Liquid piston engines by Gupta, Aman Narayan, Sunny Sharma, Shubham

248 Liquid Piston Engines

MTZ Magazine (MAY, 2006) http://www.magazineexchange.co.uk/tractor-maga-
zine-june-2006-issue.html

Cummins turbo products magazine https://www.cumminsturbotechnologies.
com/sites/g/files/.../f/.../HTi_edition_12.pdf

Liquid Piston Engines. Aman Gupta, Shubham Sharma, and Sunny Narayan.
© 2017 Scrivener Publishing LLC. Published 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Index

Aerodynamic noise, 171 diesel engines combustion process
Alpha Stirling engine, 2, 3, 46 conventional spray formation,
181
compression stroke, 10–11 multiple injection methods,
power stroke, 9 182–183
transfer phase, 8–9 NOx and soot formation,
181–182
Beal engine, 13 phase analysis, 183
Bearing noise, 171–172 three phases, 180–182
Beta Stirling engine, 2–3
evaluation, 193
compression stroke, 17–18 AVL structural response function
expansion phase, 16 and structural attenuation,
rhombic drive, 17–18 194
structure, 14 cepstrum analysis, 195–197
vertical configuration, 15 combustion noise (CN) levels,
198–199
C.I. See Compression ignition (C.I) transfer function, 194–195
engine
factors effecting, 186–187
Carburetor-based turbocharger, generation process, 184–186
212–213 heat release rate effects, 187–188
mathematical model, 192–193
Cepstrum analysis, 195–197 MBF50 estimation, 199
Clever pumps resonance phenomenon, 189
Combustion noise (CN), 168, 198–199
capillary action, 44 Combustion noise index, 149–150
human heart, 44, 45 Compression ignition (C.I)
human impulse, 42–44
CN. See Combustion noise (CN) engine, 204–205
Combustion based noise, COMSOL, 114–116
Crank train and engine block
179–180
cyclic variations effects, 188 vibrations, 171
in cylinder pressure analysis, 187 Croaking and clatter motion, 114
in cylinder pressure decomposition

method, 189–191

251

252 Index

Customer satisfaction issues Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT),
durability issues, 87–88 155
system design, 88–89
system durability, 89 FEA. See Finite element analysis
testing of engines, 88 (FEA)

DENOx catalyst, 232 FFT. See Fast Fourier
Detonation, 208 Transformation (FFT)
Diesel engines
Finite element analysis (FEA), 149
combustion process (see Fluidyne
Combustion based noise)
evaporation, 61
knock detection, 161–162 principle, 55–57
noise sources working, 57–61
Free-piston Stirling engines
aerodynamic, 171 advantages and disadvantages, 7
bearing, 171–172 alpha, 2, 3
combustion, 168
crank train and engine block compression stroke, 10–11
power stroke, 9
vibrations, 171 transfer phase, 8–9
gear train, 170–171 beta, 2–3
noise generation mechanism, compression stroke, 17–18
expansion phase, 16
174–175 rhombic drive, 17–18
piston assembly, 168–170 structure, 14
simulation tools, 167 transfer stroke, 15–16
timing belt and chain, 172–174 vertical configuration, 15
total noise contribution, 175 double-acting-engine
valve train, 170 Beal engine, 13
NVH (see Noise, vibration and structure, 11–12
working, 13–14
harness (NVH) features, structure, 6–7
diesel engines)
power density function (PSD), 162 Gamma type engine, 3–4
time frequency analysis, 162–163 compression stroke, 20–21
turbocharging, 206–207 expansion stroke, 20
Wavelet analysis, 163–164 ringbom engine, 22–24
Double-acting engine ringbom Stirling, 24
Beal engine, 13 compression stroke, 27
structure, 11–12 expansion or power stroke,
working, 13–14 26–27
Dual cylinder engine noise model, 157 transfer stroke, 25–26
Sneft engine, 21–22
EGR. See Exhaust gas recirculation structure, 18
(EGR) transfer stroke, 19

ENGDYN, 171 Gasoline direct injection
Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), (GDI), 225–226

228–229, 239

GDI. See Gasoline direct Index 253
injection (GDI)
engine performance, 67
Gear train noise, 170–171 experiments, 72–74
factors affecting amplitude, 66–67
Heat engines fluidyne
energy transfer, 39
heat flow, 40 evaporation, 61
ideal engine P-V curve, 42, 43 principle, 55–57
law of thermodynamics, 38–39 working, 57–61
refrigerators and, 41–42 future prospects, 79–80, 238–240
work efficiency, 40–41 global groundwater withdrawal,

