The Visual World Atlas - Facts And Maps Of The Current World

AFRICA : 149

The Sahara in the Sahara. This rapidly growing population is increasingly
urbanized. The main peoples of the desert, originally nomadic
With an area of more than 8 million km2, the Sahara is the (the Tuaregs in Algeria, Libya, Mali, and Niger; the Sahrawis
largest desert in the world. It extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the western Sahara and Algeria; and the Tubus in Chad,
to the Red Sea and covers most of North Africa (Morocco, Niger, and Libya), are becoming city dwellers. Most of the cities
Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Chad, are situated in the Maghreb Sahara (Morocco, Algeria, Libya),
and Sudan). Fertile 4,000 years ago, the Sahara is now one of the where some urban areas have a population of over 100,000.
most arid deserts in the world: southern Libya and Egypt receive
less than 10 mm of rain per year.

Humans have lived in the Sahara since prehistory. Today, despite
its extremely arid environment, more than 5 million people live

Ghardaïa (pop. 128,000) Biskra (pop. 180,000)

Béchar (pop. 135,000) Tunisia Mediterranean Sea the continents

Morocco El Oued (pop. 105,000)
Atlas

Atlantic Ocean Wargla (pop. 140,000) Sabha (pop. 150,000)
Algeria Egypt

El Aaiun (pop. 150,000) Libya

Western Sahara Tamanrasset (pop. 80,000)

Nouadhibou (pop. 110,000) Mount Koussi, situated in
the Tibesti mountains, is the
Mauritania highest point in the Sahara
Chad (3,415 m).
Mali Niger Red Sea

Sudan

Lake Chad has lost 90% of its
area in the last 30 years.

Situated on the edge of the With the exception of a few mountain
desert, Nouakchott (pop. ranges, such as the Hoggar Mountains,
560,000) is considered the the Sahara has few relief features.
largest city in the Sahara.
To the south, the Sahara is bordered by the
Sahel, a semiarid territory threatened by Arid regions
desertification. Semiarid regions

th e gr eat rift valley

More than 4,000 km long, the Great Rift Valley tectonic fault, Red
which includes the West and East Great Rift valleys, crosses Sea
eastern Africa from the Red Sea to the mouth of the Zambezi
River. It results from the gradual separation of the Somalian Ethiopian Massif East Great Rift
lithospheric plate. This process is just beginning: in several West Great Rift Valley Valley
million years, East Africa will detach itself to become an Lake Victoria (69,500 km2)
independent continent. Lake Tanganyika (32,900 km2) Mount Kenya,
Lake Malawi (29,500 km2) 5,199 m
The intense volcanic activity in the region has led to the
formation of the highest mountains in Africa, such as Mount Zambezi River Mount Kilimanjaro,
Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya. The largest lakes in Africa 5,895 m
(Victoria, Tanganyika, Malawi), tectonic in origin, are also
situated along the Great Rift Valley. Paleontologists think that
the Great Rift region was the birthplace of the first human
beings, more than 2 million years ago.

150 : AFRICA In 1963, African countries united to form a common front to
deal with the problems facing the continent (political instability,
Independence of African states human rights, public health, underdevelopment, etc.). Today,
the African Union’s membership extends to almost all of
Starting with the “great discoveries” of the 15th century, the the continent’s countries as members. In some cases, former
European countries colonized all of Africa (with the exception colonizing countries maintain a strong economic grip on their
of Ethiopia) to profit from its natural wealth. Exploitation of former territories, a grip sometimes called neocolonialism.
African natural resources and labor, often going as far as slavery,
lasted until the 20th century.

The countries of Africa became emancipated one after another,
between 1910 and 1993, under a wide variety of circumstances.
Although some obtained their sovereignty in the 1960s without
resistance, others won it after an insurrection or a full war of
independence.

the decolonization of africa

the CONTINENTS Spanish troops left the Western Sahara Tunisia
in 1975, but the region has since been 1956
occupied by Morocco.

Morocco Libya An Italian then British colony, Eritrea
1956 1951 Egypt was annexed to Ethiopia in 1962.
It became independent in 1993 by
Algeria 1922 referendum, after decades of violence.
1962
Ethiopia was never colonized, but
1975 it was occupied by Italy from 1936
to 1941.
Cape Verde Mauritania Mali
1975 1960 1960 Niger Djibouti
1993 1977
Senegal 1960 Chad
1960 1960 Sudan Somalia
Gambi Burkina 1960
1965 Guinea 1960 1956
1958
Guinea Bissau Côte Nigeria
1974 d’Ivoire 1960 Central African
Republic
Sierra Leone 1847 1960 1960 1960
1961
Benin Rwanda
Liberia was created in 1822 by the Ghana 1960 Congo 1962 1962 A British colony, Uganda
United States to settle freed slaves. 1957 1960 Kenya came under the domination
Togo Dem. Rep. 1963 of Kenya in 1902.
1960 Congo
1960
Sao Tome and Principe Burundi
1975 1962

Equatorial Guinea Gabon Tanzania Malawi
1968 1960 1961 1964

Territories colonized by Germany, such as Cameroon, Angola Zambia Mozambique Seychelles
were divided between France and the United Kingdom 1975 1964 1975 1975

after World War II. Comoros
1975

Colonized by Germany in 1886, Namibia Zimbabwe Madagascar
was merged with South Africa in 1915. 1965 1960

The last colonizing country South Africa, independent since 1910, was 1990 Botswana Mauritius
administered by descendants of colonists 1966 1968
The year of independence is indicated for each country
except Ethiopia, which was never colonized. until apartheid was ended, in 1991. Swaziland
1910 1968
Belgium
Spain Lesotho
France 1966
Italy
Portugal
United Kingdom
Other
Never colonized

AFRICA : 151

the c ountries o f africa

flag country area POPULATION flag country area POPULATION
(km2) (M inhab.) (km2) (M inhab.)
Sudan 2,505,813 274,000
Algeria 2,381,741 38.56 Burkina Faso 267,668 14.75
Democratic Republic of 2,344,858 245,857 1.33
the Congo 1,759,540 33.85 Gabon 241,038 9.40
Libya 1,284,000 238,533 30.85
Chad 1,267,000 62.59 Guinea 196,722 23.44
Niger 1,246,700 163,610 12.36
Angola 1,240,192 6.15 Uganda 118,484 10.32
Mali 1,221,037 117,600 13.92
South Africa 1,104,300 10.74 Ghana 112,622 4.83
Ethiopia 1,025,520 111,369 9.01
Mauritania 1,001,449 14.21 Senegal 71,740 3.76 the CONTINENTS
Egypt 923,768 56,785 5.82
Nigeria 883,749 17.00 Tunisia 36,125 6.57
Tanzania 824,292 30,355 1.69
Namibia 801,590 12.32 Malawi 28,051 2.01
Mozambique 752,618 27,834 0.507
Zambia 637,657 48.47 Erytrea 26,338 8.48
Somalia 622,984 23,200 9.75
Central African Republic 587,041 83.00 Benin 17,364 0.832
Madagascar 581,730 11,295 1.14
Botswana 580,367 3.12 Liberia 4,033 1.70
Kenya 475,442 2,235 0.530
Cameroon 446,550 75.44 Sierra Leone 2,040 0.838
Morocco 390,757 1.26
Zimbabwe 342,000 147.85 Togo 964 0.158
Congo 322,463
Côte d’Ivoire 40.40 Guinea Bissau 455 0.086

2.07 Lesotho

21.34 Equatorial Guinea

11.92 Burundi

8.68 Rwanda

4.35 Djibouti

19.65 Swaziland

1.88 Gambia

37.51 Cape Verde

18.51 Comoros

31.23 Mauritius

13.37 Sao Tome and Principe

3.76 Seychelles
19.28

152

Ogasawara Gunto (JP)

-7,519 m Fiji
The some 300 islands that make up the Fiji archipelago have a
total area of 18,274 km2.

Philippine Agrihan,
Sea 965 m

-8,767 m

NORTHERN -6,912 m
MARIANA IS. (US)
GUAM (US)

Mariana Trench, MARSHALL
-11,034 m ISLANDS

Caroline Is. arch. Chuuk Is. Palikir Dalap-Uliga-Dorrit
Senyavin Is.
-10,164 m

Koror MICRONESIA

THE CONTINENTS PALAU

rling A-7,205 m Yaren Bairiki
R Gilbert Is.
Admiralty Is. NAURU
TRALIAN CO TUVALU
Bismarck New Vaiaku
NEWIreland
PSASIASeaMount Balbi, WALLIS AND
FUTUNA (FR)
PAPUA 2,715 m Vanua Levu
Sepik NEW GUINEA FIJI
M E Bougainville Is. Viti Levu Suva
A O K MOU
Choiseul
Mount Wilhelm, N T New -8,930 m Santa Isabel Is. SOLOMON
A Britain ISLANDS
4,509 m
New Fly Honiara Malaita
Guinea
I NS Guadalcanal
Port Moresby Saint Croix Is.

-9,000 m

Arafura Sea

Melville Is.

Timor Gulf of Coral VANUATU
Sea Carpentaria Sea Port Vila

Kimberley Burd kin NEW Loyalty Is.
Plateau e ay CALEDONIA (FR)
AUSTRALIA FLINDERS RANGES TROPIC OF CAPRICORN
Mount Ord,
937 m -7,374 m

GREAT MOUNT R
SANDY DESERT MCDONNELL D

Mount Meharry, GIBSON Mount Zeil, SIMPSON IL Brisbane
1,251 m DESERT 1,531 m DESERT L
HAMERSLEY E
RANGE
NORFOLK IS. (AU) -9,779 m
Kermadec Is. (NZ)
Lake Eyre,
-12 m

GREAT VICTORIA St. Mary’s Peak, Da
DESERT
1,165 m
r b or P l a
l l a Great i n Sydney
u Murr Canberra
N
Australian
Bight Adelaide Mount Kosciusko, Auckland
A U S 2,228 m
Perth Melbourne

Kangaroo Is. North Is.
Mount Ruapehu,
SBtarsasit Tasmanian Sea NEW 2,797 m
ZEALAND
Wellington
Mount Ossa, Mount Cook, ND AL Cook
1,617 m 3,764 m Strait
Tasmania ZEAL A
Chatham Is.

South
Is.

Stewart Is.

Antipodes Is. (NZ)

OCEANIA : 153

TROPIC OF CANCER Oceania represents 6% of the planet’s landmass

and has 33 million inhabitants. Unlike other

Kauai continents, Oceania consists not of a landmass
surrounded by seas, but of a large number of
Oahu islands sprinkled in the Pacific Ocean. With an
Maui area of 7,740,000 square kilometers, Australia

HAWAII ARCH. Mauna Kea,
(US) 4,205 m

JOHNSTON ATOLL Hawaii
(US)

is the true continent of Oceania. Among the

NORTH continent’s thousands of other islands, fewer than
PACIFIC 10 have an area over 10,000 square kilometers.
Although they have some climatic and geographic
OCEAN

features in common, the islands of Oceania do not

form a homogeneous grouping. Bisected by the Tropic

Palmyra Atoll of Capricorn , Australia has a number of climatic

zones. e north part of the island, with its monsoon THE CONTINENTS

HOWLAND IS. (US) Tabuaeran Is. rains, has a tropical climate, while the south and east
BAKER IS. (US) coasts have a warm temperate climate. In the center,
Kiritimati Is. desert conditions dominate. e archipelagos, except
-8,071 m JARVIS IS. EQUATOR
(US)

Phoenix Is. for New Zealand, have high temperatures and abundant
Gardner Is. precipitation all year round. ey are frequently swept by
cyclones during the austral winter.
K I R I B AT I

TOKELAU (NZ)

Caroline Is.

SAMOA AMERICAN
Apia SAMOA (US)

TONGA NIUE COOK IS. (NZ) Society Is. FRENCH
Nuku' alofa (NZ) Palmerston Atoll POLYNESIA ( F R )

SOUTH Mount Orohena, Tahiti Tuamotu
PACIFIC 2,241 m Arch.

Tonga Trench, OCEAN
-10,719 m

Tubuai Is.

Mururoa PHYSICAL MAP OF OCEANIA
Gambier Is.
Administrative capital
City with more than 1 M inhab.

PITCAIRN
IS. (GB)

INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE Altitude (m) 8,850
6,000
Mount Cook, New Zealand Depth (m) 5,000
New Zealand’s South Island has 18 peaks with an altitude 4,000
of more than 3,000 m. The tallest one, Mount Cook, has an 3,000
altitude of 3,764 m. 2,000
1,000
0 500 1,000 km 500
0
-500
-2,500
-5,000
-8,000
-11,034

Sources: NIMA; NASA

154 : oceania

P O P U L AT ION d i st r i but i o n
in oceania

≥ 1,000 inhab./km2
250–999 inhab./km2
25–249 inhab./km2
5–24 inhab./km2
0–4 inhab./km2

Source: SEDAC, Columbia University Sydney, Australia
Australia’s largest city, Sydney, has a population of over 4.2 million inhabitants.
the CONTINENTS
the climates
of oceania

Mountain
Coastal
Mediterranean
Humid subtropical
Semiarid
Arid
Humid with dry winter
Humid

Source: Kottek et al., World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated Lake Wanaka, New Zealand
The islands of New Zealand have a coastal climate, moderated by the Pacific Ocean.
T h e BIOMES
of oceania

Boreal forest
Temperate forest
Maquis
Tropical rainforest
Savanna
Desert

Source: FAO Great Barrier Reef, Australia
The Great Barrier Reef, a coral reef stretching along the northeast coast of Australia, is an
extraordinary marine biome. It is about 2,500 km long and is home to almost 1,500 species
of fish, 4,000 species of mollusks, and 400 species of coral.

Australian biodiversity oceania : 155

Situated in the center of a lithospheric plate, Australia has from Australia, Tasmania, and New Guinea. The koala and the
remained isolated from the other continents for more than wallaby are also marsupials. Among the other animals native to
100 million years. This isolation explains the large number of Australia are the duckbill platypus, an archaic mammal species
plant and animal species endemic to Australia—that is, found that reproduces by laying eggs.
nowhere else in the world. The Australian flora is composed of species adapted to the
extreme climatic conditions that reign in a large part of the
The kangaroo, Australia’s emblematic animal, belongs to the country. Eucalyptus is one of the species originating on the island.
group of mammals called marsupials, whose females raise their
young in a stomach pouch. Almost all marsupials come

Some australian animals

the CONTINENTS

There are 50 species of kangaroos, among them The duckbill platypus is an amphibian mammal with a
the grey kangaroo. beak resembling a duck’s.

Parry wallabies are very sociable and live in The Australian forest has 600 species
groups of 30 to 50 individuals. of eucalyptus.

The red kangaroo is the largest (up to 1.5 m in height) and
most common kangaroo.

Koalas eat eucalyptus leaves,
ingesting from 500 g to 1 kg each day.

156 : oceania Micronesia and Polynesia, on the other hand, are tiny islands
that generally rise barely above sea level. New Zealand, in
The islands of Oceania Polynesia, is an exception; its two mountainous islands are
separated by Cook Strait. The North Island has volcanic activity,
The 7,500 islands in the Pacific, about 500 of which are while the South Island is crossed by the New Zealand Alps.
inhabited, are divided into three regional groupings, determined
essentially by geographic, ethnic, and cultural factors. Melanesia
includes the largest and highest islands. Because these islands
are of volcanic origin, many of them are fertile and mineral-rich.

The Caroline Islands archipelago is shared Tropic of Cancer
between two states: Micronesia, to the
east, and Palau, to the west. Many volcanoes are still active in
the Hawaiian Archipelago.

Pacific Ocean

Micronesia

the CONTINENTS equator

Only the eastern part of the island melanesia With just under 1 million inhabitants,
of New Guinea (Papua New Guinea) Australia Fiji is one of the most populous states
in Oceania.
is part of Oceania. Cook Strait
Tropic of Capricorn
Like many Pacific islands, those in the Vanuatu
archipelago are formed of lava accumulations.

Polynesia

South Island The North Island is home to two-
thirds of the 3.6 million inhabitants of
New Zealand.

Australia is a gigantic island, often considered the australia Gulf of Carpentaria
true continent of Oceania. It has a fairly uniform
geologic profile: most of its territory is composed of Perth Great Barrier Reef
a plateau 300 to 600 m in altitude. The landscapes
of eastern Australia are more varied. Along the Darling
east coast is a mountain range, the Australian
Cordillera. Finally, the center of the island, from the Lake Eyre Brisbane
Gulf of Carpentaria, in the north, to the mouth of
the Murray River, in the south, is marked by low- Murray River Australian
altitude watersheds (lakes Eyre, Darling, Murray). Cordillera
Five major Australian cities (Sydney, Melbourne, Great Australian Melbourne Sydney
Brisbane, Perth, Adelaide) contain one-third of Bight
the population of Oceania, while the interior of Tasmania belongs to
Australia is almost uninhabited. Australia.

