner
of a vicious dog must keep it secure. A person bitten by such an
animal may bring an action, even if the dog has never bitten
anyone before.
252) Search warrant: Written order (normally issued by a judge or
peace commissioner) giving gardai permission to enter private
property, to search for and seize evidence of the commission of a
crime, the proceeds of crime or property that they suspect may
be used to commit a crime.
253) Senior counsel: Barrister who has “taken silk” or been called to
the Inner Bar.
254) Sequestration: Temporary confiscation of property by court
order until the owner purges his contempt by obeying an earlier
court order.
255) Service: Delivery of court documents by one party to the other,
personally or by post.
256) Servient tenement: Land subject to an easement. The
beneficiary of the easement is called the dominant tenement.
257) Settlement: Agreed compromise of proceedings.
258) Settlor: Person who creates a trust by donating property to be
administered by a trustee.
48
259) Share: A portion of a company. A share certificate constitutes
proof of share ownership. Those owning shares in a company are
called members or shareholders. There are two basic kinds of
shares: ordinary and preferred. A shareholder is not normally
liable for the debts or other obligations of the company, except
to the extent of any commitment made to buy shares. Two other
benefits of shares include a right to participate in profits
(through dividends) and a right to share the residue of assets of
the company if it is dissolved, once liabilities have been paid off.
260) Silent partner: Person who invests in a company or
partnership, shares in the profits or losses but takes no part in
administering or directing the organisation.
261) Slander of title: Falsely and maliciously denying someone’s title
to property including real property, a business or goods (the
latter might also be called “slander of goods”). The tort is only
actionable if damage has been suffered.
262) Solicitor: General lawyer who may deal directly with the public.
263) Special Criminal Court: Non-jury court with three judges, set
up to deal with mainly terrorist offences.
264) Stare decisis: (Latin: to stand by decisions) Policy whereby,
once a court has made a decision on a certain set of facts, lower
49
courts must apply that precedent in subsequent cases which
embody the same facts.
265) Strict liability: Liability in tort without need to prove wrongful
intent, negligence or fault.
266) Sub judice: (Latin: under trial) Matter still under consideration
by a court. Any action which may interfere with the proper
administration of justice while a matter is sub judice may be a
contempt of court.
267) Subpoena: (Latin: under penalty) Court order requiring a
witness to attend at a certain time and place or suffer a penalty.
268) Subrogation: Substitution of one person or thing for another by
operation of law, without the agreement of the person from
whom the rights are transferred.
269) Substituted service: If a party appears to be avoiding service
of legal documents, the court may be asked to direct that,
instead of personal service (that is giving the documents directly
to the person), they should be served in a different way, perhaps
by posting them to the defendant’s home or office or leaving
them with a member of his family.
270) Successor: Person who takes over the rights or property of
another.
50
271) Sui juris: (Latin: of his own right) Person who has full legal
rights and is not under any incapacity, such as being bankrupt, a
minor or mentally incapable.
272) Summons: Written command to a person to appear in court.
273) Supreme Court: Final court of appeal in Ireland, headed by the
Chief Justice. Most appeals are on matters of law or procedure.
The Supreme Court will not normally reverse a finding of fact by
a lower court, unless the decision was so perverse that no
ordinary person could have come to such a finding on the facts
presented.
274) Surety: Person who has pledged himself by deed to ensure that
another person fulfils an obligation – such as appearing in court
or paying back a loan.
275) Tenant: Person to whom a landlord grants temporary and
exclusive use of land or a building, usually in exchange for rent.
The contract for this type of legal arrangement is called a lease.
276) Tenancy in common: Tenants-in-common share property
rights, but may hold different parts of a piece of land, or unequal
shares. On the death of either of them, that person’s share does
not pass automatically to the surviving tenant but becomes part
of the deceased’s estate.
51
277) Tender: Unconditional offer of a party to a contract to perform
his side of the bargain. For example, with a loan contract, a
tender would be the debtor’s offer to repay the amount owing to
the creditor. If the tender is refused, the contract comes to an
end.
278) Tenement: Property that could be subject to common law
tenure, such as land, buildings or apartments. In relation to
business tenants, a tenement is a defined portion of a building
held by the occupier on a tenancy and not dependent on the
continued employment of the tenant.
279) Tenure: Right to hold or occupy land or a position for a certain
amount of time.
280) Testator: Person who dies after making a valid will.
281) Testimony: Verbal presentation of evidence in court.
282) Tort: Non-contractual breach of duty which allows the injured
person to claim compensation (or damages) from the tortfeasor.
Torts include wrongs such as negligence, nuisance, defamation,
false imprisonment and trespass.
283) Tortfeasor: Person who commits a tort.
284) Tracing: Equitable right of a plaintiff to reclaim specific
property, through the court, where the property has passed on
to others. This procedure is frequently used by a trust
52
beneficiary to recover misappropriated trust property. Property
may not be recovered from a person who has bought it for value,
without notice of the circumstances.
285) Transferee: Person who receives property being transferred.
286) Transferor: Person who transfers property.
287) Trespass: Unlawful interference with another person or his
property or rights. Trespass is a civil, not a criminal, offence and
is actionable without proof of any actual damage.
288) Trust: Property given by a donor or settlor to a trustee, for the
benefit of another person (the beneficiary or donee). A trustee
manages and administers the property. A will is a form of trust
but a trust can be formed during the lifetime of the settlor, in
which case it is called an inter vivos or living trust.
289) Trustee: Person who holds property rights for the benefit of
another through the legal mechanism of the trust. A trustee
usually has full management and administration rights over the
property, which must be exercised to the advantage of the
beneficiary. All profits from the trust go to the beneficiary,
although the trustee is entitled to recover administrative costs.
290) Ultra vires: (Latin: beyond the powers) An action which is
invalid because it exceeds the authority of the person or
organisation which performs it. A company cannot normally be
53
bound by an act which it is not empowered to do by its
memorandum of association.
291) Undertaking: Enforceable promise given to court.
292) Undue influence: Unfair pressure which may invalidate a
contract.
293) Unjust enrichment: Profit unjustly obtain by a wrongdoer. To
obtain reimbursement, the plaintiff must show an actual benefit
to the defendant, a corresponding loss to the plaintiff and the
absence of a legal reason for the defendant’s enrichment.
294) Usury: Excessive or illegal interest rate.
295) Variation: Alteration of term of court order.
296) Verdict: Decision of a jury. In criminal cases, this is usually
expressed as guilty or not guilty and may be unanimous or by a
majority of 11-1 or 10-2. In a civil case, the verdict would be a
finding for the plaintiff or for the defendant by at least nine of
the 12 jurors.
297) Videlicet: (Latin: that is to say) The abbreviation of videlicet
(viz.) is commonly used in legal documents to advise that what
follows provides more detail about a preceding general
statement.
298) Vicarious liability: Responsibility for the tort of another, even
though the person held responsible may not have done anything
54
wrong. This is often the case with employers who may be held
vicariously liable for damage caused by their employees.
299) Void: Without legal effect. A document that is void is worthless.
An anti-competitive agreement or contract in restraint of trade
may be void. A “marriage” involving a person under the age of
18 would be void in Ireland.
300) Voidable: The law distinguishes between void and voidable
contracts. Some contracts have such a fundamental defect that
they are said to be void. Others have more minor defects and
are voidable at the option of the innocent party.
301) Voire dire: (French: To speak the truth) Separate trial within a
trial, generally in the absence of the jury, on the admissibility of
contested evidence.
302) Volenti non fit injuria: (Latin: those who consent may not be
injured) Defence in tort which prevents a person who knowingly
and voluntarily assumes a risk (by, for example, engaging in a
dangerous sport) from later seeking compensation for any injury
suffered.
303) Waiver: Renunciation of a right or benefit. Waivers are not
always in writing. Sometimes actions can be interpreted as a
waiver.
55
304) Waste: Abuse, destruction or permanent change to property by
a person who is merely in possession of it, such as a tenant or a
life tenant.
305) Words of limitation: Words in a conveyance or will which limit
the duration of an estate. If a testator leaves property “to X and
his heirs”, the words “and his heirs” are words of limitation
because they indicate that X gets the land in fee simple and his
heirs get no interest.
306) Words of purchase: Words in a conveyance or will which
specifically name the person to whom land is being conveyed.
307) Xoanon: Primitive, usually wooden image of deity supposed to
have fallen from Heaven; seldom found in Irish courtrooms.
308) Year: When used without any other qualification, a 12-month
period beginning on January 1.
309) Young person: Person under 16, whose regular, full-time
employment is forbidden by the 1996 Protection of Young
Persons (Employment) Act. A child over 14 may do light work
during school holidays, but a child under 14 cannot be employed
at all.
310) Zero hours: If an employee is available for work but there is no
work for him to do, the zero hours provision of the Organisation
56
of Working Time Act 1997 requires the employer to compensate
him for one quarter of the time for which he had to be available.
57
Latin Words and Expressions
Sl. Word or Phrase Meaning
No.