Human heart, 44, 45 31–32
Human impulse pump, 42–44 heat engines

IC. See Internal combustion (IC) energy transfer, 39
engine heat flow, 40
ideal engine P-V curve, 42, 43
In cylinder pressure analysis, 187 law of thermodynamics, 38–39
In cylinder pressure decomposition refrigerators and, 41–42
work efficiency, 40–41
method, 189–191 improvements, 78
Intercooler, 213 liquid column tuning, 63–64
Internal combustion (IC) engine, 1–2 losses, 65–66
motion analysis, 64
Jet, 34 numerical analysis, 80–83
objectives, 32
Kinetic pumps, 33–36 outcomes, 74–76
polluted water percentage and
Lead covering method, 154
Liquid piston engines sources, 30–31
pumping setups, 62–63
applications, 80 pumps
assembly, 70–71
calcuation, 71–72 kinetic and jet, 34
clever pumps performance curves, 37–38
positive-displacement vs. kinetic,
capillary action, 44
human heart, 44, 45 35
human impulse, 42–44 selection, 36
comparison within existing types, 33
regenerator, 61–62
commercial devices, 76–78 solar energy and, 31–32
contributions, 237 Stirling engine
design history and development

characteristics, 68 alpha-type, 46–47
choices, 69–70 earliest version, 46
layout, 67–68 energy conversion, 47–48
major components and costs, 70 engines comparison, 48, 49
materials, 68–69 important milestones, 47
steam engine, 45–46

254 Index

low temperature difference, shape, 130
54–55 size, 130–131
skirt-liner gap, 121,
operation, 48
assumptions, 51 123–126
components, 50 surface finish, 130
stages, 51–53 slapping motion numerical

pros and cons, 53–54 model, 131
working gas, 53 slider crank mechanism
water sources, 29–30
Lubrication dynamics dynamics, 111
background, 91–92 squeezing velocity, 109–110
friction features, 93–94 Stribeck lubrication curve, 104
friction reduction, 94–95 system mobility determination
piston secondary motion
block velocity and mobility,
simulation and piston 136, 137
slap, 102
COMSOL, 114–116 block vibrations, 140–142
croaking and clatter dynamic parameters, 136, 138
motion, 114 mechanical mobility, 133–134
factors affecting, 103 piston lateral motion, 142–143
force analysis piston mobility, 136
force and moment balance piston side thrust forces,
equations, 119–120
inertial force variation, 134, 135
118–119 piston tilting motion, 138–140
piston velocity, 117–118 piston velocity, 134–135
force distribution, 107 time frequency analysis,
free body, 105–106
frictional forces, 133 109–111
modes of contact, 112–113 transferred energy behavior, 109
oil film thickness behavior, piston-assembly dynamics, 95
108–109 Reynolds equation, lubrication oil
piston side thrust force,
132–133 pressure
rattling motion, 113–114 fuel energy total dissipation, 96
schematic diagram, 104–105 interpretation, 97
side thrust force, 107–108 nodal representation, 98
skirt design parameters effects oil pressure distribution, 100–103
engine load, 128 pressure variation, 97–98
engine speed, 126–129 surface nodal representation,
inertia of connecting rod, 128
length variations, 126, 127 98–99
lubrication oil supply, 130 varying speeds and loads effects, 94
piston pin offset, 120–123
Manometer, 72, 73
MISO. See Multiple input-single

output (MISO) system
Mother Wavelet function, 163
Multiple input–single output

(MISO) system, 157

Noise generation mechanism, Index 255
174–175
force distribution, 107
Noise, vibration and harness (NVH) free body, 105–106
features, diesel engines frictional forces, 133
modes of contact, 112–113
automobiles sales trend, 145–146 oil film thickness behavior, 108–109
imperial formulation piston side thrust force, 132–133
rattling motion, 113–114
combustion noise index, schematic diagram, 104–105
149–150 side thrust force, 107–108
skirt design parameters effects
in cylinder pressure spectrum,
149 engine load, 128
engine speed, 126–129
sound pressure levels variations, inertia of connecting rod, 128
151, 152 length variations, 126, 127
lubrication oil supply, 130
internal combustion engine, 146 piston pin offset, 120–123
analysis approaches, 149 shape, 130
noise and vibration sources, 148 size, 130–131
power train system, 147 skirt-liner gap, 121, 123–126
surface finish, 130
noise sources slapping motion numerical model,
frequency ranges, 153
lead covering method, 154 131
schematic representation, slider crank mechanism dynamics,
151–152
spectro filters, 156–157 111
surface vibration method, squeezing velocity, 109–110
154–156 Stribeck lubrication curve, 104
V6 engine, 153 system mobility determination