Adelaide

Auckland, New Zealand>
Auckland is the most populated city and the largest port of

New Zealand. It is situated on the North Island.

the countries of oceania oceania : 157

flag country area POPULATION flag country area POPULATION
(km2) (M inhab.) (km2) (M inhab.)
Australia 7,741,220 726 0.092
20.72 Kiribati
Papua 462,840 702 0.111
New Guinea 6.32 Micronesia
270,534 650 0.100
New Zealand 4.17 Tonga

Solomon Islands 28,896 0.494 Palau 459 0.020

Fiji 18,274 0.838 Marshall Islands 181 0.057

Vanuatu 12,189 0.225 Tuvalu 26 0.010 the CONTINENTS

Samoa 2,831 0.187 Nauru 21 0.010

the territories of oceania

Territory area POPULATION sovereign country territory area POPULATION sovereign
(km2) (M inhab.) (km2) (M inhab.)
New Caledonia
18,575 0.241 France Tokelau Islands 12 0.001 New Zealand
French Polynesia Wake Island
Guam 4,000 0.263 France Midway Islands 6.5 uninhabited United States
Northern Mariana Islands 549 0.173 United States Pitcairn Island
Niue Jarvis Island 6.2 40 inhab. United States
Cook Islands 464 0.080 United States Johnston Atoll
Wallis and Futuna Howland Island 5.0 48 inhab. United Kingdom
American Samoa 260 0.002 New Zealand
Norfolk Island 236 0.014 New Zealand Baker Island 4.5 uninhabited United States
200 0.015 France
199 0.064 United States 2.8 uninhabited United States
36 0.002 Australia
1.6 uninhabited United States

1.4 uninhabited United States

158 SECTION OF ANTARCTICA

West East

Altitude (m) Western Antarctica Transantarctic Eastern Antarctica
4,000 Mountains eastern ice cap
4,000
SOUTH 3,000 Bellinghausen Sea Ross Ice Shelf Davis Sea 3,000
ATLANTIC 2,000 2,000
1,000
OCEAN 1,000 western ice cap 0
0

–1,000 bedrock –1,000

–2,000 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 –2,000
0 4,500

Orcadas (AR) Sources: Frédérique RÉMY; LEGOS; IPEV Distance (km)
South Orkney Is.

Neumayer (NO) Maitri (IN) Novolazarevskaja (RU)
SANAE IV (ZA)
Comandante Ferraz (BR) Troll (NO) Princesse Elisabeth (BE)
Arctowski (PL) Halley (GB) QUEEN MAUD
Jubany (AR) LAND Syowa (JP)

King Sejong (KR)
Artigas (UY)

Presidente Frei (CL)
Bellingshausen (RU)

Great Wall (CN)
Arturo Prat (CL)
St. Kliment Ohridski (BG)
THE CONTINENTS Esperanza (AR) Molodezhnaya (RU)

South Shetland Is.Marambio (AR) ENDERBY
GREENWICH MERIDIANBernardo O'Higgins (CL) LAND

GRAHAM Weddell Sea
LAND

Palmer (US) LARSEN Belgrano II (AR) Dome Fuji (JP)
Vernadsky (UA) ICE SHELF

Rothera (GB) San Martín (AR) FILCHNER MAC. ROBERTSON
PALMER ICE SHELF LAND
LAND Berkner Is.
AMERY
Alexander Is. RONNE ICE SHELF
ICE SHELF
LAMBERT
GLACIER

ELLSWORTH Dome Argus,
LAND 4,000 m

Bellingshausen Vinson Massif, Vostok (RU)
Sea Mount Tyree, 4,897m WILKES
4,965m T Amundsen-Scott (US) LAND
Peter I Is (NO) South Geographic Pole
R Concordia (FR/IT)
SOUTH Bentley Subglacial A
PACIFIC ANTARCTIC POLAR CIRCLE Trench, -2,540 m N

OCEAN S A

N T

MARIE BYRD LAND A Mount Kirkpatrick,

4R,528m

ROSS TIC
ICE SHELF C

PHYSICAL MAP OF ANTARCTICA Amundsen Sea McMurdo (US) MOU N TAINS
Scott (NZ)
Research station ADÉLIE
(operating country) Mount Erebus, 3,795 m LAND
Cut line across Antarctica
Ross Sea Dumont d'Urville (FR)
South Magnetic Pole
Ice shelf VICTORIA
Sources: NIMA; NASA LAND

Altitude (m) 8,850
6,000
Depth (m) 5,000 Transantarctic Mountains Beaufort Island
4,000 The Transantarctic Mountains, which reach an On this small island, with an area of 22 km2, in the
3,000 altitude of more than 4,800 m, separate Western Ross Sea, the fauna and flora are protected.
2,000 Antarctica from Eastern Antarctica.
1,000
500 0 500 1,000 km
0
-500
-2,500
-5,000
-8,000
-11,034

The icebreaker Nathaniel B. Palmer ANTARCTICA : 159
This American research ship, built to sail through
ice, can navigate off the shores of Antarctica Antarctica is the only continent that is not inhabited on a
throughout the year. permanent basis and it is also the coldest continent. Its total area of
14,200,000 square kilometers is 98% covered with an ice cap that is
up to 4,000 meters thick in some places. Its high relief profile (an
average of 2,300 meters altitude) contributes to the severity of the
climate. Powerful winds sweep down the mountain slopes and cool
the atmosphere. e temperature drops below –70°C in the center of
the continent in the winter, and it does not rise above 0°C in summer,
except on the coasts. e air is very dry and most of the continent
receives less than 100 millimeters of precipitation per year.

Mawson (AU) An uninhabited continent THE CONTINENTS

Progress (RU) e inhospitable climatic conditions prevent permanent population
Zhong Shan (CN) settlement in Antarctica. e only inhabitants of the continent are
several thousand researchers in scientific stations. ey are there
Davis (AU) temporarily, as long as it takes to fulfill their missions. Scientific
PRINCESS research in Antarctica has led to important discoveries, notably that of
ELIZABETH LAND the reduction of the ozone layer. Antarctica also offers a privileged site
for studying the climate and the effects of global warming.
INDIAN
OCEAN For the past 10 years, other visitors have been arriving on the
southernmost continent: tourists. Almost 28,000 of them, mostly from
Davis Sea the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Australia,
came in 2004–2005 to wander across the ice cap or tour the continent
Mirny (RU) by boat. e main tourist attractions are the fauna and the scientific
stations. Some 30 companies throughout the world offer trips to
Antarctica. In spite of the precautions that they take, the growth of
the tourism industry may disrupt the environment and the scientific
research on the continent.

THE TERRITORIAL CLAIMS

Once it was discovered, in the 19th century, Antarctica quickly became

the subject of territorial claims by many countries. Neighboring

countries, such as Chile and Australia, as well as very distant countries,

such as France and Norway, tried to carve out a part of the continent for

themselves. e Antarctic Treaty, signed in 1959 to avoid partition of the

territory, gives the continent international status. It suspends territorial

claims, proscribes military activities, and provides for international

cooperation with regard to scientific research. Over the years, a number

of international agreements have been added to the treaty to protect

fauna (seals, whales) and impose a 50-year moratorium

on exploitation of mineral resources (starting in 1998).

Today, however, in spite of the legal arsenal that protects

Antarctica, the debate continues. A number of countries New Zealand
maintain their claims and some are trying to keep the door Australia

open to exploitation of natural resources. Others would like France
the continent to become a vast ecological reserve. Norway
United Kingdom

Chile

Argentina

Source: Australian Antarctic Data Centre

Arabian Desert
The wind sweeps through some high grasses

that have taken root in a sand dune.

Glossary : 161

A C estuary
Mouth of a river where the current meets the
affluent chronic disease tides, forming an indentation in the coastline
Watercourse that flows into another A disease of long duration, the symptoms of that may be more or less wide and more or
watercourse. which are minor at first but may evolve into less deep.
serious complications.
alluvia extinction
Rocks and other debris carried and deposited conifer Complete and irreversible disappearance.
by a watercourse. Tree whose leaves, in the form of needles or
scales, generally persist through the winter, F
altitude and whose fruits are cones.
Vertical distance of a point in relation to a fault
reference level, generally sea level. container Fracture in Earth’s crust that causes a
Metallic crate of standardized size, used for horizontal or vertical movement in relation
amphibian shipping merchandise. to the other.
That which lives or moves as well on ground as
in the water. continent fauna
Large landmass surrounded by water. All of the animal species that live in a
anemometer given region.
Instrument that measures wind speed. coral
Primitive animal usually living in arborescent fertilizer
anthropogenic colonies that form reefs. Organic or mineral product that is introduced
Caused by human beings. into the soil to increase its capacity to support
cordillera plant growth.
anticyclone Long, narrow mountain range.
Zone of high atmospheric pressure. flood
D Sudden rise in the level of a watercourse due
apartheid to heavy precipitation or snow melting.
Regime in South Africa that imposed racial deciduous tree
segregation against blacks in favor of the Tree in the flowering plants group whose flora
white minority. leaves are wide, as opposed to the narrow All of the plant species that live in a
needles of conifers. given region.
arable
Relating to land that can be cultivated. demographer fossil fuel
Expert in the study of populations. Fuel that was formed millions of years ago
archipelago from the remains of plants and animals buried
Group of islands. depression in rock (oil, coal, natural gas).
A part of a landmass that is sunk below its
artificial satellite surroundings. Meteorology: low-pressure zone. freight
Device placed in orbit around a celestial body. Transportation of goods.
detergent
ascent Cleaning product. freshwater
Action of climbing a mountain to its peak. Water containing very low amounts of
development mineral salts.
asteroid Improvement in the situation of a region or a
Small celestial body in orbit around the Sun. population, usually from an economic standpoint. G

atmosphere domestic geographic
Gaseous layer that surrounds certain celestial Relating to life in the home. Relating to geography, the science that
bodies, including Earth. describes and explains the existing physical
dominant wind and human aspects of Earth’s surface.
atmospheric pressure Wind that blows in a constant direction in a
The force that air exerts by pressing on a region, such as the trade winds. geographic pole
given area. Each of the two points (North Pole and South
E Pole) of Earth’s surface through which Earth’s
B axis of rotation passes.
Earth’s crust
bay Solid layer on the surface of Earth. geological
A body of water partially enclosed by land and Relating to geology, the science that studies
open to the sea. A bay is generally smaller emigration the Earth, the materials that compose it,
than a gulf. Departure of individuals from their country of and the forces and processes that shape and
origin to move to another country. transform it.
bedrock
Ancient eroded land on which volcanic or endemic government
sedimentary rock rests. Relating to a species that lives only in a Political system of a nation or group of
given region. individuals who administer the nation, usually
biodiversity called ministers.
The variety of living species that populate a epidemic
given environment. Sudden, rapid propagation of a transmissible graben
disease. Wide, elongated depression with steep sides,
birth rate formed by the subsidence of a block of terrain
Number of births in a population over a given equator between two faults.
period, usually one year. Imaginary line that circles Earth midway
between the poles.

162 : Glossary lightning net migration
Brief, intense flash of light caused by an Difference between the number of immigrants
Graminaceous plants electrical discharge between two clouds or and the number of emigrants.
Family of plants that includes the high grasses between a cloud and the ground during a storm.
that dominate savannahs. nomadic
lithospheric plates Relating to a migratory people that are
gulf Immense portions of the lithosphere that constantly moving.
A large area of sea partially enclosed by slide on top of the asthenosphere and whose
land, more or less open to the sea. A gulf is movements shape Earth’s relief features. nuclear
generally larger and more enclosed than a bay. Relating to atoms and their energy.
longitude
H Coordinate of a point on Earth’s surface that O
indicates, in degrees, the angular distance of
heavy metals this point from the Greenwich meridian. oasis
Metals such as lead and mercury, which have Region of a desert made fertile by the
special chemical properties and many of which M presence of water.
are toxic to humans and the environment.
magma ocean current
hemisphere Very viscous liquid formed of molten rocks Movement of great masses of seawater along a
One of the two halves of the globe, defined from the depths of Earth. stable path at a regular speed.
by the equator (Northern and Southern
hemispheres) or by the Greenwich meridian malnutrition orbit
(Western and Eastern hemispheres). Pathologic state cased by poor nutrition, usually Trajectory described by one celestial body
due to an insufficient or incomplete diet. circling around another due to the effects
humidity of gravity.
Water vapor contained in the air, the result of manufactured
transpiration of plants and evaporation from Produced industrially. organic
the oceans, rivers and lakes. Relating to living beings and the materials
mass derived from them.
hydrocarbons The amount of matter contained in a body,
Substances formed solely of carbon and expressed in grams. P
hydrogen molecules, present in crude oil
and natural gas. megalopolis pack ice
Extremely large urban area. Vast layer of ice floating on the sea in
hydroelectricity polar regions.
Electricity produced from the force of water. meridian
Imaginary line from pole to pole, perpendicular parallel
I to the equator. Imaginary circle whose plane is parallel to
the equator.
ice cap meteorite
Mass of continental ice that permanently Fragment of rock originating in space, which is pasture
covers the polar regions, also called inlandsis. not completely consumed as it passes through Land where livestock may graze.
the atmosphere and lands on Earth.
ice shelf peninsula
Thick layer of floating ice that borders some metropolis Portion of land surrounded by the sea on all
parts of Antarctica, distinct from the pack ice The largest city in a given region. sides but one, where an isthmus that may be
and ice cap. wide or narrow connects it to the mainland.
monarch
immigration Head of state who is a hereditary member pesticides
The arrival of people from another country of royalty. Products that destroy harmful organisms.
who are moving to the new host country.
monsoon phytoplankton
intensive farming Seasonal wind that brings heavy precipitation All of the plants that live in suspension in
Agriculture that consumes more resources in some tropical regions. seawater and are moved from place to place by
(water, fertilizer, etc.) in order to increase the sea currents.
yield of cultivated land. moraine
Rocks or other debris carried and deposited by planisphere
irrigation a glacier. Map that portrays both hemispheres of Earth.
Artificial watering of farmland.
moratorium polar circle
isthmus Voluntary suspension of a decision to allow Imaginary line situated at latitude
Narrow band of land between two stretches of time to study its consequences. 66° 34’ north (Arctic polar circle) or south
water, connecting two larger landmasses. (Antarctic polar circle). It designates the
mortality edge of the polar zone in which the day lasts
L Number of deaths in a population over a given 24 hours at the summer solstice and the Sun
period, usually one year. does not appear at all at the winter solstice.
labor force
The total mass of workers. mouth polytheist
Place where a watercourse flows into the sea Said of religions in which a number of gods
latitude or into a lake. are worshipped, as opposed to monotheist
Coordinate of a point on Earth’s surface that religions.
indicates, in degrees, the angular distance of N
this point from the equator.
natural satellite
Celestial body in orbit around a planet or
another celestial body.

G l o s s aRY : 163

population growth subduction
Increase in the total population of a region Phenomenon through which one oceanic plate
taking account of the number of births, deaths, slides under another lithospheric plate.
and migrations. The population growth rate
may be positive or negative. T

precipitation tectonic
All of the liquid and solid forms in which water Relating to Earth’s crust, its formation, and
contained in the atmosphere reaches Earth’s its deformations.
surface (rain, snow, sleet, fog, dew, etc.).
territory
propaganda In the political sense, region under the
All of the actions orchestrated to manipulate jurisdiction of a nation that is more or less
public opinion. distant from it.

Q tide
Daily rise and fall in the level of the ocean,
quota due mainly to the gravitational pull of the Sun
Quantitative limit to be reached or not to and the Moon.
be passed.
toponym
R Proper name that designates a place.

radioactive trade wind
Said of the property to spontaneously emit Constant wind blowing from east to west in
electromagnetic particles or rays that are the intertropical zone, notably over the Pacific
often dangerous. and Atlantic oceans.

referendum tributary
Consultation of all of the citizens regarding See affluent.
a specific question.
tropics
relief features Parallels situated at 26° 23’ north latitude
All of the differences in ground level (Tropic of Cancer) and south latitude (Tropic of
(depressions and elevations) of the surface Capricorn). They correspond to the latitudes at
of a region. which the Sun is at its zenith at the solstices.

renewable energy U
Energy whose source can regenerate naturally.
universal suffrage
rural Electoral system in which all citizens who
Relating to the countryside, as opposed have reached the age of majority have the
to the city. right to vote.

