Bab 4 Kereaktifan Logam

Bidang Pembelajaran TEMA 2 : Penerokaan Unsur dalam Alam

4BAB Kereaktifan Logam

The Reactivity of Metals

Konsep PENTING
IMPORTANT concepts

Unsur dan sebatian Emas dan perak (unsur)
dalam kerak Bumi Gold and silver (elements)
Elements and compounds
in the Earth’s crust Bauksit dan hematit (sebatian)
Bauxite and haematite (compounds)

Ciri-ciri mineral semula jadi
The properties of natural minerals

KEREAKTIFAN Siri kereaktifan Tindak balas logam dengan oksigen
LOGAM logam Reaction between metals and oxygen
THE REACTIVITY Reactivity series Contoh: Zink + oksigen → zink oksida
OF METALS of metals Example: Zinc + oxygen → zinc oxide

Kedudukan karbon dan hidrogen dalam siri
kereaktifan logam
Positions of carbon and hydrogen in the
reactivity series of metals

Pengekstrakan Proses pengekstrakan besi
logam The extraction of iron
daripada bijihnya
Extraction of metals Proses pengekstrakan timah
from their ores The extraction of tin

APAKAH KEREAKTIFAN LOGAM?
WHAT IS THE REACTIVITY OF METALS?

Sesetengah logam seperti natrium dan kalium bertindak balas dengan unsur lain (bukan logam) secara
lebih cergas berbanding dengan logam yang lain. Kereaktifan logam merujuk kepada darjah kecergasan
logam untuk mengalami tindak balas kimia dengan unsur lain.
Some metals such as sodium and potassium react with other elements (non-metals) more vigorously
compared to other metals. The reactivity of metals refers to the degree of activeness of metals to
undergo chemical reactions with other elements.

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NOTA BESTARI

Pelbagai Mineral dalam Kerak Bumi Various Minerals in the Earth’s Crust
1. Minerals are solid elements or compounds that are
1. Mineral ialah unsur atau sebatian pepejal yang ditemui
secara semula jadi di dalam kerak Bumi. naturally found in the Earth’s crust.
2. Minerals in the form of elements like gold and silver
2. Mineral dalam bentuk unsur seperti emas dan perak
wujud secara bebas di dalam kerak Bumi. exist independently in the Earth’s crust.
3. Minerals in the form of compounds, like bauxite and
3. Mineral dalam bentuk sebatian seperti bauksit dan
galena terdiri daripada gabungan beberapa jenis unsur galena, consist of combinations of a few types of
yang berlainan. different elements.

Siri Kereaktifan Logam Reactivity Series of Metals BAB
1. Different metals have different reactivity to oxygen.
1. Logam yang berlainan mempunyai kereaktifan yang 4
berbeza terhadap oksigen. Logam yang lebih reaktif The more reactive metals react more vigorously with
bertindak balas dengan lebih cergas dengan oksigen. oxygen.
2. In a vigorous reaction between a more reactive metal
2. Dalam tindak balas yang cergas antara logam yang such as potassium with oxygen, a bright flame is
lebih reaktif seperti kalium dengan oksigen, nyalaan observed.
yang terang diperhatikan. 3. In a less vigorous reaction between less reactive
metals such as iron with oxygen, only embers or slow
3. Dalam tindak balas yang kurang cergas antara logam colour changes can be observed.
yang kurang reaktif seperti besi dengan oksigen, hanya 4. A reactivity series of metals is formed based on the
baraan atau perubahan warna yang berlaku secara reactivity of metals with oxygen.
perlahan-lahan dapat diperhatikan. Potassium, Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, Aluminium,
(Carbon), Zinc, (Hydrogen), Iron, Tin, Lead, Copper,
4. Siri kereaktifan logam dibentuk berdasarkan Mercury, Silver, Gold
kereaktifan logam dengan oksigen.
Decreasing reactivity
Kalium, Natrium, Kalsium, Magnesium, Aluminium, 5. In the reactivity series of metals, carbon is located
(Karbon), Zink, (Hidrogen), Ferum, Timah, Plumbum,
Kuprum, Merkuri, Perak, Emas between aluminium and zinc while hydrogen is located
between zinc and iron.
Kereaktifan berkurang 6. Although carbon is a non-metallic element, it can
remove a less reactive metal, such as zinc from zinc
5. Dalam siri kereaktifan logam, karbon terletak di antara oxide.
aluminium dengan zink manakala hidrogen terletak di
antara zink dengan ferum (besi). Zinc oxide + carbon ⎯⎯→ zinc + carbon dioxide

