BW EDUCATION OCT 2022

Photographs by VADIMPHOTO

state governments. Each state How we can make sure that after bilities but how difficult is the
government has social welfare skill enhancement PwDs get implementation?
department of the Ministry employment opportunities?
of Social Welfare. The state Implementation has to be done by
commissioner works in very close The Government has enacted institutions on their own accord,
coordination with them. We are Rights of Persons with Disabilities but this doesn't work every time.
responsible to ensure that the Act, 2016 where 4 per cent of So that's why there has to be a
education department and the reservations for persons with very proactive system from the
social welfare department impart disabilities in government jobs are Commissioner's office and social
the requisite training to the PwDs. mandatory and every government welfare department office wherein
So in Delhi, there are 13 homes institutions must keep 4 per it has to be ensured that these
for various kinds of disabled cent vacancies for PwDs. But infrastructure norms are fulfilled.
people. As per their disability, due to a lack of awareness and
there are different kinds of skill knowledge, this is overlooked To give examples from other
developments. Learning a skill by some departments. If this parts of Asia, in some developed
is not the end of the road, in fact happens, a PwD can approach us Asian countries like China, Japan
the road starts thereafter. After and there are so many cases where and Korea, a wheelchair-bound
they acquire some skills, how they we have reversed the stand. As person or completely blind person
find a job and how they become per the rule, 5 per cent of the jobs with a sensor stick can go out of
economically independent is very in educational institutions must the house and do all the work on
important. As I took over here, be reserved for the PWDs. But is their own. There is no help re-
I made efforts to showcase the that enough? An able person can quired because the infrastructure
handicraft work of the PwDs and also become disabled, so each and is there.
to make them earn a little more. every person has the right to earn
Why not have a space for them in a livelihood. So, the challenge is to In India, even in the national
Delhi Haat, INA Market. With my ensure they earn their livelihood. capital, a person with a disability
close follow-up and chase we got cannot go anywhere without help.
that allocation. There are laws to provide infra- Accessibility is very important and
structure to people with disa- whenever I travel I keep on look-
BW EDUCATION OCTOBER 2022 101 ing for anomalies and I try to talk
to the concerned department.

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BOOKMARK

ABOUT THE BOOK:

NTA UGC Teaching and
Research Aptitude
Author: Harpreet Kaur
Published by: Oxford
University Press

Price: Rs 499

Introducing
Research

What constitutes good research? An extract from NTA UGC Teaching
and Research Aptitude

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The role of research usually aims at the following. Photograph by INDIAPICTUREBUDGET
has been gaining • To analyse performance of stu-
importance over • To suggest remedial measures
time as it promotes dents by recording data of their and solutions for problems
the development marks in class tests or major
of logical habits of exams • To examine different aspects of
thinking and organization and • To know about the trend of their daily life
helps in problem solving. It is performance and look for the
important in every sphere of life. possible causes of any deteriora- • To develop principles which
All government policies are for- tion shape a particular procedure
mulated after research, regarding • To find ways of remedial meas-
specific problems to be addressed, ures for improvement • To formulate new theories
considering alternative policies, • To analyse behaviour of students which explain any phenomenon
and examining their conse- in the class or their groups or a particular situation and
quences, so as to choose the best • To encounter problems arising help in advancement
available policy. It is considered in day-to-day life
necessary for avoiding wastage of • To compare effectiveness of • To test a hypothesis depicting
nation’s resources by their efficient different types of teaching aids the relation between variables
allocation. Research can also be • To update curriculum from time
used to evaluate the consequences to time Research is generally oriented
and effectiveness of policies after towards looking into 5 Ws and
implementation. There could be numerous -I H of a problem, that is, Who,
situations other than those listed What, Where, When, Why, and
Objectives Of Research above. But in general, any re- How. As said by Bernard Baruch,
Research objectives are usually search is mostly undertaken to ‘Millions saw the apple fall, but
specified on the basis of the topic fulfil the following objectives. Newton was the one who asked
of research. These are based on • To understand any particular WHY’. It was this WHY which
the goals which researchers want lead to the discovery of the Law of
to achieve or the information phenomenon or problem and Gravitation….
which they want to extract from analyse its causes and effects Characteristics Of Good
the data. Research activity of a • To study the frequency of occur- Research
teacher or any other key position rence of a phenomenon Systematic: Research should
holder in a teaching institute • To verify social facts, generaliza- be systematic; this means that
tions, or values every research should follows a
BW EDUCATION OCTOBER 2022 103 certain set of procedures. The
researcher has to choose the
procedures on the basis of their
suitability to research. These