S urban
Relating to the city, as opposed to the
sanitary countryside.
Relating to health.
urban area
sediment Large urban concentration composed of a city
Solid mineral material (rocks, sand, mud) that and its suburbs.
has been weathered away from its original
surroundings by an erosion agent, carried by urban dweller
water, ice, or wind, and deposited in another Individual who lives in a city.
place. Organic material may also form sediment.
W
seismic wave
Vibration generated by an earthquake that waterfall
propagates in all directions and causes the Almost-vertical drop of a watercourse due to a
surface of Earth to shake. sudden change in the level of its bed.

shield watershed
Large territory composed of eroded Area trained by a watercourse or by all of
primary rock. its tributaries.

slope water table
Each of the sides of a mountain. Vast stretch of underground water formed by
infiltration of rainwater into the ground. It
speaker feeds springs.
An individual who speaks a given language.
wave
strait Undulation at the surface of a sea or lake
Natural, relatively narrow maritime passage caused by the wind.
between two coasts.

164 : STAT I ST I C A L D ATA SO U R C E S

adherents.com, from Britannica International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center,
Airports Council International (ACI) (ITOPF) University of Columbia (SEDAC)
Atlas of the World, National Geographic International Tennis Federation (ITF) Transport Geography on the Web, Hofstra
Australian Government Antarctic Division International Union for Conservation of Nature University
BBC News (IUCN) United Nations (UN)
British Petroleum (BP) Interparliamentary Union (IPU) United Nations Conference on Trade and
CIA World Factbook J. Leclerc, TLFQ, Université Laval Development (UNCTAD)
Climate Prediction Center (CPC) Kottek et al., World Map of the Köppen-Geiger United Nations Development Program (UNDP)
Community of European Railway (CER) Climate Classification Updated United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Containerisation International Yearbook Le Monde diplomatique Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
Doctors without Borders (MSF) Meyers Grosser Weltatlas United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
Earth Impact Database, University Ministère français des Affaires étrangères United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
of New Brunswick National Aeronautics and Space Administration Change (UNFCCC)
Encyclopedia of World Political Systems, (NASA) United Nations Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS
J. Derbyshire National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) (UNAIDS)
Energy Information Administration (EIA) National Centers for Environmental Predictions United States Army Space and Missile Defense
ESRI (NCEP) Command (SMDC)
État du monde National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
Ethnologue, SIL International National Oceanic and Atmospheric United States Geological Survey (USGS)
European Union (EU) Administration (NOAA) University of California at San Diego (UCSD)
Fédération Internationale de Football National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) Uppsala Conflict Database
Association (FIFA) Nees-Institut für Biodiversität des Pflanzen World Bank
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Olson et al World Health Organisation (WHO)
Forbes Organisation for Economic Co-operation and World Resources Institute (WRI)
International Atomic Energy Agency (AIEA) Development (OECD) World Trade Organization (WTO)
International Disaster Database, Université raileurope.com World Urbanization Prospects, Population
Catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles (Em-Dat) Reporters Without Borders (RSF) Division, UN
International Energy Agency (IEA) Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University World Wildlife Fund (WWF)
International Nuclear Safety Center (INSC) of California at San Diego World Wind Energy Association
International Olympic Committee (IOC) Service météorologique national d’Argentine
International Service for the Acquisition of Smithsonian Institution, Global Volcanism
Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA) Program

I SO c o de e l ement s * u s ed in the At l as

Country names: Sovereign countries of territories:
AGO Angola
ALB Albania SMR San Marino AR Argentina IT Italy
AND Andorra SRB Serbia AU Australia JP Japan
AZE Azerbaijan SVK Slovakia BE Belgium KR South Korea
BEL Belgium SVN Slovenia BG Bulgaria MA Morocco
BGR Bulgaria TLS Timor Leste BR Brazil NL Netherlands
BIH Bosnia and Herzegovina VAT Vatican City CL Chile NO Norway
HRV Croatia VCT Saint Vincent and CN China NZ New Zealand
KNA Saint Kitts and Nevis the Grenadines DK Denmark PL Poland
LIE Liechtenstein EC Ecuador PT Portugal
LUX Luxembourg ES Spain RU Russia
MCO Monaco FR France SE Sweden
MKD Macedonia GB United Kingdom UA Ukraine
MNE Montenegro GQ Equatorial Guinea US United States
NLD Netherlands GR Greece UY Uruguay
IN India ZA South Africa

*Permission to use extracts from ISO 3166-1:2006 was provided by Standards Council of Canada, in cooperation with IHS Canada. No further
reproduction is permitted without prior written approval from Standards Council of Canada.

G E o g r aphica l I nde x : 165

Abbreviations Amundsen Gulf … 122 D2 Australia … 37, 155, 156, 152 C5 Belukha, Mount … 141 G4
Amundsen-Scott, res. sta. … 158 C1 Australian Cordillera … 19, 152 D7 Ben Nevis, summit … 37
mount. range: mountain range Amundsen Sea … 158 F2 Austria … 134 E4 Bengal, Bay of … 32, 141 G7
res. sta.: research station Amur, watercourse … 38, 141 K3 Azerbaijan … 135 H4 Benghazi, city … 146 F1
terr.: nonindependent territory Anatolian Plain … 135 G5 Azov, Sea of … 135 G4 Benin … 146 D3
Countries are indicated in bold characters. Andaman Islands … 141 H7 Benin City, city … 146 D4
Andes Cordillera … 21, 128, 129 C4 B Bentley Subglacial Trench … 158 G1
A Andorra … 134 D4 Benue, watercourse … 146 E4
Andorra La Valla, capital … 134 D4 Baffin Bay … 122 H2 Benxi, city … 141 K4
Abaco Island … 125 B1 Andros, island … 125 B1 Baffin Island … 37, 122 H2 Bering Sea … 122 A3
Abidjan, city … 146 C4 Aneto Peak … 134 D4 Baghdad, capital … 66, 140 C5 Bering Strait … 122 A2
Abu Dhabi, capital … 140 D6 Angara, watercourse … 38, 141 I3 Bahamas … 125 B1 Berkner Island … 158 H2
Abuja, capital … 146 D4 Angel Falls … 39, 128 Bahrain … 140 D6 Berlin, capital … 134 E3
Accra, capital … 146 D4 Angola … 146 E6 Baikal, Lake … 39, 141 J3 Bermuda, terr. … 123 H4
Aconcagua, summit … 21, 129 C6 Angola Plateau … 146 F6 Bairiki, capital … 152 G3 Bern, capital … 134 D4
Adamawa Massif … 146 E4 Anguilla, terr. … 125 C1 Baja California, peninsula … 122 E5 Bernardo O'Higgins, res. sta. … 158 H2
Adana, city … 135 G5 Ankara, capital … 135 G5 Baker Island … 153 H3 Bhopal, city … 140 F6
Addis Ababa, capital … 147 G4 Annamitic Cordillera … 141 I7 Baku, capital … 135 H4 Bhutan … 141 H6
Adelaide, city … 152 C7 Annapurna, summit … 21, 140 G6 Balbi, Mount … 152 E4 Bioko, island … 146 D4
Adélie Land … 158 D2 Anshan, city … 141 K4 Balearic Islands, terr. … 134 D5 Birmingham, city … 134 C3
Aden, Gulf of … 140 C7, 147 H3 Antananarivo, capital … 147 H6 Balkan, mount. range … 134 F4 Bishkek, capital … 140 F4
Admiralty Islands … 152 D4 Antarctica … 44, 48, 158, 159 Balkhash, Lake … 13, 140 F4 Bismarck Sea … 141 M9, 152 D4
Adrar Bou Nasser, summit … 146 C1 Anticosti Island … 123 H3 Balsas, watercourse … 122 F5 Bissau, capital … 146 B3
Adriatic Sea … 134 E4 Antigua and Barbuda … 125 C1 Baltic Sea … 134 E3 Black Sea … 32, 135 G4
Aegean Sea … 134 F5 Antipodes Islands … 152 G8 Baltimore, city … 122 G4 Blue Nile, watercourse … 146 G3
Afghanistan … 140 E5 Apennines, mount. range … 134 E4 Bamako, capital … 146 C3 Bogotá, capital … 129 C2
Agra, city … 140 F6 Apia, capital … 153 H5 Banda Sea … 141 K9 Bolivar, Pico … 129 C2
Agrihan, summit … 152 D2 Appalachians, mount. range … 122 G4 Bandar Seri Begawan, capital … 141 J8 Bolivia … 129 D4
Agulhas, Cape … 146 E8 Arabian Desert … 51, 140 C6 Bandeira, Pico da … 129 F5 Bombay, city … 140 F7
Ahaggar Massif … 146 D2 Arabian Sea … 140 E7 Bandung, city … 141 I9 Bonete, summit … 129 D5
Ahmadabad, city … 140 D6 Arafura Sea … 141 L10, 152 C4 Bangalore, city … 140 F7 Borah, Mount … 122 E4
Aïr Massif … 146 D3 Araguaia, watercourse … 129 E3 Bangka, island … 141 I9 Borneo, island … 37, 60, 141 J9
Al Manamah, capital … 140 D6 Arakan Yoma, mount. range … 141 H6 Bangkok, capital … 141 I7 Bosnia and Herzegovina … 134 E4
Alabama, watercourse … 122 G4 Araks, watercourse … 135 H4 Bangladesh … 141 H6 Bosporus Strait … 134 F4
Alaska, Gulf of … 122 C3 Aral Sea … 140 E4 Bangui, capital … 146 E4 Boston, city … 122 H4
Alaska, peninsula … 122 B2 Ararat, Mount … 135 H5 Banjul, capital … 146 B3 Botev, Mount … 134 F4
Alaska Range … 122 B2 Arctic … 49 Banks Islands … 122 D2 Bothnia, Gulf of … 134 E2
Albania … 134 F4 Arctowski, res. sta. … 158 H2 Baoding, city … 141 J5 Botswana … 146 F7
Albert, Lake … 146 G4 Argentina … 48, 129 D5 Baotou, city … 141 I4 Bougainville Island … 152 E4
Aldabra atoll … 147 H5 Argus, Dome … 158 B1 Barbados … 125 D2 Brahmaputra, watercourse … 141 H6
Aldan, watercourse … 141 L3 Arkansas, watercourse … 122 F4 Barbeau, Mount … 122 H1 Brasília, capital … 129 F4
Aleppo, city … 140 B5 Armenia … 135 H4 Barcelona, city … 134 D4 Bratislava, capital … 134 E4
Aleutian Islands … 27, 122 A3 Artigas, res. sta. … 158 H2 Barents Sea … 32, 134 G2 Brazil … 129 E4
Alexander Island … 158 H2 Arturo Prat, res. sta. … 158 H2 Barisan Range … 141 I8 Brazilian Plateau … 129 F4
Alexandria, city … 66, 146 F1 Aruba, terr. … 125 C2 Barquisimeto, city … 129 D2 Brazos, watercourse … 122 F4
Algeria … 146 D2 Asansol, city … 141 G6 Barranquilla, city … 129 C1 Brazzaville, capital … 146 E5
Algiers, capital … 146 D1 Ascension Island … 146 B5 Bass Strait … 152 D7 Bridgetown, capital … 125 D2
Allahabad, city … 140 G6 Ashgabat, capital … 140 D5 Bassas da India, island … 147 H7 Brisbane, city … 152 E6
Almanzor Peak … 134 C4 Asir, mount. range … 140 C7 Basseterre, capital … 125 C1 British Virgin Islands, terr. … 125 C1
Almaty, city … 140 F4 Asmara, capital … 147 G3 Batu, summit … 147 H4 Brooks Range … 122 C2
Alps, mount. range … 21, 137, 134 E4 Assal, Lake … 147 H3 Beaufort Sea … 32, 122 C2 Brunei … 141 J8
Altai, mount. range … 141 H4 Astana, capital … 140 F3 Beijing, capital … 141 J4 Brussels, capital … 134 D3
Altiplano, plateau … 129 D4 Asunción, capital … 129 E5 Beirut, capital … 140 B5 Bucaramanga, city … 129 C2
Altun Shan, mount. range … 141 H5 Atacama Desert … 51, 129 D5 Belarus … 134 F3 Bucharest, capital … 134 F4
Amazon, watercourse … 38, 128, 131, 129 D3 Athabasca, Lake … 122 E3 Belém, city … 129 F3 Budapest, capital … 134 F4
Amazonia, plain … 129 D3 Athens, capital … 134 F5 Belgium … 134 D3 Buenos Aires, capital … 129 E6
American Samoa, terr. … 153 I5 Atlanta, city … 122 G4 Belgrade, capital … 134 F4 Bujumbura, capital … 146 F5
Amery Ice Shelf … 158 B2 Atlantic Coastal Plain … 122 G4 Belgrano II, res. sta. … 158 I2 Bulgaria … 134 F4
Amirante Islands … 147 I5 Atlas, mount. range … 146 D1 Belize … 125 B1 Bulu Rantekombola, summit … 141 K9
Amman, capital … 140 B5 Auckland, city … 152 G7 Bellingshausen, res. sta. … 158 H2 Burdekin, watercourse … 152 D5
Amritsar, city … 140 F5 Aurangabad, city … 140 F7 Bellingshausen Sea … 158 G2 Burkina Faso … 146 C3
Amsterdam, city … 134 D3 Austin, city … 122 F4 Belmopan, capital … 125 B1 Burma … 141 H6
Amu Darya, watercourse … 140 E5 Belo Horizonte, city … 129 F4