6. Walaupun karbon ialah unsur bukan logam, karbon Application of the Reactivity Series of Metals
dapat menyingkirkan suatu logam yang kurang reaktif 1. Metals that are more reactive than carbon or are
daripadanya, seperti zink daripada zink oksida.
located higher than carbon in the reactivity series of
Zink oksida + karbon ⎯→ zink + karbon dioksida metals (potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium and
aluminium) are extracted by electrolysis.
Aplikasi Siri Kereaktifan Logam 2. These metals are extracted by passing an electric
current through the molten ores.
1. Logam-logam yang lebih reaktif daripada karbon Aluminium oxide ⎯ele⎯ctr⎯ic c⎯urr⎯ent→ aluminium + oxygen
atau terletak lebih tinggi daripada karbon dalam
siri kereaktifan logam (kalium, natrium, kalsium, 3. Metals which are less reactive than carbon, i.e. which
magnesium dan aluminium) perlu diekstrak melalui are positioned lower than carbon in the reactivity
elektrolisis. series of metals (zinc, iron, tin and lead) are extracted
by heating the ores with carbon (coke).
2. Logam-logam ini diekstrak dengan mengalirkan arus Tin oxide + carbon ⎯→ tin + carbon dioxide
elektrik melalui leburan bijihnya. (tin ore)

Aluminium oksida ⎯aru⎯s e⎯lek⎯trik→ aluminium + oksigen

3. Logam-logam yang kurang reaktif daripada karbon,
iaitu terletak lebih rendah daripada karbon dalam siri
kereaktifan logam (zink, ferum, timah dan plumbum)
diekstrak dengan memanaskan bijih bersama-sama
karbon (arang kok).

Timah oksida + karbon ⎯→ timah + karbon dioksida
(bijih timah)

Nota Grafik

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Standard Kandungan Tarikh:
4.1 Kepelbagaian mineral

4.1 AKTIVITI Unsur dan sebatian dalam kerak Bumi PBD
Masteri
PERBINCANGAN Elements and compounds in the Earth’s crust

Buku teks m/s 124 – 125

1 Kelaskan mineral yang diberi kepada unsur dan sebatian. Kemudian, berikan maksud mineral.
Classify the minerals given into elements and compounds. Then, give the meaning of minerals.

Merkuri Bauksit Perak Hematit Praktis
Mercury Bauxite Silver Haematite Kendiri

Emas Galena Berlian Kasiterit
Gold Galena Diamond Cassiterite

Unsur/Elements Sebatian/Compounds

Merkuri/Mercury Emas/Gold Bauksit/Bauxite Hematit/Haematite
Perak/Silver Kasiterit/Cassiterite
Berlian/Diamond Galena/Galena

Maksud/Meaning

BAB Mineral ialah unsur atau sebatian pepejal yang terdapat secara semula jadi dengan

struktur hablur dan komposisi kimia yang tertentu di dalam kerak Bumi.

4 Minerals are solid elements or compounds that are naturally found with certain crystalline
structures and chemical composition in the Earth’s crust.

2 Padankan nama biasa dan nama saintifik bagi sebatian semula jadi dan gabungan unsurnya dalam
jadual di bawah.
Match the common name and the scientific name for the natural compound and the combination of its
elements in the table below.

Nama biasa Nama saintifik Gabungan unsur
Common name Scientific name Combination of

elements

(a) Bauksit Ferum oksida Timah, oksigen
Bauxite Ferum oxide Tin, oxygen

(b) Hematit Aluminium oksida Ferum, oksigen
Haematite Aluminium oxide Ferum (Iron),
oxygen

(c) Galena Timah oksida Aluminium, oksigen
Galena Tin oxide Aluminium, oxygen

(d) Kuarza Silikon dioksida Besi, sulfur
Quartz Silicon dioxide Iron, sulphur

(e) Kasiterit Plumbum sulfida Plumbum, sulfur
Cassiterite Lead sulphide Lead, sulphur

(f) Pirit Kalsium karbonat Silikon, oksigen
Pyrite Calcium carbonate Silicon, oxygen

(g) Batu kapur/ Besi sulfida Kalsium, karbon,
Marmar/ Iron sulphide oksigen
Kalsit Calcium, carbon,
Limestone/ oxygen
Marble/
Calcite

66

Tarikh:

4.2 EKSPERIMEN Sebatian semula jadi PBD
INKUIRI Penemuan
KBAT Natural compounds
Inkuiri
Tujuan
Buku teks m/s 126 – 128

Menunjukkan bahawa sebatian semula jadi ialah gabungan beberapa unsur
To show that the natural compound is a combination of several elements

Bahan dan Serpihan marmar (kalsium karbonat), asid hidroklorik cair, air kapur, tabung uji, tiub
Radas penghantar dengan penyumbat, penunu Bunsen
Marble chips (calcium carbonate), dilute hydrochloric acid, limewater, test tubes, delivery
tubes with stoppers, Bunsen burner

Prosedur dan Jalankan aktiviti-aktiviti di bawah. Kemudian, rekodkan pemerhatian dan berikan sebab
Pemerhatian anda./Carry out the activities below. Then, record the observations and give your reasons.