From the very beginning, from the start of
1 Ab initio something
2. Ab extra From outside
3. Ad idem
In agreement, meeting of the minds by
4. Ad infinitum parties
5. Ad nauseum
To continue forever, without limit
6. Ad valorem
7. Alibi Disgusting or ridiculous to the extent of
causing nausea (vomiting)
8. Ambiguitas latens
Proportionate to the value
9. Ambiguitas patens
At another place, Elsewhere
10. Amicus curiae The fact or state of having been elsewhere
at the time
11. Animus possidendi
12. Audi alteram partem Latent ambiguity not appearing on instant
13. Bona fide inspection
An ambiguity that readily appears on the
face of document or instrument
A person or organisation that is not a
party to the litigation but is permitted by
law to advise it (court), friend of the court
An intention to possess
Let the other side be heard as well
Real, genuine, sincere, made or carried
out in good faith
58
14. Mala fide Dishonest, made or carried out in bad
15. Caveat emptor faith
16. De facto Let the buyer beware. The principle that
17. De jure the buyer alone is responsible for
18. De novo checking the quality and suitability of
19. Ejusdem generis goods before a purchase is made
20. Ex gratia
21. Ex parte Of fact, in reality
22. Ex post facto
23. Fait Accompli Of law, officially
24. Fiat justitia
25. Inter alia Afresh, from the beginning
26. In limine
Of the same kind or nature
27. Jus ad rem
A favour or gift that is not legally
necessary
Without the presence or participation of
opposite party
Retroactive, affecting something that has
already happened
Accomplished and cannot be changed
now
Let the justice be done though the
heavens fall
Amongst other things
At the outset, on the threshold
Such order excludes the challenged
evidence and directs the parties not to
refer to the excluded matters during trial
A right to a thing
59
28. Jus in personam Right against a person
29. Letter rogatory
30. Locus standi Formal request from a court to foreign
court for some type of judicial assistance
31. Modus operandi
32. Mutatis mutandis Right to bring an action, to be heard in
court, sufficient connection and harm
33. Nudum pactum form the law or action
34. Obiter
Method of operation, particular way of
35. Onus probandi doing something
36. Parens patriae Having changed what needs to be
37. Pari passu changed;
38. Per incuriam once the necessary changes have been
39. Prima facie made
40. Pro bono publico
Naked promise, bare promise
That which is said in passing;
Such statements lack the force of
precedent but nevertheless be significant
Burden of proof, proof of assertion. It
includes both the burden of production
and persuasion.
Parent of the nation, legal protector of
citizens unable to protect themselves
Side by side, at the same rate, equally,
on equal footing
Through lack of care
At first sight, based on first impression
Professional work undertaken voluntarily
and without payment
60
41. Quid pro quo A favour or advantage granted in return
42. Ratio dicidendi for something
43. Raison d’etre
44. Res integra The rule of law on which a judicial
45. Res nullius decision is based
46. Sine qua non
47. Intra vires Reason for being, reason for something’s
48. Ultra vires existence
49. Actus reus
50. Ad hoc A point without a precedent, entire thing,
51. Sine die untouched matter
52. Alias
53. Ante Nobody’s thing, belonging to no one
54. Caveat An essential condition, a thing that is
55. Certiorari absolute necessary
Within one’s legal power or authority
Acting or done beyond one’s legal power
or authority
A guilty act, an act which is illegal such as
theft
For a particular purpose
No fixed date to continue
A false name
Before
A warning
An order by the High Court that the case
should be reviewed
61
56. Habeas Corpus A writ which can be applied for to order a
person’s release, if he/she has been
57. Estoppel imprisoned unlawfully. Produce the body
(in court)
58. Fiduciary
59. Mens rea A rule of law that a person cannot deny
60. Per something he/she/it previously said, if
61. Per pro someone else acted on what was said and
62. Per quod their position was changed, possibly for
63. Per se the worse, as a result
64. Pro rata
65. Res ipsa loquitur In a position of trust
66. Sub judice
The intention to commit a crime and also
67. Sui generis the knowledge that an act is wrong
68. Sui juris
69. Supra Through, by
On behalf of
In accordance, whereby
In itself, by itself
In proportion
Proof is not needed because the facts
speak for themselves
Something being dealt with by a court
which cannot be discussed outside the
court
Something that belongs in a particular
category or is the only one of its class
Someone who can enter into a contract
without any restriction
Above
62
70. Infra Below, inside
71. Terra Land
72. Uberrimae fidei Of the utmost good faith
73. Writ an order issued by a court telling
someone to do something or not to do
74. A fortiori something
75. Ad litem From stronger argument
76. Ad referendum As regards the action
77. Erratum Subject to reference
78. Ex officio An error in printing or writing
79. Ibid By virtue of holding an office
80. Ignorantia juris non In the same place
Ignorance of law is not an excuse
excusat
81. In camera In chamber, in private
82. In curia In open court
83. In re In the matter of
84 Ipso facto By that very fact or act
85. Quasi As if, almost
86. Res judicata
A matter that has been decided. Judicial
pronouncements
63
87. Sic So, thus
(Used in brackets after a copied or quoted
88. Mandamus word that appears odd or erroneous to
show that the word is quoted exactly as it
89. Quo warranto stands in the original)
90. Prohibition We command,
Writ is a command issued to public
91. Suo moto official, bodies
Suo motu
By that warrant,
92. Ad interim Stops usurpation of public office by
93. Et al, Et alii, Et alia anyone
94. Et cetera
95. Exempli gratia (e.g.) Writ by Supreme Court and High Court to
96. In absentia lower courts which exceeds to their
97. In toto jurisdiction or acting the rule of natural
98. Inter se justice
99. Nota bene (NB)
100. Per capita On its own motion
In the meantime, temporarily
And others
And other things
For the sake of example
In absence
In total, totally
Among themselves
Note well
By head, per head
64
101. Vice versa The other way around
See
102. Vide Namely
I forbid
103. Videlicet (viz.) Subject to modification
The state of affairs that existed previously
104. Veto
The opinions or beliefs of the majority,
105. Sub modo Voice of the people
To infinity, to continue forever
106. Status quo On the face
Status quo ante In contrast to, by that against
For himself
107. Vox populi Temporary
That is, in other words
108. Ad infinitum Regarding, concerning (used as apropos
of)
109. Ex facie Natural justice
A great work of literature
110. Per contra No one can give a better title than he has
Knowingly
111. Pro per Unique
Pro se
112. Pro tem
Pro tempore
113. Id est (i.e.)
114. Apropos
115. Jus naturale
116. Magnum opus
117. Nemo dat quod non
habet
118. Sciens
119. Sui generis
65
120. Vervatim Word by word, exactly
121. Legum Baccalaureus Bachelor of Laws (LLB)
Juris Doctor
122. Philosophiae Doctor Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
123. Ante meridiem (AM) Before midday
124. Post meridiwm (PM) Past midday, after midday
125. Diem Day
126. Mensem Month
127. Annum Year
128. Audio I hear
129. Dictum factum What is said is done
130. Fac simile Make alike (Fax)
Facsimile
131. In memoriam In memory of
132. Versus Against
133. Viva Voce With living voice, by word of mouth
134. Curriculum vitae Course of one’s life
135. Bonus Good, extra sum
136. Ergo Therefore
137. Pro forma As a matter of form
138. Ad rem To the point
66
THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
———————
CONTENTS
———————
PREAMBLE ...................................................................................................................................
PART I
THE UNION AND ITS TERRITORY
ARTICLE
1. Name and territory of the Union ....................................................................
2. Admission or establishment of new States ....................................................
2A. [Repealed.] ...............................................................................................................
3. Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names
of existing States ..................................................................................................
4. Laws made under articles 2 and 3 to provide for the amendment of
the First and the Fourth Schedules and supplemental, incidental and
consequential matters .........................................................................................
PART II
CITIZENSHIP
5. Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution ...............................
6. Rights of citizenship of certain persons who have migrated to India
from Pakistan .......................................................................................................
7. Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan ..................................
8. Rights of citizenship of certain persons of Indian origin residing
outside India .........................................................................................................
9. Persons voluntarily acquiring citizenship of a foreign State not to be
citizens ...................................................................................................................
10. Continuance of the rights of citizenship ........................................................
11. Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law ...............................
PART III
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
General
12. Definition ...............................................................................................................
13. Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights ........
Right to Equality
14. Equality before law .............................................................................................
15. Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or
place of birth ........................................................................................................
(i)
67
(ii) Contents
ARTICLE
16. Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment ........................
17. Abolition of Untouchability ..............................................................................
18. Abolition of titles .................................................................................................
19. Right to Freedom
20.
21. Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc. ..................
21A. Protection in respect of conviction for offences ............................................
22. Protection of life and personal liberty ............................................................
Right to education ...............................................................................................
23. Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases .............................
24.
Right against Exploitation
25.
Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour .........................
26. Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc. ............................
27.
Right to Freedom of Religion
28.
Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation
29. of religion ..............................................................................................................
30. Freedom to manage religious affairs ...............................................................
Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular
31. religion ...................................................................................................................
Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship
31A. in certain educational institutions ....................................................................
31B.
31C. Cultural and Educational Rights
31D.
Protection of interests of minorities .................................................................
32. Right of minorities to establish and administer educational
32A. institutions ............................................................................................................
[Repealed.] ...............................................................................................................
33.
Saving of Certain Laws
34. Saving of laws providing for acquisition of estates, etc. ............................
Validation of certain Acts and Regulations ....................................................
35. Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles .......................
[Repealed.] ...............................................................................................................
Right to Constitutional Remedies
Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part .......................
[Repealed.] ...............................................................................................................
Power of Parliament to modify the rights conferred by this Part in
their application to Forces, etc. .........................................................................
Restriction on rights conferred by this Part while martial law is in
force in any area ..................................................................................................
Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this Part ..............................
68
Contents
PART IV
DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES OF STATE POLICY
ARTICLE Definition ...............................................................................................................