supply, 146, 147 block velocity and mobility,
NVH. See Noise, vibration and 136, 137

harness (NVH) features, block vibrations, 140–142
diesel engines dynamic parameters, 136, 138
mechanical mobility, 133–134
Osmosis and reverse osmosis, 44, 45 piston lateral motion, 142–143
piston mobility, 136
Peristaltic pumps, 33, 35 piston side thrust forces, 134, 135
Piston assembly noise, 168–170 piston tilting motion, 138–140
Piston secondary motion simulation piston velocity, 134–135
time frequency analysis, 109–111
and piston slap, 102 transferred energy behavior, 109
COMSOL, 114–116 Piston slap, 168–170
croaking and clatter motion, 114 Piston-assembly dynamics, 95
factors affecting, 103 Positive displacement pumps, 33, 35
force analysis Power density function (PSD), 162
PSD. See Power density function (PSD)
force and moment balance
equations, 119–120

inertial force variation, 118–119
piston velocity, 117–118

256 Index

Pumps engines comparison, 48, 49
kinetic and jet, 34 important milestones, 47
performance curves, 37–38 steam engine, 45–46
positive-displacement vs. kinetic, 35 low temperature difference, 54–55
selection, 36 operation, 48
types, 33 assumptions, 51
components, 50
Rattling motion, 113–114 stages, 51–53
Regenerator, 61–62 pros and cons, 53–54
Resonance phenomenon, 189 working gas, 53
Reynolds equation, lubrication Stirling engine system
advantages and disadvantages, 4
oil pressure free-piston (see Free-piston Stirling
fuel energy total dissipation, 96
interpretation, 97 engines)
nodal representation, 98 gamma type, 3–4 (see also Gamma
oil pressure distribution, 100–103
pressure variation, 97–98 type engine)
surface nodal representation, internal combustion (IC) engine vs.,

98–99 1–2
Rhombic drive, 5–6, 17–18 mechanical design features, 2
Ringbom engine, 22–24 rhombic drive, 5–6
Ringbom Stirling, 24 swash plate drive mechanisms, 5
wobble-plate mechanisms, 4–5
compression stroke, 27 Stribeck lubrication curve, 104
expansion or power stroke, 26–27 Surface vibration method, 154–156
transfer stroke, 25–26 Swash plate drive mechanisms, 5
Ross engine, 11
Thermocouple, 72, 73
Scalogram, 163 Time frequency analysis, 162–163
SEA. See Statistical energy Timing belt and chain noise,

analysis (SEA) 172–174
Sneft engine, 21–22 TPA. See Transfer path analysis (TPA)
Sound pressure level (SPL), 155 Transfer path analysis (TPA), 149
Spark ignition (S.I) engines. See Turbo Turbo charging, S.I engines,

charging, S.I engines 203–204
Spark plug based system, 212–213 boosting techniques
Spectro filters, 156–157
SPL. See Sound pressure level (SPL) exhaust gas recirculation (EGR),
Statistical energy analysis (SEA), 149 228–229
Stick slip noise, 93
Stirling engine gasoline direct injection (GDI),
225–226
history and development
alpha-type, 46–47 variable compression ratio
earliest version, 46 (VCR), 226–227
energy conversion, 47–48
variable turbine geometry (VGT),
227–228

charge air cooling, 224

Index 257

components scope, 233–234
direct-injection systems, 213 turbochargers, 205
exhaust waste-gate systems,
211–212 advantages and disadvantages,
inlet and exhaust manifolds, 206
208–210
matching turbocharger for compressor, 218–221
desired boost pressure, 211 specifications, 213–216
spark plug based system, 212–213 turbine, 217–218
turbocharger boost pressure
control system, 210–211 Valve train noise, 170
Variable compression ratio
diesel engines, 206–207
downsizing, 225 (VCR), 226–227
efficiency improvement, 208 Variable turbine geometry
emissions control, 231–232
fundamentals, 204–205 (VGT), 227–228
gasoline engines, 207–208 VCR. See Variable compression
ignition timing and knock,
ratio (VCR)
223–224 VGT. See Variable turbine
intercooler, 213
knock reduction methods, 223 geometry (VGT)
operational problems, 222–223
Waste-gate control system, 211–212
Wavelet analysis, 163–164
Wiener filter, 156–157
Wobble-plate mechanisms, 4–5