Aktiviti/Activities Pemerhatian/Observations

1 Asid hidroklorik cair • Tambahkan Air kapur bertukar menjadi
sedikit asid keruh .
Dilute hydrochloric hidroklorik cair pada
acid The limewater turns cloudy .

beberapa serpihan Sebab/Reason: BAB
Gas karbon dioksida
marmar di dalam terbebas apabila kalsium
karbonat bertindak balas
tabung uji. dengan asid. 4

Serpihan Air kapur Add some dilute Carbon dioxide gas is
marmar Limewater hydrochloric acid to a released when calcium
Marble chips few marble chips in a carbonate reacts with an acid.
test tube.

• Salurkan gas yang terhasil melalui air kapur
dan rekodkan pemerhatian.
Pass the gas produced through limewater and
record the observation.

2 • Panaskan dengan Air kapur bertukar menjadi
kuat beberapa keruh .
Serpihan marmar serpihan marmar
Marble chips dalam tabung uji. The limewater turns
Heat strongly a few cloudy .
Panaskan marble chips in a test
Heat tube. Sebab/Reason:
Gas karbon dioksida
Air kapur • Salurkan gas yang terbebas apabila kalsium
Limewater terhasil melalui air karbonat dipanaskan.
kapur dan rekodkan
pemerhatian. Carbon dioxide gas is
Pass the gas produced released when calcium
through limewater and carbonate is heated.
record the observation.

Perbincangan 1 Tandakan ( ✓ ) unsur-unsur yang bergabung dalam kalsium karbonat.
Tick ( ✓ ) the elements combined in calcium carbonate.

✓ Kalsium ✓ Karbon Hidrogen ✓ Oksigen
Calcium Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen

2 Lengkapkan persamaan perkataan untuk menunjukkan bagaimana kalsium karbonat

bertindak balas dengan asid dan tindakan haba ke atasnya.

Complete the word equations to show how calcium carbonate reacts with acids and the

action of heat on it.

(a) Kalsium asid kalsium karbon
karbonat + hidroklorik
Calcium hydrochloric klorida + dioksida + air
carbonate acid calcium carbon water

chloride dioxide

67

(b) panaskan kalsium oksida + karbon dioksida
Kalsium karbonat heat calcium oxide carbon dioxide
Calcium carbonate

3 Tandakan ( ✓ ) pelbagai bentuk kalsium karbonat.
Tick ( ✓ ) the various forms of calcium carbonate.

Batu karang Kuarza ✓ Batu kapur
Coral Quartz Limestone

BAB

4

✓ Siput ✓ Cangkerang ✓ Tulang haiwan
Shell telur/Eggshell Animal bone

4 Ramalkan gas yang terbebas apabila asid ditambahkan pada cangkerang telur. Berikan
sebab./Predict the gas released when an acid is added to an eggshell. Give a reason.

Karbon dioksida/Carbon dioxide

Sebab: Cangkerang telur mengandungi kalsium karbonat .
Reason: An eggshell contains calcium carbonate .

5 Kenal pasti sebatian berdasarkan kegunaannya.
Identify the compounds according to their uses.

Kalsium karbonat Kalsium oksida
Calcium carbonate Calcium oxide

(a) (b) (c)

Praktis Kalsium oksida Kalsium karbonat Kalsium karbonat
Kendiri
Calcium oxide Calcium carbonate Calcium carbonate
Kesimpulan
Bersifat bes untuk Keras dan kuat untuk Dicampurkan dengan
meneutralkan tanah membuat jubin lantai mineral lain untuk
berasid Hard and strong to make membuat barangan kaca
Basic property to floor tiles Is mixed with other
neutralise acidic soil minerals to make a
glassware

Kalsium karbonat merupakan sebatian semula jadi yang terdiri daripada
. which consists of a combination of a few
gabungan beberapa unsur compound

Calcium carbonate is a natural 68

elements .

4.3 EKSPERIMEN Standard Kandungan Tarikh:
4.2 Siri kereaktifan logam
KBAT INKUIRI PBD
Tindak balas logam dengan oksigen Penemuan

Reaction of metals with oxygen Inkuiri
Buku teks m/s 129 – 131

(Demonstrasi guru/Teacher’s demonstration)

Tujuan Mengkaji tindak balas logam dengan oksigen PERINGATAN
Bahan dan To study the reaction of metals with oxygen
Radas
Prosedur Pita magnesium, serbuk aluminium, serbuk zink, serbuk ferum (besi), t &MBLLBO TFSCVL MPHBN
hablur kalium manganat(VII), tabung didih, kertas asbestos, wul EBSJQBEB CFSDBNQVS
Video kaca, spatula, penunu Bunsen, kaki retort dan penyepit EFOHBO IBCMVS
Magnesium ribbon, aluminium powder, zinc powder, iron powder, LBMJVN NBOHBOBU 7**

VOUVL NFOHFMBLLBO
MFUVQBO BQBCJMB

potassium manganate(VII) crystals, boiling tube, asbestos paper, glass EJQBOBTLBO
wool, spatula, Bunsen burner, retort stand and clamp Prevent metal powders
from mixing with

Serbuk zink potassium
Zinc powder manganate(VII)