36. Application of the principles contained in this Part ....................................
37. State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the
38. people ....................................................................................................................
Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State ............................
39. Equal justice and free legal aid ........................................................................
39A. Organisation of village panchayats .................................................................
Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain
40. cases .......................................................................................................................
41. Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity
relief .......................................................................................................................
42. Living wage, etc., for workers ..........................................................................
Participation of workers in management of Industries ...............................
43. Promotion of co-operative societies .................................................................
43A. Uniform civil code for the citizens ..................................................................
43B. Provision for early childhood care and education to children below the
age of six years ....................................................................................................
44. Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes,
45. Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections .................................................
Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard
46. of living and to improve public health ..........................................................
Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry .....................................
47. Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of
forests and wild life ............................................................................................
48. Protection of monuments and places and objects of national
48A. importance ............................................................................................................
Separation of judiciary from executive ...........................................................
49. Promotion of international peace and security .............................................
50. PART IVA
51. FUNDAMENTAL DUTIES
51A. Fundamental duties ............................................................................................
52. PART V
53. THE UNION
54. CHAPTER I.—THE EXECUTIVE
55.
56. The President and Vice-President
57.
58. The President of India ........................................................................................
59. Executive power of the Union ..........................................................................
Election of President ...........................................................................................
Manner of election of President .......................................................................
Term of office of President ................................................................................
Eligibility for re-election ....................................................................................
Qualifications for election as President ..........................................................
Conditions of President’s office ........................................................................
69
(iv) Contents
ARTICLE
60. Oath or affirmation by the President ..............................................................
61. Procedure for impeachment of the President ................................................
62. Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of President and
the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy .........................
63. The Vice-President of India ...............................................................................
64. The Vice-President to be ex officio Chairman of the Council of
States ......................................................................................................................
65. The Vice-President to act as President or to discharge his functions
during casual vacancies in the office, or during the absence, of
President. ...............................................................................................................
66. Election of Vice-President ..................................................................................
67. Term of office of Vice-President .......................................................................
68. Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of Vice-President
and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy ................
69. Oath or affirmation by the Vice-President .....................................................
70. Discharge of President’s functions in other contingencies .........................
71. Matters relating to, or connected with, the election of a President or
Vice-President. ......................................................................................................
72. Power of President to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or
commute sentences in certain cases ................................................................
73. Extent of executive power of the Union ........................................................
Council of Ministers
74. Council of Ministers to aid and advise President ........................................
75. Other provisions as to Ministers ......................................................................
The Attorney-General for India
76. Attorney-General for India ................................................................................
Conduct of Government Business
77. Conduct of business of the Government of India ........................................
78. Duties of Prime Minister as respects the furnishing of information to
the President, etc. ................................................................................................
CHAPTER-II.—PARLIAMENT
General
79. Constitution of Parliament ................................................................................
80. Composition of the Council of States .............................................................
81. Composition of the House of the People .......................................................
82. Readjustment after each census ........................................................................
83. Duration of Houses of Parliament ...................................................................
84. Qualification for membership of Parliament .................................................
85. Sessions of Parliament, prorogation and dissolution ...................................
86. Right of President to address and send messages to Houses ...................
87. Special address by the President ......................................................................
88. Rights of Ministers and Attorney-General as respects Houses ..............
70
Contents (v)
Officers of Parliament
ARTICLE
89. The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Council of States ................
90. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the office of
Deputy Chairman ................................................................................................
91. Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties
of the office of, or to act as, Chairman ..........................................................
92. The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a
resolution for his removal from office is under consideration ..................
93. The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of the People .................
94. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker
and Deputy Speaker ...........................................................................................
95. Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties
of the office of, or to act as, Speaker ..............................................................
96. The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution
for his removal from office is under consideration .....................................
97. Salaries and allowances of the Chairman and Deputy Chairman and
the Speaker and Deputy Speaker .....................................................................
98. Secretariat of Parliament ....................................................................................
Conduct of Business
99. Oath or affirmation by members .....................................................................
100. Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies
and quorum ..........................................................................................................
Disqualifications of Members
101. Vacation of seats ..................................................................................................
102. Disqualifications for membership ....................................................................
103. Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members .........................
104. Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation
under article 99 or when not qualified or when disqualified ...................
Powers, Privileges and Immunities of Parliament and its Members
105. Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Parliament and of the members
and committees thereof ......................................................................................
106. Salaries and allowances of members ...............................................................
Legislative Procedure
107. Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills .......................................
108. Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases .................................................
109. Special procedure in respect of Money Bills .................................................
110. Definition of “Money Bills” ..............................................................................
111. Assent to Bills ......................................................................................................
Procedure in Financial Matters
112. Annual financial statement ................................................................................
113. Procedure in Parliament with respect to estimates ......................................
71
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ARTICLE
114. Appropriation Bills ..............................................................................................
115. Supplementary, additional or excess grants ..................................................
116. Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants ...........................
117. Special provisions as to financial Bills ............................................................
118. Procedure Generally
119.
Rules of procedure ..............................................................................................
120. Regulation by law of procedure in Parliament in relation to financial
121. business .................................................................................................................
122. Language to be used in Parliament ................................................................
Restriction on discussion in Parliament .........................................................
123. Courts not to inquire into proceedings of Parliament ................................
124. CHAPTER III.—LEGISLATIVE POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT
124A.
124B. Power of President to promulgate Ordinances during recess of
124C. Parliament .............................................................................................................
125. CHAPTER IV.—THE UNION JUDICIARY
126. Establishment and constitution of Supreme Court ......................................
127. National Judicial Appointments Commission ...............................................
128. Functions of Commission ..................................................................................
129. Power of Parliament to make law ...................................................................
130. Salaries, etc., of Judges .......................................................................................
131. Appointment of acting Chief Justice ...............................................................
131A. Appointment of ad hoc Judges ..........................................................................
132. Attendance of retired Judges at sittings of the Supreme Court ................
Supreme Court to be a court of record ..........................................................
133. Seat of Supreme Court .......................................................................................
Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court ...................................................
134. [Repealed.] ...............................................................................................................
134A. Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts
in certain cases .....................................................................................................
135. Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts
in regard to civil matters ...................................................................................
136. Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in regard to criminal matters ....
137. Certificate for appeal to the Supreme Court .................................................
138. Jurisdiction and powers of the Federal Court under existing law to
139. be exercisable by the Supreme Court .............................................................
139A. Special leave to appeal by the Supreme Court .............................................
140. Review of judgments or orders by the Supreme Court ..............................
141. Enlargement of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court ...............................
Conferment on the Supreme Court of powers to issue certain writs ......
Transfer of certain cases .....................................................................................
Ancillary powers of Supreme Court ...............................................................
Law declared by Supreme Court to be binding on all courts ...................
72
Contents (vii)
ARTICLE
142. Enforcement of decrees and orders of Supreme Court and orders as
143. to discovery, etc. ..................................................................................................
144. Power of President to consult Supreme Court .............................................
144A. Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the Supreme Court ............
145. [Repealed.] ...............................................................................................................
146. Rules of Court, etc. .............................................................................................
147. Officers and servants and the expenses of the Supreme Court ................
Interpretation ........................................................................................................
148.
149. CHAPTER V.—COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR-GENERAL OF INDIA
150.
151. Comptroller and Auditor-General of India ....................................................
Duties and powers of the Comptroller and Auditor-General ....................
152. Form of accounts of the Union and of the States ........................................
Audit reports ........................................................................................................
153.
154. PART VI
155. THE STATES
156. CHAPTER I.—GENERAL
157.
158. Definition ...............................................................................................................
159.
160. CHAPTER II.—THE EXECUTIVE
161.
162. The Governor
163. Governors of States .............................................................................................
164. Executive power of State ...................................................................................
Appointment of Governor .................................................................................
165. Term of office of Governor ................................................................................
Qualifications for appointment as Governor .................................................
166. Conditions of Governor’s office .......................................................................
167. Oath or affirmation by the Governor ..............................................................
Discharge of the functions of the Governor in certain contingencies ......
Power of Governor to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or
commute sentences in certain cases ................................................................
Extent of executive power of State ..................................................................
Council of Ministers
Council of Ministers to aid and advise Governor ........................................
Other provisions as to Ministers ......................................................................
The Advocate-General for the State
Advocate-General for the State ........................................................................
Conduct of Government Business
Conduct of business of the Government of a State .....................................
Duties of Chief Minister as respects the furnishing of information to
Governor, etc. .......................................................................................................
73
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ARTICLE
CHAPTER III.—THE STATE LEGISLATURE
General
168. Constitution of Legislatures in States ..............................................................
169. Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States ...............................
170. Composition of the Legislative Assemblies ...................................................
171. Composition of the Legislative Councils ........................................................
172. Duration of State Legislatures ..........................................................................
173. Qualification for membership of the State Legislature ................................
174. Sessions of the State Legislature, prorogation and dissolution .................
175. Right of Governor to address and send messages to the House or
Houses ...................................................................................................................
176. Special address by the Governor .....................................................................
177. Rights of Ministers and Advocate-General as respects the Houses .........
Officers of the State Legislature
178. The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly ................
179. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker
and Deputy Speaker ...........................................................................................
180. Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties
of the office of, or to act as, Speaker ..............................................................
181. The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution
for his removal from office is under consideration .....................................
182. The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council ............
183. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of
Chairman and Deputy Chairman ....................................................................
184. Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the
duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman ..............................................
185. The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a
resolution for his removal from office is under consideration ..................
186. Salaries and allowances of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker and the
Chairman and Deputy Chairman ....................................................................
187. Secretariat of State Legislature ..........................................................................
Conduct of Business
188. Oath or affirmation by members .....................................................................
189. Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies
and quorum ..........................................................................................................
Disqualifications of Members
190. Vacation of seats ..................................................................................................
191. Disqualifications for membership ....................................................................
192. Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members .........................
193. Penalty for sitting and voting before making oath or affirmation
under article 188 or when not qualified or when disqualified .................
74
Contents (ix)
ARTICLE
Powers, Privileges and Immunities of State Legislatures and their Members
194. Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Legislatures and of the
members and committees thereof ....................................................................
195. Salaries and allowances of members ...............................................................
Legislative Procedure
196. Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills .......................................
197. Restriction on powers of Legislative Council as to Bills other than
Money Bills ...........................................................................................................
198. Special procedure in respect of Money Bills .................................................
199. Definition of “Money Bills” ..............................................................................
200. Assent to Bills ......................................................................................................
201. Bills reserved for consideration ........................................................................
Procedure in Financial Matters
202. Annual financial statement ................................................................................
203. Procedure in Legislature with respect to estimates .....................................
204. Appropriation Bills ..............................................................................................
205. Supplementary, additional or excess grants ..................................................
206. Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants ...........................
207. Special provisions as to financial Bills ............................................................
Procedure Generally
208. Rules of procedure ..............................................................................................
209. Regulation by law of procedure in the Legislature of the State in
relation to financial business .............................................................................
210. Language to be used in the Legislature .........................................................
211. Restriction on discussion in the Legislature ..................................................
212. Courts not to inquire into proceedings of the Legislature .........................
CHAPTER IV.—LEGISLATIVE POWER OF THE GOVERNOR
213. Power of Governor to promulgate Ordinances during recess of
Legislature .............................................................................................................
CHAPTER V.—THE HIGH COURTS IN THE STATES
214. High Courts for States ........................................................................................
215. High Courts to be courts of record .................................................................
216. Constitution of High Courts .............................................................................
217. Appointment and conditions of the office of a Judge of a High Court ....
218. Application of certain provisions relating to Supreme Court to
High Courts ..........................................................................................................
219. Oath or affirmation by Judges of High Courts .............................................
220. Restriction on practice after being a permanent Judge ...............................
221. Salaries, etc., of Judges .......................................................................................
222. Transfer of a Judge from one High Court to another .................................
223. Appointment of acting Chief Justice ...............................................................
224. Appointment of additional and acting Judges ..............................................
75
(x) Contents
ARTICLE Appointment of retired Judges at sittings of High Courts ........................
224A. Jurisdiction of existing High Courts ................................................................
225. Power of High Courts to issue certain writs ................................................
226. [Repealed.] ...............................................................................................................
226A. Power of superintendence over all courts by the High Court ..................
227. Transfer of certain cases to High Court .........................................................
228. [Repealed.] ...............................................................................................................
228A. Officers and servants and the expenses of High Courts ............................
229. Extension of jurisdiction of High Courts to Union territories ...................
230. Establishment of a common High Court for two or more States .............
231.
CHAPTER VI.—SUBORDINATE COURTS
233.
233A. Appointment of district judges ........................................................................
Validation of appointments of, and judgments, etc., delivered by,
234. certain district judges .........................................................................................
Recruitment of persons other than district judges to the judicial
235. service ....................................................................................................................
236. Control over subordinate courts ......................................................................
237. Interpretation ........................................................................................................
Application of the provisions of this Chapter to certain class or
238. classes of magistrates ..........................................................................................
239. PART VII
239A. THE STATES IN PART B OF THE FIRST SCHEDULE
239AA. [Repealed.] ...............................................................................................................
239AB.
PART VIII
239B. THE UNION TERRITORIES
240. Administration of Union territories .................................................................
Creation of local Legislatures or Council of Ministers or both for
241. certain Union territories .....................................................................................
242. Special provisions with respect to Delhi ........................................................
Provision in case of failure of constitutional machinery .............................
243. Power of administrator to promulgate Ordinances during recess of
243A. Legislature .............................................................................................................
243B. Power of President to make regulations for certain Union
243C. territories ...............................................................................................................
High Courts for Union territories ....................................................................
[Repealed.] ...............................................................................................................
PART IX
THE PANCHAYATS
Definitions .............................................................................................................
Gram Sabha ..........................................................................................................
Constitution of Panchayats ................................................................................
Composition of Panchayats ...............................................................................
76
Contents (xi)
ARTICLE
243D. Reservation of seats ............................................................................................
243E. Duration of Panchayats, etc. .............................................................................
243F. Disqualifications for membership ....................................................................
243G. Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats .................................
243H. Powers to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Panchayats .......................
243-I. Constitution of Finance Commission to review financial position ...........
243J. Audit of accounts of Panchayats .....................................................................
243K. Elections to the Panchayats ...............................................................................
243L. Application to Union territories .......................................................................
243M. Part not to apply to certain areas ....................................................................
243N. Continuance of existing laws and Panchayats ..............................................
243-O. Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters ........................................
243P. PART IXA
243Q. THE MUNICIPALITIES
243R.
243S. Definitions .............................................................................................................
243T. Constitution of Municipalities ..........................................................................
243U. Composition of Municipalities ..........................................................................
243V. Constitution and composition of Wards Committees, etc. .........................
243W . Reservation of seats ............................................................................................
243X. Duration of Municipalities, etc. ........................................................................
243Y. Disqualifications for membership ....................................................................
243Z. Powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities, etc. ...................
243ZA. Power to impose taxes by, and Funds of, the Municipalities ....................
243ZB. Finance Commission ...........................................................................................
243ZC. Audit of accounts of Municipalities ................................................................
243ZD. Elections to the Municipalities ..........................................................................
243ZE. Application to Union territories .......................................................................
243ZF. Part not to apply to certain areas ....................................................................
243ZG. Committee for district planning .......................................................................
Committee for Metropolitan planning ............................................................
243ZH. Continuance of existing laws and Municipalities .........................................
243Z-I. Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters ........................................
243ZJ.
243ZK. PART IXB
243ZL. THE CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES
243ZM.
243ZN. Definitions .............................................................................................................
243Z-O. Incorporation of co-operative societies ...........................................................
243ZP. Number and term of members of board and its office bearers ................
Election of members of board ..........................................................................
Supersession and suspension of board and interim management ............
Audit of accounts of co-operative societies ...................................................
Convening of general body meetings .............................................................
Right of a member to get information ............................................................
Returns ...................................................................................................................
77
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ARTICLE
243ZQ. Offences and penalties .......................................................................................
243ZR. Application to multi-State co-operative societies ..........................................
243ZS. Application to Union territories .......................................................................
243ZT. Continuance of existing laws ............................................................................
244. PART X
244A. THE SCHEDULED AND TRIBAL AREAS
245. Administration of Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas .................................
246. Formation of an autonomous State comprising certain tribal areas in
247. Assam and creation of local Legislature or Council of Ministers or
248. both therefor .........................................................................................................
249.
250. PART XI
251. RELATIONS BETWEEN THE UNION AND THE STATES
252.
253. CHAPTER I.—LEGISLATIVE RELATIONS
254.
255. Distribution of Legislative Powers
256. Extent of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States ......
257. Subject-matter of laws made by Parliament and by the Legislatures
257A. of States .................................................................................................................
258. Power of Parliament to provide for the establishment of certain
258A. additional courts ..................................................................................................
Residuary powers of legislation .......................................................................
Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to a matter in the State
List in the National interest ..............................................................................
Power of Parliament to legislate with respect to any matter in the
State List if a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation .........................
Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament under articles 249
and 250 and laws made by the Legislatures of States ................................
Power of Parliament to legislate for two or more States by consent
and adoption of such legislation by any other State ...................................
Legislation for giving effect to international agreements ...........................
Inconsistency between laws made by Parliament and laws made by
the Legislatures of States ...................................................................................
Requirements as to recommendations and previous sanctions to be
regarded as matters of procedure only ...........................................................
CHAPTER II.—ADMINISTRATIVE RELATIONS
General
Obligation of States and the Union .................................................................
Control of the Union over States in certain cases ........................................
[Repealed.] ...............................................................................................................
Power of the Union to confer powers, etc., on States in certain cases ......
Power of the States to entrust functions to the Union ...............................
78
Contents (xiii)
ARTICLE
259. [Repealed.] ...............................................................................................................
260. Jurisdiction of the Union in relation to territories outside India ..............
261. Public acts, records and judicial proceedings ................................................
Disputes relating to Waters
262. Adjudication of disputes relating to waters of inter-State rivers or
river valleys ..........................................................................................................
Co-ordination between States
263. Provisions with respect to an inter-State Council ........................................
264. PART XII
265. FINANCE, PROPERTY, CONTRACTS AND SUITS
266.
267. CHAPTER I.—FINANCE
268. General
268A. Interpretation ........................................................................................................
Taxes not to be imposed save by authority of law ......................................
269. Consolidated Funds and public accounts of India and of the States ......
270. Contingency Fund ...............................................................................................
271.
272. Distribution of Revenues between the Union and the States
273.
274. Duties levied by the Union but collected and appropriated by the
States ......................................................................................................................