166 : G e o g r aphica l I nde x

Bursa, city … 134 F4 China … 29, 141 H5 Daqing, city … 141 K4 El Teleno, summit … 134 C4
Burundi … 146 G5 Chire, watercourse … 146 G6 Dar es Salaam, city … 147 G5 Elbe, watercourse … 134 E3
Chisinau, capital … 134 F4 Darfur, mount. range … 146 F3 Elbrus, mount. range … 140 D5
C Chittagong, city … 141 G6 Darling, watercourse … 38, 152 D7 Elbrus, summit … 21, 135 H4
Cho Oyu, summit … 21, 141 G6 Datong, city … 141 J5 Ellesmere Island … 122 G1
Cachi, summit … 129 D5 Choiseul, island … 152 E4 Davao, city … 141 K8 Ellsworth Land … 158 H2
Cairo, capital … 46, 66, 148, 146 G1 Chongqing, city … 66, 141 I6 Davis, res. sta. … 159 B2 Enderby Land … 158 B2
Calcutta, city … 66, 141 G6 Chott Melrhir, depression … 146 D1 Davis Sea … 159 C2 English Channel, sea … 134 C3
Calgary, city … 122 E3 Chubut, watercourse … 129 D7 Davis Strait … 122 I2 Ennedi, mount. range … 146 F3
Cali, city … 129 C2 Chuo Yang Sin, summit … 141 I7 Dead Sea … 140 B5 Enriquillo, Lago … 125 C1
California, Gulf of … 122 E5 Chuuk Islands … 152 E3 Death Valley, depression … 122 E4 Equatorial Guinea … 146 E4
Cambodia … 141 I7 Cincinnati, city … 122 G4 Deccan Plateau … 140 F7 Erebus, Mount … 158 E2
Cambrian Mountains … 134 C3 Ciudad Juárez, city … 122 E4 Delhi, city … 66, 140 F6 Erie, Lake … 122 G4
Cameroon … 146 E4 Cleveland, city … 122 G4 Della, waterfall … 39 Eritrea … 147 G3
Cameroon, Mount … 27, 146 D4 Coast Mountains … 122 D3 Demirkazik, summit … 135 G5 Esfahan, city … 140 D5
Campinas, city … 129 F5 Cochin, city … 140 F8 Democratic Republic of the Congo … 27, Esperanza, res. sta. … 158 H2
Canada … 33, 46, 61, 122 F3 Coimbatore, city … 140 F7 Estonia … 134 F3
Canadian Shield, plateau … 122 G3 Colombia … 27, 129 C2 146 F5 Ethiopia … 147 H4
Canary Islands, terr. … 36, 146 B2 Colombo, capital … 140 G8 Denakil Plain, depression … 147 H3 Ethiopian Massif … 147 H3 
Canberra, capital … 152 D7 Colorado (N. America), watercourse … 122 E4 Denmark … 134 E3 Etna, summit … 16, 134 E5
Cantabrian Mountains … 134 C4 Colorado (S. America), watercourse … 129 D6 Denmark Strait … 123 K2 Euboea, island … 134 F5
Cape Breton Island … 123 H3 Colorado Plateau … 51, 122 E4 Denver, city … 122 F4 Euphrates, watercourse … 135 G5, 140 C5
Cape Town, city … 146 E8 Columbia, watercourse … 122 E3 Detroit, city … 122 G4 Everest, Mount … 21, 141 G6
Cape Verde … 146 A3 Columbus, city … 122 G4 Devon Island … 122 G1 Eyre, Lake … 152 C6
Caracas, capital … 129 D1 Comandante Ferraz, res. sta. … 158 H2 Dhaka, capital … 66, 141 H6
Carbón, Laguna del … 129 D7 Comoros … 147 H6 Dhanbad, city … 141 G6 F
Caribbean Sea … 32, 125 B1 Conakry, capital … 146 B4 Dhaulagiri, summit … 21, 140 G6
Caroline Island … 153 J4 Concordia, res. sta. … 158 D2 Dili, capital … 141 K9 Faisalabad, city … 140 F5
Caroline Islands archipelago … 152 D3 Congo … 146 E5 Dinaric Alps, mount. range … 134 E4 Falkland Islands, terr. … 129 E8
Carpathians, mount. range … 134 F4 Congo, watercourse … 38, 146 F4 Djado Plateau … 146 E2 Faridabad, city … 140 F6
Carpentaria, Gulf of … 152 C5 Congo Basin … 146 F4 Djibouti … 147 H3 Faroe Islands, terr. … 134 C2
Casablanca, city … 146 C1 Cook Islands, terr. … 153 I5 Djibouti, capital … 147 H3 Farquhar Islands … 147 I5
Cascade Range … 122 D3 Cook, Mount … 152 F8 Dnepropetrovsk, city … 135 G4 Fernando de Noronha Island … 129 G3
Caspian Depression … 135 I4, 140 C4 Cook Strait … 152 G8 Dnieper, watercourse … 134 G4 Fiji … 152 G5
Caspian Sea … 39, 135 H4, 140 C4 Copenhagen, capital … 134 E3 Dniester, watercourse … 134 F4 Filchner Ice Shelf … 158 I2
Castries, capital … 125 C2 Coral Sea … 152 E5 Doda Betta, summit … 140 F7 Finland … 134 F2
Caucasus, mount. range … 21, 135 H4 Córdoba, city … 129 D6 Dodoma, capital … 146 G5 Finland, Gulf of … 134 F3
Cayman Islands, terr. … 125 B1 Corno Grande, summit … 134 E4 Doha, capital … 140 D6 Firat, watercourse … 135 H5
Cedar Lake … 122 F3 Cornwall, peninsula … 134 C3 Dome Fuji, res. sta. … 158 B2 Flinders Ranges … 152 C7
Celebes Sea … 141 K8 Corsica, terr. … 134 D4 Dominica … 125 C1 Flores, island … 141 K9
Central African Republic … 146 F4 Costa Rica … 127, 125 B2 Dominican Republic … 125 C1 Flores Sea … 141 K9
Central Massif … 134 D4 Côte d’Ivoire … 146 C4 Don, watercourse … 135 H4 Florida, peninsula … 122 G5, 125 B1
Central Russian Uplands … 134 G3 Cotonou, capital … 146 D4 Dongguan, city … 141 J6 Fly, watercourse … 152 D4
Central Siberian Plateau … 141 I2 Cotopaxi, summit … 129 C3 Douala, city … 146 D4 Fortaleza, city … 129 G3
Ceram, island … 141 K9 Crêt de la Neige, summit … 134 D4 Drakensberg, mount. range … 146 F8 Fouta Djallon, mount. range … 146 B3
Cervin, Mount … 134 D4 Crete, island … 136, 134 F5 Dubai, city … 140 D6 France … 134 D4
Ceuta, terr. … 146 C1 Crimea, peninsula … 135 G4 Dublin, capital … 134 C3 Fraser, watercourse … 122 D3
Chad … 146 E3 Cristobal Colon, Pico … 129 C1 Duero, watercourse … 134 C4 Freetown, capital … 146 B4
Chad, Lake … 146 E3 Croatia … 134 E4 Dumont d'Urville, res. sta. … 158 D2 French Guiana, terr. … 129 E2
Changchun, city … 141 K4 Cuba … 125 B1 Durban, city … 146 G7 French Polynesia, terr. … 153 K5
Changde, city … 141 J6 Curitiba, city … 129 F5 Durg-Bhilainagar, city … 140 G6 Fuji, Mount … 37, 141 L5
Changsha, city … 141 J6 Cyprus … 135 G5 Dushanbe, capital … 140 E5 Fukuoka, city … 141 L5
Changzhou, city … 141 J5 Czech Republic … 134 E4 Fundy, Bay of … 33
Chao Phraya, watercourse … 141 I7 E Fushun, city … 141 K4
Chatham Islands … 152 H8 D Fuyu, city … 141 K4
Chelyabinsk, city … 140 E3 East China Sea … 32, 141 K5 Fuzhou, city … 141 J6
Chengdu, city … 141 I5 Dakar, capital … 146 B3 East Great Rift Valley, basin … 146 G6
Chersky Range … 141 M2 Dalalven, watercourse … 134 E2 Ebro, watercourse … 134 C4 G
Chicago, city … 122 G4 Dalap-Uliga-Dorrit, capital … 152 G3 Ecuador … 129 C2
Chifeng, city … 141 J4 Dalian, city … 141 K5 Edmonton, city … 122 E3 Gabon … 146 E5
Chihuahuan Desert … 51, 122 F5 Dallas, city … 122 F4 Egypt … 146 F2 Gaborone, capital … 146 F7
Chile … 18, 77, 129 C6 Damascus, capital … 140 B5 Ekaterinburg, city … 140 E3 Galapagos Islands … 128 A3
Chiloé Island … 129 C7 Damavand, summit … 140 D5 Ekurhuleni, city … 146 F7 Galdhøppigen, summit … 134 D2
Chimborazo, summit … 129 C3 Danube, watercourse … 134 F4 El Chichón, volcano … 27 Gambia … 146 B3
El Salvador … 125 B2 Gambier Islands … 153 L6

Ganges, watercourse … 140 G6 Gunnbjorn, Mount … 37, 123 J2 Illimani, summit … 129 D4 G e o g r aphica l I nde x : 167
Gardner Island … 153 H4 Gunung Kerinci, summit … 37, 141 I9 Inch'on, city … 141 K5
Garonne, watercourse … 134 D4 Guyana … 129 E2 India … 140 F6 Kama, watercourse … 135 I2
Gascogne, Gulf of … 134 C4 Guyana Plateau … 129 E2 Indianapolis, city … 122 G4 Kamchatka, peninsula … 141 N3
Gavarnic, waterfall … 39 Gyala Peri, summit … 141 H6 Indigirka, watercourse … 141 M2 Kampala, capital … 146 G4
Gaza Strip, terr. … 140 B5 Indonesia … 27, 29, 144, 141 K9 Kanchenjunga, summit … 21, 141 G6
Georgetown, capital … 129 E2 H Indore, city … 140 F6 Kangaroo Island … 152 C7
Georgia … 135 H4 Indus, watercourse … 140 E6 Kano, city … 146 D3
Gerlachovska, summit … 134 F4 Hadramout, mount. range … 140 C7 Indus Plain … 140 E6 Kanpur, city … 140 G6
Germano-Polish Plain … 134 E3 Hainan, island … 141 I7 Ionian Sea … 134 E5 Kansas City, city … 122 F4
Germany … 134 E3 Haiphong, city … 141 I6 Iran … 29, 140 D5 Kaoshsiung, city … 141 K6
Ghana … 146 C4 Haiti … 125 C1 Iraq … 140 C5 Kapuas, watercourse … 141 J8
Ghaziabad, city … 140 F6 Halley, res. sta. … 158 I2 Ireland … 134 C3 Kara Sea … 141 G1
Gibraltar, terr. … 134 C5 Halmahera, island … 141 K8 Irrawaddy, watercourse … 141 H6 Karachi, city … 66, 140 E6
Gibraltar, Strait of … 134 C5 Hamburg, city … 134 E3 Irtych, watercourse … 38, 140 F3 Karaj, city … 140 D5
Gibson Desert … 51, 152 B6 Hamersley Range … 152 A6 Islamabad, capital … 140 F5 Karakoram, mount. range … 21, 140 F5
Gilbert Islands … 152 G3 Handan, city … 141 J5 Israel … 140 B5 Karakum Desert … 51, 140 D5
Glasgow, city … 134 C3 Hangzhou, city … 141 J6 Issyk Kul, lake … 140 F4 Kathmandu, capital … 141 G6
Glass, waterfall … 39 Hanoi, capital … 141 I6 Istanbul, city … 134 F4 Kattegat, strait … 134 E3
Glomma, watercourse … 134 E2 Harare, capital … 146 G6 Italy … 29, 134 E4 Kauai Island … 153 J1
Glorioso Islands … 147 H6 Harbin, city … 141 K4 Izmir, city … 134 F5 Kazakhstan … 13, 140 F4
Gobi Desert … 45, 51, 141 I4 Havana, capital … 125 B1 Jabalpur, city … 140 G6 Kazan, city … 135 H3
Godavari, watercourse … 140 F7 Hawaii archipelago … 27, 153 J2 Jaipur, city … 140 F6 Kebnekaise, summit … 134 E2
Goiânia, city … 129 F4 Hawaii Island … 153 J2 Jakarta, capital … 141 I9 Keele Peak … 122 D2
Gotland, island … 134 E3 Hebrides Islands … 134 C3 Jamaica … 127, 125 B1 Kelut, volcano … 27
Goyang, city … 141 K5 Hefei, city … 141 J5 James Bay … 122 G3 Kemijoki, watercourse … 134 F2
Graham Land … 158 H2 Helsinki, capital … 46, 134 F2 Jamshedpur, city … 141 G6 Kenya … 46, 147 G4
Grampian Mountains … 134 C3 Heze, city … 141 J5 Jan Mayen, terr. … 134 C1 Kenya, Mount … 21, 147 G5
Gran Chaco, plain … 129 D5 Highlands, plateau … 134 C3 Japan … 26, 27, 29, 144, 141 L5 Kermadec Islands … 152 H7
Grand Bahama Island … 125 B1 Hijaz, mount. range … 140 B6 Japan, Sea of … 32, 141 L5 Kharkiv, city … 135 G4
Grand Canyon, depression … 122 E4 Himalayas, mount. range … 21, 143, 141 G6 Japura, watercourse … 129 D3 Khartoum, capital … 146 G3
Great Australian Bight … 152 C7 Hindu Kush, mount. range … 140 F5 Jarvis Island, terr. … 153 I3 Khorat Plain … 141 I7
Great Basin … 45, 51, 122 E4 Hiroshima, city … 141 L5 Java, island … 27, 141 J9 Khulna, city … 141 G6
Great Bear Lake … 39, 122 D2 Ho Chi Minh City, city … 141 I7 Java Sea … 141 J9 Khuriya Muriya Islands … 140 D7
Great Bear River … 122 D2 Hokkaido, island … 141 M4 Java Trench … 33 Kiev, capital … 134 G3
Great Britain, island … 37 Honduras … 125 B1 Jebel Toubkal, summit … 146 C1 Kigali, capital … 146 G5
Great Inagua Island … 125 C1 Honduras, Gulf of … 125 B1 Jeddah, city … 140 B6 Kilimanjaro, summit … 21, 147 G5
Great Plains … 122 F3 Hong, watercourse … 141 I6 Jenissei, watercourse … 38, 141 G2 Kimberley Plateau … 152 B5
Great Salt Lake … 122 E4 Hong Kong, city … 141 J6 Jersey, terr. … 134 C4 Kinabalu, summit … 37, 141 J8
Great Sandy Desert … 51, 152 B6 Honiara, capital … 152 E4 Jerusalem, city … 84 King Sejong, res. sta. … 158 H2
Great Slave Lake … 39, 122 E2 Honshu, island … 37, 141 L5 Jezerce, summit … 134 E4 Kingston, capital … 125 B1
Great Victoria Desert … 152 B6 Hormuz, Strait of … 140 D6 Jilin, city … 141 K4 Kingstown, capital … 125 C2
Great Wall, res. sta. … 158 H2 Horn, Cape … 129 D8 Jinan, city … 66, 141 J5 Kinshasa, capital … 146 E5
Greece … 134 F5 Houston, city … 122 F5 Jining, city … 141 J5 Kiribati … 153 I4
Greenland, terr. … 37, 49, 122 I1 Howland Island, terr. … 153 H3 Jinxi, city … 141 K4 Kiritimati Island … 153 J3
Grenada … 125 C2 Huaian, city … 141 J5 Johannesburg, city … 146 F7 Kirkpatrick, Mount … 158 E1
Grossglockner, summit … 134 E4 Huainan, city … 141 J5 Johnston Atoll, terr. … 153 I2 Kizilirmak, watercourse … 135 G4
Guadalajara, city … 122 F5 Huang He, watercourse … 39, 141 I5 Jordan … 140 B5 Kodiak Island … 122 B3
Guadalcanal, island … 152 E5 Huascarán, summit … 21, 129 C3 Jos Plateau … 146 D3 Koko Nor, lake … 141 H5
Guadaloupe, island … 122 E5 Hudson, watercourse … 122 H4 Juan de Nova Island … 147 H6 Kola, peninsula … 134 G2
Guadalquivir, watercourse … 134 C5 Hudson Bay … 48, 122 G3 Juan Fernandez Islands … 129 C6 Kolwezi, city … 146 F6
Guadeloupe, terr. … 125 C1 Huhot, city … 141 J4 Jubany, res. sta. … 158 H2 Kolyma, watercourse … 141 N2
Guam, terr. … 152 D2 Hungarian Basin … 134 F4 Jubba, watercourse … 147 H4 Kolyma Mountains … 141 N2
Guangzhou, city … 141 J6 Hungary … 134 E4 Jura, mount. range … 134 D4 Komandor Islands … 141 O3
Guapore, watercourse … 129 D4 Huron, Lake … 39, 122 G3 Juruena, watercourse … 129 E4 Koror, capital … 152 C3
Guatemala … 125 A1 Huzhou, city … 141 J5 Jutland, peninsula … 134 D3 Kosciusko, Mount … 19, 37, 152 D7
Guatemala, capital … 125 A2 Hvannadalshnúkur, summit … 134 B2 Kosovo … 134 F4
Guayaquil, city … 129 B3 Hyderabad (India), city … 140 F7 K Koussi, Mount … 146 E3
Guernsey, terr. … 134 C4 Hyderabad (Pakistan), city … 140 E6 Krimmler, waterfall … 39
Guinea … 146 C4 K2, summit … 21, 140 F5 Krishna, watercourse … 140 F7
Guinea, Gulf of … 146 D4 IJ Kabul, capital … 140 E5 Kuala Lumpur, capital … 141 I8
Guinea-Bissau … 146 B3 Kaduna, city … 146 D3 Kulul, depression … 147 H3
Guiyang, city … 141 I6 Ibadan, city … 146 D4 Kalahari Desert … 51, 146 F7 Kumasi, city … 146 C4
Gujranwala, city … 140 F5 Iberville, Mont d’ … 122 H3 Kaliningrado … 134 F3 Kunene, watercourse … 146 E6
Iceland … 134 B2 Kunlun Shan, mount. range … 140 G5