Wul kaca Serbuk aluminium Serbuk ferum crystals to avoid an
Glass wool Aluminium powder Iron powder
explosion when
Hablur kalium Wul kaca BAB
manganat(VII) Glass wool heated.
Potassium 4
manganate(VII) Kertas asbestos t 1BLBJ DFSNJO NBUB
crystals Panaskan Panaskan Asbestos paper LFTFMBNBUBO EBO
Heat Heat UVUVQ NVMVU TFSUB
Kaki retort IJEVOH BOEB TFNBTB
Retort stand NFOHFOEBMJLBO XVM
LBDB #BTVI UBOHBO
BOEB TFMFQBT
NFOHFOEBMJLBO XVM
LBDB

1 Sediakan susunan radas seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah Wear safety glasses
and cover your mouth

di atas. and nose when
Set up the apparatus as shown in the above diagram. handling the glass
2 Panaskan dengan kuat serbuk logam dalam mangkuk asbestos. wool. Wash your
Kemudian, panaskan dengan kuat hablur kalium manganat(VII). hands after handling
the glass wool.

Heat strongly the metal powder in an asbestos bowl. Then, heat

strongly the potassium manganate(VII) crystals.

3 Perhatikan perubahan yang berlaku./Observe the changes that take place.

4 Sepit sejalur pita magnesium yang panjangnya 5 cm dengan menggunakan penyepit.

Use a clamp to hold a 5 cm long piece of magnesium ribbon.

5 Panaskan pita magnesium itu dengan menggunakan penunu Bunsen dan rekodkan

pemerhatian anda.

Heat the magnesium ribbon by using a Bunsen burner and record your observation.

Pemerhatian Jenis logam Kecergasan tindak balas
Type of metal Reactivity of reaction

Magnesium Terbakar dengan nyalaan putih berkilauan
Magnesium Burns with a bright white flame

Aluminium Terbakar dengan nyalaan terang yang merebak dengan cepat
Aluminium Burns with a bright flame that spreads quickly

Zink Terbakar dengan nyalaan terang yang merebak dengan perlahan
Zinc Burns with a bright flame that spreads slowly

Ferum Bara merebak dengan perlahan
Iron Glows that spread slowly

Perbincangan 1 Apakah fungsi hablur kalium manganat(VII)?
What is the function of the potassium manganate(VII) crystals?
Membekalkan/To supply oksigen/oxygen .

2 Apakah bahan yang menghalang hablur kalium manganat(VII) daripada bercampur
dengan serbuk logam?/What is the material which prevents the potassium manganate(VII)
crystals from mixing with the metal powder?
Wul kaca/Glass wool

69

3 Apakah bahan yang terhasil dalam aktiviti ini? TP1
What is the substance produced in this activity?
Oksida logam/Metal oxide

4 Lengkapkan persamaan perkataan bagi tindak balas antara logam dengan oksigen.
Complete the word equations for the reactions between metals and oxygen. TP2

(a) Magnesium + oksigen magnesium oksida
Magnesium oxygen magnesium oxide

(b) Aluminium + oksigen aluminium oksida
Aluminium oxygen aluminium oxide

(c) Zink + oksigen zink oksida
Zinc oxygen zinc oxide

(d) Ferum + oksigen ferum oksida
Iron oxygen iron oxide

BAB 5 Nyatakan hubung kait antara kecergasan tindak balas dengan kereaktifan logam
terhadap oksigen. TP2
4 State the relationship between the vigorous of the reaction and the reactivity of metal
to oxygen.
Praktis Semakin cergas logam bertindak balas dengan oksigen, semakin reaktif
Kendiri logam itu terhadap oksigen.
Kesimpulan The more vigorous the metal reacts with oxygen, the more reactive the
metal is to oxygen.

6 Berdasarkan pemerhatian, lengkapkan peta alir untuk menunjukkan susunan logam
mengikut kereaktifan yang semakin bertambah terhadap oksigen. TP2
Based on the observation, complete the flow map to show the metal arrangement
according to increasing reactivity with oxygen.

Ferum Zink Aluminium Magnesium
Iron Zinc Aluminium Magnesium

Kereaktifan semakin bertambah/Increasing reactivity

7 Kaji perbualan di bawah. TP3
Study the conversation below.

Azuan: Cikgu, yang manakah lebih reaktif, plumbum atau besi?
Cikgu: Teacher, which is more reactive, the lead or iron?
Besi lebih reaktif daripada plumbum. Azuan, berdasarkan pemerhatian
Azuan: yang direkod dalam aktiviti ini, ramalkan pemerhatian apabila serbuk
plumbum bertindak balas dengan oksigen.
Iron is more reactive than lead. Azuan, based on the observations recorded
in this activity, predict the observation when lead powder reacts with oxygen.
........................................................................................................................

Apakah jawapan Azuan?/What is Azuan’s answer?
Bara merebak dengan sangat perlahan./Glows that spread very slowly.

Logam bertindak balas dengan oksigen untuk membentuk oksida logam .
Metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides .

Logam + oksigen oksida logam
Metal oxygen metal oxide

70

Tarikh:

4.4 EKSPERIMEN Kedudukan karbon dalam siri kereaktifan logam PBD
TERBIMBINGKBAT Position of carbon in the reactivity series of metals Penemuan

Inkuiri

Buku teks m/s 132 – 133

Tujuan Menentukan kedudukan karbon dalam siri kereaktifan logam
To determine the position of carbon in the reactivity series of metals

Bahan dan Serbuk arang kayu (karbon), serbuk plumbum(II) oksida, serbuk aluminium oksida, serbuk
Radas zink oksida, mangkuk pijar, penunu Bunsen, spatula, alas segi tiga tanah liat, tungku kaki
tiga
Charcoal (carbon) powder, lead(II) oxide powder, aluminium oxide powder, zinc oxide powder,
crucible, Bunsen burner, spatula, pipeclay triangle, tripod stand

Prosedur Campuran karbon Mangkuk pijar 1 Sediakan susunan radas seperti yang BAB
Keputusan dan oksida logam Crucible ditunjukkan dalam rajah./Set up the
Mixture of carbon apparatus as shown in the diagram.
and metal oxide Tungku
kaki tiga 2 Masukkan satu spatula arang kayu dan
Panaskan Tripod satu spatula serbuk zink oksida ke dalam
Heat stand mangkuk pijar.
Put one spatula of charcoal and one spatula
of zinc oxide powder into a crucible. 4

3 Panaskan campuran itu dengan kuat.
Heat the mixture strongly.

4 Rekodkan pemerhatian sama ada terdapat baraan atau tidak.
Record the observation on any sign of a glow.

5 Ulang langkah 1 hingga 4 dengan menggunakan serbuk aluminium oksida dan
plumbum(II) oksida./Repeat steps 1 to 4 by using aluminium oxide and lead(II) oxide
powders.

Rekodkan pemerhatian, bulatkan jawapan dan berikan sebab.
Record the observations, circle the answers and give the reason.

Jenis Perubahan Tindak balas Sebab
campuran pada campuran berlaku? Reason
The type of
Video Change to Has a reaction Karbon lebih
mixture the mixture taken place?
reaktif daripada zink.
Karbon dan Campuran Ya Tidak Carbon is more
zink oksida membara Yes No
Carbon and Mixture glows reactive than zinc.
zinc oxide Ya Tidak
Yes No
Karbon dan Tiada perubahan Karbon kurang
aluminium No change Ya Tidak
oksida Yes No reaktif daripada aluminium.
Carbon and Campuran
aluminium membara Carbon is less
oxide Mixture glows
reactive than aluminium.
Karbon dan
plumbum(II) Karbon lebih
oksida
Carbon and reaktif daripada plumbum.
lead(II) oxide more
Carbon is

reactive than lead.

Perbincangan 1 Daripada keputusan eksperimen, bulatkan: TP2
From the results of the experiment, circle:

(a) logam yang lebih reaktif daripada karbon./the metal which is more reactive than carbon.

Aluminium/Aluminium Zink/Zinc Plumbum/Lead

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(b) logam-logam yang kurang reaktif daripada karbon.
the metals which are less reactive than carbon.

Aluminium/Aluminium Zink/Zinc Plumbum/Lead

2 Daripada jawapan anda di 1, tentukan kedudukan karbon dalam siri kereaktifan

logam./From your answers in 1, determine the position of carbon in the reactivity series

of metals. TP2

Karbon terletak di antara aluminium dengan zink dalam siri kereaktifan

logam./Carbon is positioned between aluminium and zinc in the reactivity

series of metals.

3 Susunkan karbon, plumbum, aluminium dan zink mengikut tertib kereaktifan yang
semakin menurun dalam rajah berikut./Arrange carbon, lead, aluminium and zinc
according to decreasing reactivity in the following diagram. TP2

Aluminium Karbon Zink Plumbum
Aluminium Carbon Zinc Lead

BAB Kereaktifan semakin menurun/Reactivity decreases

4 4 Lengkapkan persamaan perkataan bagi tindak balas antara logam dengan oksigen.
Complete the word equations for the reactions between metals and oxygen. TP2
Praktis
Kendiri (a) Magnesium + oksigen magnesium oksida
Kesimpulan Magnesium oxygen magnesium oxide

(b) Aluminium + oksigen aluminium oksida
Aluminium oxygen aluminium oxide

(c) Zink + oksigen zink oksida
Zinc oxygen zinc oxide

(d) Ferum + oksigen ferum oksida
Iron oxygen iron oxide

5 Tandakan ( ✓ ) oksida-oksida logam yang bertindak balas dengan karbon. Berikan satu
sebab./Tick ( ✓ ) the metal oxides which react with carbon. Give one reason. TP2

Magnesium oksida ✓ Ferum oksida ✓ Kuprum(II) oksida
Magnesium oxide Iron oxide Copper(II) oxide

Sebab/Reason:

Ferum dan kuprum adalah kurang reaktif daripada karbon.
copper are less reactive than carbon.
Iron and

6 Tandakan ( ✓ ) oksida logam yang tidak bertindak balas dengan karbon. Berikan satu
sebab./Tick ( ✓ ) the metal oxide which does not react with carbon. Give one reason. TP2

✓ Magnesium oksida Ferum oksida Kuprum(II) oksida
Magnesium oxide Iron oxide Copper(II) oxide

Sebab/Reason: adalah lebih reaktif daripada karbon.
Magnesium
is more reactive than carbon.
Magnesium

7 Lengkapkan persamaan perkataan./Complete the word equation. TP2

Kuprum(II) oksida + karbon kuprum + karbon dioksida
Copper(II) oxide carbon copper carbon dioxide

Karbon terletak di antara aluminium dengan zink dalam siri kereaktifan logam.
Carbon is positioned between aluminium and zinc in the reactivity series of
metals.

72

Tarikh:

4.5 AKTIVITI Hidrogen dalam siri kereaktifan logam PBD
Konstruktivisme
PERBINCANGAN Hydrogen in reactivity series of metals

Buku teks m/s 134 – 135

Guru mendemonstrasikan suatu eksperimen untuk menentukan kedudukan hidrogen dalam siri
kereaktifan logam.
A teacher demonstrated an experiment to determine the position of hydrogen in the reactivity series of metals.

1 Berdasarkan maklumat yang diberi, lengkapkan jadual di bawah. Pilih jawapan yang betul. TP2
Based on the information given, complete the table below. Choose the correct answers.

Campuran Pemerhatian Adakah tindak Sebab
dipanaskan Observation balas berlaku? Reason
Heated mixture Does the reaction

occur?

Hidrogen dan Nyalaan Hidrogen (kurang, lebih) reaktif
kuprum(II) oksida terang Ya daripada kuprum.
Hydrogen and Bright glow Yes Hydrogen is (less, more) reactive than
copper(II) oxide
copper. BAB

Hidrogen dan Nyalaan Hidrogen (kurang, lebih) reaktif 4
plumbum(II) terang Ya daripada plumbum.
oksida/Hydrogen Bright glow Yes Hydrogen is (less, more) reactive than
and lead(II) oxide
lead.

Hidrogen dan zink Tiada Tidak Hidrogen (kurang, lebih) reaktif
oksida perubahan No daripada zink.
Hydrogen and zinc No change Hydrogen is (less, more) reactive than
oxide zinc.

Hidrogen dan Nyalaan Hidrogen (kurang, lebih) reaktif
ferum(III) oksida malap Ya daripada ferum.
Hydrogen and Dim glow Yes Hydrogen is (less, more) reactive than
iron(III) oxide
iron.

2 Berdasarkan jawapan anda di 1, deduksikan Siri kereaktifan logam
Reactivity series of metals
kedudukan hidrogen dalam siri kereaktifan
Kalium/Potassium
logam. TP2

Based on your answers in 1, deduce the position Natrium/Sodium

of hydrogen in the reactivity series of metals.

Hidrogen terletak di antara zink dengan Kalsium/Calcium

ferum . Magnesium/Magnesium

Hydrogen is positioned between zinc and Aluminium/Aluminium

iron .

3 Bina siri kereaktifan logam dengan menyusun Karbon/Carbon Kereaktifan
bahan-bahan yang diberi mengikut kereaktifan Zink/Zinc semakin
yang semakin menurun dalam rajah di sebelah. Hidrogen/Hydrogen menurun
Construct a reactivity series of metals by arranging Ferum/Iron Reactivity
the substances given according to decreasing decreases
reactivity in the diagram on the left. TP2
Timah/Tin

Ferum/Iron Plumbum/Lead
Karbon/Carbon
Aluminium/Aluminium Kuprum/Copper
Hidrogen/Hydrogen
Magnesium/Magnesium Merkuri/Mercury
Zink/Zinc
Praktis Kuprum/Copper Argentum (perak)/Argentum (silver)
Kendiri Plumbum/Lead

Aurum (emas)/Aurum (gold)

73

Standard Kandungan Tarikh:
4.3 Pengekstrakan logam daripada bijihnya PBD

4.6 AKTIVITI Siri kereaktifan logam dan pengekstrakan logam Masteri
Buku teks m/s 137 – 140
KBAT PERBINCANGAN The reactivity series of metals and the extraction of metals
Memanaskan
1 Bincangkan pengekstrakan logam daripada bijihnya. TP2 Heating
Discuss the extraction of metals from their ores.

Arus elektrik Arang kok Kurang Leburan Lebih
Electric current Coke Less Molten More

Siri kereaktifan Logam yang Elektrolisis/Electrolysis
logam/Reactivity lebih reaktif daripada karbon diekstrak dengan
series of metals

mengalirkan arus elektrik melalui leburan oksida logam atau

BAB Kalium/Potassium bijih.
Natrium/Sodium Metals that are more reactive than carbon are extracted by passing
Kalsium/Calcium an electric current through the molten metal oxides or ores.