275. Service tax levied by Union and collected and appropriated by the
276. Union and the States ..........................................................................................
277. Taxes levied and collected by the Union but assigned to the States .......
278. Taxes levied and distributed between the Union and the States ..............
279. Surcharge on certain duties and taxes for purposes of the Union ...........
280. [Repealed.] ...............................................................................................................
281. Grants in lieu of export duty on jute and jute products ............................
Prior recommendation of President required to Bills affecting
282. taxation in which States are interested ...........................................................
283. Grants from the Union to certain States ........................................................
Taxes on professions, trades, callings and employments ............................
Savings ...................................................................................................................
[Repealed.] ...............................................................................................................
Calculation of “net proceeds”, etc. ..................................................................
Finance Commission ...........................................................................................
Recommendations of the Finance Commission ............................................
Miscellaneous Financial Provisions
Expenditure defrayable by the Union or a State out of its revenues ......
Custody, etc., of Consolidated Funds, Contingency Funds and moneys
credited to the public accounts ........................................................................
79
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ARTICLE
284. Custody of suitors’ deposits and other moneys received by public
285. servants and courts .............................................................................................
286. Exemption of property of the Union from State taxation ..........................
287. Restrictions as to imposition of tax on the sale or purchase of goods ......
288. Exemption from taxes on electricity ................................................................
289. Exemption from taxation by States in respect of water or electricity
290. in certain cases .....................................................................................................
290A. Exemption of property and income of a State from Union taxation .......
291. Adjustment in respect of certain expenses and pensions ...........................
Annual payment to certain Devaswom Funds .............................................
292. [Repealed.] ...............................................................................................................
293.
CHAPTER II.—BORROWING
294.
295. Borrowing by the Government of India .........................................................
296. Borrowing by States ............................................................................................
297.
298. CHAPTER III.—PROPERTY, CONTRACTS, RIGHTS,
299. LIABILITIES, OBLIGATIONS AND SUITS
300.
Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in
300A. certain cases ..........................................................................................................
Succession to property, assets, rights, liabilities and obligations in
301. other cases .............................................................................................................
302. Property accruing by escheat or lapse or as bona vacantia .........................
303. Things of value within territorial waters or continental shelf and
304. resources of the exclusive economic zone to vest in the Union ...............
305. Power to carry on trade, etc. ............................................................................
306. Contracts ...............................................................................................................
307. Suits and proceedings ........................................................................................
CHAPTER IV.—RIGHT TO PROPERTY
Persons not to be deprived of property save by authority of law ...........
PART XIII
TRADE, COMMERCE AND INTERCOURSE WITHIN THE
TERRITORY OF INDIA
Freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse ...............................................
Power of Parliament to impose restrictions on trade, commerce and
intercourse .............................................................................................................
Restrictions on the legislative powers of the Union and of the States
with regard to trade and commerce ................................................................
Restrictions on trade, commerce and intercourse among States ...............
Saving of existing laws and laws providing for State monopolies ..........
[Repealed.] ...............................................................................................................
Appointment of authority for carrying out the purposes of
articles 301 to 304 ................................................................................................
80
Contents (xv)
ARTICLE
308. PART XIV
309. SERVICES UNDER THE UNION AND THE STATES
310.
311. CHAPTER I.—SERVICES
312.
312A. Interpretation ........................................................................................................
313. Recruitment and conditions of service of persons serving the Union
314. or a State ...............................................................................................................
Tenure of office of persons serving the Union or a State ...........................
315. Dismissal, removal or reduction in rank of persons employed in civil
316. capacities under the Union or a State .............................................................
317. All-India services .................................................................................................
318. Power of Parliament to vary or revoke conditions of service of
319. officers of certain services .................................................................................
320. Transitional provisions .......................................................................................
321. [Repealed.] ...............................................................................................................
322.
323. CHAPTER II.—PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSIONS
323A. Public Service Commissions for the Union and for the States ..................
323B. Appointment and term of office of members ...............................................
Removal and suspension of a member of a Public Service
324. Commission ..........................................................................................................
325. Power to make regulations as to conditions of service of members
326. and staff of the Commission .............................................................................
327. Prohibition as to the holding of offices by members of Commission
on ceasing to be such members .......................................................................
Functions of Public Service Commissions ......................................................
Power to extend functions of Public Service Commissions .......................
Expenses of Public Service Commissions .......................................................
Reports of Public Service Commissions .........................................................
PART XIVA
TRIBUNALS
Administrative tribunals ....................................................................................
Tribunals for other matters ................................................................................
PART XV
ELECTIONS
Superintendence, direction and control of elections to be vested in
an Election Commission .....................................................................................
No person to be ineligible for inclusion in, or to claim to be included
in a special, electoral roll on grounds of religion, race, caste or sex .......
Elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assemblies
of States to be on the basis of adult suffrage ...............................................
Power of Parliament to make provision with respect to elections to
Legislatures ...........................................................................................................
81
(xvi) Contents
ARTICLE
328. Power of Legislature of a State to make provision with respect to
329. elections to such Legislature .............................................................................
329A. Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters ........................................
[Repealed.] ...............................................................................................................
330.
331. PART XVI
332. SPECIAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO CERTAIN CLASSES
333.
334. Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the
335. House of the People ...........................................................................................
336. Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the House of the
337. People ....................................................................................................................
338. Reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in
338A. the Legislative Assemblies of the States .........................................................
339. Representation of the Anglo-Indian community in the Legislative
340. Assemblies of the States .....................................................................................
341. Reservation of seats and special representation to cease after seventy
342. years .......................................................................................................................
Claims of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to services and
343. posts .......................................................................................................................
344. Special provision for Anglo-Indian community in certain services ..........
Special provision with respect to educational grants for the benefit
345. of Anglo-Indian community ..............................................................................
346. National Commission for Scheduled Castes ..................................................
347. National Commission for Scheduled Tribes ..................................................
Control of the Union over the Administration of Scheduled Areas
and the welfare of Scheduled Tribes ...............................................................
Appointment of a Commission to investigate the conditions of
backward classes ..................................................................................................
Scheduled Castes .................................................................................................
Scheduled Tribes ..................................................................................................
PART XVII
OFFICIAL LANGUAGE
CHAPTER I.—LANGUAGE OF THE UNION
Official language of the Union .........................................................................
Commission and Committee of Parliament on official language .............
CHAPTER II.—REGIONAL LANGUAGES
Official language or languages of a State ......................................................
Official language for communication between one State and another
or between a State and the Union ...................................................................
Special provision relating to language spoken by a section of the
population of a State ..........................................................................................
82
Contents (xvii)
ARTICLE
348. CHAPTER III.—LANGUAGE OF THE SUPREME COURT, HIGH COURTS, ETC.
349. Language to be used in the Supreme Court and in the High Courts
and for Acts, Bills, etc. .......................................................................................
350. Special procedure for enactment of certain laws relating to language. ...
350A.
350B. CHAPTER IV.—SPECIAL DIRECTIVES
351. Language to be used in representations for redress of grievances ...........
Facilities for instruction in mother-tongue at primary stage .....................
Special Officer for linguistic minorities ..........................................................
Directive for development of the Hindi language .......................................
PART XVIII
EMERGENCY PROVISIONS
352. Proclamation of Emergency ...............................................................................
353. Effect of Proclamation of Emergency ..............................................................
354. Application of provisions relating to distribution of revenues while a
Proclamation of Emergency is in operation ...................................................
355. Duty of the Union to protect States against external aggression and
internal disturbance ............................................................................................
356. Provisions in case of failure of constitutional machinery in States ..........
357. Exercise of legislative powers under Proclamation issued under article 356 ... 231-232
358. Suspension of provisions of article 19 during emergencies .......................
359. Suspension of the enforcement of the rights conferred by Part III
during emergencies .............................................................................................
359A. [Repealed.] ...............................................................................................................
360. Provisions as to financial emergency ..............................................................
PART XIX
MISCELLANEOUS
361. Protection of President and Governors and Rajpramukhs .........................
361A.
Protection of publication of proceedings of Parliament and State
361B. Legislatures ...........................................................................................................
362.
363. Disqualification for appointment on remunerative political post .............
363A. [Repealed.] ...............................................................................................................
364. Bar to interference by courts in disputes arising out of certain treaties,
365. agreements, etc. ....................................................................................................
366. Recognition granted to Rulers of Indian States to cease and privy
367. purses to be abolished ........................................................................................
Special provisions as to major ports and aerodromes .................................
Effect of failure to comply with, or to give effect to, directions given
by the Union ........................................................................................................
Definitions .............................................................................................................
Interpretation ........................................................................................................
83
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ARTICLE
368. PART XX
AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION
369.
Power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and procedure therefor ........
370.
371. PART XXI
371A. TEMPORARY, TRANSITIONAL AND SPECIAL PROVISIONS
371B.
371C. Temporary power to Parliament to make laws with respect to certain
371D. matters in the State List as if they were matters in the Concurrent List ..
371E. Temporary provisions with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir ........
371F. Special provision with respect to the States of Maharashtra and Gujarat ........
371G. Special provision with respect to the State of Nagaland ............................
371H. Special provision with respect to the State of Assam .................................
371-I. Special provision with respect to the State of Manipur ..............................
371-J. Special provisions with respect to the State of Andhra Pradesh ..............
372. Establishment of Central University in Andhra Pradesh ...........................
372A. Special provisions with respect to the State of Sikkim ...............................
373. Special provision with respect to the State of Mizoram .............................
Special provision with respect to the State of Arunachal Pradesh ...........