168 : G E o g r aphica l I nde x

Kunming, city … 141 I6 Lubumbashi, city … 146 F6 Marcus Island … 141 N6 Molodezhnaya, res. sta. … 158 B2
Kura, watercourse … 135 H4 Lucknow, city … 140 G6 Margarita Island … 129 D1 Molucca Sea … 141 K9
Kuril Islands … 141 M4 Ludhiana, city … 140 F5 Mariana Trench … 24, 33, 152 D2 Monaco … 134 D4
Kuwait … 140 C6 Lukuga, watercourse … 146 F5 Marie Byrd Land … 158 G1 Monaco, capital … 134 D4
Kuwait, capital … 140 C6 Luoyang, city … 141 J5 Marmara, Sea of … 134 F4 Moncayo, summit … 134 C4
Kwangju, city … 141 K5 Lusaka, capital … 146 F6 Maromokotro, Mount … 37 Mongolia … 141 I4
Kwanza, watercourse … 146 E5 Luxembourg … 134 D4 Marseille-Aix-en-Provence, city … 134 D4 Monoun, Lake … 27
Kyoto, city … 141 L5 Luxembourg, capital … 134 D4 Marshall Islands … 152 G3 Monrovia, capital … 146 B4
Kyrgyzstan … 140 F4 Luzhou, city … 141 I6 Martin Vaz Islands … 129 H5 Mont Blanc, summit … 21, 134 D4
Kyushu, island … 141 L5 Luzon, island … 141 K7 Martinique, terr. … 125 C2 Monte Cinto, summit … 134 D4
Kyzylkum Desert … 51, 140 E4 Lyon, city … 134 D4 Maseru, capital … 146 F7 Montenegro … 134 E4
Mashhad, city … 140 D5 Monterrey, city … 122 F5
L M Mato Grosso, plateau … 129 E4 Montevideo, capital … 129 E6
Maui Island … 153 J1 Montréal, city … 46, 122 H3
La Paz, capital … 129 D4 Mac. Robertson Land … 158 B2 Mauna Kea, summit … 153 J2 Montserrat, terr. … 27, 125 C1
Laagen, watercourse … 134 E2 Macedonia … 134 F4 Mauritania … 146 B3 Morocco … 146 C1
Labrador Sea … 123 I3 Maceió, city … 129 G3 Mauritius … 147 I7 Moroni, capital … 147 H6
Ladakh, mount. range … 140 F5 Mackenzie, watercourse … 38, 122 D2 Mawson, res. sta. … 159 B2 Moscow, capital … 134 G3
Ladoga, Lake … 134 G2 Mackenzie Mountains … 122 D2 Mayon, volcano … 27 Mosul, city … 140 C5
Lagos, city … 146 D4 Madagascar … 37, 147 H6 Mayotte, terr. … 147 H6 Mozambique … 146 G6
Lahore, city … 66, 140 F5 Madeira, terr. … 146 B1 Mbabane, capital … 146 G7 Mozambique Channel … 147 H6
Lakshadweep, islands … 140 F7 Madeira, watercourse … 129 D3 Mbuji-Mayi, city … 146 F5 Mtarazi, waterfall … 39
Lambert Glacier … 158 B2 Madras, city … 140 G7 McDonnell, Mount … 152 C6 Mudanjiang, city … 141 K4
Lanzarote, island … 36 Madre de Dios, watercourse … 129 D4 McKinley, Mount … 21, 122 B2 Mulhacén, summit … 134 C5
Lanzhou, city … 141 I5 Madrid, capital … 134 C4 McMurdo, res. stat. … 158 E2 Multan, city … 140 F6
Laos … 141 I6 Madurai, city … 140 F7 Mecca, city … 85, 140 B6 Munich, city … 134 E4
Laptev Sea … 141 K1 Magdalena, watercourse … 129 C2 Medan, city … 141 H8 Murat, watercourse … 135 H5
Larsen Ice Shelf … 158 H2 Magellan, Strait of … 129 D8 Medellín, city … 129 C2 Murray, watercourse … 38, 152 D7
Las Vegas, city … 122 E4 Mahakam, watercourse … 141 J8 Mediterranean Sea … 32, 134 D5, 140 A5, Mururoa, island … 153 L6
Latvia … 134 F3 Mahanadi, watercourse … 140 G6 Musala Peak … 134 F4
Laurentians, mount. range … 122 H3 Mahé, island … 147 I5 146 E1 Muscat, capital … 140 D6
Lebanon … 140 B5 Maitri, res. sta. … 158 A2 Meerut, city … 140 F6 Muztag, summit … 141 G5
Leeds, city … 134 C3 Makalu, summit … 21, 141 H6 Meharry, Mount … 152 A6 Mweru, Lake … 146 F5
Lena, watercourse … 38, 141 I3 Makassar, city … 141 J9 Mekong, watercourse … 38, 141 I7
León, city … 122 F5 Malabo, capital … 146 D4 Melbourne, city … 152 D7 N
Lesbos, island … 134 F5 Malacca Peninsula … 141 I8 Melilla, terr. … 146 C1
Leshan, city … 141 I6 Malacca, Strait of … 141 I8 Melville Island (N. America) … 122 E1 Nagoya, city … 141 L5
Lesotho … 146 F7 Malaita, island … 152 F4 Melville Island (Oceania) … 152 C5 Nagpur, city … 140 F6
Liberia … 146 C4 Malawi … 146 G6 Memphis, city … 122 G4 Nairobi, capital … 147 G5
Libreville, capital … 146 D4 Malawi, Lake … 39, 146 G6 Mentawai Islands … 141 H8 Namib Desert … 51, 146 E7
Libya … 146 E2 Malaysia … 141 I8 Merapi, volcano … 27 Namibia … 13, 146 E7
Liechtenstein … 134 D4 Maldives … 140 F8 Mercedario, summit … 129 C6 Nampho, city … 141 K5
Lille, city … 134 D3 Male, capital … 140 F8 Mexico … 27, 122 F5 Nanchang, city … 141 J6
Lilongwe, capital … 146 G6 Mali … 146 C3 Mexico, capital … 124, 122 F5 Nanchong, city … 141 I5
Lima, capital … 129 C4 Malta … 134 E5 Mexico, Gulf of … 32, 122 G5, 125 B1 Nanga Parbat, summit … 21, 140 F5
Limpopo, watercourse … 146 G7 Man, Isle of, terr. … 134 C3 Miami, city … 122 G5 Nanjing, city … 66, 141 J5
Linyi, city … 141 J5 Managua, capital … 125 B2 Mianyang, city … 141 I5 Nanning, city … 141 I6
Lisbon, capital … 134 C5 Manaslu, summit … 21, 141 G6 Michigan, Lake … 39, 122 G4 Nanyang, city … 141 K5
Lithuania … 134 F3 Manaus, city … 129 E3 Micronesia … 152 D3 Naples, city … 134 E4
Liuan, city … 141 J5 Manchester, city … 134 C3 Milano, city … 134 D4 Narmada, watercourse … 140 F6
Liupanshui, city … 141 I6 Manchurian Plain … 141 K4 Milwaukee, city … 122 G4 Nashik, city … 140 F7
Liuzhou, city … 141 I6 Mangoky, watercourse … 147 H7 Mindanao, island … 141 K8 Nassau, capital … 125 B1
Ljubljana, capital … 134 E4 Mania, watercourse … 147 H6 Minneapolis, city … 122 F4 Natal, city … 129 G3
Llanos, plain … 129 D2 Manila, capital … 141 K7 Minsk, capital … 134 F3 Nauru … 152 F4
Llullaillaco, summit … 129 D5 Manitoba, Lake … 122 F3 Minya Konka, summit … 141 I6 Naypyidaw, capital … 141 H7
Lofoten Islands … 134 E2 Maoke Mountains … 141 L9, 152 D4 Mirny, res. sta. … 159 C2 Ndjamena, capital … 146 E3
Logan, Mount … 21, 122 C2 Maotou Shan, summit … 141 I6 Mississippi, watercourse … 38, 122 F4 Neblina, Pico da … 129 D2
Loire, watercourse … 134 D4 Maputo, capital … 146 G7 Missouri, watercourse … 38, 122 F4 Neijiang, city … 141 I6
Lome, capital … 146 D4 Maracaibo, city … 129 C1 Mitchell, Mount … 122 G4 Nelson, watercourse … 122 F3
London, capital … 134 C3 Maracaibo, Lake … 133, 129 C2 Mitumba Mountains … 146 F5 Nepal … 140 G6
Los Angeles, city … 122 E4 Maracay, city … 129 D1 Mogadishu, capital … 147 H4 Netherlands … 134 D3
Loyalty Islands … 152 F6 Marajó Island … 129 F3 Mojave Desert … 51, 122 E4 Netherlands Antilles, terr. … 125 C2
Lualaba, watercourse … 146 F5 Marambio, res. sta. … 158 H2 Moldova … 134 F4 Nettilling Lake … 122 H2
Luanda, capital … 146 E5 Marañón, watercourse … 129 C3 Moldoveanu, Mount … 134 F4 Neumayer, res. sta. … 158 I2
Molloy Hole … 33

Neva, watercourse … 134 G3 Olympus, Mount … 134 F4 Phoenix Islands … 153 H4 G E o g r aphica l I nde x : 169
Nevado del Ruiz, volcano … 27 Oman … 140 D7 Phou Bia, summit … 141 I7
New Britain, island … 152 E4 Oman, Gulf of … 140 D6 Pikes Peak … 122 F4 Rhine, watercourse … 134 D3
New Caledonia, terr. … 152 F6 Omsk, city … 140 F3 Pinatubo, volcano … 27 Rhodes, island … 134 F5
New Delhi, capital … 140 F6 Onega, Lake … 134 G2 Pindus, mount. range … 134 F5 Rhone, watercourse … 134 D4
New Guinea, island … 37, 152 D4 Ontario, Lake … 122 G4 Pitcairn Islands, terr. … 153 M6 Riga, capital … 134 F3
New Ireland, island … 152 E4 Orange, watercourse … 146 F7 Pittsburgh, city … 122 G4 Rio Branco, watercourse … 129 D2
New Orleans, city … 57, 122 G5 Orcadas, res. sta. … 158 H2 Po, watercourse … 134 E4 Rio de Janeiro, city … 130, 129 F5
New Siberia Islands … 141 M1 Ord, Mount … 152 B5 Pobedy, Pik … 140 F4 Rio de la Plata, watercourse … 38, 40, 129 E6
New York, city … 122 H4 Orinoco, watercourse … 129 D2 Podgorica, capital … 134 E4 Rio Grande (N. America) watercourse …
New Zealand … 40, 154, 152 G7 Orizaba, summit … 21, 122 F5 Poland … 134 E3
New Zealand Alps, mount. range … 152 G8 Orlando, city … 122 G5 Port Moresby, capital … 152 D4 122 E4
Newfoundland, island … 123 I3 Orohena, Mount … 153 K5 Port of Spain, capital … 125 C2 Rio Grande (S. America) watercourse …
Niagara Falls … 39 Osaka-Kobe, city … 29, 141 L5 Port Vila, capital … 152 F5
Niamey, capital … 146 D3 Oslo, capital … 134 E3 Port-au-Prince, capital … 125 C1 129 F4
Nicaragua … 125 B2 Ossa, Mount … 152 D8 Portland, city … 122 D3 Rio Grande de Santiago, watercourse …
Nicaragua, Lake … 125 B2 Ottawa, capital … 122 G3 Porto, city … 134 C4
Nicobar Islands … 141 H8 Ouagadougou, capital … 146 C3 Pôrto Alegre, city … 129 E5 122 F5
Nicosia, capital … 135 G5 Oued Draa, watercourse … 146 C2 Portugal … 134 C5 Rio Negro, watercourse … 129 D2
Niger … 146 D3 Ozark Plateau … 122 F4 Prague, capital … 134 E3 Riverside, city … 122 E4
Niger, watercourse … 38, 146 C3 Praia, capital … 146 A3 Riyadh, capital … 66, 140 C6
Nigeria … 146 D4 P Presidente Frei, res. sta. … 158 H2 Robson, Mount … 122 E3
Nile, watercourse … 38, 146 G2 Pretoria, capital … 146 F7 Roca Alijos, island … 122 E5
Ningbo, city … 141 K6 Pakistan … 29, 140 E6 Prince Edward Island … 123 H3 Rockies, mount. range … 21, 122 E3
Nipigon, Lake … 122 G3 Palau … 152 C3 Prince of Wales Island … 122 F2 Rodrigues Island … 147 J6
Niue, terr. … 153 I5 Palembang, city … 141 I9 Prince Patrick Island … 122 E1 Romania … 134 F4
Nizhni Novgorod, city … 134 G3 Palikir, capital … 152 E3 Princesse Elisabeth, res. sta. … 158 A2 Rome, capital … 134 E4
Norfolk Island, terr. … 152 F6 Palk Strait … 140 F8 Princess Elizabeth Land … 159 C2 Ronne Ice Shelf … 158 H2
North Cape … 134 F1 Palmer, res. sta. … 158 H2 Principe, island … 146 D4 Roosevelt, Mount … 122 D3
North Island … 152 G7 Palmer Land … 158 H2 Progress, res. sta. … 159 B2 Rosario, city … 129 D6
North Korea … 141 K5 Palmerston Atoll … 153 I5 Providence, city … 122 H4 Roseau, capital … 125 C1
North Sea … 32, 134 D3 Palmyra Atoll … 153 I3 Puebla, city … 122 F5 Ross Ice Shelf … 158 E1
Northern Dvina, watercourse … 134 H2 Pamirs, mount. range … 140 F5 Puerto Rico, terr. … 125 C1 Ross Sea … 158 E2
Northern Mariana Islands, terr. … 152 D2 Pampas, plain … 129 D6 Puerto Rico Trench … 33 Rostov-on-Don, city … 135 G4
Norway … 134 D3 Panama … 125 B2 Puncak Jaya, summit … 37, 141 L9 Rothera, res. sta. … 158 H2
Norwegian Sea … 134 D2 Panama, capital … 125 B2 Pune, city … 140 F7 Rotterdam, city … 134 D3
Nouakchott, capital … 146 B3 Panama Canal … 125 B2 Purus, watercourse … 129 D3 Ruapehu, Mount … 152 G7
Nova Scotia, island … 123 H4 Panama, Isthmus of … 125 B2 Pusan, city … 141 K5 Rufiji, watercourse … 147 G5
Novaya Zemlya, island … 134 I1 Papua New Guinea … 152 D4 Putumayo, watercourse … 129 C3 Russia … 21, 135 H3, 141 H3
Novolazarevskaja, res. sta. … 158 A2 Paraguay … 129 E5 Puy de Sancy, summit … 134 D4 Rwanda … 146 G5
Novosibirsk, city … 141 G3 Paraguay, watercourse … 129 E4 Pyongyang, capital … 141 K5 Ryukyu Islands … 141 K6
Nubian Desert … 146 G2 Paramaribo, capital … 129 E2 Pyrenees, mount. range … 134 D4
Nuku' alofa, capital … 153 H6 Parana, watercourse … 38, 41, 129 E5 S
Nullarbor Plain … 152 C7 Parana Plateau … 129 E5 QR
Nunivak Island … 122 A3 Paranaiba, watercourse … 129 F4 Sabkhat Ghuzayyil, depression … 146 F2
Nyiragongo, volcano … 27 Paris, capital … 136, 134 D4 Qaidam Basin … 141 H5 Sacramento, city … 122 D4
Nyos, Lake … 27 Parnaíba, watercourse … 129 F3 Qatar … 140 D6 Sacramento, watercourse … 122 D4
Patagonia, plateau … 51, 129 D7 Qattara Depression … 146 F2 Sahara Desert … 51, 149, 146 E2
O Patna, city … 141 G6 Qingdao, city … 141 K5 Sahel, desert … 51, 146 D3
Peace River … 122 E3 Qiqihaer, city … 141 K4 Saint Croix Island … 152 F5
Oahu Island … 153 J1 Pechora, watercourse … 135 I2 Qom, city … 140 D5 Saint George's, capital … 125 C2
Ob, watercourse … 38, 141 G3 Peipus, Lake … 134 F3 Quanzhou, city … 141 J6 Saint Helena, terr. … 146 C6
Oder, watercourse … 134 E3 Peloponnese, peninsula … 134 F5 Queen Charlotte Islands … 122 D3 Saint Helens, volcano … 27
Odessa, city … 134 G4 Pennines, mount. range … 134 C3 Queen Maud Land … 158 A2 Saint John’s, capital … 125 C1
Odin, Mount … 37, 122 H2 Persian Gulf … 32, 140 D6 Quito, capital … 129 C3 Saint Kitts and Nevis … 125 C1
Ogasawara Gunto, island … 152 D1 Perth, city … 152 A7 Rabat, capital … 146 C1 Saint Kliment Ohridski, res. sta. … 158 H2
Ogooué, watercourse … 146 E4 Peru … 29, 128, 129 C3 Rajkot, city … 140 F6 Saint Lawrence, watercourse … 122 H3
Ohio, watercourse … 122 G4 Peshawar, city … 140 F5 Rawalpindi, city … 140 F5 Saint Lawrence Island … 122 A2
Ojos del Salado, summit … 129 D5 Peter I Island … 158 G2 Recife, city … 129 G3 Saint Louis, city … 122 F4
Okavango, watercourse … 146 F6 Philadelphia, city … 122 G4 Red Sea … 32, 140 B6, 146 G2 Saint Lucia … 125 C2
Okavango Basin … 146 F7 Philippine Sea … 141 K7, 152 B1 Reindeer lake … 122 F3 Saint Mary’s Peak … 152 C7
Okhotsk, Sea of … 141 M3 Philippines … 27, 142, 144, 141 K7 Reunion, terr. … 147 I7 Saint Petersburg, city … 66, 134 G3
Oklahoma City … 56 Phnom Penh, capital … 141 I7 Revillagigedo Islands … 122 E5 Saint Pierre and Miquelon, terr. … 123 I3
Öland, island … 134 E3 Phoenix, city … 122 E4 Reykjavik, capital … 134 A2 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines … 125 C2
Sajama, summit … 129 D4
Sakhalin, island … 141 M3
Salvador, city … 129 G4
Salween, watercourse … 141 H6
Samara, city … 135 I3
Samoa … 153 H5