4 Magnesium/Magnesium Contoh/Example: aluminium + oksigen
Aluminium/Aluminium Aluminium oksida arus elektrik aluminium + oxygen

Aluminium oxide electric current

Karbon/Carbon

Pemanasan bijih logam dengan karbon
Heating the metal ores with carbon

Zink/Zinc Logam yang kurang reaktif daripada karbon diekstrak dengan
Ferum/Iron
Timah/Tin memanaskan bijih logam bersama karbon atau arang kok .
Plumbum/Lead
Metals that are less reactive than carbon are extracted by
Kereaktifan Decreasing
menurun reactivity heating the metal ores together with carbon or coke .

Contoh/Example:

Timah oksida + karbon timah + karbon dioksida
tin + carbon dioxide
Tin oxide + carbon

(bijih timah/tin ore)

2 Kaji rajah tentang pengekstrakan besi daripada bijihnya seperti hematit (ferum(II) oksida) dan
magnetit (ferum(III) oksida)./Study the diagram about the extraction of iron from its ore such as haematite
(ferum(II) oxide) and magnetite (iron(III) oxide).

(a) Namakan unsur-unsur yang membentuk bijih besi.
Name the elements that make up iron ore.
Besi/Ferum dan oksigen/Iron and oxygen

Gas M (b) K ialah sejenis karbon. Namakan K.
K is a type of carbon. Name K.
Bijih besi Arang kok/Coke
Iron ore
+K (c) (i) Namakan L.
+L Name L.
Batu kapur/Kalsium karbonat
Udara panas Udara panas
Hot air Hot air Limestone/Calcium carbonate

Bahan N Besi tulen lebur (ii) Nyatakan fungsi L.
Substance N Pure molten iron State the function of L.
Bertindak balas dengan bendasing seperti pasir
Relau bagas
Blast furnace untuk membentuk sanga.

Reacts with impurities such as sand to form slag.

74

(d) Apakah gas M dan bahan N?/What are gas M and substance N?

Gas M : Karbon dioksida/Carbon dioxide

Bahan N/Substance N : Sanga/Slag Video

(e) Lengkapkan persamaan perkataan untuk tindak balas antara ferum(III) oksida dengan Praktis
karbon dalam relau bagas. TP2 Kendiri
Complete the word equation for the reaction between iron(III) oxide and carbon in the
blast furnace.

Ferum(II) oksida + karbon ferum + karbon dioksida
Iron(II) oxide carbon iron carbon dioxide

(f) Terangkan mengapa besi dapat diekstrak daripada bijihnya dengan menggunakan karbon. TP2
Explain why iron can be extracted from its ore by using carbon.
Karbon adalah lebih reaktif daripada ferum./Carbon is more reactive than iron.

(g) Apakah yang boleh dibuat daripada leburan sanga? Pilih jawapan yang betul.
What can be made from the molten slag? Choose the correct answer.

Tapak rumah Jambatan Tapak jalan raya Konkrit BAB
House foundation Bridge Road foundation Concrete

(h) Nyatakan satu bijih lain yang juga dapat diekstrak dengan cara yang sama. TP1 4
State one other ore that can also be extracted by the same method.
Bijih timah/Tin ore.

3 Anda diberi beberapa isu alam sekitar. Kenal pasti dan tandakan ( ✓ ) isu perlombongan dan
impaknya kepada hidupan dalam konteks tempatan atau global. TP2
You are given a few environmental issues. Identify and tick ( ✓ ) the mining issues and their impacts
on living things in the local or global context.

Video

✓ Pencemaran udara akibat pembakaran bahan api.
Air pollution due to fuel combustion.

Pembebasan gas yang menipiskan lapisan ozon.
The gas released depletes the ozone layer.

✓ Penggunaan elektrik yang banyak.
The use of large amounts of electricity.

✓ Pencemaran udara disebabkan oleh gas daripada relau bagas.
Air pollution caused by gas from a blast furnace.

Penghasilan bahan yang menyebabkan kanser.
The production of substances that cause cancer.

✓ Pemusnahan habitat akibat perlombongan.
The destruction of habitats due to mining.

✓ Pencemaran bunyi disebabkan oleh jentera perlombongan.
Sound pollution caused by mining machinery.

✓ Penggalian bijih mengakibatkan hakisan tanah.
Ore excavation leading to soil erosion.

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4PT3 PRAKTIS PENGUKUHAN KOMPONEN
PP

Arahan: Jawab semua soalan.
Instructions: Answer all questions.