374. Special provision with respect to the State of Goa ......................................
Special provisions with respect to State of Karnataka ................................
375. Continuance in force of existing laws and their adaptation ......................
Power of the President to adapt laws ............................................................
376. Power of President to make order in respect of persons under
377. preventive detention in certain cases ..............................................................
378. Provisions as to Judges of the Federal Court and proceedings pending
378A. in the Federal Court or before His Majesty in Council ..............................
Courts, authorities and officers to continue to function subject to the
379–391. provisions of the Constitution ..........................................................................
392. Provisions as to Judges of High Courts .........................................................
Provisions as to Comptroller and Auditor-General of India ......................
Provisions as to Public Service Commissions ...............................................
Special provision as to duration of Andhra Pradesh Legislative
Assembly ...............................................................................................................
[Repealed.] ...............................................................................................................
Power of the President to remove difficulties ...............................................
393. PART XXII
394. SHORT TITLE, COMMENCEMENT, AUTHORITATIVE
394A.
395. TEXT IN HINDI AND REPEALS
Short title ...............................................................................................................
Commencement ...................................................................................................
Authoritative text in the Hindi language .......................................................
Repeals ...................................................................................................................
84
Contents (xix)
SCHEDULES
SCHEDULES
FIRST SCHEDULE
I. The States ..............................................................................................................
II. The Union territories ..........................................................................................
SECOND SCHEDULE
Part A— Provisions as to the President and the Governors of States ......................
Part B— [Repealed.] ...............................................................................................................
Part C— Provisions as to the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the House
of the People and the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman of the
Council of States and the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker of the
Legislative Assembly and the Chairman and the Deputy Chairman
of the Legislative Council of a State ...............................................................
Part D— Provisions as to the Judges of the Supreme Court and of the High
Courts ....................................................................................................................
Part E— Provisions as to the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India ...............
THIRD SCHEDULE—Forms of Oaths or Affirmations ....................................................
FOURTH SCHEDULE—Allocation of seats in the Council of States ............................
FIFTH SCHEDULE—Provisions as to the Administration and Control of
Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes ........................................
Part A—General .....................................................................................................................
Part B—Administration and Control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled
Tribes ......................................................................................................................
Part C—Scheduled Areas .....................................................................................................
Part D—Amendment of the Schedule ..............................................................................
SIXTH SCHEDULE—Provisions as to the Administration of Tribal Areas in the
States of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram .................
SEVENTH SCHEDULE—
List I—Union List .................................................................................................................
List II—State List ..................................................................................................................
List III—Concurrent List .....................................................................................................
EIGHTH SCHEDULE—Languages .......................................................................................
NINTH SCHEDULE—Validation of certain Acts and Regulations ................................
TENTH SCHEDULE—Provisions as to disqualification on ground of defection .......
ELEVENTH SCHEDULE—Powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats ......
TWELFTH SCHEDULE—Powers, authority and responsibilities of Municipalities,
etc. .................................................................................................
APPENDIX I—The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order,
1954 .................................................................................................................
APPENDIX II— Re-statement, with reference to the present text of the
Constitution, of the exceptions and modifications subject to
which the Constitution applies to the State of Jammu and
Kashmir ..........................................................................................................
ANNEXURE — The Constitution (One Hundredth Amendment) Act, 2015 containing
details of acquired and transferred territories between the Government
of India and Bangladesh ............................................................................
INDEX ..........................................................................................................................................
85
THE INDIAN PENAL CODE
______________
ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS
_________________
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
PREAMBLE
SECTIONS
1. Title and extent of operation of the Code.
2. Punishment of offences committed within India.
3. Punishment of offences committed beyond, but which by law may be tried within, India.
4. Extension of Code to extra-territorial offences.
5. Certain laws not to be affected by this Act.
CHAPTER II
GENERAL EXPLANATIONS
6. Definitions in the Code to be understood subject to exceptions.
7. Sense of expression once explained.
8. Gender.
9. Number.
10.
11. Person
12.
13. [Omitted.]
14.
15. [Repealed.]
16. [Repealed.]
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
Gaining wrongfully/ Losing wrongfully.
24.
25.
26.
27. Property in possession of wife, clerk or servant.
28.
29.
29A. Electronic record .
30.
31.
32. Words referring to acts include illegal omissions.
33.
34. Acts done by several persons in furtherance of common intention.
35. When such an act is criminal by reason of its being done with a criminal knowledge or intention.
36. Effect caused partly by act and partly by omission.
37. Co-operation by doing one of several acts constituting an offence.
86
SECTIONS
38. Persons concerned in criminal act may be guilty of different offences.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43. .
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50. .
51. -.
52.
52A.
CHAPTER III
OF PUNISHMENTS
53. Punishments.
53A. Construction of reference to transportation.
54. Commutation of sentence of death.
55. Commutation of sentence of imprisonment for life.
55A. Definition of "appropriate Government".
56. [Repealed.]
57. Fractions of terms of punishment.
58. [Repealed.]
59. [Repealed.]
60. Sentence may be (in certain cases of imprisonment) wholly or partly rigorous of simple.
61. [Repealed.]
62. [Repealed.]
63. Amount of fine.
64. Sentence of imprisonment for non-payment of fine.
65. Limit to imprisonment for non-payment of fine, when imprisonment and fine awardable.
66. Description of imprisonment for non-payment of fine.
67. Imprisonment for non-payment of fine, when offence punishable with fine only.
68. Imprisonment to terminate on payment of fine.
69. Termination of imprisonment on payment of proportional part of fine.
70. Fine leviable within six years, of during imprisonment. Death not to discharge property from liability.
71. Limit of punishment of offence made up of several offences.
72. Punishment of person guilty of one of several offences, the judgment stating that is doubtful of which.
73. Solitary confinement.
74. Limit of solitary confinement.
75. Enhanced punishment for certain offences under Chapter X II or Chapter XVII after previous
conviction.
CHAPTER IV
GENERAL EXCEPTIONS
76. Act done by a person bound, or by mistake of fact believing himself bound, by law.
77. Act of Judge when acting judicially.
78. Act done pursuant to the judgment or order of Court.
79. Act done by a person justified, or by mistake of fact believing himself justified, by law.
80. Accident in doing a lawful act.
81. Act likely to cause harm, but done without criminal intent, and to prevent other harm.
87
SECTIONS
82. Act of a child under seven years of age.
83. Act of a child above seven and under twelve of immature understanding.
84. Act of a person of unsound mind.
85. Act of a person incapable of judgment by reason of intoxication caused against his will.
86. Offence requiring a particular intent or knowledge committed by one who is intoxicated.
87. Act not intended and not known to be likely to cause death or grievous hurt, done by consent.
88. Act not intended to cause death, done by consent in good faith for person's benefit.
89. Act done in good faith for benefit of child or insane person, by or by consent of guardian.
Provisos.
90. Consent known to be given under fear or misconception.
Consent of insane person.
Consent of child.
91. Exclusion of acts which are offences independently of harm caused.
92. Act done in good faith for benefit of a person without consent.
Provisos.
93. Communication made in good faith.
94. Act to which a person is compelled by threats.
95. Act causing slight harm.
Of the Right of Private Defense
96. Things done in private defence.
97. Right of private defence of the body and of property.
98. Right of private defence against the act of a person of unsound mind. etc.
99. Acts against which there is no right of private defence.
Extent to which the right may be exercised.
100.When the right of private defence of the body extends to causing death.
101.When such right extends to causing any harm other than death.
102.Commencement and continuance of the right of private defence of the body.
103.When the right of private defence of property extends to causing death.
104.When such right extends to causing any harm other than death.
105.Commencement and continuance of the right of private defence of property.
106.Right of private defence against deadly assault when there is risk of harm to innocent person.
CHAPTER V
OF ABETMENT
107.Abetment of a thing.
108.Abettor.
108A. Abetment in Indian of offences outside India.
109.Punishment of a abetment if the act abetted is committed in consequence and when no express
provision is made for its punishment.
110.Punishment of abetment if person abetted does act with different intention from that of abet tor.
111.Liability of abettor when one act abetted and different act done.
112.Abettor when liable to cumulative punishment for act abetted and for act done.
113.Liability of abettor for an effect caused by the act abetted different from that intended by the abettor.
114.Abettor present when offence is committed.
115.Abetment of offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life. if offence not committed.
if act causing harm be done in consequence.
116.Abetment of offence punishable with imprisonment. if offence be not committed.
if abettor or person abetted be a public servant whose duty it is to prevent offence.
117.Abetting commission of offence by the public or by more than ten persons.
118.Concealing design to commit offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life.
If offence be committed;
if offence be not committed.
119.Public servant concealing design to commit offence which it is his duty to prevent.
if offence be committed;
if offence be punishable with death, etc.
if offence be not committed.
120.Concealing design to commit offence punishable with imprisonment.
if offence be committed;
if offence be not committed.
CHAPTER VA
CRIMINALCONSPIRACY
120A. Definition of criminal conspiracy.
88
SECTIONS
120B. Punishment of criminal conspiracy.
CHAPTER VI
OF OFFENCES AGAINST THE STATE
121. Waging, or attempting to wage war, or abetting waging of war, against the Government of India.
121A. Conspiracy to commit offences punishable by section 121.
122. Collecting arms, etc., with intention of waging war against the Government of India.
123. Concealing with intent to facilitate design to wage war.
124. Assaulting President. Governor, etc., with intent to compel or restrain the exercise of any lawful power.
124A. Sedition.