170 : G e o g r aphica l I nde x

San Antonio, city … 122 F5 Sierra Madre Occidental, mount. range … Switzerland … 134 D4 Tobol, watercourse … 140 E3
San Diego, city … 122 E4 122 E5 Sydney, city … 154, 152 E7 Tocantins, watercourse … 129 F4
San Francisco, city … 122 D4 Syowa, res. sta. … 158 B2 Togo … 146 D4
San Jorge, Gulf of … 129 D7 Sierra Madre Oriental, mount. range … 21, Syr Darya, watercourse … 140 E4 Tokelau, terr. … 153 H4
San José, capital … 125 B2 122 F5 Syria … 140 B5 Tokyo, capital … 142, 141 M5
San Jose, city … 122 D4 Toluca, city … 122 F5
San Juan, city … 125 C1 Sierra Nevada (Europe), mount. range … T Tombigbee, watercourse … 122 G4
San Juan, watercourse … 125 B2 134 C5 Tombstone Mountain … 122 C2
San Marino … 134 E4 Tabriz, city … 140 C5 Tonga … 153 H5
San Marino, capital … 134 E4 Sierra Nevada (N. America), mount. range Tabuaeran Island … 153 J3 Tonkin, Golf of … 141 I7
San Martín, res. sta. … 158 H2 … 122 E4 Taegu, city … 141 K5 Toronto, city … 122 G4
San Matias, Gulf of … 129 D7 Taejon, city … 141 K5 Torreón, city … 122 F5
San Salvador, capital … 125 B2 Simpson Desert … 51, 152 C6 Tage, watercourse … 134 C5 Transantarctic Mountains … 158 E1
Sana'a, capital … 140 C7 Sinai, desert … 146 G2 Tahiti, island … 153 K5 Transylvanian Alps, mount. range … 134 F4
SANAE IV, res. sta. … 158 I2 Singapore … 141 I8 Taian, city … 141 J5 Trindade Island … 129 H5
Santa Cruz, city … 129 D4 Singapore, capital … 141 I8 Taichung, city … 141 K6 Trinidad and Tobago … 125 C2
Santa Isabel Island … 152 E4 Sjælland, island … 134 E3 Taipei, city … 141 K6 Tripoli, city … 146 E1
Santiago, capital … 129 C6 Skagerrak, strait … 134 D3 Taiwan, terr. … 141 K6 Troll, res. sta. … 158 A2
Santo Domingo, capital … 125 C1 Skopje, capital … 134 F4 Taiyuan, city … 141 J5 Tuamotu Archipelago … 153 K5
Santos, city … 129 F5 Slave River … 122 E2 Tajikistan … 140 F5 Tubuai Island … 153 K6
São Francisco, watercourse … 129 F4 Slovakia … 134 E4 Tajumulco, summit … 125 A1 Tunis, capital … 146 D1
São Paulo, city … 129 F5 Slovenia … 134 E4 Takla Makan Desert … 51, 140 F5 Tunisia … 146 D1
Sao Tome, capital … 146 D4 Snake, watercourse … 122 E3 Tallinn, capital … 134 F3 Tupungato, summit … 129 D6
Sao Tome, island … 146 D5 Society Islands … 153 J5 Tampa, city … 122 G5 Turin, city … 134 D4
Sao Tome and Principe … 146 D4 Socotra, island … 63, 140 D7 Tana, Lake … 147 G3 Turkana, Lake … 146 G4
Sapporo, city … 141 M4 Sofia, capital … 134 F4 Tanganyika, Lake … 39, 146 G5 Turkey … 29, 135 G5
Sarajevo, capital … 134 E4 Solapur, city … 140 F7 Tangshan, city … 141 J5 Turkmenistan … 29, 140 E5
Saramati, summit … 141 H6 Solomon Islands … 152 F4 Tanzania … 146 G5 Turks and Caicos Islands, terr. … 125 C1
Sardinia, terr. … 134 D4 Somalia … 147 H4 Tapajos, watercourse … 129 E3 Turpan Pendi, depression … 141 G4
Sargasso Sea … 125 C1 Sonoran Desert … 51, 122 E4 Tapti, watercourse … 140 F6 Tuvalu … 152 G4
Saskatchewan, watercourse … 122 E3 Soufrière, volcano … 27 Tarim, watercourse … 141 G4 Tyree, Mount … 158 G2
Saudi Arabia … 140 C6 South Africa … 146 F8 Tashkent, capital … 140 E4
Scandinavian Mountains … 134 E2 South China Plateau … 141 I6 Tasmania, island … 152 D8 UVW
Scott, res. sta. … 158 E2 South China Sea … 32, 141 J7 Tasmanian Sea … 152 E8
Seattle, city … 122 D3 South Island … 152 F8 Taurus Mountains … 135 G5 Ubangi, watercourse … 146 F4
Sebkha Tah, depression … 146 B2 South Korea … 141 K5 Tbilisi, capital … 135 H4 Ucayali, watercourse … 129 C4
Seine, watercourse … 134 D4 South Orkney Islands … 158 H2 Tegucigalpa, capital … 125 B2 Ufa, city … 135 I3
Semeru, volcano … 27 South Shetland Islands … 158 H2 Tehran, capital … 140 D5 Uganda … 146 G4
Sendai, city … 141 M5 Spain … 36, 134 C5 Tehuantepec, Isthmus of … 122 F5, 125 A1 Ukraine … 134 G4
Senegal … 146 B3 Spratly Islands … 141 J8 Tel Aviv, capital … 140 B5 Ulaanbaatar, capital … 141 I4
Sénégal, watercourse … 146 B3 Sri Lanka … 140 G8 Teles Pires, watercourse … 129 E3 Ulsan, city … 141 K5
Senyavin Islands … 152 E3 Srinagar, city … 140 F5 Ténéré, desert … 146 E3 Ungava Bay … 122 H3
Seoul, capital … 141 K5 Stanley, Mount … 146 F4 Thabana Ntlenyana, summit … 146 F7 United Arab Emirates … 140 D6
Sepik, watercourse … 152 D4 Stanovoy Range … 141 K3 Thailand … 141 I7 United Kingdom … 134 C3
Serbia … 134 F4 Stewart Island … 152 F8 Thailand, Gulf of … 141 I7 United States … 14, 22, 27, 35, 122 F4
Serra do Mar, mount. range … 129 F5 Stockholm, capital … 134 E3 Thar Desert … 51, 140 F6 Ural, watercourse … 135 I3, 140 D4
Severnaya Zemlya, islands … 141 H1 Sudan … 146 F3 The Hague, capital … 134 D3 Ural Mountains … 135 I2, 140 D2
Seychelles … 147 I5 Sudetes, mount. range … 134 E3 Thelon, watercourse … 122 F2 Urmia, Lake … 140 C5
Shanghai, city … 141 K5 Suez Canal … 146 G1 Thimphu, capital … 141 G6 Uruguay … 129 E6
Shangqiu, city … 141 J5 Suining, city … 141 J5 Thyrrenian Sea … 134 E5 Uruguay, watercourse … 41, 129 E5
Shantou, city … 141 J6 Suir, watercourse … 134 G2 Tian Shan, mount. range … 140 F4 Urumqi, city … 141 G4
Shebele, watercourse … 147 H4 Sulaiman Range … 140 E5 Tianjin, city … 66, 141 J5 Usumacinta, watercourse … 122 F5
Shenyang, city … 66, 141 K4 Sulawesi, island … 141 K9 Tianmen, city … 141 J5 Uzbekistan … 140 E4
Shenzhen, city … 141 J6 Sulu Sea … 141 K8 Tianshui, city … 141 I5 Vadodara, city … 140 F6
Shetland Islands … 134 C2 Sumatra, island … 37, 141 I9 Tiberias, Lake … 140 B5 Vaduz, capital … 134 D4
Shijiazhuang, city … 141 J5 Sumba, island … 141 J9 Tibesti, mount. range … 146 E2 Vaiaku, capital … 152 G4
Shikoku, island … 141 L5 Sunda Strait … 141 I9 Tibetan Plateau … 142, 141 H5 Valdes Peninsula … 129 D7
Shiraz, city … 140 D6 Superior, Lake … 39, 122 G3 Tierra del Fuego, islands … 129 D8 Valencia, city … 129 D1
Shkhara, Mount … 135 H4 Surabaja, city … 66, 141 J9 Tigris, watercourse … 140 C5 Valletta, capital … 134 E5
Sichuan Basin … 141 I5 Surat, city … 140 F6 Tijuana, city … 122 E4 Van, Lake … 135 H5
Sicily, terr. … 134 E5 Suriname … 129 E2 Timor Leste … 141 K9 Vancouver, city … 122 D3
Sierra Leone … 146 B4 Susquehanna, watercourse … 122 G4 Timor Sea … 141 K10, 152 B5 Vancouver Island … 122 D3
Sierra Madre del Sur, mount. range … 122 F5 Suva, capital … 152 G5 Tirana, capital … 134 E4 Vanern, Lake … 134 E3
Suwon, city … 141 K5 Titicaca, Lake … 129 D4
Suzhou (Anhui), city … 141 K5
Suzhou (Jiangsu), city … 141 J5
Swaziland … 146 G7
Sweden … 134 E2

G E O G R A P H I C A L I nde x : 171

Vanua Levu, island … 152 G5 XY Z
Vanuatu … 152 F5
Varanasi, city … 140 G6 Xi Jiang, watercourse … 141 J6
Vatican City … 134 E4 Xiamen, city … 141 J6
Vättern, Lake … 134 E3 Xi'an, city … 66, 141 I5
Venezuela … 129 D2 Xiangfan, city … 141 I6
Vereeniging, city … 146 F7 Xiantao, city … 141 J5
Verkhoyansk Mountains … 141 K2 Xianyang, city … 141 I5
Vernadsky, res. sta. … 158 H2 Xingu, watercourse … 129 E3
Victoria, capital … 147 I5 Xinyang, city … 141 J5
Victoria Island … 37, 122 E2 Xuzhou, city … 141 J5
Victoria, Lake … 39, 146 G5 Yablonovy Range … 141 J3
Victoria Land … 158 D2 Yalu Jiang, watercourse … 141 K4
Vienna, capital … 134 E4 Yamoussoukro, capital … 146 C4
Vientiane, capital … 141 I7 Yangon, city … 141 H7
Vietnam … 141 I7 Yangzi Jiang, watercourse … 38, 141 H5
Vijayawada, city … 140 G7 Yantai, city … 141 K5
Vilnius, capital … 134 F3 Yaoundé, capital … 146 E4
Vilyuy, watercourse … 141 K2 Yaqui, watercourse … 122 E5
Vinson Massif … 21, 158 G2 Yaren, capital … 152 F4
Virgin Islands, terr. … 125 C1 Yellow River (see Huang He) … 39
Virginia Beach, city … 122 G4 Yellow Sea … 141 K5
Visakhapatnam, city … 140 G7 Yellowstone River … 40
Vistula, watercourse … 134 F3 Yemen … 140 C7
Viti Levu, island … 152 G5 Yerevan, capital … 135 H4
Vitória, city … 129 F5 Yerupajá, summit … 129 C4
Volga, watercourse … 38, 134 G3 Yiyang, city … 141 J6
Volga Uplands … 135 H3 Yosemite, waterfall … 39
Volgograd, city … 135 H4 Yucatán, peninsula … 122 G5, 125 B1
Volta, Lake … 146 C4 Yukon, watercourse … 122 D2
Vosges, mount. range … 134 D4 Yulin, city … 141 J6
Vostok, res. sta. … 158 C2 Zagreb, capital … 134 E4
Vpadina Akchanaya, depression … 140 D4 Zagros Mountains … 140 C5
Vpadina Kaundy, depression … 140 D4 Zambezi, watercourse … 146 G6
Waddington, Mount … 122 D3 Zambia … 146 F6
Wake Island, terr. … 141 O7 Zanzibar, island … 147 G5
Wallaman, waterfall … 39 Zaozhuang, city … 141 J5
Wallis and Futuna, terr. … 152 G5 Zard Kuh, summit … 140 D5
Warsaw, capital … 134 F3 Zarghun, summit … 140 E5
Washington, D.C., capital … 122 G4 Zeil, Mount … 152 C6
Washington, Mount … 122 H4 Zhangjiakou, city … 141 J4
Weddell Sea … 32, 158 H2 Zhanjiang, city … 141 J6
Weifang, city … 141 J5 Zhengzhou, city … 141 J5
Wellington, capital … 152 G8 Zhong Shan, res. stat. … 159 B2
Wellington Island … 129 C7 Zhuzhou, city … 141 J6
Wenzhou, city … 141 K6 Zibo, city … 141 J5
Weser, watercourse … 134 D3 Zigong, city … 141 I6
West Bank, terr. … 140 B5 Zimbabwe … 146 F6
West Great Rift Valley, basin … 146 G5 Zurich, city … 134 D4
West Siberian Plain … 140 E2
Western Ghats, mount. range … 140 F7
Western Sahara, terr. … 146 B2
White Nile, watercourse … 146 G4
White Sea … 134 G2
Wilhelm, Mount … 152 D4
Wilkes Land … 158 C2
Windhoek, capital … 146 E7
Winnipeg, Lake … 122 F3
Winnipegosis, Lake … 122 F3
Wuhan, city … 141 J5
Wuxi, city … 141 K5

172 : thematic I nde x

Main subjects are in bold.

A atoll 36 coastal 45, 154 D
Australia 155, 156 cold 44, 45, 142
abyssal plain 24, 25 authoritarian system 74 cold temperate 45 dam 41, 111
accretionary wedge 20 continental with cool day 46
acid rain 64, 69 B summer 45 death rate 66, 80, 108, 112,
Africa 146, 147, 148, 149, continental with hot summer
balance of trade 92 45 113
150, 151 barrier reef 36 continental with short, cold debt 106, 107
African Union 150 bedrock 18, 147 summer 45 deciduous tree 58, 60
age, median 81 billionaire 106 dry 45 decolonization 150
agricultural product 98 biocenosis 58 Mediterranean 45, 135, 136 deforestation 62, 131
agriculture 64, 69, 95, 98, biodegradable 69 mountain climate 45 delta 36, 40, 41, 111
biodiversity 58, 60, 62, 63, semiarid 44, 45, 50, 51, 140 democratic system 74, 138
99, 100, 101, 110, 111 subtropical humid 45 demographer 78
intensive 51, 62, 101 131, 155 tropical 44, 45, 127, 140, demographic transition 80
irrigated 98 biome 58, 59, 124, 130, 136, 147, 153 depression 18, 24, 41, 46, 54,
rain-fed 98 warm temperate 45, 147,
subsistence farming 101 142, 148, 154 153 128
boreal forest 58, 59, 60, wet tropical 44, 45 desert 12, 41, 45, 50, 51, 59,
AIDS 112 137 wet tropical with dry winter
air pollution 62, 66 maquis 59 44, 45 123, 146, 147, 149, 153
air temperature 45, 46, 47 savanna 59,147 absolute 50
air travel 102, 105 temperate forest 58, 59, climatic catastrophes 52, 53, high-pressure 50
airplane 105 60,123 54, 55, 56, 57 rain shadow 50
airport 102 temperate prairie 58, 123
alluvia 39, 41 tropical rainforest 44, 58, cold environment 48, 49 desertification 50, 51, 149
Alps 20, 21, 135, 137 59, 60, 131, 142 developing country 78, 79, 80,
altitude 18, 44, 46, 60, 137 tundra 45, 48, 59, 123, 137 collision mountain 20
Amazon 38, 40, 128, 131 81, 98, 100, 104, 107, 112,
Antarctic Treaty 159 biosphere 58, 59, 60, 61 composition of Earth 16 114
Antarctica 48, 49, 158, 159 biotope 58 Development Assistance
anticyclone 34, 46, 140 birth rate 80 conflict 110, 116, 117, Committee 107
Antilles 125 border dispute 116 118, 119 development indicator 106,
aphelion 46 boreal forest 58, 59, 60, 123 108, 109
arable land 50 Buddhism 84, 85 conifer 58, 60, 61, 137 disease 112
archipelago 27, 33, 125, 140, dominant wind 44, 54
C conservation of species 62, drought/dry 44, 45, 50, 59,
142, 144, 153, 156 63 60, 63
arid environment 50, 51 canopy 60 dwarf planet 10
aridity 50, 149 canyon 18, 24, 147 container 103
armed forces 118 carbon dioxide 27, 64, 65, 69 continental crust 16, 24 E
armed independence movement Central America 123, 125 continental drift 15, 16
cereal 98, 100 continental ice sheet 48 Earth 10, 12, 13, 14, 15,
116 Christianity 84, 85 continental plate 20, 27 16, 17
army 116, 118 cinder 26, 27 continental shelf 25 composition 16
Asia 140, 141, 142, 143,144, citizenship 72 continental slope 25 observation 12, 34
city 57, 66, 68, 79, 84, 85, structure 14, 15, 16, 17
145 convection 16
asteroid 10, 12 124, 130, 136, 142, 148, 149, earthquake 14, 28, 29, 57,
asthenosphere 16 154, 156 coral reef 36, 58, 154 144
atmosphere 10, 11, 34, 47, 54, civil war 116, 117
cliff 36 core 16 ecliptic 46
64, 66, 68 climate 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, economics 90, 91, 92, 93,
atmospheric pollution 64, 65, 60, 124, 130, 135, 136, 137, Coubertin, Pierre de 88
140, 142, 147, 148, 153, 154, 94, 95
66, 67 159 country 72, 73 economic development 91
atmospheric pressure 46, 47 economic sector 90
arid 44, 45, 50, 51, 59, 140, crater 12, 13, 26, 41
high-pressure 46, 50 149 ecoregion 62, 63
low-pressure 46, 54, 56 crop 98 ecosystem 58, 60, 62
education 106, 108, 114, 115
crust 14, 16, 18, 20, 24, 26, El Niño 34
27, 41