Bahagian A/Section A

1 Antara unsur berikut, yang Apakah sebatian P? 4 Maklumat di bawah menun-
What is compound P? jukkan beberapa logam dalam
manakah yang membentuk A Zink karbonat siri kereaktifan logam.
The information below shows
bauksit? Zinc carbonate several metals in the reactivity
B Zink sulfida series of metal.
Which of the following elements
Zinc sulphide
form bauxite? C Zink klorida

I Timah Zinc chloride
D Zink oksida
Tin Magnesium → X → Y → kuprum
Zinc oxide
II Aluminium Magnesium copper
3 Di manakah kedudukan
Aluminium hidrogen dalam siri kereaktifan
logam?
BAB III Oksigen Where is the hydrogen position Reactivity becomes less vigorous
in the reactivity series of metals? kereaktifan berkurang
Oxygen A Antara zink dengan ferum
Between zinc and iron
IV Besi B Antara aluminium dengan
magnesium
4 Iron Between aluminium and Antara yang berikut, yang
A I dan II B III dan IV magnesium manakah tidak boleh mewakili
I and II III and IV C Antara ferum dengan X dan Y?
plumbum Which of the following cannot
C II dan III D I dan IV Between iron and lead represent X and Y?
D Antara plumbum dengan
II and III I and IV kuprum
Between lead and copper
2 Persamaan di bawah ini XY
mewakili tindak balas antara
zink dengan oksigen. A Plumbum Aluminium
The equation shown below Lead Aluminium
represents the reaction between
zinc and oxygen. B Zink Besi
Zinc Iron

Zink + oksigen → P C Besi Plumbum
Zinc + oxygen → P Iron Lead

D Aluminium Zink
Aluminium Zinc

Bahagian B/Section B

1 (a) Susunkan magnesium dan zink mengikut tertib kereaktifan yang semakin menurun dalam ruang
di bawah./Arrange magnesium and zinc according to reactivity in descending order, in the space below.

Natrium Kalsium Magnesium Aluminium Zink Besi
Sodium Calcium Magnesium Aluminium Zinc Iron

Kereaktifan semakin menurun/Reactivity decreases

[2 markah/2 marks]

(b) Bulatkan dua bijih logam yang dapat diekstrak dengan memanaskannya bersama karbon.
Cicle two metal ores that can be extracted by heating them together with carbon.

Ferum Aluminium Magnesium Timah
Iron Aluminium Magnesium Tin

[2 markah/2 marks]

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Bahagian C/Section C

2 Jadual di bawah menunjukkan pemerhatian bagi tindak balas logam dengan oksigen.
The table below shows the observation for the reaction between metals and oxygen.

Serbuk zink
Zinc powder

Wul kaca Serbuk aluminium Serbuk kuprum
Glass wool Aluminium powder Copper powder

Hablur kalium Panaskan Panaskan Wul kaca
manganat(VII) Heat Heat Glass wool
Potassium
manganate(VII) Kertas asbestos
crystals Asbestos paper

Kaki retort
Retort stand

Rajah 2/Diagram 2

Logam/Metal Pemerhatian/Observation BAB

Zink Terbakar dengan nyalaan terang yang merebak dengan perlahan 4
Zinc Burns with a bright flame that spreads slowly

Kuprum Membara dengan malap
Copper Glows dimly

(a) Nyatakan pemboleh ubah dalam eksperimen ini./State the variables in this experiment. TP2

(i) Pemboleh ubah yang dimalarkan/Variable that is kept constant:
Kuantiti logam/Quantity of metal

(ii) Pemboleh ubah yang dimanipulasikan/Variable that is manipulated:
Jenis logam/Type of metal

(iii) Pemboleh ubah yang bergerak balas/Variable that responds:
Kereaktifan logam terhadap oksigen/Reactivity of metal towards oxygen

[3 markah/3 marks]

(b) Jelaskan pemerhatian bagi kuprum./Explain the obervations of copper. TP2
Kuprum bertindak balas kurang cergas dengan oksigen/Copper reacts less vigorously with oxygen

[1 markah/1 mark]
(c) Tulis persamaan perkataan bagi setiap tindak balas./Write word equations for each reaction.

(i) Zink + oksigen J zink oksida/Zinc + oxygen J zinc oxide
(ii) Kuprum + oksigen J kuprum oksida/Copper + oxygen J copper oxide

[2 markah/2 marks]
(d) Apakah fungsi hablur kalium manganat(VII)?/What is the function of otassium manganate(VII) crystals? TP1

Membekalkan oksigen/Supplies oxygen

[1 markah/1 mark]

(e) (i) Jika plumbum membara dengan terang dalam oksigen, deduksikan kedudukan plumbum.
If lead glows brightly in oxygen, deduce the position of lead.
Plumbum kurang reaktif daripada zink tetapi lebih reaktif daripada kuprum. Oleh itu, plumbum

terletak di antara zink dan kuprum.

Lead is less reactive than zinc but more reactive than copper. Thus, lead is located between zinc and copper.

[2 markah/2 marks]

(ii) Susun tiga logam di 2(e)(i) mengikut tertib kereaktifan yang semakin meningkat.
Arrange the three metals in 2(e)(i) in ascending order of reactivity.
Kuprum, plumbum, zink/Copper, lead, zinc

[1 markah/1 mark]

Praktis
Formatif

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