125. Waging war against any Asiatic power in alliance with the Government of India.
126. Committing depredation on territories of power at peace with the Government of India.
127. Receiving property taken by war or depredation mentioned in sections 125 and 126.
128. Public servant voluntarily allowing prisoner of State or war to escape.
129. Public servant negligently suffering such prisoner to escape.
130. Aiding escape of, rescuing or harbouring such prisoner.
CHAPTER VII
OF OFFENCES RELATING TO THE ARMY, NAVYAND AIR FORCE
131. Abetting mutiny, or attempting to seduce a soldier, sailor or airman from his duty.
132. Abetment of mutiny, if mutiny is committed in consequence thereof.
133. Abetment of assault by soldier, sailor or airman on his superior officer, when in execution of his office.
134. Abetment of such assault, if the assault is committed.
135. Abetment of desertion of soldier, sailor or airman.
136. Harbouring deserter.
137. Deserter concealed on board merchant vessel through negligence of master.
138. Abetment of act of insubordination by soldier, sailor or airman.
138A. [Repealed.]
139. Persons subject to certain Acts.
140. Wearing garb or carrying token used by soldier, sailor or airman.
CHAPTER VIII
OF OFFENCES AGAINST THE PUBLIC TRANQUILLITY
141. Unlawful assembly.
142. Being member of unlawful assembly.
143. Punishment.
144. Joining unlawful assembly armed with deadly weapon.
145. Joining or continuing in unlawful assembly, knowing it has been commanded to disperse.
146. Rioting.
147. Punishment for rioting.
148. Rioting, armed with deadly weapon.
149. Every member of unlawful assembly guilty of offence committed in prosecution of common object.
150. Hiring, or conniving at hiring, of persons to join unlawful assembly.
151. Knowingly joining or continuing in assembly of five or more persons after it has been commanded to disperse.
152. Assaulting or obstructing public servant when suppressing riot, etc.
153. Wantonly giving provocation, with intent to cause riot
if rioting be committed; if not committed.
153A. Promoting enmity between different groups on grounds of religion, race, place of birth, residence.
language, etc., and doing acts prejudicial to maintenance of harmony.
Offence committed in place of worship, etc.
153AA. Punishment for knowingly carrying arms in any procession or organizing, or holding or taking part in
any mass drill or mass training with arms.
153B. Imputation, assertions prejudicial to national-integration.
154. Owner or occupier of land on which an unlawful assembly is held.
155. Liability of person for whose benefit riot is committed.
156. Liablility of agent of owner or occupier for whose benefit riot is committed.
157. Harbouring persons hired for an unlawful assembly.
89
SECTIONS
158. Being hired to take part in an unlawful assembly or riot; or to go armed.
159. Affray.
160. Punishment for committing affray.
CHAPTER IX
OF OFFENCESBY OR RELATING TO PUBLIC SERVANTS
161. to 165A. [Repealed.]
166. Public servant disobeying law, with intent to cause injury to any person.
166A. Public servant disobeying direction under law.
166B. Punishment for non-treatment of victim.
167. Public servant framing an incorrect document with intent to cause injury .
168. Public servant unlawfully engaging in trade.
169. Public servant unlawfully buying or bidding for property.
170. Personating a public servant.
171. Wearing garb or carrying token used by public servant with fraudulent intent.
CHAPTER IXA
OF OFFENCESRELATING TO ELECTIONS
171A.
171B. Bribery.
171C. Undue influence at elections.
171D.Personation at elections.
171E. Punishment for bribery.
171F. Punishment for undue influence or personation at an election.
171G.False statement in connection with an election.
171H. Illegal payments in connection with an election.
171-I. Failure to keep election accounts.
CHAPTER X
OF CONTEMPTS OF THE LAWFUL AUTHORITY OF PUBLIC SERVANTS
172. Absconding to avoid service of summons of other proceeding.
173. Preventing service of summons or other proceeding, or preventing publication thereof.
174. Non-attendance in obedience to an order from public servant.
174A. Non-appearance in response to a proclamation under section 82 of Act 2 of 1974.
175. Omission to produce document to public servant by person legally bound to produce it.
176. Omission to give notice or information to public servant by person legally bound to give it.
177. Furnishing false information.
178. Refusing oath or affirmation when duly required by public servant to make it.
179. Refusing to answer public servant authori sed to question.
180. Refusing to sign statement.
181. False statement on oath or affirmation to public servant or person authorised to administer an oath or
affirmation.
182. False information, with intent to cause public servant to use his lawful power to the injury of another person.
183. Resistance to the taking of property by the lawful authority of a public servant.
184. Obstructing sale of property offered for sale by authority of public servant.
185. Illegal purchase or bid for property offered for sale by authority of public servant.
186. Obstructing public servant in discharge of public functions.
187. Omission to assist public servant when bound by law to give assistance.
188. Disobedience to order duly promulgated by public servant.
189. Threat of injury to public servant.
190. Threat of injury to induce person to refrain from applying for protection to public servant.
CHAPTER XI
OF FLSEEVIDENCE AND OFFENCES AGAINST PUBLIC JUSTICE
191. Giving false evidence.
192. Fabricating false evidence.
193. Punishment for false evidence.
194. Giving or fabricating false evidence with intent to procure conviction of capital offence.
if innocent person be thereby convicted and executed.
90
SECTIONS
195. Giving or fabricating false evidence with intent to procure conviction of offence punishable with imprisonment for life
or imprisonment.
195A. Threatening any person to give false evidence.
196. Using evidence known to be false.
197. Issuing or signing false certificate.
198. Using as true a certificate known to be false.
199. False statement made in declaration which is by law receivable as evidence.
200. Using as true such declaration knowing it to be false.
201. Causing disappearance of evidence of offence, or giving false information, to screen offender
if a capital offence;
if punishable with imprisonment for life;
if punishable with less than ten Years' imprisonment.
202. Intentional omission to give information of offence by person bound to inform.
203. Giving false information respecting an offence committed.
204. Destruction of document to prevent its production as evidence.
205. False personation for purpose of act or proceeding in suit or prosecution.
206. Fraudulent removal or concealment of property to prevent its seizure as forfeited or in execution.
207. Fraudulent claim to property to prevent its seizure as forfeited or in execution.
208. Fraudulently suffering decree for sum not due.
209. Dishonestly making false claim in Court.
210. Fraudulently obtaining decree for sum not due.
211. False charge of offence made with intent to injure.
212. Harbouring offender.
if a capital offence;
if punishable with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment.
213. Taking gift, etc., to screen an offender from punishment.
if a capital offence;
if punishable with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment.
214. Offering gift or restoration of property in consideration of screening offender -
if a capital offence;
if punishable with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment.
215. Taking gift to help to recover stolen property, etc.
216. Harbouring offender who has escaped from custody of whose apprehension has been ordered -
if a capital offence;
if punishable with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment.
216A. Penalty for harbouring robbers or dacoits.
216B. [Repealed.]
217. Public servant disobeying direction of law with intent to save person from punishment or property from forfeiture.
218. Public servant framing incorrect record or writing with intent to save person from punishment or property from
forfeiture.
219. Public servant in judicial proceeding corruptly making report, etc. , contrary to law.
220. Commitment for trial or confinement by person having authority who knows that he is acting contrary to law.
221. Intentional omission to apprehend on the part of public servant bound to apprehend.
222. Intentional omission to apprehend on the part of public servant bound to apprehend person under sentence or lawfully
committed.
223. Escape from confinement or custody negligently suffered by public servant.
224. Resistance or obstruction by a person to his lawful apprehension.
225. Resistance or obstruction to lawful apprehension of another person.
225A. Omission to apprehend, or sufferance of escape, on part of public servant, in cases not otherwise, provided for.
225B. Resistance or obstruction to lawful apprehension, or escape or rescue in cases not otherwise provided for.
226. [Repealed.]
227. Violation of condition of remission of punishment.
228. Intentional insult or interruption to public servant sitting in judicial proceeding.
228A. Disclosure of identity of the victim of certain offences, etc.
229. Personation of a juror or assessor.
229A. Failure by person released on bail or bond to appear in Court.
91
CHAPTER XII
OF OFFENCES RELATING TO COIN AND GOVERNMENT STAMPS
SECTIONS
230. Coin defined.
Indian coin.
231. Counterfeiting coin.
232. Counterfeiting Indian coin.
233. Making or selling instrument for counterfeiting coin.
234. Making or selling instrument for counterfeiting Indian coin.
235. Possession of instrument or material for the purpose of using the same for counterfeiting coin:
if Indian coin.