current, ocean 32, 34, 44,
49, 135

cyclone 12, 34, 52, 53, 54, 55,
57, 153

election 74, 77 fossil fuel 64, 69, 96 ice age 49 thematic I nde x : 173
electricity 96 freedom 74, 118 ice cap 45, 48, 49, 159
emigrant 78 freedom of the press 118 oxbow 41
employment 94 freshwater 38, 39, 40, 41, extension during the ice tectonic 41, 149
energy 96, 97 age 49 volcanic 41
58, 110, 111 ice sheet, continental 48 landforms on the ocean floor
fossil fuel 69, 96 freshwater resource 110, ice shelf 48 24, 25
geothermal 96 iceberg 49 landslide 52, 55
hydroelectric 41, 96, 97 111 illiteracy 112, 114, 115 language 72, 82, 83, 132, 138
nuclear 96, 97 fuel 64, 69, 96 illiteracy rate 114 language family 82
renewable 96 Fujita scale 56 immigrant 78, 80 latitude 34, 44, 46, 48, 50,
solar 96 Fujita, Theodore 56 import 92, 93, 98 54, 60
wind 96 fumarole 26 inclination 46 lava 16, 24, 26, 27, 41, 156
independence 116, 150 law 72, 74, 75
epicenter 28 G independence movement 116 legislative power 75, 138
epidemic 112 industry 66, 68, 69, 90, 95, life expectancy 108, 112, 113
erosion 18, 20, 22, 38, 40, 41, galaxy 10 111 lightning 52
genetically modified organism inequality 106, 107, 108, literacy 108
66, 111 109, 110, 112 lithosphere 14, 16
erosion cycle 22 (GMO) 100 infant mortality 108, 112, 113 lithospheric plate 14, 15, 20,
eruption, volcanic 14, 16, 26, geothermal energy 96 international conflict 116 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 144, 149, 155
geyser 26 International Labour littoral 36
27, 66, 69, 144 glacial valley 40 Organization (ILO) 94 livestock 98, 99, 100
estuary 41, 48, 58 glacier 36, 38, 40, 41, 48, 49 international trade 90, 92, living, standard of 106, 108,
eucalyptus 155 global warming 64, 65, 159 103 110
euro 90, 138 GMO (genetically modified Inter-Parliamentary Union 77 London Convention 68
Europe 134, 135, 136, 137, intertropical zone 44, 52, 54, longevity 108
organism) 100 60, 62 lower chamber 74, 76
138, 139 gorge 18, 40 intrusion 26 lunar mission 12
European Union 138 government 72, 74, 75 irrigation 41, 98, 110
evaporation 34, 38, 40, 41 Great Barrier Reef 154 Islam 84, 85 M
executive power 75, 138 Great Rift Valley 19, 147, 149 island 25, 27, 36, 37, 125,
export 92, 93, 98 greenhouse effect 64 135, 136, 142, 144, 153, Maastricht Treaty 138
extinction 62, 63, 131 greenhouse gas 64, 65 154, 155 magma 16, 20, 24, 26, 27
eye of a cyclone 54 gross domestic product (GDP) island arc 25, 125 magma chamber 26, 27
islands of Oceania 153, 156 magnitude 28, 29
F 91, 118 malnutrition 112
gross national product (GNP) J mantle 14, 16, 20, 26, 27
farmland 98, 99 maquis 59
farmland irrigation 110 106, 108, 112, 113 Judaism 84, 85 maritime transportation 34,
fault 14, 20, 28, 36, 41, 149 Gulf Stream 34, 135 judicial power 75
fertility rate 81 Jupiter 11 102, 103
fertilizer 68, 69, 101 H Mars 10
fjord 36, 48 K marsupial 155
flood 52, 54, 55, 57 hail 52 meander 40, 41
flow 40 health 64, 66, 106, 108, 112, kangaroo 155 meat 100
focus 28 koala 155 median age 81
food aid 98 113 Kyoto Protocol 65 megalopolis 79
food supply 98 heavy metals 68, 69 Melanesia 156
football 86, 87 high-speed train 104 L Mercury 10
forest 58, 59, 60, 61, 69, 123, Himalayas 20, 21, 143 metamorphic rock 20
Hinduism 84, 85 labor force 94 meteorite 12, 13
128, 131, 137, 142, 147 hot spot 26, 27 lagoon 36 Micronesia 156
boreal 58, 59, 60, 137 House of Commons 74 lake 12, 13, 32, 38, 39, 40, migration 78, 80
conifer 58, 60 human development 108
deciduous tree 58, 60 human development index 108 41, 57, 58, 69, 122, 133, 149, emigrant 78
mixed 60 humidity 44, 45 154, 156 immigrant 78, 80
temperate 58, 59, 60, 123 hurricane 12, 54, 125 military expenditures 118
tropical 44, 58, 59, 60, 131, hydroelectricity 41, 96, 97 artificial 41
142 glacial 41
I
forest fire 52, 64, 65
ice 48, 49, 59, 159

174 : thematic I nde x official language 72, 82 pollution 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, Richter, Charles Francis 28
offshore drilling 34, 68 68, 69, 124
Milky Way 10, 11 oil 68, 96, 97, 133 air pollution 62, 66 Richter scale 28, 29
mixed forest 60 oil crisis 97 atmospheric pollution 64,
money 72, 90, 91 oil spill 68 65, 66, 67 rift 19, 24, 149
monsoon 44, 140, 153 oil tanker 68 pollutant particle 64, 66
Montreal Protocol 64 Olympic Games 88, 89 polluting gas 64, 66, 69 Rift Valley 19, 147, 149
Moon 12, 32 Olympic movement 86 radioactive pollutant 68
moraine 41 orbit 10, 46 soil pollution 68, 69 Ring of Fire 26, 27, 144
mortality 66, 80, 108, organic pollutant 68 urban pollution 66
Organisation for Economic Co- water pollution 68, 69, river 38, 40, 41, 55, 57, 68,
112, 113 111 131, 137
mountain 12, 14, 18, 20, 21, operation and Development affluent 13
(OECD) 107 Polynesia 156 distributary 40
24, 38, 40, 44, 45, 50, 123, Organization of the Petroleum population 78, 79, 80, 81, meander 40, 41
127, 128, 131, 135, 137, 140, Exporting Countries (OPEC) tributary 40, 131, 137
143, 147, 156, 159 97 124, 130, 136, 140, 142, 147,
orogenesis 20 148, 154 riverbed 40
coastal 20 ozone layer 64, 159
collision 20 aging 78, 80, 81 road 102, 104
formation 20 P balance 80
old 20, 135 density 52, 66, 78 road network 104
range 20, 24, 25, 45, 123, Pacific Ring of Fire 26, 27, 144 distribution 78, 124, 130,
127, 135, 140, 143, 156 pack ice 38, 48 136, 142, 148, 154 rock 14, 16, 18, 20, 24,
subduction 20 Panama Canal 125 growth 66, 80, 81, 110 26, 27
young 18, 20 Pangaea 15 urban 79 metamorphic 20
mouth (of river) 36, 40, 41 Panthalassa 15 volcanic 16, 20
multinational corporation 90 park, national 62 port 102, 123
parliament 74, 75, 76, 77, 138 S
N poverty line 106
House of Commons 74 Saffir-Simpson scale 55
nation 72 lower chamber 74, 76 power 74, 75, 138
National Assembly 74 upper chamber 74, 76 executive 75, 138 Sahara 50, 51, 147, 149
national park 62 pasture 98 judicial 75
natural resources 90, 150, peneplain 22 legislative 75, 138 Sahel 51, 147, 149
people (nation) 72, 82
159 perihelion 46 prairie, temperate 58, 123 salinity 34, 41
Neptune 11 pesticides 68 satellite 10, 11,12, 13, 34
night 46 petroleum 68, 96, 97 precipitation 34, 38, 44, 50,
North America 122, 123, phytoplankton 13, 34 58, 59, 159 artificial 12, 13, 34
pipe 26 natural 10, 11, 12
124, 125, 126, 127 plain 18, 24, 25, 38, 135, 140, press 74, 76, 118
Northern Hemisphere 46, 47, 143 Saturn 11
planet 10, 11, 12, 16 pressure 46, 47, 50, 54, 56
49 planet, dwarf 10 high 46, 50 savanna 59, 147
nuclear plant 68, 96 plate tectonics 14, 15 low 46, 54, 56
nutrition 100, 106 plateau 18, 24, 25, 44, 128, Schengen area 138
140, 142, 143, 156 protected area 62
0 platypus 155 schooling 115
pole 44, 48, 59, 110, 123 R
oasis 41, 146 political system 74, 138 sea 32, 34, 135
ocean 12, 14, 24, 25, 32, 33, authoritarian 74 radioactive waste 68, 96 season 44, 46, 48, 59
democratic 74, 138
34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 44, 54, politics 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, rail network 104 dry season 46
58, 68 77 fall 46
ocean current 32, 34, 44, pollutant, organic 68 railroad 102, 104 rainy season (monsoon) 59,
49, 135 140, 153
ocean floor 24, 25 rain 40, 44, 52, 55, 57, 64, 69, spring 46
Oceania 152, 153, 154, 155, 98, 140, 149, 153 spring equinox 46
156, 157 summer 46, 48
oceanic crust 16, 20, 24 rainforest 44, 58, 59, 60, 131, summer solstice 46
oceanic plate 20, 25, 27 142 wet season 46
oceanic ridge 24, 25 winter 46, 48
official development reading 114, 115 winter solstice 46
assistance 106, 107
records, temperature and seasons, cycle of the 46
precipitation 45
Security Council 72
relief 12, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22,
23, 24, 25, 45, 123, 140, 159 sediment 20, 22, 36, 40, 41

religion 74, 84, 85 seism 28

Reporters Without Borders seismic activity 28
118
seismic wave 28
reservoir 41, 111
senate 74
ria 36 separation of powers 75

executive 75, 138
judicial 75
legislative 75, 138

thematic I nde x : 175

service activity 90, 95 Tordesillas meridian 132 26, 27, 64, 66, 69, 144
ship 103 Tordesillas, Treaty of 132 volcanic island 25, 27, 36,
shipping lane 102, 103 tornado 52, 56 144
shore cliff 36 torrent 40 volcanic rock 16, 20
shoreline 38, 45 trade, balance of 92
slavery 150 trade, international 90, 92, W
snow 48, 52
soccer 86, 87 103 wallaby 155
soil 51, 60, 68, 69 train 104
soil pollution 68, 69 transportation 64, 69, 102, war 116, 117, 150
solar energy 96
Solar System 10, 11 103, 104, 105 warming, global 64, 65, 159
South America 128, 129, air 102, 105
ground 102, 104 waste 68, 69, 96
130, 131, 132, 133 maritime 34, 102, 103 water 12, 18, 22, 32, 34, 36, 38,
Southern Hemisphere 46, 47, rail 102, 104
road 102, 104 39, 40, 41, 50, 54, 57, 68, 69,
49 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113
space mission 12 Treaty of Tordesillas 132
species, conservation of 62, tree 55, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63, drinking water 108, 109,
112
63 131, 137 freshwater 38, 39, 40, 41,
species, threatened 62, 63 conifer 58, 60 58, 110, 111
sport 86, 87, 88, 89 deciduous 58, 60 groundwater 26, 38
spring 40 seawater 34, 48
standard of living 106, 108, trench 24, 25, 144 wastewater 68
tropical rainforest 44, 58, 59, water cycle 38, 40
110 water pollution 68, 69, 111
storm surge 54, 55, 57 60, 131, 142 water table 41, 68, 110
stream 40 tsunami 29, 57
subduction 20, 25, 144 tundra 45, 48, 59, 123, 137 watercourse 18, 22, 36, 38,
subway 102, 104 typhoon 54 40, 41, 68, 96
summit 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 48,
U waterfall 38, 39, 40, 128
143, 144
Sun 10, 32, 46, 47, 49 unemployment 94 watershed 38, 110, 123, 131,
United Nations (UN) 72 156
angle of solar rays 47 United Nations Development
solar ray 44, 47 wave 32, 34, 49, 57
sunlight 34, 46 Programme (UNDP) 108
sunshine 44, 48 United Nations Educational, wealth 106
supercontinent 15
Scientific and Cultural Wegener, Alfred 15
T Organization (UNESCO) 114
Universe 10 wind 18, 22, 32, 34, 36, 41,
tectonic fault 149 Upper chamber 74, 76 44, 54, 55, 56, 64, 159
tectonic lake 41, 149 Uranus 11
tectonic shocks 20 urban area 78, 102 wind energy 96
tectonics, plate 14, 15 urban sprawl 62
temperate forest 58, 59, 60, urbanization 79 women 77, 94, 95, 114

123 V World Conservation Union
temperate prairie 58, 123 (IUCN) 62
temperature 10, 11, 16, 26, vaccination 112, 113
valley 18, 22, 25, 36, 38, 40, World Health Organisation
34, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 64, 65, (WHO) 112
159 41, 137, 143, 147, 149
territory 72, 116, 126, 157 vegetation 58, 59 world ocean 32, 33, 34, 35,
Third World 106 vehicle 66, 96, 104 36, 37
threatened species 62, 63 Venus 10
thunderstorm 52 volcanism 26, 144 world population 78, 79, 80,
tide 32, 33, 36, 41, 49 volcano 16, 20, 24, 26, 27, 81, 140