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BOOKMARK

should be executed step by step. students (generalizing it to whole health of a person. If other
For conducting research, the population) prefer these. samples also conform to this
researcher should first choose a Logical Good research is logical. conclusion, then it can be said that
topic, then carry out literature In other words, it is governed by the research procedure and the
review, formulate research the rules of logical reasoning. This results are reliable. Greater the
objectives and questions, makes research more meaningful similarity in results, greater is the
hypothesis, etc. This should and decision-making effective. reliability.
he followed by sampling, Induction and Deduction which Rigorous This means ‘strictly
collecting data, analysing data, are part of logical reasoning also applied or adhered to’ or
testing hypothesis, drawing play an important role in research. ‘extremely thorough and careful’.
generalizations, and writing the These are discussed in the types of Research involves collecting
research report. research. data and interpreting results.
Empirical According to Oxford Realistic Good research should be Rigorous research is the result of
Dictionary, the term empirical realistic. It should deal with some reliable and accurate data used for
means, ‘based on, concerned with, real problems of the world. Also, drawing objective and meaningful
or verifiable by observation or the results should be realistic. conclusions.
experience rather than theory or Research with spurious results Credibility Research should
pure logic’. So, research should will be of no use. For example, if in be credible, It deals with
be empirical. In other words, it a research, there arises a relation trustworthiness of research. It is
should be based on observation, between ‘number of satellites not about quantity but quality of
direct, or real-life experiences. launched by India’ and ‘level of research. Conclusions should be
Scientific methods should be used groundwater’; such a research will based on accurate data, Special
while conducting research. be of no use. care should be taken while using
Critical There should be critical Controlled In real life, any activity secondary data as it might have
analysis of the methods and is affected by many factors. been manipulated.
procedures used so that research While conducting research it will Cyclical or Incremental
should he free from any errors. not be possible to consider all Formulating the results of
It should be able to resist critical the factors together. Even if all research does not end the process.
scrutiny. factors are considered, then it will In every end, there is scope for a
Objectivity It implies impartiality be difficult to know how much new beginning. Good research is
or absence of bias. Research impact any particular factor has that which leaves scope for further
should be free from the personal created. So, to study the impact extension.
values and beliefs of the of any one factor, others have to Replicable This implies that
researcher. It should be the aim of be controlled. This can be done research can be replicated and
the researchers that they remain easily in physical sciences, as used for decision-making.
impartial while interpreting experiments are performed in
results of the research and do not laboratories. But it is difficult in Positivism and Post-positivistic
misinterpret results to verify their social science, where humans are Approach to Research
own personal beliefs. studied and it is not possible to According to the Oxford
Accuracy Accuracy means isolate them from the society to Dictionary, positivism implies,
research should be free from study their behaviour. ‘a philosophical system
errors. It depends on whether the Validity This implies that the recognizing only that which
research tools have been selected conclusions drawn from the study can be scientifically verified
carefully or not. Attention should are correct. Validity ensures the or which is capable of logical
be paid at every step to avoid applicability of the research. or mathematical proof, and
errors. A non-accurate research The conclusions drawn from therefore rejecting metaphysics
will yield only spurious results. research are applicable to real-life and theism’. According to the
Generalizability For every problems only if these are valid. positive approach to research,
research, there is a population Reliability A reliable research the conclusions should be based
on which research can be will produce similar results on verifiable facts and not purely
conducted…. each time, when procedures are on intuition. The followers of
Generalizability implies that the tested on different sets of similar positivism believe in objective
interpretations which have been samples. Suppose a study has been reality, as verified by the data.
made using the sample should conducted on different samples Research is conducted in a
be applicable to the population regarding sports activity and controlled and structured manner,
as well. If it is found that most of health status. Consider that the It is based on quantitative
the students in the sample prefer result from one sample concludes research. The results should not
online educational channels, then that playing games (video games be based on the value judgements
it implies that most of the college not considered) improves the of the researcher.

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QUOTES

Despite different cultures and different political and economic systems, we’re
all basically the same. The more people I meet, the stronger my conviction
becomes that the oneness of humanity, founded on understanding and respect,
is a realistic and viable basis for our conduct.

— The Dalai Lama

Local languages play a vital role in delivering good governance. We want to
prioritise Indian languages, take pride in our history, get rid of slave mindset
and work with a collective spirit to further good governance and empower
citizens.

— Dharmendra Pradhan
Cabinet Minister of Education and Skill Development and Entrepreneurship,

at an event

Nature never fails to provide lessons for our own lives. How do
you face turbulent times? No matter what your profession is,
let your wings flap as the winds buffet you, but keep your head
stable, your mind clear & your eyes watchful.

— Anand Mahindra
Chairman, Mahindra Group

An eye for an eye leaves everyone blind.
— Elon Musk,

Founder & CEO, SpaceX

I hear a lot about pressure of IPL. My answer is, then don’t play. When there is
passion, there can’t be pressure. I have always played for enjoyment.

— Kapil Dev, cricketer, at an event on the World Depression Day

Photograph by: Dalai Lama-Andreadelbo, Dharmendra Pradhan-PIB, Anand Mahindra-Umesh Goswami,
Elon Musk_Debbie Rowe, Kapil Dev-Bollywoodhungama

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