236. Abetting in India the counterfeiting out of India of coin.
237. Import or export of counterfeit coin.
238. Import or export of counterfeits of the Indian coin.
239. Delivery of coin, possessed with knowledge that it is counterfeit.
240. Delivery of Indian coin, possessed with knowledge that it is counterfeit.
241. Delivery of coin as genuine, which, when first possessed, the deliverer did not know to be counterfeit.
242. Possession of counterfeit coin by person who knew it to be counterfeit when he became possessed thereof.
243. Possession of Indian coin by person who knew it to be counterfeit when he became possessed thereof.
244. Person employed in mint causing coin to be of different weight or composition from that fixed by law.
245. Unlawfully taking coining instrument from mint.
246. Fraudulently or dishonestly diminishing weight or altering composition of coin.
247. Fraudulently or dishonestly diminishing weight or altering composition of Indian coin.
248. Altering appearance of coin with intent that it shall pass as coin of different description.
249. Altering appearance of Indian coin with intent that it shall pass as coin of different description.
250. Delivery of coin, possessed with knowledge that it is alt ered.
251. Delivery of Indian coin, possessed with knowledge that it is altered.
252. Possession of coin by person who knew it to be altered when he became possessed thereof.
253. Possession of Indian coin by person who knew it to be altered when he became possessed ther eof.
254. Delivery of coin as genuine which, when first possessed, the deliverer did not know to be altered.
255. Counterfeiting Government stamp.
256. Having possession of instrument or material for counterfeiting Government stamp.
257. Making or selling instrument for counterfeiting Government stamp.
258. Sale of counterfeit Government stamp.
259. Having possession of counterfeit Government stamp.
260. Using as genuine a Government stamp known to be counterfeit.
261. Effacing writing from substance bearing Government stamp, or removing from doc ument a stamp used for it,
with intent to cause loss to Government.
262. Using Government stamp known to have been before used.
263. Erasure of mark denoting that stamp has been used.
263A. Prohibition of fictitious stamps.
CHAPTER XIII
OF OFFENCES RELATING TO WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
264. Fraudulent use of false instrument for weighing.
265. Fraudulent use of false weight or measure.
266. Being In possession of false weight or measure.
267. Making or selling false weight or measure.
CHAPTER XIV
OF OFFENCES AFFECTING THE PUBLIC HEALTH, SAFETY, CONVENIENCE,
DECENCYAND MORALS
268. Public nuisance.
269. Negligent act likely to spread infection of disease dangerous to life.
270. Malignant act likely to spread infection of disease dangerous to life.
271. Disobedience to quarantine rule.
272. Adulteration of food or drink intended for sale.
273. Sale of noxious food or drink.
274. Adulteration of drugs.
92
SECTIONS
275. Sale of adulterated drugs.
276. Sale of drug as a different drug or preparation.
277. Fouling water of public spring or reservoir.
278. Making atmosphere noxious to health.
279. Rash driving or riding on a public way.
280. Rash navigation of vessel.
281. Exhibition of false light, mark or buoy.
282. Conveying person by water for hire in unsafe or overloaded vessel.
283. Danger or obstruction in public way or line of navigation.
284. Negligent conduct with respect to poisonous substance.
285. Negligent conduct with respect to fire or combustible matter.
286. Negligent conduct with respect to explosive substance.
287. Negligent conduct with respect to machinery.
288. Negligent conduct with respect to pulling down or repairing buildings.
289. Negligent conduct with respect to animal.
290. Punishment for public nuisance in cases not otherwise provided for.
291. Continuance of nuisance after injunction to discontinue.
292. Sale, etc., of obscene books, etc.
293. Sale, etc., of obscene objects to young person.
294. Obscene acts and songs.
294A. Keeping lottery office.
CHAPTER XV
OF OFFENCESRELATING TO RELIGION
295. Injuring or defiling place of work ship, with intent to insult the religion of any class.
295A. Deliberate and malicious acts, intended to outrage religious feelings of any class by insulting its
religion or religious beliefs.
296. Disturbing religious assembly.
297. Trespassing on burial places, etc.
298. Uttering words, etc., with deliberate intent to wound the religious feelings.
CHAPTER XVI
OF OFFENCESAFFECTINGTHE HUMAN BODY
Of offences affecting life
299. Culpable homicide.
300. Murder.
When culpable homicide is not murder.
301. Culpable homicide by causing death of person other than person whose death was intended.
302. Punishment for murder.
303. Punishment for murder by life-convict.
304. Punishment for culpable homicide not amounting to murder.
304A. Causing death by negligence.
304B. Dowry death.
305. Abetment of suicide of child or insane person.
306. Abetment of suicide.
307. Attempt to murder.
Attempts by life-convicts.
308. Attempt to commit culpable homicide.
309. Attempt to commit suicide.
310. Thug.
311. Punishment.
Of the causing of Miscarriage, of Injuries to unborn Children, of the Exposure of Infants,
and of the concealment of Births
312. Causing miscarriage.
313. Causing miscarriage without woman's consent.
93
SECTIONS
314. Death caused by act done with intent to cause miscarriage.
if act done without woman's consent.
315. Act done with intent to prevent child being born alive or to cause it to die after birth.
316. Causing death of quick unborn child by act amounting to culpable homicide.
317. Exposure and abandonment of child under twelve years, by parent or person having care of it.
318. Concealment of birth by secret disposal of dead body.
Of Hurt
319. Hurt.
320. Grievous hurt.
321. Voluntarily causing hurt.
322. Voluntarily causing grievous hurt.
323. Punishment for voluntarily causing hurt.
324. Voluntarily causing hurt by dangerous weapons or means.
325. Punishment for voluntarily causing grievous hurt.
326. Voluntarily causing grievous hurt by dangerous weapons or means.
326A. Voluntarily causing grievous hurt by use of acid, etc.
326B. Voluntarily throwing or attempting to throw acid.
327. Voluntarily causing hurt to extort property, or to constrain to an illegal act.
328. Causing hurt by means of poison, etc., with intent to commit an offence.
329. Voluntarily causing grievous hurt to extort property, or to constrain to an illegal act.
330. Voluntarily causing hurt to extort confession, or to compel restoration of property.
331. Voluntarily causing grievous hurt to extort confession, or to compel restoration of property.
332. Voluntarily causing hurt to deter public servant from his duty.
333. Voluntarily causing grievous hurt to deter public servant from his duty.
334. Voluntarily causing hurt on provocation.
335. Voluntarily causing grievous hurt on provocation.
336. Act endangering life or personal safety of others.
337. Causing hurt by act endangering life or personal safety of others.
338. Causing grievous hurt by act endangering life or personal safety of others.
Of wrongful restraint and wrongful confinement
339. Wrongful restraint.
340. Wrongful confinement.
341. Punishment for wrongful restraint.
342. Punishment for wrongful confinement.
343. Wrongful confinement for three or more days.
344. Wrongful confinement for ten or more days.
345. Wrongful confinement of person for whose liberation writ has been issued.
346. Wrongful confinement in secret.
347. Wrongful confinement to extort property, or constrain to illegal act.
348. Wrongful confinement to extort confession, or compel restoration of property.
Of Criminal Force and Assault
349. Force.
350. Criminal force.
351. Assault.
352. Punishment for assault or criminal force otherwise than on grave provocation.
353. Assault or criminal force to deter public servant from discharge of his duty.
354. Assault of criminal force to woman with intent to outrage her modesty.
354A. Sexual harassment and punishment for sexual harassment.
354B. Assault or use of criminal force to woman with intent to disrobe.
354C. Voyeurism.
354D. Stalking.
355. Assault or criminal force with intent to dishonour person, otherwise than on grave provocation.
356. Assault or criminal force in attempt to commit theft of property carried by a person.
357. Assault or criminal force in attempt wrongfully to confine a person.
358. Assault or criminal force on grave provocation.
Of Kidnapping, Abduction, Slavery and Forced Labour
359. Kidnapping.
94
SECTIONS
360. Kidnapping from India.
361. Kidnapping from lawful guardianship.
362. Abduction.
363. Punishment for kidnapping.
363A. Kidnapping or maiming a minor for purposes of begging.
364. Kidnapping or abducting in order to murder.
364A. Kidnapping for ransom, etc.
365. Kidnapping or abducting with intent secretly and wrongfully to confine person.
366. Kidnapping, abducting or inducing woman to compel her marriage, etc.
366A. Procuration of minor girl.
366B. Importation of girl from foreign country.
367. Kidnapping or abducting in order to subject person to grievous hurt, slavery, etc.
368. Wrongfully concealing or keeping in confinement, kidnapped or abducted person.
369. Kidnapping or abducting child under ten years with intent to steal from its person.
370. Trafficking of person.
370A. Exploitation of a trafficked person.
371. Habitual dealing in slaves.
372. Selling minor for purposes of prostitution, etc.
373. Buying minor for purposes of prostitution, etc.
374. Unlawful compulsory labour.
Sexual offences
375. Rape.
376. Punishment for rape.
376A. Punishment for causing death or resulting in persistent vegetative state of victim.
376B. Sexual intercourse by husband upon his wife during separation.
376C. Sexual intercourse by a person in authority.
376D. Gang rape.
376E. Punishment for repeat offenders.
Of Unnatural offences
377. Unnatural offences.
CHAPTER XVII
OF OFFENCES AGAINST PROPERTY
Of Theft
378. Theft.
379. Punishment for theft.
380. Theft in dwelling house, etc.
381. Theft by clerk or servant of property in possession of master.
382. Theft after preparation made for causing death, hurt or restraint in order to the committing of the theft.
Of Extortion
383. Extortion.
384. Punishment for extortion.
385. Putting person in fear of injury in order to commit extortion.
386. Extortion by putting a person in fear of death on grievous hurt.
387. Putting person in fear of death or of grievous hurt, in order to commit extortion.
388. Extortion by threat of accusation of an offence punishable with death or imprisonment for life, etc.
389. Putting person in fear of accusation of offence, in order to commit extortion.
Of Robbery and Dacoity
390. Robbery.
When theft is robbery.
When extortion is robbery.
391. Dacoity.
392. Punishment for robbery.
393. Attempt to commit robbery.
394. Voluntarily causing hurt in committing robbery.
395. Punishment for dacoity.
95
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