41, 64, 125, 127, 144, 149, World Trade Organization
156 (WTO) 92

volcanic eruption 14, 16, World Wildlife Fund (WWF) 62

writing 83, 114, 115

176 : PHOTO CREDITS

Cover NASA Goddard/Space Flight Center p. 54 Jim Brooks/U.S. Navy p. 115 t © Steve Stone/iStockphoto.com
b F. Young/USAID
p. VII Rocky Planet NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC p. 57 Jocelyn Augustino/FEMA
Blue Planet © Patricia Bruno p. 119 © Diego Cervo/iStockphoto.com
Planet in Balance © François Fortin p. 58 tr © Michel Claquin
Inhabited Planet © iStockphoto.com tl © Mélanie Morin p. 120 © iStockphoto.com
Continents © Felix Möckel/iStockphoto.com cc © E. George/CRDI
b © Yuval Simonov p. 121 © Bruce Bean/iStockphoto.com
p. 8 © Mike Bentley/iStockphoto.com
p. 59 tl patrick.verdier.free.fr p. 122 © Keith Vaught
p. 9 © Daniel Stein/iStockphoto.com tr © Andrey Mirzoyants/iStockphoto.com
cr © Stéphanie Lanctôt p. 123 cc © Norbert Woehnl
p. 11 © Noël Cramer cc © Jean-Claude Corbeil cr © Kenn W. Kiser
b Michael Van Woert/NOAA/NESDIS/ORA b Bob Nichols/USDA Natural Resources
p. 12 tl NASA/GSFC/LaRC/JPL, MISR Team Conservation Service
cr Marit Jentoft-Nilsen, NASA GSFC p. 61 © François Fortin
Visualization Analysis Lab p. 124 © Laird M. Le
p. 62 © Einar Timdal, Natural History Museum,
p. 13 bl Jeff Schmaltz, MODIS Rapid Response University of Oslo p. 125 Quartermaster Joe Schebal, NOAA
Team, NASA/GSFC
br Jacques Descloitres, MODIS Land Rapid p. 63 l © Alain Christophe/www.plantemania.com p. 127 t © Arden C. Llewellyn III
Response Team r © The Arboretum of Penn State Behrend b © John Miller/iStockphoto.com

p. 14 NOAA/NESDIS/NGDC p. 65 State of Texas Forestry Service and the USFS p. 128 cl © Marc St-Germain
cr © Federico Donatini
p. 17 © Tom Pfeiffer/VolcanoDiscovery p. 67 © Dmitry Maslov/iStockphoto.com bl © John Rose
br © Fabiano Coura
p. 18 t Glacier National Park/NPS Photo p. 68 & p. 69 Office of Response and Restoration
b © José Carlos Pires Pereira/iStockphoto.com NOS/NOAA p. 130 © Alexander Vervoort

p. 19 l © David Peterson p. 70 © David Steets p. 131 © Leonardo F. Freitas

r © Barbara Harris p. 71 © Jeremy Edwards/iStockphoto.com p. 132 © José-Manuel Benito Alvarez

p. 21 © Oleg Kozlov/iStockphoto.com p. 72 l © UN p. 133 © Miles Wallis
r © iStockphoto.com
p. 23 © Bryan Delodder/iStockphoto.com p. 135 © John Woodworth/iStockphoto.com
p. 75 © Andrei Tchernov/iStockphoto.com
p. 24 Galapagos Rift 2005 Exploration, NOAA-OE p. 136 t © Xavier Marchant/iStockphoto.co
p. 76 © Joe Gough/iStockphoto.com c © Martina Misar/iStockphoto.com
p. 26 USGS b © Gary Li
p. 77 © Claudio Robles
p. 29 Dr. Roger Hutchison/NOAA p. 137 © Tomasz Resiak/iStockphoto.com
p. 81 © Peter Garnhum
p. 30 & p. 31 © Alexander Hafemann/iStockphoto. p. 141 t © Franco Pecchio
com p. 83 © Daniel Price b © Melisa Tuya

p. 33 New Brunswick Department of p. 84 © Tommy Junger p. 142 t © Daniel Price
Tourism and Parks c © Chaun Soh
p. 85 tl © Moti Meiri/iStockphoto.com b © Alexander Hafemann/iStockphoto.com
p. 35 © David Freund/iStockphoto.com tr © Steven Allan/iStockphoto.com
bl © Fraz Ahmed Ismat p. 143 © Kate Guthrie
p. 36 & p. 37 © J.M. Mata/iStockphoto.com br © David Cussac
p. 144 © Holger Mette/iStockphoto.com
p. 39 l © Vlad Ghiea p. 87 © Adam Valvasori/World Vision Australia
r © Xiaorui Wang p. 146 © François Fortin
p. 89 © Krishna Santhanam
p. 40 t © Mike Norton/iStockphoto.com p. 147 t © iStockphoto.com
b © Graham Prentice/iStockphoto.com p. 90 © Olga Shelego/iStockphoto.com c © David Haberlah
b © Marie-Anne Legault
p. 41 l Jacques Descloitres, MODIS Rapid p. 95 © Christopher O Driscoll/iStockphoto.com
Response Team, NASA/GSFC p. 148 © David Erroll
r Jacques Descloitres, MODIS Land Rapid p. 99 © François Fortin
Response Team, NASA/GSFC p. 152 © Janice Dunn
p. 101 © Tony Campbell/iStockphoto.com
p. 42 © Alexander Hafemann/iStockphoto.com p. 153 © Mike Morley/iStockphoto.com
p. 103 © Gertjan Hooijer/iStockphoto.com
p. 43 © Steven Robertson/iStockphoto.com p. 154 t © Lauren Gabelhouse
p. 104 t © Michael Fletcher c © Joe Gough/iStockphoto.com
p. 46 t © Stéphanie Lanctôt b © Joe Flasher b © iStockphoto.com
b © Lauri Wiberg/iStockphoto.com
p. 105 NASA p. 157 © Janice Dunn
p. 48 © Simon Chignard
p. 109 © Mark Linnard/iStockphoto.com p. 158 l National Science Foundation/Josh Landis
p. 49 © Corel Stock Photo Library r Michael Van Woert, NOAA/NESDIS, ORA
p. 111 © Ken H. Dennis
p. 51 © S. Colvey/CRDI p. 159 Michael Van Woert, NOAA/NESDIS, ORA
p. 112 © Marko Kokic/Canadian Red Cross

t: top; b: bottom; c: center; r: right; l: left



THE VISUAL

WORLD ATLAS
[ FACTS AND MAPS OF THE CURRENT WORLD ]

An overview of the state of the world
for understanding global issues

Designed for the whole family, The Visual World Atlas covers hundreds of subjects that touch on different
aspects of life on Earth with clarity and precision (geology, environment, politics, demography, economy, etc.)
Presenting thousands of statistical facts on the world’s 193 countries, this thematic atlas features accessible
text linked to visual content of exceptional quality. Unique to its genre, for school as well as home, The Visual
World Atlas is essential reading for discovering and understanding the world in all its diversity.

Inside you will find:
• more than 110 thematic maps,
• more than 50 fact tables from world-renown organizations,
• more than 130 photographs,
• a glossary and detailed indexes,
• rich encyclopedic content, reviewed by experts.

106 : INEQUALITIES DENMARK RUSSIA LITHUANIA Enlargements provide a detailed view
of specific regions in the world.
Québec (2) UNITED INEQUALITIES : 107
KINGDOM Charts and graphics show
Montréal (4) IRELAND Hamburg (9) POLAND BELARUS statistics that are linked to the
Ottawa (1) Dublin (2) NETHERLANDS subject being presented.
GERMANY Berlin (3)

Racine (4) Toronto (6) BELGIUM Warsaw (1)

Despite economists’ forecasts that globalization of the economy Kalamazoo (3) Boston (9) London (19) Bad Homburg (3)
will benefit the poorest the most, inequalities in the world
are getting worse in terms of health, nutrition, Detroit (6) LUXEMBOURG Heidelberg (3) UKRAINE
education, housing, and other areas. Gross national CZECH REP. ROMANIA
product (GNP) per capita, a Cleveland (3) Stuttgart (4) SLOVAKIA BULGARIA
Chicago (18) LIECHTENSTEIN
Paris (12) Zurich (4) (3)
ITALY ASULOSVTERNIACIAROVATieIHAnUnNaGA(R3Y)
New York (45) FRANCE Luzern (3)
Philadelphia (3)
Charleston (3) Washington D.C. (6) Geneva (3)

SWITZERLAND Milano SAN BOSNIA AND
MARINO HERZEGOVINA
GREENLAND (DK) ANDORRA SERBIA
La Coruna (3) MONACO MONTENEGRO

country’s main socioeconomic PORTUGAL SPAIN Rome (2) MACEDONIA
Madrid (3) VATICAN ALBANIA

development indicator, ranges ICELAND CITY

from about 100 in the NORWAY SWEDEN FINLAND GREECE
Oslo (4)
poorest countries to almost ESTONIA
Stockholm (5) LATVIA
60,000 in the wealthiest.
Clear captions make CANADA RUSSIA Magnitogorsk (1)
maps easy to read. Moscow (24) Surgut (1)
Edmonton (1)

ese disparities are aggravated by the fact Vancouver (1) UKRAINE Dnipropetrovs'k (1) KAZAKHSTAN
Seattle (7) Donets'k (2)
EARTH: AN INHABITED PLANETMONGOLIA
that in the 1970s, the ird World became Minneapolis (6) Saint John (1) VIETNAM
heavily indebted in order to finance its Almaty (3)
UNITED STATES MOLDOVAIstanbul (7) GEORGIA UZBEKISTAN
Salt Lake City (3) Omaha (3) TURKEY ARMENIA AZERBAIJAN
KYRGYZSTAN
San Francisco (23) NORTH JAPAN
Denver (5) TURKMENISTAN Beijing (1) KOREA
TAJIKISTAN
EARTH: AN INHABITED PLANET development. e borrowed funds, often Wichita (3) Seoul (3) Kyoto (3)
poorly managed or misappropriated, have Las Vegas (4) SOUTH Tokyo (13)
San Jose (17) Columbia (3) TUNISIA MALTA CYPRUS SYRIA AFGHANISTAN CHINA KOREA Osaka (2)
Los Angeles (36) Dallas (20) Bentonville Atlanta (4) Tel AviLvEB(A5N)ON Tefen (1)
Phoenix (3) Hamilton (1) MOROCCO IRAN
(4) GAZA STRIP IRAQ
San Diego (5) MOZAMBIQUE JORDAN PAKISTAN Shanghai (1)
KUWAIT Kuwait (2) BHUTAN
not had the anticipated effect. San Antonio (4) Houston (6) Fort Lauderdale (5) ALGERIA LIBYA Cairo (1) ISRAEL Delhi (3) NEPAL
Today, unable to pay back its debt, Honolulu (1) BAHRAIN INDIA
the ird World is demanding Monterrey (1) BAHNAaMsAsSau (1) WESTERN EGYPT Riyadh (2) QATAR Dubai (2) BANGLADESH Hong Kong (18) Taipei (7)
that the debt be written off. At MEXICO CUBA SAHARA (MA) UNITED BURMA LAOS T'ainan (1)
the same time, the wealthiest countries donate to Jeddah (4) SAUDI ARABIA ARAB
George Town (1) DOMINICAN Mecca (1) OMAN EMIRATES
BELIZE REP.
Mexico City (9) HAITI SAINT KITTS AND NEVIS MAURITANIA MALI NIGER Bombay (5)
JAMAICA ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA CAPE
VERDE
GUATEMALA HONDURAS SAINT VINCENT AND DOMINICA SENEGAL CHAD SUDAN ERITREA YEMEN THAILAND Manila (3)
EL SALVADOR NICARAGUA THE GRENADINES SAINT LUCIA Bangkok (3) CAMBODIA PHILIPPINES
GRENADA BARBADOS GUINEA- GAMBIA BURKINA DJIBOUTI Bangalore (1)
BISSAU FASO ETHIOPIA
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO GUINEA GHANA NIGERIA
COSTA RICA Caracas (2) BENIN MARSHALL IS.
PANAMA VENEZUELA GUYANA SIERRA CÔTE SRI LANKA MICRONESIA
FRENCH GUIANA(FR) LEONE D'IVOIRE CENTRAL MALDIVES
LIBERIA TOGO CAMEROON AFRICAN REP. BRUNEI PALAU
SOMALIA
the most disadvantaged countries in the form of Bogota (2) EQUATORIAL GUINEA UGANDA Kuala Lumpur (4) M A L A Y S I A
official development assistance. COLOMBIA KENYA Sibu (1)
SURINAME SAO TOME GABON CONGO Singapore (5) SINGAPORE
ECUADOR AND PRINCIPE TANZANIA
RWANDA NAURU KIRIBATI
DEM. REP. OF
DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH THE CONGO SEYCHELLES I N D O N E S I A PAPUA

GNP per capita PERU BURUNDI Kudus (1) Surabaja (1) TIMOR NEW GUINEA TUVALU
≥ $25,000 BRAZIL
LESTE SOLOMON IS.

ANGOLA MALAWI COMOROS

$10,000–$24,999 BOLIVIA ZAMBIA VANUATU SAMOA
$3,000–$9,999 TONGA
FIJI

$1,000–$2,999 ZIMBABWE MADAGASCAR MAURITIUS
$500–$999 NAMIBIA BOTSWANA
< $500 Antofagasta (1) PARAGUAY Rio de Janeiro (2)
Sao Paulo (6)
Measuring wealth Sources: World Bank; UN CHILE Johannesburg (1) SWAZILAND AUSTRALIA
LESOTHO
e GNP is an indicator that measures the total value of the URUGUAY Perth (1)
goods and services produced in a country during one year, as Santiago (2) ARGENTINA Buenos Aires (1) SOUTH AFRICA
well as its net revenues from foreign countries. Total GNP is Number of billionaires Sydney (3)
(per metropolitan region) Stellenbosch (1)

Melbourne (2)

used to measure a country’s wealth. Divided by the number of NEW
inhabitants, it gives an indication of the standard of living of a ZEALAND

45 10 5 1

country’s population. Source: Forbes

108 : INEQUALITIES OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT MAIN DONOR COUNTRIES OF INTERNATIONAL MAIN RECIPIENT COUNTRIES INEQUALITIES : 109
THE COUNTRIES OF THE THIRD WORLD ASSISTANCE ASSISTANCE OF INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE
Development indicators
e expression “ ird World” was coined POVERTY LINE e member countries of the RANK COUNTRY ASSISTANCE IN 2005 % OF RANK COUNTRY ASSISTANCE IN 2005 % OF
during the Cold War to designate countries SharDe oefvtheelopoppmulaetinontliivnindgiocnalteossrsthaanre$1npuermdaeyrical indicators used to dDoifffetvheereleoOnptmrgpeaannrtiasAamtsiesoitnsetrafsonrcineEtCcooonamosmminiigcttleeeindicator, United States $27,622 M GNP
To integrate these AfghanistanA C C E S S T O D R$2I,N19K2 IMN G WAT3G1EN.R3P
0.2
that belonged to neither the capitalist nor estimate the development of nations. ey measure different the United NationsCDo-eovpeelroaptimonenant dPDroegvrealmopmmeen(tUNDP)

the communist sphere of influence. Since parameters that affect the quality of life of human beings. GNP calculates the huma(On EdeCvDel)oopffmerenaitdintoddexev. elopisiningdex, which Japan Access to w$1a3t,e14r7isM one of th0.e3 main developmSeundatnindicators. $1,472 M 6.4
the 1970s, “ ird World” has referred to the measures a country’s wealth or poverty, while life expectancy and takes account of loncoguenvtitriye,sebdyucagarteioeinn,glittoerraecdyu,caentdhesitradnedbatrd of United Kingdom It correspo$n1d0,s76t7oMthe propo0.r5tion of the popuEltahtiioopnia that has SHARE OF THE POPULATION WITH ACCESS TO DRINKING WATER
$1,202 M 10.8
poorest countries on the planet. Many of
≥ 50% infant mortality rate reflect its state of health. Other indicators living (purchasing poor wbyerp)roavsisdeisnsgesthdeemvewloitphmneenwtfounndainsgc.ale from Germany access to at$1l0e,a0s8t2 2M0 liters o0f.4water per day peDremp.eRrseop.noffrthoemCongo $1,034 M 14.8
these countries’ populations live in extreme 20%–49% assess satisfaction of basic human needs, such as access to 0 to 1. In 2004, the index ranged from 0.311 for Niger to 0.965 France an improved source (pipeline, protected well, rainwater $871 M 6.8
10%–19% drinking water, sufficient food, and housing. Still others measure for Norway. Netherlands collection,$e1t0c,.0)26leMss than on0.e5 kilometer fromTatnhzeainria $836 M 14.4
misery. About 1.3 billion people, representing level of education, the guarantee of a population’s future. Italy $771 M 12.5
residence. In$5m,11a5nMy regions0.o8f the world, popZualmabtiaons lack
20% of the world’s population, survive on less
than 1 per day—that is, under the poverty waeteEr,alestadAin$si5ga,0/t9Po1aMsceirfiicouresgsiao0nn.3itharays problems. Mnouzmambbeiqruoef
line defined by the United Nations. the largest

5%–9% Canada inhabitants$w3,i7t5h6oMut access0t.4o improved wateUrgsaonduarces. $704 M 8.8

< 5% Sweden Inhabitants$o3,f36u2rbMan areas0h.9ave a better chanBcanegolafdesh 90%$–516030M% 0.8
Spain bexeanmefiptlien,ghaf$rs3ov,0me1r8yaMnwiimdeprdoisvp0e.ad3ristoieusrcbee.tMweoenngdoMlriaiand,akfgioanrsgca-rwater 70%$–58090%M 8.7
No data 50%–69%
Source: UN

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX access in urban zones (S8ou7r%ce:)OEaCnDd rural zones (30%). 30%–49% Source: OECD

0%–29%

No data

Source: UN

EARTH: AN INHABITED PLANET 7 EARTH: AN INHABITED PLANET

Secondary maps illustrate Photographs from the four
distinctive perspectives. corners of the globe reveal
the extraordinary diversity of
High our planet’s landscapes and
Average inhabitants.
Low
No data
Source: UN

RANKING OF COUNTRIES ACCORDING TO THE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX

THE HIGHEST-RANKED COUNTRIES THE LOWEST-RANKED COUNTRIES

RANK COUNTRY INDEX RANK COUNTRY INDEX
0.390
Norway 0.965 Mozambique 0.384
0.371
Iceland 0.960 Burundi 0.368
0.353
Australia 0.957 Ethiopia 0.349
0.342
Ireland 0.956 Chad 0.338
0.335
Sweden 0.951 Central African Republic 0.311
Source: UNDP
Canada 0.950 Guinea-Bissau

Japan 0.949 Burkina Faso

United States 0.948 Mali

Switzerland 0.947 Sierra Leone

Netherlands 0.947 Niger Water point, Tanzania
Access to a source of drinking water is one of the main development indicators.
World average: 0.741

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